World J Microbiol Biotechnol (2016) 32:190

DOI 10.1007/s11274-016-2152-y

ORIGINAL PAPER

Optimization of substrate preparation for oyster mushroom

(Pleurotus ostreatus) cultivation by studying different raw
materials and substrate preparation conditions (composting:
phases I and II)
Fabrı́cio Rocha Vieira1,2 • Meire Cristina Nogueira de Andrade1

Received: 15 June 2016 / Accepted: 27 September 2016 / Published online: 30 September 2016
Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016

Abstract In recent years, oyster mushroom (Pleurotus biological efficiency were influenced by substrate formu-
ostreatus) has become one of the most cultivated mush- lation (raw materials), supplementation and composting
rooms in the world, mainly in Brazil. Among many factors conditions.
involved in a mushroom production, substrate preparation
is the most critical step, which can be influenced by Keywords Composting
Pleurotus ostreatus
Yield

composting management techniques. Looking forward to Supplement
Raw materials
optimizing the substrate preparation process, were tested
different composting conditions (7 and 14 days of com-
posting with or without conditioning), potential raw Introduction
materials (decumbens grass, brizantha grass and sugarcane
straw) and nitrogen supplementation (with or without In the last 10 years, oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)
wheat bran) on oyster mushroom yield and biological has become one of the most cultivated mushrooms in the
efficiency (BE). The substrate composted for 7 days with world, mainly in Brazil (Lee et al. 2002; Sánchez 2010;
conditioning showed higher yield and biological efficiency Royse 2013). There are many reasons for this production
of mushroom (24.04 and 100.54 %, respectively). Sub- increase, certainly, the capability of oyster mushroom to
strates without conditioning (7 and 14 days of composting) grow in a wide range of agricultural and forest wastes
showed smaller mushroom yield and biological efficiency. through different production methods, as well as its nutri-
Among the raw materials tested, brizantha grass showed tional and medicinal benefits are the highlights (Bonatti
higher mushroom yield followed by decumbens grass, et al. 2004; Chang and Miles 2004; Sánchez 2010). In
sugarcane straw and wheat straw (28.5, 24.32, 23.5 and addition, importation of canned champignon (Agaricus
19.27 %, respectively). Brizantha grass also showed higher bisporus) from Asia at low-cost showed a massive migra-
biological efficiency followed by sugarcane straw, tion of Brazilians champignon growers to oyster mushroom
decumbens grass and wheat straw (123.95, 103.70, 96.90 cultivation.1
and 86.44 %, respectively). Supplementation with wheat In a large-scale mushroom production, substrate prepa-
bran improved yield and biological efficiency in all sub- ration is the most critical and expensive step, which
strate formulations tested; thus, oyster mushroom yield and demand years of experience, knowledge and investment in
infrastructure (Van Griensven 1988; Chang and Miles
2004). A survey carried out with producers in Sao Paulo
& Fabrı́cio Rocha Vieira (Brazil’s largest producer state) during 2009 to 2014
[email protected]
1
Department of Plant Production, College of Agricultural 1
A personal communication with mushroom growers of the Sao
Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jose Barbosa de Barros Paulo state, Brazil.
- 1780, Botucatu, SP 18610-307, Brazil
2
Mushroom Research Center, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

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showed that lack of knowledge about substrate preparation Materials and methods
and poor technical support is a big challenge for oyster
mushroom growers.2 Pleurotus ostreatus strains and spawn preparation
Oyster mushroom (primary decomposer) has a powerful
enzymatic machinery allowing then to grow in a wide The oyster mushroom strains were collected in a com-
range of agro-wastes through different substrate prepara- mercial cultivation (Sao Paulo state, Brazil), renamed (POS
tion methods (Chang and Miles 2004; Sánchez 2010). 09/101 and POS 09/102) and appropriately storage in the
However, the mushroom industry has employed the com- fungal genetic bank at the Mushroom Module, Sao Paulo
posting substrate preparation method because is less State University (Department of Plant Production). Both
expensive, decrease chances of subsequent infections with strains were characterized by ‘Random Amplification of
competitor species (Choi 2007; Hernández et al. 2003; Polymorphic DNA—RAPD and tested to mushroom pro-
Vajna et al. 2010), and allows the utilization of existing duction performance previously (Vieira et al. 2012). Spawn
champignon farm infrastructure.2,3 was based on wheat grains, which were boiled in water for
Substrate preparation through composting is carried out 35 min and pH adjusted to 7 adding 10 g kg-1 calcium
in two phases: Phase I—carried out in rick (outdoor) or carbonate and 10 g kg-1 gypsum (wet grains). Thermo-
bunker (forced aeration system, indoor). Self-heating by resistant plastic bags were filled with 1 kg cooked grains
microbial activity can reach 80 °C in few days. This and autoclaved for 4 h at 121 °C. After cool down, these
intense microbial activity causes the breakdown of com- sterile grains were inoculated with P. ostreatus mycelia (10
plex carbohydrates (e.g. cellulose, hemicellulose and lig- medium culture pieces, PDA—Potato Dextrose Agar) and
nin) releasing nutrients for mushroom cultivation; Phase incubated at 25 °C for 15 days in darkness (Royse and
II—carried out in a controlled environment (pasteurization Schisler 1987).
tunnel) in two stages, pasteurization and conditioning.
Pasteurization stage is responsible to kill insect, nema-
todes, competitor fungi and others pests (temperature Substrate preparation (composting phases I and II)
*60 °C) and; conditioning is necessary to reduce the free
ammonia formed during phase I and to improve the bio- Substrate applied to evaluated oyster mushroom produc-
logical environment of substrate (beneficial microbiota to tion under different substrate composting conditions was
mushroom cultivation) (Van Griensven 1988; Straatsma based on sugarcane straw (Saccharum officinarum), sug-
et al. 1994, 2000; Oei 2003). arcane bagasse, wheat bran and rice bran (Table 1). Two
Substrate preparation through composting was devel- substrate ricks (2 m width 9 3 m length 9 1.2 m height)
oped for champignon cultivation (secondary decomposer) were composted for different periods (7 and 14 days).
and has been constantly improved in the last 70 years Briefly, was composted a rick for 7 days and then
(Sinden and Hauser 1950; Van Griensven 1988; Sharma assembled the second rick (14 days of phase I), allowing
et al. 2000; Straatsma et al. 2000). On the other hand, the phase II execution at the same time for both substrates
limited information’s are available about substrate prepa- rick (Fig. 1). At the end of phase I, thermo-resistant grid
ration through composting to oyster mushroom cultivation plastic boxes were filled with *10 kg substrate and
(primary decomposer), which has physiological character- randomly placed in an acclimatized chamber model Dal-
istics completely different than champignon. Among many sem Mushroom to phase II execution (chamber with
factors regulatory of a mushroom production, composting environmental control through VEC 32 software—by
management techniques, as well as raw materials and Dalsem, Woudseweg 9, The Netherlands). Phase II was
supplementation are crucial to reach optimum cost-effec- adjusted following pasteurization at 59.5 ± 1 °C for 8 h
tive and high-yield mushroom (Oei 2003; Chang and Miles and conditioning at 46.5 ± 1 °C for 3 days (Fig. 1).
2004; Choi 2007). Looking forward to optimizing the Different substrate formulations were prepared follow-
composting process to oyster mushroom cultivation, were ing the shorter composting condition applied previously
tested different composting conditions, potential raw (7 days of composting with conditioning) to evaluate
materials and substrate supplementation on mushroom potential raw materials and supplementation level on
yield and biological efficiency. mushroom yield (Fig. 1). Were formulated substrates based
on decumbens grass (Brachiaria decumbes), sugarcane
2
straw, brizantha grass (Brachiaria brizantha), wheat straw
A survey carried out by technical assistance with oyster mushroom
(Triticum aestivum), and sugarcane bagasse, supplemented
growers, SEBRAETec program (Expert in Micro Enterprises and
Small Businesses in Brazil). or not with wheat bran, totalizing 8 different substrate
3
A personal communication with mushrooms producers of Brazil, formulations (Table 2).
Europe, and North America.

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Table 1 Substrate applied to

Raw material Kg1 C/N ratio
oyster mushroom cultivation in
different composting conditions Dry mass N content C content

Sugarcane bagasse 140.00 0.48 68.46 142.6/1

Sugarcane straw 164.00 0.98 83.80 85.5/1
Rice bran 21.50 0.73 14.87 20.4/1
Wheat bran 18.00 0.49 9.11 19/1
Limestone 3.00 – – –
Gypsum 3.00 – – –
Total 349.50 2.68 176.24 –
Initial C/N ratio—phase I – – – 65/1
1
N content—total nitrogen; C content—total carbon; C/N ratio—carbon and nitrogen ratio

Phase I Phase II
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 dias
14 DWC
Phase I (14 days) 14 DWOC
7 DWC
first rick Phase I (7 days)
7 DWOC
conditioning
second rick pasteurization

Fig. 1 Composting under different conditions (phases I and II). Substrates: 7 DWOC—7 days of phase I without conditioning; 7 DWC—7 days
of phase I with conditioning; 14 DWOC—14 days of phase I without conditioning; 14 DWC—14 days of phase I with conditioning

Table 2 Substrate formulations based on different raw materials with or without supplementation
Substrate1 C/N ratio Sugarcane bagasse Decumbens grass Sugarcane straw Brizantha grass Wheat straw Wheat bran

SDEC 60:1 13.03 47.96 – – – 8.9

SCAN 60:1 19.55 – 48.48 – – 8.9
SBRI 60:1 39.09 – – 48.51 – 8.9
SWHE 60:1 13.03 – – – 48.87 8.9
SDEC 90:1 13.03 47.96 – – – –
SCAN 90:1 19.55 – 48.48 – – –
SBRI 90:1 65.15 – – 48.51 – –
SWHE 90:1 13.03 – – – 48.87 –
1
SDEC—decumbens grass, SCAN—sugarcane straw, SBRI—brizantha grass and, SWHE—wheat straw. Substrate formulations were calcu-
lated on dry basis (kg)

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Fig. 2 Composting temperature 80

(phase I). Peak heating of 7D
substrate ricks are indicated per
14 D peak heating
arrows on top of graphic (7 D— 70
7 days of phase I; 14 D—
14 days of phase I, following
experimental design mentioned
60
in Fig. 1)

Temperature, °C
50

40

30

20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time, days

Spawning, spawn run and mushroom production subsequently measured with a pH meter (model Micronal
B474) (Brasil 2007). Crude energy was measured by
Spawning was carried out manually applying 20 g kg-1 calorimeter bomb method (model IKA C200). Soluble
spawn/kilogram of substrate (wet substrate, 68 % of sugar was measured by colorimetric method modified
moisture). Plastic bags (grey color, rectangular block) were (glucose and xylose standard curve) to determine soluble
filled with 8 kg of spawned substrate and placed in an carbohydrate (Johnson et al. 1966). Temperature during the
acclimatize chamber (Model Dalsem Mushroom, men- phase I composting was measured by thermometer (PT
tioned above) to spawn run at 25 ± 1 °C, 85 % humidity, 100) in six different points in the ricks. Mushroom yield
in darkness for 13 days (full colonization). The plastic bags was calculated by fresh weight mushroom/fresh weight
had 24 holes of 1 cm of diameter placed 10 cm each other. substrate 9 100 and BE fresh weight mushroom/dry
After complete substrate colonization, those blocks were weight substrate 9 100 (Royse et al. 2004).
transferred to a production room, which has humidification
and gases exchange system. Thermal shocks to induce Statistical analysis
mushroom fructification was under environmental tem-
perature, which ranged between 15 and 29 °C (night and Two statistical designs were applied to data comparison
daytime). Relatively humidity was managed between 70 under different composting conditions. Mushroom pro-
and 90 % through nebulization. Mushroom harvest started duction (yield and biological efficiency) was a factorial
5 days at the end of spawn run. Mushrooms were harvested 2 9 2 (two phase I periods 9 two phase II periods) with
manually when they reached the range size between 2 and 10 replicates. Physicochemical composition of substrate
3.5 cm of diameter pileus, counted and weighed before was a factorial 2 9 4 (2 substrate 9 4 stages of compost-
yield and biological efficiency (BE) calculation. ing) with 3 replicates. Comparisons among different sub-
strate formulations (yield and biological efficiency) were
Substrate and mushroom production analysis designed a factorial 2 9 4 (2 C/N ratio 9 4 raw materials)
with 13 replicates. Means were analyzed by ANOVA
Were collected substrate samples at the beginning and at (Tukey test, 5 %).
the end of phase I, after pasteurization and conditioning (4
sampled points). Samples were dehydrated at 105 °C for
72 h, milled in knife mill with 30 mesh sieve and stored at Results
-20 °C until physicochemical analyses. To evaluate
organic matter, carbon, nitrogen and C/N ration were used The temperature of substrate under different composting
loss ignition and Kjeldahl (Brasil 2007). The pH was cal- conditions (phase I) reached the peak heating on day 7
culated using 10 g of substrate (fresh substrate) added at (Fig. 2), for both ricks (7 and 14 days). Among all sub-
50 ml of CaCl2 0.01 mol/L, stirring for 30 min and strate physicochemical analysis, organic matter and C/N

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120 100
A B
100 A1a 2A3a Aa Aa Aa

Organic matter, %
80
Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa
80 Aa Aa Aa
Aa

C/N ratio
60 Aa Aa
60
40
40

20 20

0 0

10 4
C D
8 3.8 Aa Aa

Calories g-1 (103)

Aa Ab ABa Ba
Ba Bb Ca Ba Ba Ba
Ba
6 Da Ca 3.6
Cb
pH

4 3.4

2 3.2

0 3

20 E 7D 14 D

15 Aa Aa
Soluble sugars, %

Ba
10 Bb
Cb Da Ca
Db
5

Composting Stages

Fig. 3 Physicochemical composition of the substrate during com- difference across 7 D of composting; 2 Means followed by same italic
posting (phases I and II). a—organic matter; b—C/N ratio; c—pH; uppercase letter indicate no statistical difference across 14 D of
d—crude energy (calories g-1); e—soluble sugars. Dry basis sub- composting; 3 Means followed by same lowercase letter indicate no
strate. 7 D—seven days of phase I; 14 D—14 days of phase I. statistical difference between 7 D and 14 D at the same composting
1
Means followed by same uppercase letter indicate no statistical stage

ratio were not influenced by different composting condi- based on brizantha grass with supplementation showed
tions (Fig. 3a, b), while crude energy, soluble sugars and higher mushroom yield and BE (28.50 and 123.95 %,
pH showed significant changes (Fig. 3c–e). respectively), while non supplementation decreased
Mushroom yield and BE were significantly influenced mushroom yield and BE to 16.02 and 77.43 %, respec-
under different substrate preparation conditions (Fig. 4). tively (Fig. 5). Substrate based on wheat straw in these
The conditioning absence decreased mushroom yield and experimental conditions showed smaller yield, with or
BE in the substrate composted for 7 days (phase I). How- without supplementation, 19.27 and 12.26 %, respectively
ever, conditioning absence showed not influenced on (Fig. 5). Biological efficiency also was smaller in wheat
mushroom yield in the substrate composted for 14 days, straw substrate, 86.40 and 65.57 % with and without sup-
only to BE. The different phase I conditions (7 and plementation, respectively (Fig. 5).
14 days) with conditioning showed not influence on All substrates supplemented with wheat bran (C/N ratio
mushroom yield and BE. of 60:1) showed higher temperature during phase I com-
Different substrate formulations showed statistically posting than substrates without supplementation (Fig. 6a,
difference on mushroom yield and BE (Fig. 5). Substrate b). Brizantha grass substrate showed higher temperature

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30 7D 14 D 120 7D 14 D
aA aA aA
25 aA aA 100

Biological efficiency, %
bB aB
20 80
bB

Yield, %
15 60

10 40

5 20

0 0
Without With Without With
conditioning conditioning conditioning conditioning

Fig. 4 Yield and biological efficiency (BE) of Pleurotus ostreatus condition (7 D and 14 D with conditioning—normal lowercase; 7 D
cultivated under different composting conditions. The legend on top and 14 D without conditioning—italic lowercase). Means followed
of graphic indicates how long substrates were composted (7 and by same uppercase letter indicate no statistical difference at the same
14 days, 7 D and 14 D, respectively). Means followed by same phase I condition (7 D without and with conditioning—normal
lowercase letter indicate no statistical difference at the same phase II uppercase; 14 D without and with conditioning—bold uppercase)

40 C/N 60 140 C/N 60

aA
35 C/N 90 C/N 90
120
aA
Biological efficiency, % ab A
30 ab A
100
ab A ab A aA bA
25 aB
Yield, %

aB bA 80 aB aA
20 ab B ab B
60
15 bB
40
10

5 20

0 0
SDEC SCAN SBRI SWHE SDEC SCAN SBRI SWHE
Substrates Substrates

Fig. 5 Yield and biological efficiency (BE) of Pleurotus ostreatus letter indicate no statistical difference at the same C/N ratio (60:1)
cultivated in different substrate formulations with or without supple- between different substrates. Means followed by same italic lower-
mentation. Substrates: SDEC—decumbens grass; SCAN—sugarcane case letter indicate no statistical difference at the same C/N ratio
straw; SBRI—brizantha grass; SWHE—wheat straw. Substrate sup- (90:1) between different substrates. Means followed by same
plementation: C/N ratio of 60:1—with supplementation; C/N ratio of uppercase letter indicate no statistical difference at the same substrate
90:1—without supplementation. Means followed by same lowercase and different C/N ratio

followed by decumbens grass, sugarcane straw and wheat metabolizes easily degradable carbon sources such as sol-
straw (Fig. 6a, b). Brizantha grass also showed higher C/N uble sugars (Fig. 3E) during initial composting stages
ratio reduction during composting, while wheat straw (Sharma et al. 2000; Ryckeboer et al. 2003). Others
substrate showed lower C/N ratio reduction (Fig. 6c, d). metabolic events involved in the microbial activity during
composting causes carbon and nitrogen losses, decreasing
organic matter, C/N ratio and crude energy (Bertoldi et al.
Discussion 1983; Tuomela et al. 2000). Carbon is mainly lost by CO2
emission upon microbial respiration while nitrogen can be
Biological substrate transformation during composting lost by NH3 emission or biologically recycled (Thambira-
process can be monitored by physicochemical analysis jah et al. 1995; Ryckeboer et al. 2003).
such as, organic matter, pH, C/N ratio, soluble sugars, Among different composting conditions applied in this
crude energy, temperature, among others (Sharma et al. study, 7 or 14 days of phase I with conditioning showed
2000; Lyons et al. 2006). Temperature measurement during not statistical difference on mushroom yield and BE
composting (phase I) indicates an intense microbial activity (Fig. 4). However, mushroom yield and BE in the sub-
(Fig. 1). Mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms strates composted during 7 and 14 days without

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Fig. 6 Temperature of A B
70 70
substrate (phase I) and C/N ratio
changes in the different 60 60
substrate formulations. a—

Temperature, °C
Temperature during phase I, 50 50
substrates with supplementation 40 40
(C/N ratio—60:1); b—
Temperature during phase I, 30 30
substrates without
20 20
supplementation (C/N ratio— SDEC SCAN SDEC SCAN
90:1); c—C/N ratio changes 10 10
SBRI SWHE SBRI SWHE
during composting in the
substrates with supplementation 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(C/N ratio—60:1); d—C/N ratio
changes during composting in Phase I, days Phase I, days
the substrates without
supplementation (C/N ratio— C D
90:1). Substrates: SDEC— 90 90
decumbens grass; SCAN— 80
80
sugarcane straw; SBRI—
brizantha grass; SWHE—wheat 70 70
straw
60 60
C/N ratio

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
SDEC SCAN SBRI SWHE SDEC SCAN SBRI SWHE
Substrates Substrates
day 0 end phase I end phase II day 0 end phase I end phase II

conditioning showed statistical difference (Fig. 4). The corn husk, banana leaves, maize stover, rice straw and
combination of shorter composting period (7 days) and elephant grass) by sterilization method reported highest BE
conditioning step notably improved the mushroom yield (61.04 %) in the substrate based on composted sawdust
and BE (24.04 and 100.54 %, respectively) (Fig. 4). The (28 days of composting previously). The higher tempera-
shorter composting (7 days) condition without condition- ture (self-heating) during composting (Fig. 6a, b) and C/N
ing showed be not enough composting time to prepare the ratio reduction (Fig. 6c, d) indicates brizantha grass as
substrate for oyster mushroom cultivation, while 7 days easily metabolized during composting (microbial activity).
with conditioning (11 days, composting ? conditioning) On the other hand, wheat straw substrate showed low
and 14 days with or without conditioning (14–18 days, temperature during composting (Fig. 6a, b), a slight
respectively) improved the mushroom yield and BE. Her- decrease of C/N ratio (Fig. 6c, d) and smaller yield and BE
nández et al. (2003) testing a substrate based on 70 % (Fig. 5). Sugarcane straw and decumbens grass showed
pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens), 30 % coffee pulp mushroom yield similar with a commercial production
and 2 % Ca(OH)2 composted under different conditions (3, (24.22 %) in substrate based on wheat straw and alfalfa
4 and 5 days) reported highest BE in the substrate com- (5 % w/w of dry straw) composted for 7 days followed by
posted for 3 days (93.83 %). pasteurization and conditioning (Vajna et al. 2010). The
Among the raw materials tested with supplementation, sugarcane straw has a big potential in Brazil to be used in
brizantha grass showed higher mushroom yield (28.5 %) the mushroom industry because sugar/ethanol industry
and BE (123.95 %) and, substrates without supplementa- generate millions of tons every year (Santos et al. 2012).
tion, decumbens grass showed higher mushroom yield Substrate supplementation with an organic nitrogen
(18.97 %) and sugarcane straw higher BE (84.92 %) source (wheat bran) increases yield and BE (Fig. 5). The
(Fig. 5). Obodai et al. (2003) testing different substrate main reason is because organic nitrogen sources are easily
formulations (fresh sawdust, composted sawdust, rice husk, metabolized by oyster mushroom (Curvetto et al. 2002;

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Bonatti et al. 2004; Rizki and Tamai 2011). In addition, pr.gov.br/arquivos/File/PDF/in_28_07_anexo.pdf. Accessed 25
metabolizing easy degradable carbon sources (wheat bran) May 2013
Chang ST, Miles PG (2004) Mushrooms: cultivation, nutritional
is energetically efficient than breakdown complex carbo- value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact. CRC Press,
hydrate as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin (Nunes et al. Boca Raton
2012). Zervakis et al. (2013) testing different supplemen- Choi KW (2007) Shelf cultivation of oyster mushroom. In: Mush-
tation levels (20, 40 and 60 %) of composted (90 days) and World (ed) Mushroom growers’ handbook 1. Oyster mushroom
cultivation, MushWorld—Heineart Inc, Seoul
noncomposted raw olive mill waste in a substrate based on Curvetto NR, Figlas D, Devalis R, Delmastro S (2002) Growth and
wheat straw (sterile substrate) reported BE of 135.34 % productivity of different Pleurotus ostreatus strains on sunflower
(substrate supplemented with 5 % of wheat bran plus 20 % seed hulls supplemented with N-NH4? and/or MN (II). Bioresour
of olive mill waste composted, C/N ratio of 40:1). Philip- Technol 84(2):171–176
Hernández D, Sánchez JE, Yamasaki K (2003) A simple procedure
poussis et al. (2001) tested wheat straw, cotton waste and for preparing substrate for Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation.
peanut shell supplemented with wheat bran (C/N ratio Bioresour Technol 90:145–150
between 30 and 60:1) through sterilization method (1.5 h at Johnson RR, Balwani TL, Johnson LJ, McClume KE, Dehority BA
1.1 atm) reported highest BE of 116.70 and 70.61 % for (1966) corn plant maturity II. Effect on In vitro cellulose
digestibility and soluble carbohydrate content. J Anim Sci
two commercial strains of P. ostreatus, HK35 and P69, 25:617–623
respectively. Comparisons with other studies were hin- Lee HY, Won-Rok K, Min BH (2002) Automation of solid-state
dered by the fact that most of them were carried out using bioreactor for Oyster Mushroom composting. Microbiol
laboratory model conditions (small bags and high spawn 30:228–232
Lyons GA, Sharma HSS, Kilpatrick M, Cheung L, Moore S (2006)
concentration), different substrate preparation methods Monitoring of changes in substrate characteristics during mush-
(sterilization, only pasteurization by steam or unpasteur- room compost production. J Agric Food Chem 54:4658–4667
ized substrate), different strains, different production con- Nunes MD, Da Luz JMR, Paes SA, Ribeiro JJO, Silva MCS, Kasuya
dition etc. MCM (2012) Nitrogen supplementation on the productivity and
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Conclusions Obodai M, Cleland-Okine J, Vowotor KA (2003) Comparative study
on the growth and yield of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom on
different lignocellulosic by-products. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol
Seven days of composting with conditioning showed higher 30:146–149
mushroom yield and biological efficiency, as well as low Oei P (2003) Mushroom cultivation. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden
environmental pollution (less emission of NH3 and CO2). In Philippoussis A, Zervakis G, Diamantopoulou P (2001) Bioconver-
sion of agricultural lignocellulosic wastes through the cultivation
addition, shorter composting period contribute to reduce cost of the edible mushrooms Agrocybe aegerita, Volvariella
production. Brizantha grass and sugarcane straw showed volvacea and Pleurotus spp. World J Microbiol Biotechnol
potential to be applied for oyster mushroom industry. Sup- 17:191–200
plementation of composted substrate improved yield and Rizki M, Tamai Y (2011) Effects of different nitrogen rich substrates
and their combination to the yield performance of oyster
biological efficiency of mushroom. Looking forward, future mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). World J Microbiol Biotechnol
research should include microbial community activity and 27:1695–1702
carbohydrates changes during composting process and its Royse DJ (2013) Trends in Mushroom production worldwide. In:
effects on oyster mushroom yield. Sales-Campos C, Abreu RLS, Vianez BF, Urben AF (eds) Anais
do VII Simpósio internacional sobre cogumelos no Brasil, 6th
edn. Embrapa, Brasilia, pp 38–47
Acknowledgments This research was supported by Coordination for
Royse DJ, Schisler LC (1987) Yield and size of Pleurotus ostreatus
the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES Foundation),
and Pleurotus sajor- caju as effected by delayed-release nutrient.
No. 005707/2012-05. We are grateful to Graduate Program (Energy in
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 26(2):191–194
Agriculture) of College of Agronomic Sciences, Sao Paulo State
Royse DJ, Rhodes TW, Ohga S, Sanchez JE (2004) Yield, mushroom
University, for constantly financial support.
size and time to production of Pleurotus cornucopiae (oyster
mushroom) grown on switch grass substrate spawned and
supplemented at various rates. Bioresour Technol 91(1):85–91
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