Aws C3.7M-2005

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brazing, furnace brazing, quality ß² ß³»®·½¿² Ò¿¬·±²¿´ Í¬¿²¼¿®¼
control, inspection of brazed joints,
brazing materials, brazing equipment,
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classification of brazed joints, brazed
joint discontinuities, nondestructive
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examination, furnace brazing Ö«²» îç ô îððë
procedure specification
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Supersedes AWS C3.7:1999
Prepared by
AWS C3 Committee on Brazing and Soldering
Under the Direction of

AWS Technical Activities Committee
Approved by
AWS Board of Directors
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This specification presents the minimum fabrication, equipment, material, process procedure and inspection require-
ments for the brazing of aluminum by all of the processes commonly usedatmosphere furnace, vacuum furnace, and
flux processes. Its purpose is to standardize aluminum brazing requirements for all applications in which brazed alumi-
num joints of assured quality are required. It provides criteria for classifying aluminum brazed joints based on loading
and the consequences of failure and quality assurance criteria defining the limits of acceptability of each class. The
specification defines acceptable brazing equipment, materials and procedures, as well as the required inspection for each
class of joint.
550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126
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All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American
Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS standards are either incorporated in, or made part of,
documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmental bodies,
their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be
approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and
regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the
AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS
standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.
International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-022-6
American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126
© 2005 by American Welding Society. All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings
together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the process
and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or
verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.
AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether spe-
cial, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this
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In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on
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else. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice
of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.
This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.
Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept
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any patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.
Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.
On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are posted
on the AWS web page (www.aws.org).
Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writ-
ing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL
33126 (see Annex A). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards
may be rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These
individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpreta-
tions of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS C3 Committee on Brazing and Soldering. It must be
reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations,
additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be
addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS C3 Committee on
Brazing and Soldering and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments.
Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS C3 Committee on Brazing and Soldering to express their comments
verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of
Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding
Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
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appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: 978-750-8400;
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AWS C3 Committee on Brazing and Soldering
P. T. Vianco, Chair Sandia National Laboratories
R. W. Smith, 1st Vice Chair Materials Resources International
C. L. Jenney, Secretary American Welding Society
G. L. Alexy Prince & Izant Company
B. Barten Delphi Thermal and Interior
*A. Belohlav Lucas-Milhaupt, Incorporated
*S. S. Bhargava General Motors
D. W. Bucholz Conforma Clad, Incorporated
*S. Christy Pratt & Whitney
*N. C. Cole NCC Engineering
W. J. Engeron Engineered Alloy Systems & Support
Y. Flom NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
D. Fortuna Sulzer Metco (U.S.), Incorporated
C. E. Fuerstenau Lucas-Milhaupt, Incorporated
R. A. Gross Gourley Curtiss Wright
*P. K. Gupta Honeywell Aerospace
S. R. Hazelbaker Accurate Brazing, Incorporated
*M. J. Higgins Advanced Systems Technologies
T. P. Hirthe Kru-Mar Manufacturing Services, Incorporated
F. M. Hosking Sandia National Laboratories
J. R. Jachna Modine Manufacturing Company
D. Kane ADB Industries
*T. A. Kern Consultant
*H. H. Lang York International Corporation
*H. Lichtenberger Williams Advanced Materials
E. Liguori Scarrott Metallurgical
M. J. Lucas, Jr. Consultant
*E. Lugscheider Aachen University of Technology
*M. Manning GE Power System
R. P. McKinney Prince & Izant Company
*C. Moyer Consultant
T. Oyama Morgan Advanced Ceramic
C. A. Paponetti, Sr. Consultant
R. L. Peaslee Wall Colmonoy Corporation
A. Rabinkin Metglas, Incorporated
*W. D. Rupert Wolverine Joining Technologies
A. Severin Bradley Corporation
A. E. Shapiro Chemical Abstract Services
J. J. Stephens Sandia National Laboratories
*R. W. Walls Walls Engineering
*Advisor
iii
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C3D Subcommittee on Brazing Specifications

J. R. Jachna, Chair Modine Manufacturing Company
S. R. Hazelbaker, Vice Chair Accurate Brazing, Incorporated
C. L. Jenney, Secretary American Welding Society
*B. Barten Delphi Thermal and Interior
*N. C. Cole NCC Engineering
Y. Flom NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
C. E. Fuerstenau Lucas-Milhaupt, Incorporated
R. A. Gross Gourley Curtiss Wright
*P. K. Gupta Honeywell Aerospace
R. L. Hall, Jr. Copper Development Association, Incorporated
*M. J. Higgins Pratt & Whitney
T. P. Hirthe Kru-Mar Manufacturing Services, Incorporated
F. M. Hosking Sandia National Laboratories
D. Kane ADB Industries
*T. A. Kern Consultant
*H. H. Lang York International Corporation
E. Liguori Scarrott Metallurgical
M. J. Lucas, Jr. Consultant
R. P. McKinney Prince & Izant Company
*H. Mizuhara, P.E. H. Mizuhara Consulting Services
*C. Moyer Consultant

T. Oyama Morgan Advanced Ceramic
C. A. Paponetti, Sr. Consultant
R. L. Peaslee Wall Colmonoy Corporation
*W. D. Rupert Wolverine Joining Technologies
*A. Severin Bradley Corporation
R. W. Smith Materials Resources International
*K. P. Thornberry J. W. Harris Company, Incorporated
P. T. Vianco Sandia National Laboratories
*R. W. Walls Wall Engineering
*Advisor
iv
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(This Foreword is not a part of AWS C3.7M/C3.7:2005, Specification for
Aluminum Brazing, but is included for informational purposes only.)
This specification is one of a series prepared at the request of the Aerospace Materials Division (AMD) of the Society
of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and a number of other organizations to replace MIL-B-7883, Brazing of Steels, Copper,
Copper Alloys, Nickel Alloys, Aluminum, and Aluminum Alloys, which addressed all of the brazing processes. It became
both obsolete and very cumbersome as brazing technology proliferated and became more complex.
Addressing all of the diverse brazing processes in one concise, easily understood document was found to be impracti-
cal; therefore, a series of four independent specifications on brazing were written, all in the same format. The first three
are AWS C3.4, Specification for Torch Brazing; AWS C3.5, Specification for Induction Brazing; and AWS C3.6, Spec-
ification for Furnace Brazing. The torch, induction, and furnace brazing of aluminum alloys are addressed in the present
document, AWS C3.7M/C3.7, Specification for Aluminum Brazing. The decision to subdivide the technology in this
way was based upon a survey of production brazing applications conducted by the AWS C3 Committee on Brazing and
Soldering. The survey demonstrated that these four specifications would cover the vast majority of brazing done in the
United States today.
An additional document, AWS C3.8M/C3.8, Recommended Practices for the Ultrasonic Examination of Brazed
Joints, complements this series. In the preparation of the first four brazing specifications, it was found that no such
document provided specific criteria and requirements for the application of this important new inspection technology to
brazed joints.
The present edition supersedes AWS C3.7:1999, bearing the same title. This edition includes new sections addressing
the molten metal bath brazing and the controlled-atmosphere brazing of aluminum.
Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,
AWS C3 Committee on Brazing and Soldering, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a
request, in writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society. A formal reply
will be issued after it has been reviewed by the appropriate personnel following established procedures (see Annex A).
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vi
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Personnel.................................................................................................................................................................... iii
Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................................v
1. Scope .....................................................................................................................................................................1
2. Normative References ...........................................................................................................................................1
3. Terms and Definitions...........................................................................................................................................2
4. Classification of Brazed Joints..............................................................................................................................2
4.1 Method of Classification..............................................................................................................................2
4.2 Class A Joints ..............................................................................................................................................2
4.3 Class B Joints...............................................................................................................................................2
4.4 Class C Joints...............................................................................................................................................2
4.5 No Class Specified.......................................................................................................................................2
5. Process Requirements ...........................................................................................................................................3
5.1 Process Description .....................................................................................................................................3

5.2 General Heat Source Requirements.............................................................................................................3
5.3 Temperature Requirements..........................................................................................................................4
5.4 Operating Requirements of the Furnace or Oven ........................................................................................5
5.5 Fixtures ........................................................................................................................................................5
5.6 Aluminum Brazing Materials ......................................................................................................................5
5.7 Product Brazing Requirements ....................................................................................................................6
5.8 Brazing Procedure Qualification .................................................................................................................7
5.9 Safety and Health.........................................................................................................................................7
6. Quality Assurance Provisions ...............................................................................................................................8
6.1 Responsibility for Inspection.......................................................................................................................8
6.2 Requirements for Compliance .....................................................................................................................8
6.3 Sequence of Inspection and Manufacturing Operations..............................................................................8
6.4 Required Examination of Brazed Joints ......................................................................................................8
6.5 Acceptance Criteria ...................................................................................................................................10
6.6 Process Completion ...................................................................................................................................11
Nonmandatory Annexes..............................................................................................................................................13
Annex AGuidelines for Preparation of Technical Inquiries for AWS Technical Committees ................................13
Annex BBibliography ..............................................................................................................................................15
List of AWS Documents on Brazing and Soldering ....................................................................................................17
vii
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viii
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1. Scope The following AWS documents1 are referenced in the

mandatory sections of this standard:
This specification presents the minimum fabrication (1) AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Braz-
and quality requirements for brazing of aluminum and ing, and Nondestructive Examination;
aluminum alloys. Its purpose is to standardize brazing
(2) AWS A5.8/A5.8 M, Specification for Filler
process requirements and control brazed joint quality for
Metals for Brazing and Braze Welding;
all applications for which brazed joints of assured quality
are required. This document establishes the minimum (3) AWS A5.31, Specification for Fluxes for Brazing
requirements for processes and products with a minimum and Braze Welding;
of explanatory information so that sources of ambiguity (4) AWS B2.2, Standard for Brazing Procedure and
are minimized. It assigns responsibility for the ultimate Performance Qualification;
quality of the brazed product to a single organization and (5) AWS C3.3, Recommended Practices for the
permits that organization to modify requirements if Design, Manufacture, and Inspection of Critical Brazed
appropriate to the application. It requires proper docu- Components;
mentation of any such modification.
(6) AWS C3.8M/C3.8, Recommended Practices for
Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the the Ultrasonic Examination of Brazed Joints.
scope of this standard and therefore are not fully
The following American National Standards Institute
addressed herein. Safety and health information is avail-
(ANSI) document2 is referenced in the mandatory sec-
able from other sources, including, but not limited to,
tions of this standard:
ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Pro-
cesses, and applicable federal and state regulations. (1) ANSI Z540-1, General Requirements for
Calibration Laboratories and Measuring and Test
This standard makes use of both the International
Equipment.
System of Units (SI) and U.S. Customary Units. The lat-
ter are shown within brackets or in appropriate columns The following American Society for Testing and
in tables and figures. The measurements may not be Materials (ASTM) documents3 are referenced in the
exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used mandatory sections of this standard:
independently. (1) ASTM E 230, Standard Specification and
Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for
Standardized Thermocouples;
(2) ASTM E 1417, Standard Practice for Liquid
2. Normative References Penetrant Inspection; and
(3) ASTM E 1742, Standard Practice for Radio-
The following standards contain provisions which, graphic Examination.
through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this American Welding Society standard. For dated ref-
1. AWS documents are published by the American Welding
erences, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
of these publications do not apply. However, parties to 2. ANSI standards are published by the American National
agreements based on this AWS standard are encouraged Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New
to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent York, New York 10036.
editions of the documents shown below. For undated 3. ASTM documents are published by the American Society
references, the latest edition of the standard referred to for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
applies. Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
1
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The following American Society for Quality (ASQ) Organization Having Quality Responsibility. The
document4 is referenced in the mandatory sections of this organization responsible to the end user of the product
standard: for the quality of the product and its suitability for the
(1) ASQ Z1.4 Sampling Procedures and Tables for intended use. This organization is usually the manu-
Inspection by Attributes. facturer and marketer of the final product in commer-
cial business and the prime contractor in government
The following Society of Automotive Engineers
procurement. Although such organizations may sub-
(SAE)/Aerospace Materials Specifications (AMS) docu-
contract brazing and related operations to others, they
ment5 is referenced in the mandatory sections of this
cannot delegate the ultimate responsibility for the ser-
standard:
vice suitability of the product to these subcontractors.
(1) SAE/AMS 2750, Pyrometry.
pinhole porosity. Porosity consisting of numerous small
gas holes on the surface or in the subsurface of a
brazed joint proper or fillet.
3. Terms and Definitions surface porosity. A roughened or spongy appearance or
open pore on the surface of the brazed fillet. Such
For the purposes of this document, the terms and defi- pores are not sharply linear or crack-like in shape.
nitions listed below apply: Surface porosity is confined to the surface of the fillet
and does not progress into the brazed joint proper.
braze joint. The total area, as defined by the engineering
drawing, of the faying surfaces to be joined by braz- void. An area of a brazed joint proper that is not
ing and the fillets that form at the edges of that area. completely filled with brazing filler metal.
braze joint proper. The total area, as defined by the Additional terms and definitions can be found in
engineering drawing, of the faying surfaces to be AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions,
joined by brazing, excluding any fillets that form at Including Terms for Brazing, Soldering, Thermal Spray-
the edges of that area. ing, and Thermal Cutting.
brazing symbol. The symbol on the engineering draw-

ing designating the location, class, and configuration
of the brazed joint. Such symbols shall be in accor-
4. Classification of Brazed Joints
dance with AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Weld- 4.1 Method of Classification. Brazed joints are classi-
ing, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination. fied in this specification based on two criteria: (1) the
design requirements and (2) the consequences of failure.
getter. v. The action of absorbing or chemically binding
It is the responsibility of the Organization Having Qual-
elements in the furnace atmosphere (i.e., oxygen) to
ity Responsibility to evaluate these or other factors and

inhibit the flow of the brazing filler metal; n., A metal
assign the proper classification. This classification con-
or alloy added to a vacuum furnace for the purpose of
trols which inspection methods and acceptance limits are
absorbing or chemically binding elements in the
required.
furnace atmosphere (i.e., oxygen) that may inhibit the
flow of the brazing filler metal. 4.2 Class A Joints. Class A joints are those joints sub-
jected to high stresses, cyclic stresses, or both, the failure
lack of bond or unbond. A condition in a brazed joint in of which could result in significant risk to persons or
which brazing filler metal is present between the joint property or significant operational failure.
faces but does not adhere or form a metallurgical
bond with the base metal. It most commonly occurs 4.3 Class B Joints. Class B joints are those joints sub-
when brazing filler metal is preplaced between jected to low or moderate stresses, cyclic stresses, or
contaminated joint faces. In many cases, lack of bond both, the failure of which could result in significant risk
is only nondestructively detectable by means of ultra- to persons or property or significant operational failure.
sonic examination.
4.4 Class C Joints. Class C joints are those joints sub-
jected to low or moderate stresses, cyclic stresses, or
4. ASQ documents are published by the American Society for both, the failure of which would have no significant det-
Quality, 600 North Plankinton Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53203. rimental effect.
5. SAE/AMS documents are published by the Society of
Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warren- 4.5 No Class Specified. When no class is specified on
dale, PA 15096-0001. the engineering drawing or other applicable document
2
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approved by the Organization Having Quality Respon- All instruments used to measure the temperature of
sibility, Class A requirements shall apply. However, assemblies being brazed or to control furnace or bath
because of the confusion that can result, all engineering temperature shall have an indicated temperature accu-
drawings referencing this specification should state the racy range of not more than ±0.5% of the maximum for
class of the brazed joint in the brazing symbol. Symbols which the furnace or bath is qualified over the entire
shall be in accordance with AWS A2.4, Symbols for operating range.
Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination. The indicated temperature accuracy of the instrument
shall be determined in accordance with the equipment
manufacturers recommendations using a known electro-
5. Process Requirements motive force input traceable to the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST). All instruments shall
5.1 Process Description. Aluminum and aluminum
be calibrated in accordance with SAE AMS 2750,
alloys are brazed using techniques that disrupt the sur-
Pyrometry, and ANSI Z540-1, General Requirements for
face oxides and limit their ability to re-form during the
Calibration Laboratories and Measuring and Test
brazing process. These include brazing in a molten flux
Equipment. Instruments shall be calibrated whenever
bath or molten metal bath, torch brazing with fluxes,
repairs or modifications are made to them.
induction brazing with fluxes, brazing in a controlled-
Instruments used exclusively to protect the furnace or
atmosphere furnace with special fluxes, and brazing in
bath from over-temperature accidents are not subject to
vacuum or controlled-atmosphere furnaces. Fluxless pro-
the requirements of this subclause.
cesses use elemental magnesium, magnesium-containing
brazing filler metal, or magnesium-bearing base metals 5.2.1.1 Workload Thermocouples. Workload
to getter available oxygen in the vacuum retort and to control thermocouples shall be of a type listed in ASTM
disrupt and penetrate the oxide film present on the alumi- E 230, Standard Specification and Temperature-Electro-
num surface. motive Force (EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermo-
The magnesium and other active elements can modify couples. They shall be calibrated by comparison to a
the wetting and alloying characteristics of the standard calibrated test instrument traceable to the National Insti-
aluminum brazing filler metals, making them signifi- tute of Standards and Technology. The frequency of cali-
cantly more effective, as well as making the base metal bration shall be in accordance with ANSI Z540-1.
more susceptible to brazing filler metal penetration.
5.2.1.2 Work-Zone Thermocouples. Work-zone
Because the melting ranges of the base metal and the
control thermocouples shall be of a type listed in
brazing filler metal are usually close together, the tem-
ASTM E 230. They shall be calibrated by comparison to
perature control requirements are more restrictive than
a calibrated test instrument traceable to the National
those commonly used in the brazing of other metals.
Institute of Standards and Technology. The frequency of
5.2 General Heat Source Requirements. All furnaces calibration shall be in accordance with ANSI Z540-1.
and molten baths used in the brazing of aluminum shall
5.2.2 Atmosphere Control Instruments. Atmo-
have automatic temperature controlling and recording
spheres shall be monitored in order to maintain estab-
devices in good working order that are capable of con-
lished atmosphere limits as specified in the brazing
trolling the temperature of the furnace or molten bath to
procedure specification. One or more of the following
the requirements of this specification. Furnaces and mol-
devices shall be used to assure that these limits are met.
ten baths shall have adequate heating capacity to accom-
plish uniform heating of the workload at the rate required 5.2.2.1 Electronic Dew Point Measuring
to prevent both thermal distortion of the assemblies and Devices. Electronic dew point measurement instruments,
liquation of the brazing filler metal. They shall be prop- when used, shall be calibrated in accordance with the
erly maintained in good working order. manufacturers recommendations against reference
devices traceable to the National Institute of Standards
5.2.1 Temperature-Measurement and Control
and Technology. Such gauges shall be calibrated before
Instruments. In closed batch-type furnaces and molten
initial use and as needed thereafter in accordance with
baths, suitable instruments and thermocouples shall be
ANSI Z540-1.
provided to measure and control the temperature of
assemblies being brazed. The instrument shall be of the 5.2.2.2 Vacuum Measuring Device. Vacuum
potentiometer type or equivalent and capable of measur- measuring devices shall be used on all vacuum brazing
ing, recording, and providing a permanent record of the furnaces. Thermocouple gauges or the equivalent shall
temperature throughout the entire brazing thermal cycle. be used to measure higher than 0.13 Pa [103 torr]. Suit-
In furnaces with multiple heating zones, similar instru- able electronic gauges shall be used to measure pressures
mentation shall be provided for each zone. of 0.13 Pa [103 torr] or less. These gauges shall be
3
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mounted so as to measure the pressure within the work A minimum of two thermocouples shall be used to de-
zone of the furnace. Suitable instruments for reading and termine the temperature uniformity of furnaces or baths
recording the pressure within the furnace work zone shall having a work-zone volume of 0.28 m3 [10 ft3] or less. A
also be provided. minimum of nine thermocouples, or one thermocouple
These instruments and gauges shall be calibrated in per 0.70 m3 [25 ft3] of working zone, whichever yields
accordance with the manufacturers recommendations the greater number of thermocouples, shall be used to
against reference standards traceable to the National determine the uniformity of furnaces or baths having a
Institute of Standards and Technology. Such gauges shall work zone larger than 0.28 m3 [10 ft3]. A control thermo-
be calibrated before initial use and as needed thereafter couple shall be located within each temperature zone of
in accordance with ANSI Z540-1. control to determine the temperature uniformity of the
work zone of any furnace. The location of each tempera-
5.2.2.3 Oxygen-Sensing Device. Oxygen-sensing ture control thermocouple shall be determined by the
devices, when used, shall be used to indicate the pres- user.
ence and the quantity of oxygen within the brazing fur- Qualification shall be performed at the normal braz-
naces interior. When a multiple-zone brazing furnace is ing temperature or 598°C ± 5°C [1110°F ± 10°F] if the
employed, the oxygen-sensing device shall have a pick- furnace or bath is used at multiple temperatures. The
up point in each zone, as specified in the brazing proce- temperature of all furnace test and control thermocouples
dure specification. shall be recorded at intervals of no more than 5 minutes
This device shall be calibrated in accordance with the starting at not less than 93°C [200°F]. Temperature mea-
manufacturers recommendations or using a sampling surement and recording shall continue at least 30 minutes
gas that includes a known quantity of oxygen and as after the furnace or bath has reached thermal equilibrium
needed thereafter in accordance with ANSI Z540-1. to determine the recurrent temperature pattern of the fur-
nace or bath.
5.2.2.4 Residual Gas Analyzer (RGA). Residual The results of the test shall be posted at the furnace or
gas analyzers, when used, shall be employed to indicate bath. The posted results shall include the date of testing,
the presence of contaminants within the braze furnace the due date of next test, the size of the work zone, and
interior. When a multiple-zone brazing furnace is uti- the results of the tests, including the location within the
lized, the RGA device shall have a pick-up point in each work zone of the hottest and coldest areas. The require-
zone, as specified in the brazing procedure specification. ments of 5.3.1 are considered met if the equipment is
The device shall be calibrated in accordance with controlled and operated in accordance with SAE/AMS
manufacturers recommendations and as needed there- 2750.
after in accordance with ANSI Z540-1.
5.3.2 Temperature Uniformity Requirements. The
5.3 Temperature Requirements. All furnaces and baths requirements of 5.3.2 are considered met if the equip-
shall be qualified for temperature uniformity and control ment is controlled and operated in accordance with
prior to their initial use for production brazing. All fur- SAE/AMS 2750.
naces and baths used in the brazing of aluminum, includ- 5.3.2.1 Aluminum Brazing Furnaces. Before
ing preheat ovens, shall be requalified as appropriate. thermal equilibrium has been reached, no temperature
They shall be requalified after any repairs or alterations reading shall vary from the temperature for which the
that might affect temperature control or uniformity [e.g., furnace is being qualified by more than ±11°C [±20°F].
the installation of new heating elements or new control After thermal equilibrium has been reached, the tempera-
thermocouple(s), or the replacement of shielding]. ture measured by any test thermocouple shall not vary
Requalification is not required when the repair or from the selected furnace control temperature by more
alteration has previously been documented as not affect- than ±3°C [±5°F]. Within a continuous moving convey-
ing the temperature control or uniformity of the furnace ance-type system, the temperature set-point rate of
or bath. recovery upon the mass loads entering the brazing
furnace must be within established time limits of an
5.3.1 Temperature Qualification Procedure. Uni-
acceptable braze profile for the subject assembly.
formity tests of furnaces shall be conducted using a typi-
cal production atmosphere or vacuum level. All tests of 5.3.2.2 Flux Drying and Preheating Ovens.
furnace or baths shall be conducted using calibrated ther- Before thermal equilibrium has been reached, no temper-
mocouples. The temperature-measuring equipment shall ature reading shall vary from the temperature for which
meet the requirements of 5.2.1. Instruments used to con- the oven is being qualified by more than ±11°C [±20°F].
trol the furnace or bath during production brazing shall After thermal equilibrium has been reached, the tempera-
not be used to monitor the qualification thermocouples. ture measured by any test thermocouple shall not vary
4
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from the selected furnace control temperature by more capability of backfilling with inert gas after evacuation to
than ±6°C [±10°F]. The temperature set-point rate of 0.013 Pa [104 torr] when required by the brazing proce-
recovery (within a continuous moving conveyance-type dure specification. The inert gas shall have a dew point at
system) upon the mass loads entering the brazing fur- the entry point to the furnace retort no higher than 68°C
nace must be within established time limits of an accept- [90°F]. Suitable provision shall be made for measure-
able braze profile for the subject assembly. ments of the dew point.
5.3.2.3 Molten Metal and Flux Baths. Baths used 5.4.3 Flux Drying and Preheating Ovens. Preheat
for the brazing of aluminum base metals having a solidus ovens shall be in good working order and suitable for the
temperature of 604°C [1120°F] or greater shall have intended purpose. Combustion-type ovens shall not
temperature uniformity throughout the working zone exhaust combustion products onto the assembly. The
within ±6°C [±10°F] of the controller set point. Baths temperature in the work zone shall be controlled to
used for the brazing of aluminum base metals having a within ±6°C [±10°F] of the set temperature.
solidus temperature of less than 604°C [1120°F] shall
have temperature uniformity throughout the working 5.4.4 Molten Metal and Flux Baths. The molten
zone within ±3°C [±5°F] of the controller set point. metal and flux baths used for the brazing of aluminum
shall be in good working condition and suitable for the
5.4 Operational Requirements of the Furnace or intended purpose.
Oven
5.4.5 Molten Metal/Flux Bath Qualification. A suit-
5.4.1 Atmosphere Furnaces. Atmosphere furnaces
able braze sample shall be assembled and brazed using a
shall be suitable for the intended purpose and in good
brazing procedure specification. The brazed joint pro-
working order. The gas supply and purification system,
duced shall be smooth and continuous and shall exhibit
if any, shall be capable of supplying atmosphere gases
adequate flow of the brazing filler-metal, as specified by
in accordance with the approved brazing procedure
the brazing procedure specification.
specification.
Failure to meet these requirements shall require suit-
Atmosphere furnaces for the brazing of fluxed alumi-
able corrective action and successful retest before the use
num assemblies shall be suitable for the intended pur-
of the equipment for production brazing. The results of
pose and in good working condition. The temperature of
the qualification test shall be documented. Molten bath
the working zone shall be controlled to within ±3°C
qualification procedures shall be performed on a daily
[±5°F] of the set temperature. Suitable means shall be
basis to assure the brazing capability of the bath. Other
provided to control the composition of the furnace atmo-
brazing processes shall be qualified on a timely basis as
sphere and dew point.
established by the user.
The products of combustion shall not contaminate the
brazing chamber in any way or impinge on the assem- 5.5 Fixtures. Fixtures shall be made of suitable materials
blies being brazed. Furnace atmospheres, the means to be that are stable at the brazing temperature and do not con-
used to control them, and the limits to which they are to taminate the flux, atmosphere, base metal, or brazing
be controlled shall be specified by the approved brazing filler metal. The fixtures shall be designed to allow for
procedure specification. thermal expansion of the components being brazed. To
5.4.2 Vacuum Furnaces. Vacuum furnaces used for the greatest extent possible, the fixtures shall control the
the fluxless brazing of aluminum shall be suitable for the components at points or along lines of contact. All fix-
intended purpose, in good working order, and comply tures, racks, and baskets used in aluminum brazing with
with the following performance requirements. A cold fluxes should be made of corrosion-resistant materials
and previously outgassed furnace shall have a total leak- such as nickel-based alloys or stainless steels.
age (i.e., real leakage plus virtual leakage) of no more 5.6 Aluminum Brazing Materials
than 2.6 Pa [20 I 103 torr] per hour when the vacuum
chamber is isolated from the pumping system after being 5.6.1 Brazing Filler Metals. The brazing filler metal
evacuated to less than 0.65 Pa [5 I 103 torr]. The leak to be used should be specified on the engineering draw-
rate shall be measured over a time period of no less than ing or accompanying documents and shall meet the
15 minutes. Such a leak rate test shall be performed at requirements of AWS A5.8/A5.8M, Specification for
least once a week or whenever there is reason to suspect Filler Metals for Brazing and Braze Welding, unless
an unacceptable leak rate exists. otherwise specified by the engineering drawing or
A cold, outgassed furnace shall be capable of reaching accompanying documents. Brazing filler metal selection
a vacuum of 0.0013 Pa [105 torr] in a time specified in considerations shall be based on the base materials, pro-
the brazing procedure specification. It shall have the cess selection, and part/mass configurations.
5
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5.6.2 Fluxes. Fluxes shall be compatible with the base Fixturing and assembly techniques that prevent the
metals and the brazing filler metals that are specified by clearance of the braze joint from closing during brazing
the engineering drawing. Fluxes shall remove oxides and shall not be used for fluxless brazing (i.e., vacuum braz-
prevent their re-formation during the brazing operation. ing). However, such techniques are acceptable when
They shall promote the flow of filler material and its wet- external brazing filler metal placement and flux are
ting onto the base metal surfaces of the joint. Acceptable employed. Vent and drain holes in components shall be
flux(es) shall be specified by the approved brazing pro- as specified on the engineering drawing.
cedure specification.
Fluxes should conform to the requirements of AWS 5.7.4 Application of Brazing Filler Metal. Brazing
A5.31, Specification for Fluxes for Brazing and Braze filler metal of the type specified on the engineering
Welding. drawing and approved brazing procedure specification
shall be applied to the joint in the form and application
5.6.3 Cleaning Materials. The components to be method specified in sufficient quantity to produce a satis-
assembled shall be cleaned in accordance with the braz- factory brazed joint. On joints having one end inaccessi-
ing procedure specification. Cleaning materials shall not ble to visual examination, the brazing filler metal shall
leave any residues that interfere with the wetting or flow be placed at the blind end of the joint or in the joint prior
of the filler metal or contaminate the flux or filler metal. to assembly. Binders used in brazing filler metal slurries
5.6.4 Braze Stopoff. Stopoff, if used, shall be speci- shall not leave harmful residues or in any way interfere
fied in the brazing procedure specification. Brazing stop- with the flow of the brazing filler metal.
off materials shall be suitable for the intended purpose

and compatible with the base metal(s), brazing filler 5.7.5 Application of Flux. Flux shall be applied in
metal(s), fluxes, and furnace atmosphere. In certain the form and quantity and by the method specified in an
applications, the residues from stop-off materials can approved brazing procedure specification. The quantity
produce unacceptable contamination of the product or and location of placement shall be such as to produce a
furnace atmosphere. satisfactory brazed assembly.
5.7 Product Brazing Requirements. Procedures shall 5.7.6 Application of Stop Off. Braze stop-off materi-
be established to control the following: als shall be applied in quantities and locations as neces-
sary to control brazing filler metal flow in order to meet
5.7.1 Surface Preparation. Components to be brazed the requirements of the engineering drawing. Stopoff
shall be sufficiently free of oil, grease, paint, dirt, scale, shall be applied in such a manner so as to prevent the
or other foreign substances that could interfere with the surfaces of the braze joint or the brazing filler metal from
brazing process or contaminate the braze joint. Burrs being contaminated.
shall be removed as required to permit proper assembly
and brazing filler metal flow. 5.7.7 Maintenance of Molten Metal and Flux
5.7.2 Joint Clearance. In assemblies for aluminum Baths. Baths shall have sludge removed from the sides
brazing in which the brazing filler metal is in the form of and bottom of the tank by suitable means prior to any
cladding on the base metals or filler metal tape or foil, additions to the bath and at least once per week when in
the base and brazing filler metals should have a maxi- operation. In addition, at the beginning of each day of
mum joint clearance of 0.08 mm [0.003 in.], but point operation, the bath shall be dehydrated by repeatedly
contact is required to initiate capillary flow. immersing sheets or coils of clean AA 1100 or AA 3003
In assemblies in which the brazing filler metal is aluminum. When this aluminum is free of visual surface
applied by a molten bath or preplaced adjacent to the contamination upon removal from the bath (i.e., it is light
joint, the clearance between the joint surfaces of the base gray in color), brazing shall commence.
metals should be controlled by the assembly procedures This treatment shall also be performed immediately
so that proper joint clearance is provided at the brazing after flux is added to the bath prior to the commencement
temperature unless otherwise specified by the engineer- of brazing. The chemical composition of the flux shall be
ing drawing. Suggested joint clearances for typical mate- analyzed using suitable techniques at least once a month
rials are presented in the AWS Brazing Handbook. and maintained within the limits recommended by the
manufacturer of the flux. The pH of the flux shall be
5.7.3 Assembly. Components shall be assembled and measured at least once a week by suitable means and
held in place by suitable fixtures per 5.5. Assembly by shall be maintained between 6.4 and 7.0. Baths not main-
means of fusion or resistance tack welding or using tabs tained to these requirements shall not be used to braze
or rivets should be specified by an approved brazing assemblies to this specification, and assemblies brazed in
procedure specification. them shall be rejected.
6
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5.7.8 Procedure for Dip Brazing. The process of dip all surfaces. They shall be heated to the required temper-
brazing is divided into two basic techniques: (1) dipping ature in the shortest possible time after temperature sta-
the assemblies to be brazed into molten brazing filler bilization, if stabilization is required, by the approved
metal bath or (2) dipping the assemblies to be brazed into brazing procedure specification.
a molten salt bath. Components that have been cleaned Assemblies shall be cooled in a suitable manner to
and assembled to the requirements of this specification prevent cracking, reduce residual stresses, and accom-
shall be preheated in a suitable furnace to a temperature plish any heat treatment required by the engineering
14°C to 60°C [25°F to 100°F] below the solidus temper- drawing.
ature of the brazing filler metal until the entire assembly Procedures shall be qualified and documented per 5.8.
has reached this temperature.
The assembly shall then be removed from the preheat 5.7.11 Flux Removal. All residual corrosive fluxes
furnace and immediately lowered into the molten bath at shall be removed by suitable means after brazing until
a uniform rate such that the positioning of the assemblies the requirements of 6.4.3.5 are met.
and any preplaced brazing filler metal is not disturbed. 5.7.12 Procedure for Aluminum Fluxless Brazing.
The temperature of the bath shall not exceed the solidus Assemblies cleaned and assembled to the requirements
of the base metals. of this specification shall be brazed to a cycle as required
Assemblies shall remain in the bath until the flow of by the engineering drawing or documents referenced by
the brazing filler metal is complete. Removal shall be at it or to a procedure qualified and documented in accor-
a uniform rate such that neither the components nor the dance with 5.8.
brazing filler metal is disturbed before solidification is
complete. Assemblies shall be hung over the bath until 5.7.13 Torch Brazing. Torch brazing is normally
all draining has ceased. Assemblies shall be cooled in a controlled by visual indicators related to process vari-
suitable manner to prevent cracking, reduce residual ables. Since these indicators are developed through expe-
stresses, and accomplish any postbraze heat treatment rience related to outcome as opposed to specific
required by the engineering drawing. measured values, torch brazing has been excluded from
the sections of this specification on process description
Procedures shall be qualified and documented per 5.8.
and control. The balance of the torch brazing require-
5.7.9 Procedure for Flux Drying and Preheating. ments, as applicable to torch brazing, beginning with 5.6
Clean components and/or assemblies that have had flux shall be applied.
applied must then have all moisture removed from the
5.7.14 Induction Brazing Induction brazing is
applied flux prior to their entering the inert gas atmo-
addressed in AWS C3.5, Specification for Induction
sphere brazing furnace. The flux drying oven must
Brazing. Brazing procedures shall be qualified in accor-
remove the moisture from the flux without removing a
dance with C3.5 or used with the approval of the Organi-
significant amount of flux from the intended braze joint
zation Having Quality Responsibility.
locations of the component and/or assembly.
Once the flux moisture has been removed, the second- 5.8 Brazing Procedure Qualification. Brazing proce-
ary purpose of the flux drying oven is to preheat the com- dure specifications, equipment, and operators shall be
ponent and/or assembly prior to its entering the inert gas qualified in accordance with AWS B2.2, Standard for
atmosphere brazing furnace. The preheating function of Brazing Procedure and Performance Qualification, in
the flux oven must not allow part temperature to reach accordance with 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, and 6.4.1 of this document,
the temperature that would induce the formation of any or as specified by the Organization Having Quality
detrimental oxides on the surfaces of the aluminum com- Responsibility.
ponent and/or assembly or activate the flux. Such qualifications shall be documented and
The reasons for preheating the component and/or approved in writing. The modification of procedures
assembly are to aid in reducing the thermal inertia requires the written approval of the Organization Having
needed to overcome the mass load as product enters the Quality Responsibility before use.
continuous conveyance brazing furnace and to enhance
the component or assemblys temperature uniformity 5.9 Safety and Health. Brazing fluxes and filler materi-
level necessary to achieve acceptable braze results. als may emit hazardous fumes during the brazing cycle.
It is mandatory that brazing operations be properly and
5.7.10 Procedure for Controlled-Atmosphere adequately ventilated or that operators be provided with
Brazing. Components cleaned, fluxed (when required), adequate breathing apparatus, or both, as required to
and assembled or flux dried/preheated to the require- assure that all relevant federal, state, and local govern-
ments of this specification shall be placed in the furnace ment safety and health requirements are met. In addition,
in such a manner that the atmosphere can readily reach there are other hazards involved in brazing, such as those
7
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relating to the use of corrosive fluxes, potentially explo- been damaged in the machining operations. Final flux
sive gases, and hot surfaces. residue testing shall be performed per 6.4.3.5 after all
For information on these and other safety and health machining operations of the brazed joint have been
hazards that must be controlled during brazing, refer to completed.

ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Pro-
cesses. Information on the hazards associated with mate- 6.4 Required Examination of Brazed Joints
rials used in the brazing process can be found in the 6.4.1 Destructive Tests. Metallurgical analysis and
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), available from inspection for excessive silicon diffusion into base met-
the manufacturer. als and for undercutting and erosion of the base metals
shall be performed as part of the brazing qualification
procedure per AWS B2.2 for all brazed aluminum joints.
6. Quality Assurance Provisions A microsection through the joint shall be prepared and
etched by suitable means and examined at a magnifica-
6.1 Responsibility for Inspection. Unless otherwise tion of 100X.
specified in the contract or purchase order, the organiza-
tion performing a brazing operation is responsible for the Evidence of intergranular attack and excessive braz-
performance of all inspections of the brazed joints. This ing filler metal penetration further than 20% into the
requirement includes a system of quality control and base metal shall be unacceptable unless qualified by the
documentation that assures and can prove that all Organization Having Quality Responsibility. The braz-
required operations and procedures were performed. ing procedure specification shall be modified, as
Suppliers may use their own facilities or any other facil- required, to eliminate the undesirable or unwanted reac-
ity acceptable to the Organization Having Quality tions. Assemblies brazed in accordance with the modi-
Responsibility for the inspection of the final product. fied procedure shall be inspected to and shall meet the
requirements of this paragraph. This test shall be
The Organization Having Quality Responsibility shall
repeated periodically if so specified by the Organization
retain the right to perform or witness the required tests,
Having Quality Responsibility.
or to perform any other tests necessary to ensure that the
brazed assemblies conform to the requirements of this 6.4.1.2 Burst Test. Burst testing shall be con-
specification and of the engineering drawing. ducted when required by the Organization Having Quality
6.2 Requirements for Compliance. All products must Responsibility.
meet all the requirements of this specification except in 6.4.1.3 Other Destructive Tests. The destructive
cases in which deviation is specifically approved in writ- testing of assemblies or samples shall be performed as
ing by the Organization Having Quality Responsibility required for process qualification or corrective action.
or is part of the engineering drawing. The destructive testing of samples or sample parts shall
The braze inspections required shall become a part of not be substituted for any nondestructive examination
the contractors overall inspection system or quality pro- required by this specification except as part of an
gram. The absence of any inspection requirements in this approved sampling plan in accordance with the require-
specification shall not relieve a contractor of the respon- ments of this specification or as part of an inspection pro-
sibility of ensuring that all products or supplies produced cedure complying with 6.4.3.2.
under this specification meet all contractual obligations.
The use of inspection sampling systems (see 6.4.4) does 6.4.2 Visual Examination. All brazed joints shall be
not authorize the shipment of known defective material, visually examined to the acceptance criteria specified in
nor does it obligate any person or organization to accept 6.5.
defective material.
6.4.3 Nondestructive Examination. Class A and
6.3 Sequence of Inspection and Manufacturing Oper- Class B brazed joints shall be examined either radio-
ations. Brazed joints may be inspected at the subassem- graphically or ultrasonically to determine the area of the
bly or assembly level, provided the entire joint is joint surfaces actually brazed and detect internal discon-
accessible for inspection. Brazements requiring post- tinuities unless the requirements of 6.4.3.3 are met. The
braze heat treatment shall be inspected after the heat choice of process is optional, except for the criteria
treatment has been completed unless otherwise specified established in 6.4.3.1 and 6.4.3.3. However, ultrasonic
on the engineering drawing. examination is generally the preferred method for
When brazed joints are inspected in process prior to inspecting brazed joints. Ultrasonic examination shall be
machining of joint edges, reinspection shall be required required when the criteria for radiographic examination
after machining to ensure that the brazed joint has not is not met, except as specified in 6.4.3.4.
8
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6.4.3.1 Radiographic Examination. Radiographic 106 in3/s] shall be detected with a suitable mass spec-
examination shall be performed in accordance with trometer leak detector in good working condition cali-
ASTM E 1742, Standard Practice for Radiographic brated as specified by its manufacturer;
Inspection. When the joint clearance is less than 4% of (2) Class B joints shall be air pressure tested at an
the total thickness of the base metals or when the brazing internal pressure and according to procedures specified
filler metal is preplaced between the joint faces, the in writing by the Organization Having Quality Responsi-
capability of the radiographic technique to detect the bility. Class B joints shall be bubble leak tested using a
minimum discontinuity size required by the Organization selected procedure defined in AWS C3.3. The procedure
Having Quality Responsibility shall be demonstrated. shall be specified in writing by the Organization Having
NOTE: When brazing filler metal is preplaced be- Quality Responsibility. No visually detected bubbles
tween the joint faces, unmelted filler metal may result in shall be allowed; and
unreliable interpretations. (3) Internal pressure test fixtures and devices shall be
Ultrasonic examination shall be required when the suitable for the intended purpose and shall be adequately
above criterion is not met, except as specified in 6.4.3.4. shielded to prevent injury to persons in case of cata-
strophic failure during pressure testing.
6.4.3.2 Ultrasonic Examination. Ultrasonic
examination shall be performed in accordance with AWS 6.4.3.4 Alternate Examination Techniques. Cer-
C3.8, Recommended Practices for Ultrasonic Examina- tain specialized brazed components may not be inspect-
tion of Brazed Joints. Ultrasonic examination shall be able using radiographic or ultrasonic techniques and may
performed only when the following configuration and be unsuitable for leak or pressure testing in accordance
process criteria are met: with 6.4.3.3. In such cases, alternate examination tech-
(1) Surface through which the sonic pulse enters the niques and acceptance limits shall be as specified in writ-
material shall be parallel to the joint faces, and the ing by the Organization Having Quality Responsibility.
assembly must be processed so that all brazing filler This organization is responsible for the suitability of the
metal run over is removed prior to ultrasonic inspection; final product for service and the suitability of the brazed
(2) A suitable ultrasonic reference standard shall be joints.
available. It shall be identical to the assemblies it repre-
sents with respect to joint configuration, joint clearance, 6.4.3.5 Flux Removal Test. All aluminum compo-
and filler material. The reference standard shall have nents brazed using corrosive chloride-based flux shall be
defects of known size and location suitable for calibrat- tested for flux and flux residues after flux removal. This
ing the ultrasonic apparatus; and test shall consist of rinsing the assembly with deionized
(3) Ultrasonic apparatus shall produce a joint facsim- or distilled water such that all areas of the component are
ile suitable for making quantitative measurements of the flushed, and a representative sample of this rinse water is
percentage of the brazed joint actually bonded and for collected. Five percent by weight aqueous solution of sil-
documenting the testing of the assembly. ver nitrate equal to 1% of the total volume of the sample
shall then be added to it in a suitable, clean glass con-
Radiographic examination shall be required when any
tainer. Any evidence of a precipitate shall be cause for
of these criteria are not met except as specified in 6.4.3.4.
rejection.
6.4.3.3 Leak and Pressure Testing of Class A Other test methods may be used as alternates with the
and Class B Joints. If specified on the engineering written approval of the Organization Having Quality
drawing or approved in writing by the Organization Hav- Responsibility if they are shown to be capable of depend-
ing Quality Responsibility, pressure and leak testing to ably detecting chloride ion concentrations five parts per
the following requirements may be substituted for radio- million, or less. Any assemblies so tested and rejected
graphic and ultrasonic examination of Class A and Class shall (1) be recleaned by suitable means to remove the
B joints: flux and flux residues, (2) undergo retesting, and (3) meet
(1) Class A joints shall be air pressure tested at an in- the requirements of this paragraph prior to acceptance.
ternal pressure and according to procedures specified in
writing by the Organization Having Quality Responsibil- 6.4.3.6 Fluorescent or Dye Penetrant Examina-
ity. No measurable leakage shall be allowed. They shall tion. Fluorescent or dye penetrant examination tech-
then be helium leak tested in accordance with the proce- niques performed in accordance with ASTM E 1417,
dure outlined in AWS C3.3, Recommended Practices for Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Inspection, may
the Design, Manufacture, and Inspection of Critical be used only on assemblies but are not suitable for the
Brazed Components. Leakage of not more than 3.0 I inspection of brazed fillets because they may result in
105 standard cubic centimeters (cc3) per second [2.0 I unreliable interpretations.
9
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6.4.3.7 Other Nondestructive Tests. Additional 6.5.1 External Discontinuities

nondestructive examination may be required by the
Organization Having Quality Responsibility at its discre- 6.5.1.1 Pinhole Porosity and Voids. Pinhole
tion. In such cases, the acceptance criteria shall be porosity and voids are allowed provided they do not
clearly defined in writing by this organization. exceed the following limits:
(1) Class AMaximum size 2.3 mm [0.090 in.] with
6.4.4 Sample Inspection Plans a total accumulated length less than 10% of fillet length;
6.4.4.1 Class A Joints. Class A joints require (2) Class BMaximum size 2.3 mm [0.090 in.] with
inspection of every unit. No sampling plans shall be a total accumulated length less than 25% of fillet length;
used. and
(3) Class CMaximum size 3.1 mm [0.120 in.] with
6.4.4.2 Class B Joints. Class B joints shall be a total accumulated length less than 50% of fillet length.
inspected using a sample plan in accordance with ASQ
Z1.4 provided the following criteria are met: 6.5.1.2 Cracks. Cracks are unacceptable.
(1) Sampling techniques are based upon the assump- Imperfections of less than 0.38 mm [0.015 in.] are
tion that all of the products in a given batch or lot are uninterpretable and are not considered defects.
identical. In most cases, each lot will be a single furnace
6.5.1.3 Erosion. Any evidence of braze filler ero-
load or a single shifts or less production of a molten flux
sion of the exposed surfaces of the base metal is un-
bath made from identical detail parts identically pro-
acceptable if the erosion of either member exceeds 5% of
cessed; and
the thickness of the thinnest component of the brazed
(2) Proof of such identical processing is therefore a
joint for Class A and 15% for Class B or Class C.
precondition for the approval of sample inspection plans.
Such proof shall be documented and available to the 6.5.1.4 Lack of Brazing Filler Metal Melting.
Organization Having Quality Responsibility. Failure of the brazing filler metal to melt completely is
When allowed, a random sample shall be selected unacceptable. However, filler residue is acceptable on
from each inspection lot in accordance with ASQ Z1.4, assemblies brazed using a fluxless process as long as
Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by evidence of brazing filler metal flow is visible.
Attributes, acceptable quality levels (AQL) 2.5, C = 0
(i.e., no defects) and inspected in accordance with this 6.5.1.5 Edge Voids. For Class A and Class B
specification. Lot sizes for the purposes of sampling joints, no through voids (i.e., voids that extend through
shall consist of all brazed parts of the same design or the entire brazed joint) are acceptable. For Class C,
kind manufactured using the same process from identical through voids are acceptable. There must be evidence of
details, identically prepared during one continuous brazing filler metal penetration across the joint. Lack of
period, and submitted for acceptance at the same time. such evidence of brazing filler metal penetration is un-
acceptable. When the assembly configuration makes
6.4.4.3 Class C Joints. Class C joints may be inspection of the edge opposite that to which brazing
inspected using sample plans in accordance with ASQ filler metal was applied impossible, this requirement
Z1.4, Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by shall not apply.
Attributes.
When allowed, a random sample shall be selected 6.5.1.6 Flux Residue. Evidence of corrosive flux
from each inspection lot in accordance with ASQ Z1.4, or corrosive flux residue is unacceptable (see 5.4.3.5).
Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by 6.5.1.7 Quality of Workmanship. The quality of
Attributes, acceptable quality levels (AQL) 2.5, C = 0 workmanship shall be such that the assemblies are suit-
(i.e., no defects) and inspected in accordance with this able for the intended purpose and at surfaces are free of
specification. Lot sizes for the purposes of sampling excess brazing filler metal, which could interfere with
shall consist of all brazed parts of the same design or subsequent operations or the function of the product.
kind manufactured using the same process from identical
details, identically prepared during one continuous 6.5.2 Internal Discontinuities
period, and submitted for acceptance at the same time.
6.5.2.1 Class A. Radiographic film or ultrasonic
6.5 Acceptance Criteria. Unless otherwise specified by facsimiles of Class A joints shall show that the total mea-
the engineering drawing or a document referenced by it, sured unbrazed or unbonded area of the joint does not
the criteria specified below are the minimum acceptance exceed 15% of the total joint area. The width of the larg-
criteria for inspection of aluminum brazed joints. Any est void or unbonded area as measured parallel to the
assembly failing to meet these minimum requirements joint width shall not exceed 60% of the total joint width.
shall be rejected. Any such void that is wider than 40% of the width of the
10
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joint in width or larger shall extend no closer to either specified by that organization. Additional brazing filler
edge of the joint than 20% of the joint width. metal of the same type used in the original procedure
may be used.
6.5.2.2 Class B. Radiographic film or ultrasonic Written prior approval of the procedures to be used
facsimiles of Class B joints shall show that the total mea- shall be obtained from the Organization Having Quality
sured unbrazed or unbonded area of the joint does not Responsibility if (1) the assembly is still not acceptable
exceed 25% of the total joint area. The width of the larg- after having been rebrazed twice and inspected to the
est void or unbonded area as measured parallel to the requirements of 6.4 and 6.5, (2) a brazing process or
joint width shall not exceed 70% of the total joint width. brazing filler metal other than that specified by the quali-
Any such area that is wider than 60% of the joint width fied brazing procedure specification is to be used, or (3)
or larger shall extend no closer to the joint edge than the disassembly of the brazed assembly is required.
15% of the joint width.
If it is necessary to change the brazing procedure
6.5.2.3 Class C Joints. Class C joints have no specification or the brazing filler metal in order to
internal inspection requirements. accomplish this rework, the procedure shall be qualified
as specified in 5.8.
6.6 Process Completion
6.6.2 Process CompletionFluxless Processes. The
6.6.1 Process CompletionFlux Processes. Joints rebrazing of rejected joints brazed by fluxless processes
brazed with flux may be reworked by brazing to the orig- shall only be performed with the prior written approval
inal qualified brazing procedure specification (see 5.8) of the Organization Having Quality Responsibility and
twice without the specific written approval of the Orga- with a rebrazing procedure specification qualified to the
nization Having Quality Responsibility, unless otherwise requirements of 5.8.
11
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12
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Nonmandatory Annex
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(This Annex is not a part of AWS C3.7M/C3.7:2005, Specification for
A1. Introduction involves two or more interrelated provisions. That provi-

sion must be identified in the scope of the inquiry along
The American Welding Society (AWS) Board of with the edition of the standard that contains the provi-
Directors has adopted a policy whereby all official inter- sions of that the inquirer is addressing.
pretations of AWS standards are handled in a formal
manner. Under this policy, all interpretations are made A2.2 Purpose of the Inquiry. The purpose of the
by the committee that is responsible for the standard. inquiry must be stated in this portion of the inquiry. The
Official communication concerning an interpretation is purpose can be to obtain an interpretation of a standards
directed through the AWS staff member who works with requirement or to request the revision of a particular pro-
that committee. The policy requires that all requests for vision in the standard.
an interpretation be submitted in writing. Such requests A2.3 Content of the Inquiry. The inquiry should be
will be handled as expeditiously as possible, but due to concise, yet complete, to enable the committee to under-
the complexity of the work and the procedures that must stand the point of the inquiry. Sketches should be used
be followed, some interpretations may require consider- whenever appropriate, and all paragraphs, figures, and
able time. tables (or annex) that bear on the inquiry must be cited. If
the point of the inquiry is to obtain a revision of the stan-
dard, the inquiry must provide technical justification for
A2. Procedure that revision.
All inquiries must be directed to: A2.4 Proposed Reply. The inquirer should, as a pro-
posed reply, state an interpretation of the provision that
Managing Director is the point of the inquiry or provide the wording for a
Technical Services Division proposed revision, if this is what the inquirer seeks.
American Welding Society
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126 A3. Interpretation of Provisions of
All inquiries must contain the name, address, and the Standard
affiliation of the inquirer, and they must provide enough
Interpretations of provisions of the standard are made
information for the committee to understand the point of
by the relevant AWS technical committee. The secretary
concern in the inquiry. When the point is not clearly
of the committee refers all inquiries to the chair of the
defined, the inquiry will be returned for clarification. For
particular subcommittee that has jurisdiction over the
efficient handling, all inquiries should be typewritten and
portion of the standard addressed by the inquiry. The
in the format specified below.
subcommittee reviews the inquiry and the proposed reply
A2.1 Scope. Each inquiry must address one single provi- to determine what the response to the inquiry should be.
sion of the standard unless the point of the inquiry Following the subcommittees development of the
13
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response, the inquiry and the response are presented to dard with the information that such an interpretation can
the entire committee for review and approval. Upon be obtained only through a written request. Headquarters
approval by the committee, the interpretation is an offi- staff cannot provide consulting services. However, the
cial interpretation of the Society, and the secretary trans- staff can refer a caller to any of those consultants whose
mits the response to the inquirer and to the Welding names are on file at AWS Headquarters.
Journal for publication.
A6. AWS Technical Committees

A4. Publication of Interpretations
All official interpretations will appear in the Welding The activities of AWS technical committees regarding
Journal. interpretations are limited strictly to the interpretation of
provisions of standards prepared by the committees or to
consideration of revisions to existing provisions on the
basis of new data or technology. Neither the committees
A5. Telephone Inquiries nor the staff is in a position to offer interpretive or con-
Telephone inquiries to AWS Headquarters concerning sulting services on (1) specific engineering problems, (2)
AWS standards should be limited to questions of a gen- requirements of standards applied to fabrications outside
eral nature or to matters directly related to the use of the the scope of the document or (3) points not specifically
standard. The AWS Board of Directors policy requires covered by the standard. In such cases, the inquirer
that all AWS staff members respond to a telephone should seek assistance from a competent engineer experi-
request for an official interpretation of any AWS stan- enced in the particular field of interest.
14
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ß²²»¨ Þ
Þ·¾´·±¹®¿°¸§
(This Annex is not a part of AWS C3.7M/C3.7:2005, Specification for
(1) Accredited Standards Committee Z49, Safety in (2) American Welding Society Committee on Braz-
Welding and Cutting. Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied ing and Soldering. Brazing Handbook. Miami: American
Processes. ANSI Z49.1. Miami: American Welding Society. Welding Society.
15
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16
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Designation Title
A2.4 Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination
A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Including Terms for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and
Thermal Spraying
A5.8/A5.8M Specification for Filler Metals for Brazing and Braze Welding
A5.31 Specification for Fluxes for Brazing and Braze Welding
B2.2 Specification for Brazing Procedure and Performance Qualification
C3.2M/C3.2 Standard Method for Evaluating the Strength of Brazed Joints
C3.3 Recommended Practices for Design, Manufacture, and Examination of Critical Brazed Components
C3.4 Specification for Torch Brazing
C3.5 Specification for Induction Brazing
C3.6 Specification for Furnace Brazing
C3.7M/C3.7 Specification for Aluminum Brazing
C3.8M/C3.8 Specification for the Ultrasonic Examination of Brazed Joints
C3.9 Specification for Resistance Brazing (Forthcoming)
D10.13 Recommended Practice for the Brazing of Copper Pipe and Tubing for Medical Gas Systems
BRH Brazing Handbook
SHB Soldering Handbook
17 óóÀôôÀÀÀôóÀóÀôôÀôôÀôÀôôÀóóó
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18
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Aws C3.7M-2005

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Aws C3.7M-2005

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Supersedes AWS C3.7:1999

Under the Direction of

550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126

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C3D Subcommittee on Brazing Specifications

*C. Moyer Consultant

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5.1 Process Description .....................................................................................................................................3

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1. Scope The following AWS documents1 are referenced in the

brazing symbol. The symbol on the engineering draw-

ity Responsibility to evaluate these or other factors and

off materials shall be suitable for the intended purpose

hazards that must be controlled during brazing, refer to completed.

6.4.3.7 Other Nondestructive Tests. Additional 6.5.1 External Discontinuities

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A1. Introduction involves two or more interrelated provisions. That provi-

A6. AWS Technical Committees

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