Digestive System Report (Human Anatomy and Physiology)

City Government of San Pablo
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng San Pablo

College of Business Administration
Digestive System
Submitted to
Mr. Christian Almeda
Of the
For the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Office Administration
Presented by:
Atienza, Anthony
Castillo, Cielo A.
Dela Cruz, John Abraham
Nieva, Irish Joy
April, 2023
City Government of San Pablo
College of Business Administration
Digestive System
Submitted to
Mr. Christian Almeda
Presented by:
Atienza, Anthony F.
Castillo, Cielo A.
Dela Cruz, John Abraham
Nieva, Irish Joy U.
April, 2023
Digestive System
The Digestive System breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
They can then be absorbed into the bloodstream so the body can use them for energy, growth, and
repair. Unused materials are discarded as feces (poo). The digestive system does these five stages:
1. Ingestion – selective intake of food
2. Digestion – mechanical and chemical break down of food into a form usable for the body;
3. Absorption – uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and
then into the blood or lymph’
4. Compaction – absorbing water and consolidating the indigestible residue into feces; and
finally,
5. Defecation – elimination of feces
Hollow organs in the Digestive System
 Mouth
 Pharynx
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Small intestine
 Large intestine
 Anus
The solid organs of the digestive system are:
 Liver
 Pancreas
 Gallbladder
The hallow organs and its functions:

Mouth – also known as oral, or buccal, cavity. Its function includes ingestion (food intake), taste and
other sensory responses to food. mastication (chewing), chemical digestion (starch is partially digested
in the mouth), swallowing, speech, and respiration.
Throat (Pharynx) – is a muscular funnel that connects the oral cavity to the esophagus and the nasal
cavity to the larynx; thus, it is a point where the digestive and respiratory tracts intersect. Propels food
from the oral cavity to the esophagus
Esophagus (Peristalsis) – is a straight muscular tube 25 to 30 cm long that Propels food from to the
stomach. Once you begin swallowing, the process becomes automatic. Your brain signals the muscles of
the esophagus and peristalsis begins
Stomach - The stomach is a J-shaped organ that digests food. It produces enzymes (substances that
create chemical reactions) and acids (digestive juices). This mix of enzymes and digestive juices breaks
down food so it can pass to your small intestine. Its function was to temporarily store food, contract and
relax to mix and break down food, produce enzymes and other specialized cells to digest food.
Small Intestine - The small intestine is an organ located within the gastrointestinal tract. It is
approximately 6.5m in the average person and assists in the digestion and absorption of ingested food.
The intestines are responsible for breaking food down, absorbing its nutrients and solidifying the waste.
The small intestine is the longest part of the GI tract, and it is where most of your digestion takes place.
Large Intestine - The large intestine is the last part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the long, tube-like
pathway that food travels through your digestive system. It follows from the small intestine and ends at
the anal canal, where food waste leaves your body. The large intestine, also called the large bowel, is
where food waste is formed into poop, stored, and finally excreted. It includes the colon, rectum, and
anus. Sometimes “colon” is also used to describe the entire large intestine.
Anus - Your anus is the end of your large intestine — the last three or four centimeters of it. This is
where your large intestine opens to the outside to let your poop come out. At your anus, the tissue lining
the inside of your large intestine begins to change from tender mucosa to normal skin. Ring-like muscles
called sphincters surround your anus and keep it closed until they are activated to let your poop come
out.
The solid organs and their functions:

Liver - Your liver makes a digestive juice called bile that helps digest fats and some vitamins. Bile ducts
carry bile from your liver to your gallbladder for storage, or to the small intestine for use. Help support
metabolism, immunity, digestion, detoxification, vitamin storage among other functions. The liver is the
largest solid organ in the body. It removes toxins from the body's blood supply, maintains healthy blood
sugar levels.
Pancreas - A glandular organ located in the abdomen. It makes pancreatic juices, which contain
enzymes that aid in digestion, and it produces several hormones, including insulin. The pancreas is
surrounded by the stomach, intestines, and other organs.
Gallbladder - The gallbladder's role is to store and concentrate bile from the liver. It performs this
function in response to intestinal hormones (primarily the hormone cholecystokinin). The contraction of
the gallbladder to release bile is generally signaled in response to the consumption of fatty foods (such
as fried chicken) or due to gastric distension Bile, which is produced and secreted by the liver, is made
up of components such as bile acids, cholesterol, water, and bilirubin.
What is the relation between Digestive System and other systems in the body?
Digesting food requires teamwork between the digestive system and several other organ systems,
including nervous, cardiovascular, and muscular systems, when you eat a meal, your digestive organs
need more blood to perform their digestive functions.
Common Digestive Diseases and their remedy.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- Acid reflux is a condition in which the acid from the stomach backs up into the esophagus which
is the tube that carries food from mouth to the stomach. When acid reflux occurs more than twice
weekly, it is likely be chronic and may be called GERD.
Home remedy:
o lose weight if overweight or obese.
o Avoid foods that can worsen the symptoms such as coffee, alcohol, peppermint, fatty or
greasy foods, and spicy foods.
o Avoid drinking medications with steroid such as aspirin.
o Do not smoke
o Do not overeat
Peptic Ulcer
- The most common cause of ulcer is infection of the stomach by bacteria called Helicobacter
pylori (H pylori). Most people with peptic ulcers have these bacteria living in their digestive
tract. Yet, many people who have these bacteria in their stomach do not develop an ulcer.
Ways to avoid peptic ulcer:
o Do not smoke
o Avoid alcohol
o Use caution with aspirin and/or NSAIDs
o Wash hands regularly
o Consume foods that has been cooked thoroughly
Gastritis
- Is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining
in the stomach. Gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes
most stomach ulcers or regular use of certain pain reliever. Drinking too much alcohol also can
contribute to gastritis. Weakness or injury to the mucus-lined barrier that protects the stomach
from digestive juices like acid that can damage and inflame the stomach lining.
Treatment:
o Avoid fatty, fried, spicy, or acidic foods
o Cutting back on caffeine
o Managing stress
o Reduce alcohol consumption
o Not lying down 2-3 hours after meal
Ways to take care of digestive system

- Eat a high fiber diet
- Minimize your intake of foods high in fat
- Select lean meats
- Add probiotics to your diet
- Follow regular eating schedule
- Drink plenty of water
- No to caffeine and stress eating
Medical terms
o Cholecystokinin – “move the gallbladder” stimulates your pancreas to release enzymes.
o Distention – act of swelling and becoming large by pressure from the inside.
o Bilirubin – substance formed when red blood cells are broken down.
References
- https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-system-how-it-
works#whyis
- https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/digestive-system-processes-and-regulation/
- https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-does-the-mouth-do-in-the-digestive-
system#other-organs
- https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/7041-digestive-system
- https://hunterdongastro.com/peptic-ulcers/
- https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/cholecystokinin

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City Government of San Pablo

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng San Pablo

Hollow organs in the Digestive System

The solid organs of the digestive system are:

The hallow organs and its functions:

The solid organs and their functions:

Common Digestive Diseases and their remedy.

Ways to take care of digestive system

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