Presentation 19

SCIENCE 8
Lesson 1: How the digestive system

works?
Lesson 2: Physical digestion and
Chemical digestion
Lesson 3: Diseases resulting from
nutrient deficiency and ingestion of
harmful substances
Lesson 4: Prevention, detection, and
treatment of diseases of the
digestive system
What do you need to learn?
1. Explain ingestion, absorption,
assimilation, and excretion
2. Describe the functions of the
organs of the digestive system
3. Identify the different digestive
disorders/diseases caused by
nutrient deficiency
4. Explain how diseases of the
digestive system are p
The ability to obtain energy from
food and the ability of the body
to divide are
two important characteristics of
living things. Humans, as well
as animals, possess a digestive
system, serving as an
“internal combustion engine”
that breaks down food to release
the stored energy. The extracted
energy from the food is essential
as it acts as the fuel for the
primary function of each system
in living organisms.
To survive, you need to
consume solid and liquid food
obtained from other organisms
such as plants
and other animals. The intake
of food from these sources and
the processes that convert food
substances into
living matter is known
as nutrition. Specifically, this
mode of feeding found in
animals and humans is known
as holozoic nutrition.
DIGESTION- It is the process of
mechanically and enzymatically
breaking down food into substances
for absorption into the bloodstream.
The food contains three (3)
macronutrients that require
digestion before they can
beabsorbed: fats,
carbohydrates, and proteins.
Through the process of digestion,
these macronutrients are broken
down into molecules that can
traverse the intestinal epithelium
and enter the bloodstream for use
in the body.
Mouth
The mouth is the
beginning of the
digestive tract.
Digestion starts before
you even take a bite.
Stomach
Located in your throat near
your trachea (windpipe), the
esophagus receives food
from your mouth when you
swallow. A series of
muscular contractions
within the esophagus called
peristalsis delivers food to
your stomach.
Small Intestine
Made up of three
segments--the duodenum,
jejunum, and ileum--the
small intestine is a
22- foot long muscular
tube that breaks down
food using enzymes
released by the pancreas
and bile from the liver.
Pancreas
The pancreas secretes
digestive enzymes into
the duodenum that break
down protein, fats, and
carbohydrates. Insulin is
the chief hormone in your
body for metabolizing
sugar.
Liver
The liver has many
functions, but its main
job within the
digestive system is to
process the nutrients
absorbed from the
small intestine.
Gallbladder
The gallbladder stores
and concentrates bile
from the liver, and then
releases it into
the duodenum in the
small intestine to help
absorb and digest fats.
Colon (large
Intestine)
The large intestine, or
colon, is responsible for
processing waste so that
emptying the bowels is
easy and convenient. It is
a 6-foot long muscular
tube that connects the
small intestine to the
rectum.
Rectum
The rectum is a straight, 8-
inch chamber that connects
the colon to the anus. The
rectum's job is to receive
stool from the colon, let
you know that there is stool
to be evacuated
(pooped out), and hold the
stool until evacuation
happens.
Anus
The anus is the last part of the
digestive tract. It is a 2-inch
long canal consisting of the
pelvic floor muscles and the
two anal sphincters (internal
and external). The lining of
the upper anus can detect
rectal contents. It lets you
know whether the contents
are liquid, gas, or solid.
Physical
digestion and
Chemical
digestion
Why is
digestion
important?
Physical digestion- It is
the mechanical breakdown
of food into smaller
particles. A
purely physical process that
does not change the
chemical nature of the food.
Instead, it makes the food
smaller to increase both
surface area and mobility.
It includes mastication, or
chewing, as well as
tongue movements that
help break food into smaller
bits and mix food with
saliva. Although there may
be a tendency to think that
mechanical digestion is
limited to the first steps of
the digestive process, it
occurs after the food leaves
the mouth, as well.
The mechanical churning
of food in the stomach
serves to further break
it apart and expose more
of its surface area to
digestive juices, creating
an acidic
“soup”called chyme.
Chemical digestion
Starting in the mouth,
digestive
secretions break down
complex food molecules into
their chemical building
blocks (for example, proteins
into separate amino acids).
These secretions vary in
composition but typically
contain water, various
enzymes, acids, and salts.
The process is completed in
the small intestine.
What are nutritional deficiencies?
The body requires many different
vitamins and minerals that are crucial
for both body development and the
prevention of certain diseases. These
vitamins and minerals are often
referred to as micronutrients.
They aren’t produced naturally in the
body, so you have to get them from
your diet. A nutritional deficiency
occurs when the body doesn’t absorb
or get the necessary amount of a
nutrient from food.
Deficiencies can lead to
a variety of health
problems. These can
include digestion
problems, skin disorders,
stunted or defective
bone growth, and even
dementia.
Iron Deficiency
The most widespread nutritional
deficiency worldwide is iron
deficiency. Iron deficiency
can lead to anemia. This is a blood
disorder that causes fatigue,
weakness, and a variety of other
symptoms. Iron is found in foods
such as dark leafy greens, red
meat, and egg yolks. It helps
your body make red blood cells.
Vitamin A
deficiency
Vitamin A is a group of
nutrients crucial for eye
health and functioning and
reproductive health in men
and women. It also plays a
part in strengthening the
immune system against
infections.
Thiamine
(Vitamin B-1)
deficiency
Another common nutritional
deficiency occurs with thiamine,
also known as vitamin B-1.
Thiamine is an important part of
your nervous system. It also
helps your body
turn carbohydrates into energy
as part of your metabolism.
Niacin
(Vitamin B-3)
deficiency
Niacin is found in most animal
proteins and also in peanuts.
Low levels of niacin can cause
pellagra. It is marked by
dementia, diarrhea, and
dermatitis, also known as
“the three Ds”. If left
untreated, pellagra can be
fatal.
Folate
(Vitamin B-9) Deficiency
Vitamin B-9 helps the body create

red blood cells and produce
DNA. It is often
referred to as folate. Folate also
helps brain development and
nervous system
functioning. Folic acid is the
synthetic form found in
supplements or fortified foods.
Cobalamin
(Vitamin B-12)
deficiency
Vitamin B-12 is a B vitamin that
is responsible for assisting the
body in making enough healthy
red blood cells. Deficiency in
this vitamin is common among
people who:
 are vegans
 have had gastric surgery
 are over 60 years old
Vitamin D
A lackdeficiency
of this nutrient can
lead to stunted or poor
bone growth.
Osteoporosis, caused by
a lack of calcium and
vitamin D, can lead to
porous and fragile bones
that break very easily.
Diarrhea
It occurs when the lining of the large intestine cannot
maintain the usual level of water absorption. Thus, the
intestine secretes more than the normal quantity of
water, ions, and mucus. It can be treated by drinking
plenty of clear liquids, including water, and ionized
water. Add semisolid and low-fiber foods gradually as
your bowel movements return to normal. Avoid certain
foods such as dairy products and fatty foods.
Constipation
It occurs when peristalsis
moves the stool in the
colon too slowly. It can
be treated by drinking
plenty of water,
laxatives, and lifestyle
changes.
Hepatitis
It is the inflammation of the liver caused by excessive consumption of alcohol or via

viral infection. It can be prevented through vaccination.
Gallstones
It is a crystal/s form by too much cholesterol, bile salts, and calcium of the gall bladder.
It can be treated by using medication in early-stage and surgical removal of gall stone
if needed.
Peptic ulcer
Peptic ulcers are open sores that
develop on the inside lining of
your stomach and the upper
portion of your small intestine.
The most common symptom of a
peptic ulcer is a stomach pain.
Using prescribed medications that
block acid production and
promote healing.
Hemorrhoids
Also known as piles,
hemorrhoids occur when the
rectal veins are inflamed
and enlarged after straining
and eliminating hard stool. It
can be treated by eating diet
that is rich in fibers such as
fruits and vegetables.
Appendicitis
A blockage in the lining of the appendix that

results in infection is the likely cause of
appendicitis. The bacteria multiply rapidly,
causing the appendix to become inflamed,
swollen, and filled with pus. To treat
appendicitis, your doctor may use a type of
surgery known as appendectomy.
Undernutrition
It denotes insufficient intake of energy and nutrients to meet an individual's needs to

maintain good health. To overcome this, terms such as protein-energy malnutrition,
specific micronutrient deficiencies as well as other descriptive names such as
kwashiorkor and marasmus have been used.
EATING
DISORDER:
Anorexia
It is an eating disorder characterized by abnormally low body weight, an intense fear

of gaining weight, and a distorted perception of weight.
EATING
DISORDER:
Bulimia
People who have bulimia go through periods where they eat a lot of food in a very
short amount of time (binge eating) and then make themselves sick, use laxatives
(medicine to help them poop) or do excessive exercise, or a combination of these, to
try to stop themselves gaining weight.
Exercise
Direction: After learning the different nutritional deficiencies, answer the following question by referring to
your book in science or by surfing on the internet. Be sure to include the citation to avoid plagiarism.
1. How can these nutritional deficiencies be treated?
2. Will a nutritional deficiency cause a long-term problem?
3. What are your tips/advice to avoid different kinds of nutritional deficiencies?

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SCIENCE 8

Lesson 1: How the digestive system

Vitamin B-9 helps the body create

It is the inflammation of the liver caused by excessive consumption of alcohol or via

A blockage in the lining of the appendix that

It denotes insufficient intake of energy and nutrients to meet an individual's needs to

It is an eating disorder characterized by abnormally low body weight, an intense fear

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