Bridge Engineering

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
AND EVALUATION Of
Bridge

 Lecture 3
 University Of Anbar
 Dr.Yousif A. Mansoor
 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND
EVALUATION Of Bridge
The outlined methods of analysis, which are suitable for the
determination of deformations and force effects in bridge
structures, any method of analysis that satisfies the requirements
of equilibrium and compatibility and many computer programs
are available for bridge analysis
Most common points at analysis:
• The analysis method shall include loads, geometry, and material behavior of the
structure, and, where appropriate, response characteristics of the foundation.
• The choice of method shall be based on the limit states investigated, the force
effect being quantified, and the accuracy required. Unless otherwise permitted,
consideration of continuous composite barriers shall be limited to service and
fatigue limit states and to structural evaluation..

University Of Anbar
Dr.Yousif A. Mansoor
• Actions at the extreme event limit state may be accommodated in
both the inelastic and elastic ranges.
• The inelastic model shall be based either upon the results of
physical tests or upon a representation of load deformation
behavior that is validated by tests. Where inelastic behavior is
expected to be achieved by confinement, test specimens shall
include the elements that provide such confinement. Where
extreme force effects are anticipated to be repetitive, the tests shall
reflect their cyclic nature

University Of Anbar
Dr.Yousif A. Mansoor
 Influence Functions
Bridge Truss Structure Subjected to a Variable Position Load

University of Anbar
Dr. Yousif A. Mansoor
 Influence Functions
• Bridge must carry different type of loads.
• The truss analysis for each member would involve determining the
load position that causes the greatest force or stress in each member.
• If a structure is to be safely designed, members must be proportioned
such that the maximum force produced by dead and live loads is less
than the available section capacity.
• Structural analysis for variable loads consists of two steps:
• 1.Determining the positions of the loads at which the response
function is maximum; and
• 2.Computing the maximum value of the response function
University of Anbar
Dr. Yousif A. Mansoor
 Influence Functions
Response F unction ≡ support reaction, axial force, shear force, or bending moment.
Influence Line ≡ graph of a response function of a structure as a function of the
position of a downward unit load moving across the structure.

NOTE: Influence lines for statically determinate structures are always piecewise
linear.

• Influence function (influence line) is one of analysis methods that used to

analysis load effects on bridge.
•Influence function≡a function that represents the load effect (force or displacement)
at a point in the structure as a unit action moves along a path or over a surface.
Influence line ≡ a one-dimensional influence function (used for a beam)
• Once an influence line is constructed:
• Determine where to place live load on a structure to maximize the drawn response
function; and
• Evaluate the maximum magnitude of the response function based on the loading.
University of Anbar
Dr. Yousif A. Mansoor
Calculating Response Functions

University of Anbar
Dr. Yousif A. Mansoor
Calculating Response Functions
Calculating Response Functions
Calculating Response Functions
 CAUTION: Principle is only valid for force
response functions.
 Releases:
 Support reaction – remove translational
support restraint.
 Internal shear - introduce an internal glide
support to allow differential displacement
movement.
 Bending moment - introduce an internal hinge
to allow differential rotation movement.
Calculating Response Functions
Calculating Response Functions
 Influence Functions and
Girder-Line Analysis
𝒍𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭 = 𝐀 = 𝐩𝟏 𝛈 𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐩𝟐 𝛈 𝐱𝟐 + ⋯ … … . . +𝐩𝐧 𝛈 𝐱𝐧
𝒏 𝒏

= 𝒑𝒊 𝜼 𝒙𝒊 = 𝒑𝒊 𝜼𝒊
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏

Assuming that the structure behaves linearly, the load P1

applied at point 1 causes a load effect of P1 times the function
value η(x1) = η1. Similarly, the load P2 applied at point 2
causes a load effect of P2 times the function value η(x2) = η2,
and so on. Superposition of all the load effects yields.
example for analysis beam with
influence line (single load)
 Example: Determine the reaction at A and the shear and moment at mid span
for the beam shown below that subjected to a uniform load of w0 over the
entire span.

𝒍 𝒍
𝑹𝑨 = 𝒘 𝒙 𝜼𝑹𝑨 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒘𝟎 𝜼𝑹𝑨 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟎
𝒘𝟎 𝑳
𝑹𝑨 =
𝟐
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
𝑽𝑩 = 𝒘 𝒙 𝜼𝒗𝒃 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒘𝟎 𝜼𝑽𝑩 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒘𝟎 𝜼𝑽𝑩 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
VB=0
𝒍 𝒍
𝑴𝑩 = 𝒘 𝒙 𝜼𝑴𝑩 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒘𝟎 𝜼𝑴𝑩 𝑿 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟎
𝒘𝒐 𝒍𝟐
𝑴𝑩 =
𝟖
 Muller-Breslau Principle
 Muller-Breslau Principle ≡ The influence line for a response
function is given by the deflected shape of the released structure
due to a unit displacement (or rotation) at the location and in
the direction of the response function.
 A released structure is obtained by removing the displacement
constraint corresponding to the response function of interest
from the original structure.
Application of Muller- Breslau
Principle
Application of Muller- Breslau
Principle
Application of Muller- Breslau
Principle
Application of Muller- Breslau
Principle
Theory of Muller–Breslau Principle
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
BEAMS
 Primarily, two methods exist for the determination of influence
 functions:
 _ Traverse a unit action across the structure.
 _ Impose a unit translation or unit rotation at the released action
of interest (Muller–Breslau).
 Both methods must employ either a flexibility approach such as
consistent deformations, or stiffness techniques such as slope–
deflection, moment distribution, and finite-element analysis
(matrix displacement analysis).
 Typically, stiffness methods are used in practice where slope–
deflection and moment distribution are viable hand methods
while the matrix approach is used in automated procedures.
Note: One of the most useful applications of the Muller–Breslau principle is in the
development of qualitative influence functions. Because most displaced shapes due to
applied loads may be intuitively generated in an approximate manner, the influence functions
may be determined in a similar fashion. Although exact ordinates and/or functions require
more involved methods, a function can be estimated by simply releasing the appropriate
restraint, inducing the unit displacement, and sketching the displaced shape. Also could apply
the principle at continuous beam as shown below:
The slope–deflection relationship between the end moments and
rotations for a prismatic beam (see fig below) on non settling
supports is given in Eq. below.

4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼

𝑀𝑖𝑗 = 𝜃𝑖 + 𝜃𝑗 + 𝑀𝑖𝑗0 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑀𝑗𝑖 = 𝜃𝑖 + 𝜃 + 𝑀𝑗𝑖0
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝑗

where
EI = flexural rigidity
L = element length
Mij, Mji = moments at ends i and j , respectively
Mij0, Mji0
= fixed-end moments at ends i and j due
the applied loads, respectively
θi, θj = rotations at end i and j , respectively
The subscripts reference the locations illustrated in Figure below.

Slope–deflection convention is used for the calculation of the end moments. The
equations given are a function of load position. To generate the influence functions, a
solution is necessary for each position considered.
The area under the influence function is useful for the analysis of uniformly
distributed loads.
An alternative approach is to numerically integrate the influence functions. A
piecewise straight linear approximation to an influence function may be used and
integration of this approximation results in the well-known trapezoidal rule. The
integral approximation is
𝑛
𝜂1 𝜂𝑛
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏 ( + 𝜂2 + ⋯ … . +𝜂𝑛−1 + )
2 2
𝑖=1
 The Muller–Breslau principle

may be conveniently used to establish the influence functions for

the end moments.
The Muller–Breslau principle requires that the displacements (in
this case translation) be determined for the entire structure. The
displacement of each element is solely a function of the end
moments. The equation for the translation of a simple beam
subjected to counterclockwise end moments Mij and Mji is
𝐿2
𝑦= [𝑀𝑖𝑗 2𝜀 − 3𝜀 2 + 𝜀 3 − 𝑀𝑗𝑖 𝜀 − 𝜀 3 ]
6𝐸𝐼

Where ε = x/L, and y is the upward translation

 AASHTO VEHICLE LOADS
The influence function for a particular action is used in combination with the
prescribed load to establish the load position for analysis.
Critical load placement on an influence function gives the maximum or minimum
load effect for the particular action at the location associated with that function.
Unfortunately, this location is likely not the location that gives the absolute critical
load effect in the span. For example, typical influence functions are generated at
tenth points, but the critical location may be between the tenth point locations
Tenth point approximations are typically very close to the absolute
maximum/minimums.
Note: For more simple, here the span point notation is described with the points that
typically control the design of a continuous girder. For example, the shear is a
maximum near the supports, the positive moment is a maximum in the span, and the
negative moment is the largest, often called the maximum negative moment, at the
supports. Mathematically, maximum negative moment is poor terminology, but
nevertheless it is conventional. See table 1
 Table 1

Span point Alternative Span Span Percentage Explanation Critical Action

Notation point Notation (Typical)

100 1.00 1 0 Left end of the first span shear

104 1.40 1 40 Forty percent of the way Positive moment
across the first span

110 1.100 1 100 Right end of the first span Shear, negative
immediately left of the first moment
interior support

200 2.00 2 0 Left end of the second span Shear, negative

immediately right of the first moment
interior support

205 2.50 2 50 Middle of the second span Positive moment

Example : calculate the maximum reaction R100, shear V100, and moment M105
((105) fifty percent for across span) ,for the AASHTO vehicle loads by using the
influence function for AB beam (following fig.) with 35-ft span.

Sol:
-The design truck is used first, the critical load placement for R100 as shown:

3
21 7
𝑅100 = 𝑉100 = 𝑝𝑖 𝜂𝑖 = 32 1 + 32 +8 = 52.8 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
35 35
𝑖=1
3.5 3.5
While 𝑀105 = 8.75 32 1 + 32 +8 = 350 𝑓𝑡 𝐾𝑖𝑝𝑠
17.5 17.5
- Design Tandem Load

2
31
𝑅100 = 𝑉100 = 𝑝𝑖 𝜂𝑖 = 25 1 + 25 = 47.1 𝐾𝑖𝑝𝑠
35
𝑖=1
While the M105= 8.75[25(1)+25(13.5/17.5)]=387.5 ft Kips
Design Lane Load: the uniform lane load of 0.64 kip/ft By using the
following equation
𝒏 𝒏

𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭 = 𝐀 = 𝒑𝒊 𝜼 𝒙𝒊 = 𝒘 𝒙𝒊 𝜼𝒊 𝒙𝒊 𝚫𝒙
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
𝒃 𝒃
= 𝑾 𝒙 𝜼 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒘𝒐 𝜼 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒂

This uniform load is multiplied by the appropriate area under the influence
function.
 Area = (1) (35) /2 = 17.5 ft
R100=V100= 17.5 ft * 0.64kips/ft =11.2 kips
While the moment

M105= (0.64 [(8.75)(35)(1/2)]= 98 ft kips

Note: Influence functions may be considered a type of structural property, as they
are independent of the load and dependent on the relative stiffness of each
element. Consider the Muller–Breslau principle—the displaced shape due to an
imposed displacement is dependent on the relative, not absolute, values of
stiffness. For a continuous prismatic beam, the cross section and material stiffness
do not vary with location; therefore, the influence functions are based on the only
remaining parameter that affects stiffness, the span lengths. Note that, the
influence functions for reaction and shear are independent of the span length, and
the influence function for moment is proportional to span length. These
relationships are similar for continuous beams, but here the shape is determined
by the relative stiffness (in the case of a prismatic beam, the relative span lengths)
and the ordinate values for moment are proportional to a characteristic span
length.
For detailing and aesthetic reasons, bridges are often designed to be
symmetrical about the center of the bridge; for example, the first and third
span lengths of a three-span bridge are equal.
 Example: For the prismatic beam shown in Figure fig.6, Determine the shear V100,
the moment M104, and the moment M110 = M200 for the beam of. Use the normalized
functions. The span lengths are 100(L1), 120(L2), and 100(L3) ft. Use the AASHTO
vehicle loads.

Sol:
Use total positive area for shear V100= 0.45536
Use total negative area for shear V100= -0.07714
Use total negative area for moment M104= -0.03086
Use total positive area for moments M104=0.10214
Use total positive area for moment M110 = 0.01674
Use total negative area for moment M110= -0.03086
Design Lane Load
Use the normalized areas above for the lane loads. Note that these
areas require multiplication by the characteristic span length for shear
and by the span length squared for moment. The positive and negative
areas are used for the associated actions.
V100− = 0.64(−0.077 14)(100) = −4.94 kips
V100= 29.1 kips
M104+ = 0.64(0.102 14)(1002) = 653.6 ft kips
M104−=−197.5 ft kips
M110=−886.6 ft kips
Design Tandem Load
The tandem axle is applied to the structure and the load effects are calculated with
load effect eq.. The load placement is by inspection and noted below for each action.
For V100, place the left axle at 100 and the second axle at 4 ft (1200 mm) from the
left end. The influence ordinate associated with the second axle is determined by
linear interpolation:
V100+ = 25(1) + 25[ 1 − (4 /10) (1 − 0.875 69)]
= 25 + 23.75 = 48.75 kips
For the most negative reaction at 100, position the right axle
at 204:
V100− = 25(−0.103 37) + 25[ −0.103 37 +( 4/12) × (0.10337 − 0.09990)]
V100− = −2.58 − 2.56 = −5.14 kips
For the positive moment at 104, position the left axle at 104 (approximate). Again,
determine the ordinate for the second axle by interpolation:
M104+ = 25(0.207 00)(100)+25[0.20700− (4/12) (0.20700−0.163 17)] (100)
= 517.5 + 481.0 = 998 ft kips
Position the right axle at 204 for the most negative moment at 104
(approximate). The result is:
M104− = 25(−0.041 35)(100)+ 25 [−0.041 35 – (4/10) (−0.041 35+0.039 96)]
(100)
M104− = −103.4 − 102.0 = −205.4 ft kips

Position the right axle at 204 for the most negative moment at 110.
M110− = 25(−0.103 37)(100)+ 25 [−0.103 37 – (4/ 10) (−0.103 37
+0.099 90)] (100)
= −258.4 − 254.9 = −513.3 kips
Design Truck Load
Position the rear axle at 100 for the maximum reaction (position truck traveling to the
right = forward):
R100+ = 32(1) + 32(0.8266) + 8(0.6569) = 32.0 + 26.45 + 5.26 = 63.7 kips
Position the middle axle at 104 for the positive moment at 104 (backward):
M104+ = 8 [0.153 19 – ( 4/10 ) (0.153 19 − 0.10114)] (100)+ 32(0.207 00)(100)
+ 32[0.16317−( 4/10 )(0.16317 −0.12229)](100)
= 106.0 + 662.4 + 469.8 = 1238.2 ft kips
Position the middle axle at 204 for the most negative moment
at 104 (forward):
M104− = 8[−0.03857−( 2/12)(−0.038 57+0.032 71)](100)
+ 32(−0.041 35)(100)
+ 32[−0.03996−( 2/12 )(−0.03996+0.033 33)]× (100)
= −30.1 − 132.3 − 124.3 = −286.6 ft kips
Position the middle axle at 204 for the most negative moment at
110 (forward):
M110− = 32[−0.099 9 – ( 2/12 ) (−0.099 9+0.083 31)](100)
+ 32(−0.103 37)(100)
+ 8 [−0.096 43 – ( 2/12) (−0.096 43 + 0.08177)]× (100)
= −310.8 − 330.8 − 75.2 = −716.8 ft kips
(A slightly different position in the automated approach gives −720
ft kips)
Position the middle axle at 304 for the maximum positive moment
at 110 (backward):
M110+ = 8 [0.0239 – (4/10) (0.0239 − 0.019 29)] (100)+ 32(0.025
71)(100)
+ 32(0.02511−( 4/10 ) (0.02511−0.02250) ] (100)
= 17.6 + 82.2 + 77.0 = 176.8 ft kips
Approximate Methods (4.5.3.2.2— ASHHTO 2012)
The effect of deflection on force effects on beam-columns and arches which
meet the provisions of these Specifications may be approximated by the single-
step adjustment method known as moment magnification.
The moment magnification procedure outlined herein is one of several
variations of the approximate process and was selected as a compromise
between accuracy and ease of use. It is believed to be conservative. In some
cases, the magnitude of movement implied by the moment magnification
process cannot be physically attained. For example, the actual movement of a
pier may be limited to the distance between the end of longitudinal beams and
the back wall of the abutment.
In cases where movement is limited, the moment magnification factors of
elements so limited may be reduced accordingly.
Moment Magnification—Beam Columns
The factored moments or stresses may be increased to reflect effects of deformations
as follows
For steel/concrete composite columns, the Euler buckling load, Pe, shall be determined as
specified in Article 6.9.5.1. For all other cases, Pe shall be taken as:
 4.6.2—Approximate Methods of Analysis
4.6.2.1—Decks

4.6.2.1.1—General p256
An approximate method of analysis in which the deck is subdivided into strips
perpendicular to the supporting components shall be considered acceptable for
decks other than:
• Fully filled and partially filled grids for which the provisions of Article
4.6.2.1.8 shall apply, and
• Top slabs of segmental concrete box girders for which the provisions of
4.6.2.9.4 shall apply.
Where the strip method is used, the extreme positive moment in any deck
panel between girders shall be taken to apply to all positive moment
regions.
Similarly, the extreme negative moment over any beam or girder shall be
taken to apply to all negative moment regions.
Width of Equivalent Interior Strips
The width of the equivalent strip of a deck may be taken as specified in
Table 4.6.2.1.3-1. Where decks span primarily in the direction parallel to
traffic, strips supporting an axle load shall not be taken to be greater.
than 40.0 in. for open grids and not greater than 144 in. for all other
decks where multilane loading is being investigated. For deck
overhangs, where applicable, the
provisions of Article 3.6.1.3.4 may be used in lieu of the strip width
specified in Table 4.6.2.1.3-1 for deck overhangs. The equivalent strips
for decks that span
primarily in the transverse direction shall not be subject to width limits.
The following notation shall apply to
Table 4.6.2.1.3-1:
S = spacing of supporting components (ft)
h = depth of deck (in.)
L = span length of deck (ft)
P = axle load (kip)
Sb = spacing of grid bars (in.)
+M = positive moment
−M = negative moment
X = distance from load to point of support (ft