.....

a total solution for

Educational Lab Trainers

PSK MOD. / DEMOD. KIT

BCT-13

B-4,Lotus C.H.S., Near P&MC. Bank, Plot No. 8,

Sector-7, Airoli, Navi Mumbai - 400 708.
Tel.: 022-65116548 / Telefax : 27694323
Email: [email protected]
W e b s i t e : w w w. k i t e k t e c h n o l o g i e s . c o m
 PSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

SPECIFICATION
1
PSK MODULATION & DEMODULATION KIT (MODEL:BCT- 13)
D Carrier Generator
- Provides Sine waveform output using IC 8038.
- Frequency variable from 10KHz. - 20 KHz.
- Amplitude variable up to Maximum 5V p-p
D On-board Block features
- Four Nos. of Data Clock using IC 7490
- PSK -modulator circuit using IC 4051 and IC TL084
- PSK -Demodulator using IC 7486
- Block Description Screen printed on glassy epoxy PCB
D Interconnections
- All interconnections are made using 2mm banana Patch cords.
D Test points are provided to analyze signals at various points.
D All ICs are mounted on IC Sockets.
D Bare board Tested Glass Epoxy SMOBC PCB is used.
D In-Built Power Supply of ±12V/250mA with Power ON indication
D Attractive Wooden enclosures of Light weight Australian Pine Wood.
D Set of 2mm Patch cords for interconnections
D User’s Manual with sample experimental programs

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PSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

INTRODUCTION
2
In radio transmission, it is necessary to send audio signal (e.g. Music, speech etc.) from a
broad casting station over great distances to a receiver. This communication of audio
signal does not employ any wire and is sometimes called wireless. The audio signal
cannot be sent directly over the air for appreciable distance. Even if the audio signal is
converted into electrical signal, the later cannot be sent very far without employing large
amount of power. The energy of a wave is directly proportional to its frequency. At audio
frequencies (20Hz to 20 KHz) the signal power is quite small and radiation is not
practicable.
The radiation of electrical energy is practicable only at high frequencies e.g. above 20
KHz. The high frequency signals can be sent thousand of miles even with comparatively
small power. Therefore, if audio signal is to be transmitted properly, some means must be
devised which, will permit transmission to occur at high frequencies while it simultaneously
allows the carrying of audio signal. This is achieved by imposing electrical audio signal on
high frequency carrier. The resultant waves are known as modulated waves or radio
waves and the process is called modulation. At the radio receiver, the audio signal is
extracted from the modulated wave by the process called demodulation. The signal is then
amplified and reproduced into sound by the loudspeaker.

MODULATION
Modulation is a process of mixing a signal with a sinusoid to produce a new signal. This
new signal, conceivably, will have certain benefits of an un-modulated signal, especially
during transmission. If we look at a general function for a sinusoid:
ωt + ϕ )
f(t) = Asin(ω ————— eqn.A
we can see that this sinusoid has 3 parameters that can be altered, to affect the shape of
the graph. The first term, A, is called the magnitude, or amplitude of the sinusoid. The next
term, ω is known as the frequency, and the last term, ϕ is known as the phase angle. All 3
parameters can be altered to transmit data.
The sinusoidal signal that is used in the modulation is known as the carrier signal, or
simply “the carrier”. The signal that is being modulated is known as the “data signal”. It is
important to notice that a simple sinusoidal carrier contains no information of its own.
A high frequency carrier wave is used to carry the audio signal which is done by changing
some characteristic of carrier wave in accordance with the signal. Under such conditions,
the audio signal will be contained in the resultant wave. In modulation, some characteristic
of a carrier wave is changed in accordance with the intensity (i.e. Amplitude) of the signal.
The resultant wave is called modulated wave or radio wave and contains the audio signal.
Therefore, modulation permits the transmission to occur at high frequency while it simulta-
neously allows the carrying of the audio signals.

Types of Modulation
There are 3 different types of modulation: Amplitude modulation, Frequency modulation,
and Phase modulation. From the eqn.A we can see that there are three variable factors in
it and so modulation can be done to all this three parameters.

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 PSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

NEED FOR MODULATION

Modulation is extremely necessary in communication system due to the following reasons.

1. PRACTICAL ANTENNA LENGTH

In order to transmit a wave effectively, the length of the transmitting antenna should be
approximately equal to the wavelength of the wave.
8
Velocity 3 x 10
Now Wavelength = ——————— = ——————— meters
frequency frequency (Hz)

As the audio frequencies range from 20Hz to 20 KHz, therefore, if they are transmitted
directly into space, the length of the transmitting antenna required would be extremely
large. For instance, to radiate a frequency of 20 KHz directly into space, we would need an
8 3
antenna length of 3 x 10 \ 20 x 10 = 15,000 meters. This is too long antenna to be
constructed practically. For this reason, it is impracticable to radiate audio signal directly
into space. On the other hand, if a carrier wave say of 1000 KHz is used to carry the
signal, we need an antenna length of 300 meters only and this size can be easily
constructed.

2. OPERATING RANGE
The energy of a wave depends upon its frequency. The greater the frequency of the wave,
the greater is the energy possessed by it. As the audio signal frequencies are small,
therefore these cannot be transmitted over large distance if radiated directly into space.
The only practical solution is to modulate a high frequency carrier wave with audio signal
and permit the transmission to occur at this high frequency (i.e. carrier frequency).

3. WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
One desirable feature of radio transmission is that it should be carried without wires i.e.
radiated into space. At audio frequencies radiation is not practicable because the
efficiency of radiation is poor. However, efficient radiation of electrical energy is possible
at high frequencies (>20 KHz). For this reason, modulation is always done in
communication systems.

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PSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

CONCEPT OF PHASE SHIFT KEYING

3
Digital Communications became important with the expansion of the use of computers and
data processing and have continued to develop into a major industry providing the
interconnection of computer peripherals and transmission of data between distant sites.
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is a relatively new system. In which the carrier may be phase
shifted by + 90 degrees for a mark and by -90 degrees for a space. PSK has a number of
similarities to FSK in many aspects, as in FSK Frequency of the carrier is shifted
according to the modulating square wave.
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing,
or modulating, the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave).
Any digital modulation scheme uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent digital
data. PSK uses a finite number of phases; each assigned a unique pattern of binary bits.
Usually, each phase encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the
symbol that is represented by the particular phase. The demodulator, which is designed
specifically for the symbol-set used by the modulator, determines the phase of the
received signal and maps it back to the symbol it represents, thus recovering the original
data. This requires the receiver to be able to compare the phase of the received signal to
a reference signal — such a system is termed coherent (and referred to as CPSK).
Alternatively, instead of using the bit patterns to set the phase of the wave, it can instead
be used to change it by a specified amount. The demodulator then determines the changes
in the phase of the received signal rather than the phase itself. Since this scheme
depends on the difference between successive phases, it is termed differential
phase-shift keying (DPSK). DPSK can be significantly simpler to implement than
ordinary PSK since there is no need for the demodulator to have a copy of the reference
signal to determine the exact phase of the received signal (it is a non-coherent scheme).
In exchange, it produces more erroneous demodulations. The exact requirements of the
particular scenario under consideration determine which scheme is used.

Introduction
There are three major classes of digital modulation techniques used for transmission of
digitally represented data:
D Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)
D· Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
D Phase-shift keying (PSK)
All convey data by changing some aspect of a base signal, the carrier wave, (usually a
sinusoid) in response to a data signal. In the case of PSK, the phase is changed to repre-
sent the data signal. There are two fundamental ways of utilizing the phase of a signal in
this way:
D By viewing the phase itself as conveying the information, in which case the demodulator
must have a reference signal to compare the received signal’s phase against; or
D By viewing the change in the phase as conveying information — differential schemes,
some of which do not need a reference carrier (to a certain extent).
A convenient way to represent PSK schemes is on a constellation diagram. This shows the
points in the Argand plane where, in this context, the real and imaginary axes are termed
the in-phase and quadrature axes respectively due to their 90° separation. Such a repre-

4
 PSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

sentation on perpendicular axes lends itself to straightforward implementation. The

amplitude of each point along the in-phase axis is used to modulate a cosine (or sine)
wave and the amplitude along the quadrature axis to modulate a sine (or cosine) wave.
In PSK, the constellation points chosen are usually positioned with uniform angular
spacing around a circle. This gives maximum phase-separation between adjacent points
and thus the best immunity to corruption. They are positioned on a circle so that they can
all be transmitted with the same energy. In this way, the moduli of the complex numbers
they represent will be the same and thus so will the amplitudes needed for the cosine and
sine waves. Two common examples are “binary phase-shift keying” (BPSK) which uses
two phases, and “quadrature phase-shift keying” (QPSK) which uses four phases, although
any number of phases may be used. Since the data to be conveyed are usually binary, the
PSK scheme is usually designed with the number of constellation points being a
power of 2.

Definitions
For determining error-rates mathematically, some definitions will be needed:
D E = Energy-per-bit
b
D E = Energy-per-symbol = kE with k bits per symbol
s b
D T = Bit duration
b
D T = Symbol duration
s
D N /2 = Noise power spectral density (W/Hz)
0
D P = Probability of bit-error
b
D P = Probability of symbol-error
s

Q(x) will give the probability that a single sample taken from a random process with zero-
mean and unit-variance Gaussian probability density function will be greater or equal to x.
It is a scaled form of the complementary Gaussian error function:

The error-rates quoted here are those in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). These
error rates are lower than those computed in fading channels, hence, are a good theoreti-
cal benchmark to compare with.

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PSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

Phase shift keying is a technique which shifts the period of a wave.

This wave has a period of p, noted above. Also notice that the start of the wave’s period is
at 0.

This is the same wave as the first, but its phase has been shifted. Notice that the period
starts at the wave’s highest point (1).
So what’s the point? It just so happens that we have shifted this wave by one quarter of
the wave’s full period. We can shift it another quarter, if we wanted to, so the original wave
would be shifted by half it’s period. And we could do it one more time, so that it would be
shifted three quarters of it’s original period.

6
 PSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

This means we have 4 separate waves. So why not let each wave stand for some binary
value? Since there are 4, we can let each wave signify 2 bits (00, 01, 10, 11):

Bit value Amount of shift

00 None
01 1/4
10 1/2
11 3/4

This technique of letting each shift of a wave represent some bit value is phase shift
keying. But the real key is to shift each wave relative to the wave that came before it.
Above is an example. Please note that I just randomly chose binary vales for each wave,
and that the values shown are not correct!. The correct pattern should be: 00 00 10 00 10
00.

Applications
Owing to PSK’s simplicity, particularly when compared with its competitor quadrature
amplitude modulation, it is widely used in existing technologies.
The wireless LAN standard, IEEE 802.11b, uses a variety of different PSKs depending on
the data-rate required. At the basic-rate of 1 Mbit/s, it uses DBPSK. To provide the
extended-rate of 2 Mbit/s, DQPSK is used. In reaching 5.5 Mbit/s and the full-rate of 11
Mbit/s, QPSK is employed, but has to be coupled with complementary code keying. The
higher-speed wireless LAN standard, IEEE 802.11g has eight data rates: 6, 9, 12, 18, 24,
36, 48 and 54 Mbit/s. The 6 and 9 Mbit/s modes use BPSK. The 12 and 18 Mbit/s modes
use QPSK. The fastest four modes use forms of quadrature amplitude modulation.
Because of its simplicity BPSK is appropriate for low-cost passive transmitters, and is
used in RFID standards such as ISO 14443 which has been adopted for biometric

7
PSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

passports, credit cards such as American Express’s Express Pay, and many other
applications.
Bluetooth 2 will use / 4-DQPSK at its lower rate (2 Mbit/s) and 8-DPSK at its higher rate
(3 Mbit/s) when the link between the two devices is sufficiently robust. Bluetooth 1
modulates with Gaussian minimum-shift keying, a binary scheme, so either modulation
choice in version 2 will yield a higher data-rate. A similar technology, IEEE 802.15.4 (the
wireless standard used by ZigBee) also relies on PSK. IEEE 802.15.4 allows the use of
two frequency bands: 868–915 MHz using BPSK and at 2.4 GHz using OQPSK.
Notably absent from these various schemes is 8-PSK. This is because its error-rate
performance is close to that of 16-QAM — it is only about 0.5 dB better— but its data rate
is only three-quarters that of 16-QAM. Thus 8-PSK is often omitted from standards and, as
seen above, schemes tend to ‘jump’ from QPSK to 16-QAM (8-QAM is possible but
difficult to implement).

8
 PSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

BLOCK DESCRIPTION
4
Carrier Generator
In BCT – 13, Sine waveform Output is generated using IC XR 8038. The Output sine wave
frequencies ranges from 10 KHz. to 20 KHz. with 5V peak to peak Amplitude.
The XR-8038A is a precision waveform generator IC capable of producing sine, square,
triangular, sawtooth, and pulse waveforms, with a minimum number of external
components and adjustments. The XR-8038A allows the elimination of the external
distortion adjusting resistor which greatly improves the temperature drift of distortion, as
well as lowering external parts count. Its operating frequency can be selected over eight
decades of frequency, from 0.001Hz to 200kHz, by the choice of external R-C compo-
nents. The frequency of oscillation is highly stable over a wide range of temperature and
supply voltage changes. Both full frequency sweeping as well as smaller frequency varia-
tions (FM) can be accomplished with an external control voltage. Each of the three basic
waveform outputs, (i.e., sine, triangle and square) are simultaneously available from inde-
pendent output terminals. The XR-8038A monolithic waveform generator uses advanced
processing technology and Schottky-barrier diodes to enhance its frequency performance.

XR8038

Sampling Data
In BCT – 13, Four Nos. of fixed sampling Data is generated using Decade counter IC 7490
The DM7490A monolithic counter contains four master-slave flip-flops and additional gat-
ing to provide a divide-by two counter and a three-stage binary counter for which the count
cycle length is divide-by-five. The counter has a gated zero reset and also has gated set to
nine inputs for use in BCD nine’s complement applications. To use the maximum count
length (decade or four-bit binary), the B input is connected to the QA output. The input
count pulses are applied to input A and the outputs are as described in the appropriate
Function Table. A symmetrical divide-by-ten count can be obtained from the counters by
connecting the QD output to the A input and applying the input count to the B input which
gives a divide by ten square wave at output QA.

9
PSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit Kitek

INPUT
A NC QA Qc
. I I
14 13 12 11 10 8

OA OD Os
A Qc

B Rg(2)
Rom Ro(2) R9{11

1
I
2 3
HC
4 5 6
F
INPUT R0(1) R0(2) Vcc Rg(1) Rg('2)
B
7490

PSK Modulator
In BCT- 13, The PSK Modulation is done using analog multiplexer/De-multiplexer IC 4051
and TL084. Two Phase of carrier is generated by TL084 and these signal generated is fed
to Analog Multiplexer IC 4051.By using the Sampling Data control input of IC 4051 PSK
output is generated.
IC 4051 is single 8-channel analog multiplexers/de-multiplexers for application as
digitally-controlled analog switches. The device has three binary control inputs and an
inhibit input. It feature low ON impedance and very low OFF leakage current. Control of
analog signals up to the complete supply voltage range can be achieved.

- VDD
X6 2
X 3
X7 14 ... XO
UTe4051
X5 [[] Ffj X3
ill
INH
VEE

Vss 8 9 C
B
4051

The TL084 is a quadruple operational amplifier fabricated on a single monolithic chip. It is

specified over a temperature range from -40°C to +85°C. They have finite differential
inputs and remain in the linear mode with an input common - mode voltage of OV DC. Both
NPN and PNP external current boost transistors can be used to extend the power
capability of the basic amplifiers. Application of this IC is in the circuits of AC amplifiers,
RC active filters, low frequency triangle, square wave and pulse waveform generation

10
Kitek PSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

circuits, tachometers and low speed high voltage digital logic gates.

Out111 ~ Out4

~
i
§]
4
J: ~
. } Inputs4
1DVEb GND

r<0.p }
l '~i!J 1",u1s3
Out3

TL084

PSK De-modulator
In BCT - 13, The PSK De-modulation is done using Exclusive-OR Gate IC 7486 and
transistor BC107.
The PSK Output and the Carrier Input are Ex-Ored to generate PSK Demodulated output
7486 is a Quad 2-lnput Exclusive-OR Gate. This device contains four independent gates
each of which performs the logic exclusive-OR function.

Vcc
.14
B4
I
13
.
A4
12
'14
. 11 83
I
10
A3
I
9
Y3
.8

2 3 4 S 6 7
I . . I I I
A1 81 '11 11.2 82 '12 GND

7486

11
 TP9 : Test Point for PSK Mod. Input
1 2 3 TP10 : Test Point for Carrier Input
D0 TP11 : Test Point for PSK Demod Output
TP1
JP1
D1 TP8 TP11
TP2
DATA
TP6 TP9
BLOCK D2
TP3
PSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

D3
TO CRO

TP4 DATA PSK MOD PSK

INPUT PSK MOD PSK MOD INPUT PSK DEMOD
TP5 DEMOD

12
BLOCK OUTPUT BLOCK OUTPUT
TP7 TP10

CARRIER CARRIER

BLOCK DIAGRAM
INPUT INPUT
EXPERIMENT

CARRIER CARRIER

PT1
SIGNAL TP1 : Test Point for D0
BLOCK TP2 : Test Point for D1
TP3 : Test Point for D2
TP4 : Test Point for D3
MIN MAX TP5 : Test Point for Carrier Signal
FREQUENCY TP6 : Test Point for Data Input
TP7 : Test Point for Carrier Input
ADJUSTMENT
PHASE SHIFT KEYING MODULATION & DEMODULATION

TP8 : Test Point for PSK Mod. Output

5
 PSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

AIM OF EXPERIMENT
TO STUDY PHASE SHIFT KEYING MODULATION & DEMODULATION.

Test Points:
TP1 : D0
TP2 : D1
TP3 : D2
TP4 : D3
TP5 : CARRIER SIGNAL
TP6 : DATA INPUT
TP7 : CARRIER INPUT
TP8 : PSK MOD OUTPUT
TP11 : PSK DE-MOD OUTPUT

Note : It is recommended not to change the adjustment positions. The settings

are all factory set.

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the AC Supply to the Kit.
2. Make connections and settings as shown in Block Diagram.
3. Connect the CARRIER SIGNAL output from CARRIER BLOCK to the ‘Carrier Input’
post of PSK Modulator block.
4. Connect the ‘D0’ from DATA BLOCK to the DATA INPUT post of PSK Modulator block.
5. Switch ON the power.
6. Connect the PSK MOD O/P to the PSK MOD I/P of PSK DEMODULATOR section.
7. Connect the CARRIER SIGNAL output from CARRIER BLOCK to the ‘Carrier Input’
post of PSK DEMODULATOR section.
8. Change the DATA I/P to D1, D2, D3 and observe the PSK O/P changes accordingly.
9. Observe the following waveforms on oscilloscope.
a. CARRIER SIGNAL O/P.
b. DATA O/P D0, D1, D2, D3
c. PSK MOD O/P at PSK Modulator.
d. PSK Demodulated signal at PSK DEMOD BLOCK.

13
PSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

1/(X1-X2) = 12.05KHz
(X1-X2) = 83.00us
(Y1-Y2) = 5.1V
(Y1-Y2) = 5.1V

Fig.-A (Carrier Signal)

1/(X1-X2) = 6.05KHz
(X1-X2) = 166.00us
(Y1-Y2) = 3.5V
(Y1-Y2) = 3.5V

Fig.-B (Sample Data)

14
 PSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

1/(X1-X2) = 6.02KHz
(X1-X2) = 166.00us
(Y1-Y2) = 3.5V
(Y1-Y2) = 3.5V

Fig.-C (PSK Output)

1/(X1-X2) = 6.02KHz
(X1-X2) = 166.00us
(Y1-Y2) = 3.5V
(Y1-Y2) = 3.5V

Fig.-D (PSK Output)

15
PSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

1/(X1-X2) = 1.21KHz
(X1-X2) = 828.00us
(Y1-Y2) = 3.5V
(Y1-Y2) = 3.5V

Fig.-E (PSK Demod. Output)

1/(X1-X2) = 1.21KHz
(X1-X2) = 828.00us
(Y1-Y2) = 3.5V
(Y1-Y2) = 3.5V

Fig.-F (PSK Demod. Output)

16
 C5
C1 C2
R14
R15 AC GND

7486

C3
D1
D3

D2
D4

8038
7490
Tl084
4051

C6
7812 7912 7805 7905

C4
P1

+ + + + + +

R2

R1
R3
Z1
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
Z2
R9
Z3
R10
R11
R12
R13
C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13
T4
T2 T2 T3

+
R16

POWER LED

TP9 : Test Point for PSK Mod. Input

1 2 3 TP10 : Test Point for Carrier Input
D0 TP11 : Test Point for PSK Demod Output
TP1

17
JP1
D1 TP8 TP11
TP2
DATA
BLOCK TP6 TP9
D2
TP3

D3
TP4 DATA PSK MOD PSK
INPUT PSK MOD PSK MOD INPUT DEMOD PSK DEMOD
TP5 BLOCK OUTPUT
TP7 OUTPUT TP10 BLOCK

CARRIER CARRIER
INPUT INPUT
CARRIER CARRIER
SIGNAL TP1 : Test Point for D0
BLOCK TP2 : Test Point for D1
TP3 : Test Point for D2
TP4 : Test Point for D3
MIN MAX TP5 : Test Point for Carrier Signal
FREQUENCY TP6 : Test Point for Data Input
TP7 : Test Point for Carrier Input
ADJUSTMENT TP8 : Test Point for PSK Mod. Output
PSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit
 Table of Contents

1 SPECIFICATION ..................................................................................... 1

2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 2-3

3 CONCEPT OF TDM MODULATION ................................................... 4- 8

4 BLOCK DESCRIPTION ......................................................................9-11

5 EXPERIMENT .................................................................................. 12-16

BLOCK DIAGRAM ............................................................................... 17

i
 WARRANTY / CERTIFICATE

KITEK Technologies product are warranted against any defects in workmanship

and meterials. Any such failure will corrected free of cost or replaced within war-
ranty period. D e f e c t i v e p r o d u c ts i s o n K I T E K Te c h n o l o g i e s s o l e
judgement.

The warranty does not apply on any Improper or Inadequate Maintenance, Mishan-
dling, Incidental Damages, Transit Damages, Natural Disaster. There will be no
warranty on Acessories.

In the warranty period if the service is needed, purchaser should get in touch with
the authorised sales/service centers.

Customer Name :

Model No. :

Serial No. :

Date :

Distributor Name :

Warranty :

Seal & Signature