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Nov-15-22
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What is an ADVERB?
An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb, an adjective, another adverb,

or even a whole sentence.
We can put adverbs and adverb phrases in three positions: initial position, mid
position, or final position.
 Sometimes I feel tired.

 Tomorrow I’ll teach.
 I arrived very late.
 She had to answer quickly.
 My boyfriend often calls me to say hi.
 My students don’t always pay attention to the class.
Mid position’s where most adverbs are placed. It is before the main verb or after
the auxiliary verb.
Adverbs of…
 Frequency (=how often)
I rarely walk around the church on Sundays.

I always drink coffee.
 Manner (=how)
She sings beautifully.
 Time (=when)
I went to the movies yesterday.
 Comment adverbs (viewpoint)
Obviously, I’m tired because I went to the gym.
 Degree (=how much)
I like chocolate too much.
When we are using different adverbs in final position, their order is usually
manner, place, and time.
He goes to work by car every day.
Verbs and objects can never be separated. We cannot place any adverbs between
them.
I like much chocolate. WARNING: THIS IS A MISTAKE.
WISH VS. IF ONLY
I wish I did

We can use wish + subject + past simple to talk about things that we would like to
be different in the present or future (but which are very unlikely or not possible).
 I wish I ate more vegetables.
 I wish I had a Ferrari.
 I wish I lived in Spain.
 I wish I read more books.

I wish I had done
We can use wish + subject + past perfect to talk about things that happened in the
past and that we regret (we would have wanted them to be different).
 I wish I had listened to my mom.

 I wish I had studied for my exam.
 I wish I had learned English.

I wish you would do
We can use wish + person/thing + would + infinitive when we talk about situations

that annoy us and we would like them to change, or to stop.
We CANNOT use this structure to wish about ourselves (do NOT use I wish I
would).
 I wish you would listen to me.

 I wish my boyfriend would be more organized.
 I wish my boss would stop yelling at me.
 I wish my girlfriend would be more beautiful.
 I wish you wouldn’t be so stubborn.
If only

We can use if only instead of I wish with a very similar meaning. The only
difference is that if only is more emphatic.
We can use were instead of was with I/he/she after I wish/if only.

 If only I were a little bit taller!!!
 If only I had twins!!
 If only I were a millionaire, I could buy a lot of cars!
 If only the woman next door were willing to take care of my kids, I would be
able to attend the game!
 If only I had taken the train, I wouldn’t have been late.
Ive got
I have to
HOW CAN I USE GET??

get + noun: get an email, get a job, get a new phone, get the bus, etc. (=receive,
obtain, buy, bring, take)

get + adjective: get married, get hungry, get old, get tired, etc. (=start to be
married/hungry/old/etc.)

get to + place (=arrive)
Note: we say get here, get there and get home (WITHOUT to).
WHAT ARE THE QUESTION TAGS?

Question tags are used at the end of statements to turn the statements into
questions. We normally use question tags to check something you think you know
or you think is true.
Use the same auxiliary verb as in the main sentence. If there is no auxiliary verb,
use do for present and did for past. And always use a comma before the question
tag and a subject pronoun at the end (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they).
If the main sentence is negative, use a positive auxiliary. If the main sentence is
positive, use a negative auxiliary.
 You like it, don’t you?

 You don’t like it, do you?
Note: when we have an affirmative sentence with I am, the question tag is aren’t
I?
 I’m totally wrong, aren’t I?
 Tomorrow there is going to be an exam, isn’t there?

 I am the best student ever, aren’t I?
 Today I am going to soccer, aren’t I?
 Michael was working at 5 am, wasn’t he?
 I don’t speak Italian, do I?
 I have done my homework, haven’t I?
 He never watches TV, does he?
 I am not a famous actress, am I?
 I am the best teacher ever, aren’t I?
 I will set the table, shall I?
 I will set the table, won’t I?
WHAT IS PASSIVE VOICE?? OH NO!!
In a passive sentence, the object of an active sentence becomes the subject. Then
we have to use the verb be in the tense we need and add the past participle of the
main verb after it. In a passive voice sentence, the subject is the receiver of the
action, not the doer of the action.
 They take the photos in Africa. (active)
 The photos are taken in Africa. (passive)
When do we use the passive voice?
In English, we use the passive voice when we don’t know, or we don’t want to talk
about who or what does the action in a sentence. Check the following examples.
 A bank was robbed yesterday. (=We don’t know who robbed the bank).

(Passive Voice)
 Somebody robbed a bank yesterday. (Active Voice)
 He was arrested last night. (=It’s obvious that the police arrested him).
 The police arrested him last night. (Active voice)
 I have been told that you insulted my brother. (=I don’t want to say who
told me).
 Someone told that you insulted my brother. (Active voice)
 I was born in 1998.
 Jurassic Park was filmed by Spielberg in 1993. (=I’m talking about Jurassic
Park and not about Spielberg).
 Spielberg filmed Jurassic Park in 1993. (Active voice)
The passive voice is very common in the news and in formal writing.
 Arsenal have been defeated 3-0 and they are now 4th in the table.
 The British embassy in Israel has been destroyed by an earthquake.
 An earthquake has destroyed the British embassy in Israel.
 The Catalan election will be held next September.
I do my homework
My homework is done by me
I did my hw
My hw was done by me
WHAT IS REPORTED SPEECH?
When we tell people what another person said or thought, we often use
reported speech or indirect speech. To do that, we need to change verb tenses
(present, past, etc.) and pronouns (I, you, my, your, etc.) if the time and speaker
are different.
 Sally: ‘I am too busy’ ⇒ Sally said that she was too busy.
 Peter: ‘I am happy’ ⇒ He said that he was happy.
Omission of that
We often leave out that after reporting verbs like say, think, etc.
 She said she was busy. (=She said that she busy.)
 I thought I was a great teacher.
say or tell?
The most common verbs we use in reported speech are say and tell. We must pay
attention here. We say tell somebody something and say something (to
somebody).
 They told me (that) they would help me. (NOT They said me they would
help me.)
 He said (that) he didn’t have a car. (NOT He told that he didn’t have a car.)

Tense changes in reported speech
When a person said something in the past and now, we tell somebody what that
person said, the time is different, and for this reason, the verb tenses change.

Pronoun changes in reported speech
In reported or indirect speech, we must also pay attention to the use of pronouns.
 ‘I will help you.’ ⇒ He said that he would help me.

 ‘That’s my pen.’ ⇒ She said that it was her pen.
 ‘I need your help.’ ⇒ She said that she needed my help.
WHAT IS A COMPOUND ADJECTIVE?
Compound adjectives are made of two or more words: a well-dressed man, a

part-time job, a first-class train ticket.
We should join the different words in a compound adjective with a hyphen to show
that they go together and are part of the same idea.
BONUS
Number + part of the body + -ed
When we use a number + noun as a compound adjective and the noun is a part of
the body, then we must add -ed after the part of the body.
 A three-legged table
 A seven-headed dragon
 A one-eyed alien
 A four-armed robot

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Nov-15-22

An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb, an adjective, another adverb,

 Sometimes I feel tired.

 Frequency (=how often)

I rarely walk around the church on Sundays.

She sings beautifully.

Obviously, I’m tired because I went to the gym.

 Degree (=how much)

I like chocolate too much.

He goes to work by car every day.

I like much chocolate. WARNING: THIS IS A MISTAKE.

WISH VS. IF ONLY

 I wish I had listened to my mom.

We can use wish + person/thing + would + infinitive when we talk about situations

 I wish you would listen to me.

We can use were instead of was with I/he/she after I wish/if only.

HOW CAN I USE GET??

Note: we say get here, get there and get home (WITHOUT to).

WHAT ARE THE QUESTION TAGS?

 You like it, don’t you?

 I’m totally wrong, aren’t I?

 Tomorrow there is going to be an exam, isn’t there?

When do we use the passive voice?

 A bank was robbed yesterday. (=We don’t know who robbed the bank).

WHAT IS REPORTED SPEECH?

We often leave out that after reporting verbs like say, think, etc.

 ‘I will help you.’ ⇒ He said that he would help me.

Compound adjectives are made of two or more words: a well-dressed man, a

Number + part of the body + -ed

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