The Solar System: The Sun and the Planets 8.

3
The Solar System consists of the Sun, the eight planets and their moons, and
billions of other smaller celestial objects. All of these celestial objects orbit
the Sun (Figure 1).
Some planets are relatively close to the Sun. Mercury is just 58 million km
away. Other objects are much farther away. Neptune is almost 4 billion km
from the Sun! It would take a spacecraft travelling at 28 000 km/h almost 50
years to cross the Solar System.

Earth Venus Mercury

Sun asteroid belt

Mars

Neptune
Uranus
Jupiter
Saturn

Figure 1 This drawing shows the Solar System, but does not illustrate true relative distances or sizes. For example, the Sun is about 100 times
larger than Earth.

Measuring Distances in the Solar System

Distances in the Solar System are so great that astronomers must use a more
convenient unit than the kilometre to measure them. The astronomical unit, astronomical unit approximately
or AU, is the average distance between the Sun and Earth—approximately 150 million kilometres; the average
distance from Earth to the Sun
150 000 000 km. The AU provides a more manageable way to measure
astronomical distances. For example, the planet Jupiter is 780 million km from
the Sun. This equals 5.2 AU, which is more than five times farther from the
Sun than Earth!

Planets Big and Small

The Sun is the largest object in the Solar System. The next largest objects in
the Solar System are the planets. On a clear night, you can sometimes see
planets such as incredibly hot Venus, desert-like Mars, and monster-sized
Jupiter. In the night sky, the planets appear as only bright points of light
because they are so far away.
The four planets nearest the Sun are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
These small, rocky planets are considered part of the inner Solar System.
The four planets beyond Mars are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. These
planets lie in the outer Solar System and are known as the gas giant planets.
As their name implies, they are all big. Each of the eight planets has unique
properties that make it different from the others.
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 T RY THIS REPRESENT THE SIZES OF THE PLANETS
SKILLS: Planning, Performing, Observing SKILLS HANDBOOK
3.B.
In this activity, you will create scale models of the planets to help 4. Use the equatorial diameter data in Table 1 to create scale
you visualize the size differences between them. models of the other planets. Choose modelling clay or balloons
Equipment and Materials: metre stick; calculator; ruler; as appropriate.
modelling clay; balloons; masking tape 5. Use masking tape to label each planet.
A. Compare the size of Jupiter with the size of the Sun. Estimate
1. Your teacher will draw a circle on the board, measuring 1.0 m
how many Jupiters would fit across the diameter of the Sun.
in diameter. This represents a scale model of the Sun, with a
Write the answer in your notebook. Then measure to see
diameter 100 times that of Earth.
whether your estimate was correct. T/I
2. Look at the equatorial diameter values in Table 1. These values
B. The largest known star is VY Canis Majoris, which is 2100
represent the diameter of each planet in relation to Earth’s
times the size of the Sun. How big would its diameter be at
diameter. For example, Mars has a value of 0.53, which means
the scale of this activity? T/I
that its diameter is about half that of Earth.
C. Using the equatorial diameter data from Table 1, create a bar
3. Use modelling clay to create a model of Earth with a
graph with the planet names on the x-axis and diameters on
diameter of 1 cm. Compare the size of your model Earth with
the y-axis. C
the Sun on the board and note your observations in your
notebook.
Table 1 Properties of Planets in the Solar System
Properties Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
equatorial diameter (Earth diameters) 0.382 0.949 1.0 0.53 11.21 9.44 4.01 3.88

Dwarf Planets
As our knowledge of the Universe grows, so do our ideas about the planets,
stars, and other celestial objects. At the end of the 19th century, the word
“planet” only applied to celestial objects in the Solar System. Over time,
however, astronomers began to discover other celestial objects. These
discoveries led to a change in the definition of “planet” in 2006. To be
considered a “planet” a celestial object must
• be in orbit around a star (such as the Sun)
dwarf planet a celestial object that orbits
the Sun and has a spherical shape but
• have enough mass to be pulled into a stable sphere shape by gravity
does not dominate its orbit • dominate its orbit (i.e., its mass must be greater than anything else that
crosses its orbit)
From its discovery in 1930 until 2006, Pluto was
Pluto considered the ninth planet in the Solar System. However, the
Neptune
new definition of planet excluded Pluto and added it to the
category of “dwarf planet.” Dwarf planets orbit the Sun and
Uranus have a spherical shape. However, they do not dominate their
orbits (Figure 2).
Jupiter Saturn
Currently, there are five recognized dwarf planets—Ceres,
Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris. However, only two
the inner planets of these—Ceres and Pluto—have been observed in enough
detail to demonstrate that they fit the definition. Most of
the dwarf planets discovered to date lie beyond the orbit of
Neptune. Astronomers suspect that up to 2000 dwarf planets
Figure 2 Pluto does not meet the criteria for a planet exist, with as many as 200 of these located within a region of
because its tilted orbit crosses Neptune’s orbit. the outer Solar System known as the Kuiper belt.
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 Smaller Members of the Solar System
In addition to the Sun and planets, the Solar System contains billions of
smaller celestial objects. Some are made of rock and metal; others are
composed of ice.

Asteroid Belt
Asteroids are small celestial objects in the Solar System composed of rock
and metal (Figure 3). Although they also orbit the Sun, they are too small to
be considered planets. The vast majority of asteroids lie in an area known as
the asteroid belt, located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids
vary in size and can have a diameter of up to 950 km. The largest asteroids
are round, but most are irregularly shaped.

Meteoroids Figure 3 At least 40 000 asteroids,

A meteoroid is a piece of metal or rock in the Solar System that is smaller approximately 800 m across or larger,
make up the asteroid belt.
than an asteroid. Most meteoroids are the size of dust particles, but some can
be as large as a car or building. Meteoroids sometimes get pulled in by Earth’s
gravity. As they are pulled down into Earth’s atmosphere, friction causes
them to burn up, creating a bright streak of light across the sky, known as
a meteor. This phenomena is commonly referred to as a “shooting star.”
Meteors enter Earth’s atmosphere at speeds of more than 1.5 × 105 km/h. On
rare occasions, larger meteors do not burn up completely in the atmosphere DID YOU KNOW?
and their remains, which we call meteorites, crash to the ground (Figure 4). Meteoroids
Several large meteorites have been known to create craters on impact. About 100 tonnes of meteoroids as
small as dust particles fall to the
Lake Cheko, for example, is believed to have been formed by an impact surface of Earth every day.
crater during the Tunguska Event mentioned at the beginning of this chapter.
Canada is home to more than two dozen identified impact craters. The
Manicouagan Crater, in northern Quebec, was formed from the impact of DID YOU KNOW?
a meteorite with a 5 km diameter approximately 212 million years ago. The Impact Event
resulting crater is 100 km wide (Figure 5). The Sudbury Basin, located in A leading theory on the extinction
northern Ontario, was formed from a 10 km meteorite impact that occurred of dinosaurs suggests that a 10 km
1.85 billion years ago. It is the second largest impact crater in the world, meteorite impact is what caused the
extinction of these animals 65 million
measuring 62 km long by 30 km wide. Much of the nickel mined in the
years ago.
Sudbury area originated from this meteorite.

Figure 4 On November 20, 2008, a meteor flashed across the Prairie Figure 5 This satellite image shows the Manicouagan Crater, in
provinces. A few days later, this meteorite was found on a frozen pond northern Quebec. The crater is now filled with water, forming the
at Lone Rock, Saskatchewan. ring-shaped Lake Manicouagan.

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 METEOr ShOwErS
On a clear night there is, on average, one meteor flash in the sky every
15 minutes. However, on certain dates during the year, a number of meteors
can be seen radiating from one point in the sky. We call this a meteor
shower. For example, the Leonid meteor shower occurs every year around
November 17th. Meteor showers mainly occur when clouds of particles left
behind by comets enter the atmosphere of a planet, such as Earth (Figure 6).

Comets
Figure 6 To observe a meteor shower,
you need to watch from a dark location, Comets are large chunks of ice, dust, and rock that orbit the Sun. They
outside city limits. range in size from less than 100 m to more than 40 km across. Some comets
take a few years to travel around the Sun, whereas others take hundreds of
comet a chunk of ice and dust that
travels in a very long orbit around the Sun thousands of years.
Comets are classified as either short- or long-period comets. Short-period
comets originate from a region just beyond the orbit of Neptune and travel
DID YOU KNOW?
around the Sun in less than 200 years. Halley’s Comet is the most famous
Naming Comets
Most comets are named after their example of a short-period comet, taking 75 to 76 years to make one trip
discoverers. For example, Comet around the Sun. The last visit of Halley’s Comet was in 1986; it will return
Hale-Bopp was named after Alan in 2061. Long-period comets originate from a spherical cloud of debris
Hale and Thomas Bopp, both amateur much farther away than Pluto and take more than 200 years to orbit the
astronomers in the United States who
Sun. Comet Hale-Bopp is one of the most recent long-period comets to be
discovered the comet in 1995.
observed from Earth. It takes about 2380 years for Hale-Bopp to make one
trip around the Sun.
When a comet gets close enough to the Sun, its outer surface begins to
sublimate—changing state from a solid to a gas—and its icy nucleus heats
up. As this occurs, gases and dust escape. These gases and dust form a
gaseous cloud around the nucleus called a coma, which can be thousands
of kilometres wide (Figure 7).
As a comet approaches the Sun, radiation and solar wind from the Sun
exert a force on the coma, which causes a gaseous tail to form, pointing
directly away from the Sun. In addition, a dust tail forms in the direction
from which the comet originated (Figure 8).

(a) (b)
Figure 7 In 2007, Comet Holmes released large mounts of gas and dust, forming a coma (a) that Figure 8 Most comets have two
expanded the diameter of the comet to be greater than that of the Sun (b). tails—a gaseous tail and a dust tail.

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 If a comet ventures too close to a planet, it can be pulled in by the planet’s
gravity. This is what happened to Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 when it crashed
into Jupiter in July 1994 (Figure 9). Satellites that survey the Sun have
even photographed some comets falling into the Sun.

UNIT TASK Bookmark

How can you apply what you learned about the planets and other members of the Solar
System in this section to the Unit Task described on page 446?

Figure 9 The fireball created when

Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit Jupiter on
July 18, 1994 grew to over 20 000 km
in diameter.

IN SUMMARY
• The average distance between the Sun and Earth • Pluto has been reclassified as a dwarf planet,
is defined as one astronomical unit (AU). based on its physical properties and motion.
• The four planets closest to the Sun are the • Besides the planets, there are smaller objects
terrestrial planets. These small, rocky planets are in the Solar System that orbit the Sun, such
considered part of the inner solar system. The as asteroids, comets, and meteoroids.
four planets farthest from the Sun are the gas
giants. These large, gaseous planets are part of
the outer Solar System.

CHECK YOUR LEARNING

1. Draw a picture of the Solar System from the “top” looking 5. Identify the errors in the following quotations by referring to
down onto the North Pole of Earth. Include and label the the definitions of “meteoroid,” “meteorite,” and “meteor.”
eight planets, plus Pluto, the asteroid belt, a comet, and Then rewrite them with the correct vocabulary. K/U C
a meteoroid. C K/U (a) “I saw a really bright meteorite flash across the sky!”
2. Copy Table 2 into your notebook. Complete the table, (b) “The meteoroid made a huge hole in the ground when
naming the planets that are terrestrial and those that it crashed into Earth.”
are gas giants. Then compare the two types under the (c) “Meteors sometimes hit spacecraft when they are
remaining headings. K/U travelling through deep space.”
Table 2 6. What evidence exists in the Canadian landscape to
Rock and Inner or suggest that large meteorites have crashed into Earth? T/I

Names of Large or metal or outer Solar 7. Describe what you think meteor showers look like and
planets small gas System explain why they occur. You may use a diagram in your
explanation. K/U C
8. Halley’s Comet is one of the most famous objects in the
Solar System, even though we have not seen it since
1986. K/U T/I
3. (a) Why do astronomers use astronomical units to (a) In what year will we next be able to see Halley’s Comet?
measure distances in the Solar System? K/U (b) In 1997, people could see Comet Hale-Bopp. In what
(b) How many kilometres make up 1 AU? K/U year will this comet return?
4. Why is Pluto no longer considered a planet in the Solar 9. Why do comets appear to have large tails flowing away
System? What kind of object is it considered to be now? K/U
from the Sun? K/U

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