Astronomy: Concept Map

CHAPTER Name Date
Concept Map
Astronomy
Complete the concept map on the universe and solar
system, using words and phrases from your textbook.
Our Moon Our Sun

The appearance of the Moon seems The length of our year is the length
to change each week, producing
of one revolution of Earth
phases of the Moon. around the Sun.
If the Moon comes between Earth Our Sun’ is an average-sized,

and the Sun or the Earth comes
between the Moon and the Sun, main-sequence star, but it
will eventually become a red giant.
a(n)
eclipse occurs.
What We See in Space
From Earth, we observe space with

telescopes . In space, artificial
satellites , space probes, and astronauts collect data.
Our Galaxy Our Solar System

We can sometimes see our galaxy, The inner planets are Mercury,
the Milky Way , in

Venus , Earth, and
the night sky. Our galaxy has a Mars. The outer planets include
barred spiral shape. Jupiter,
Saturn ,
© Macmillan/McGraw-Hill
Uranus, and Neptune.

Background radiation supports the
The solar system also includes
big bang theory. orbiting comets, meteors, and
meteorites .
Chapter 8 • Astronomy
174 Reading and Writing
Name Date LESSON
Outline
The Earth-Sun System

Use your textbook to help you fill in the blanks.
What is astronomy?
1. The planets, the stars, and all of space make up
the universe .
2. The study of the universe is called astronomy .
3. A device that collects light from distant objects

and magnifies images of those objects is called
a(n) telescope .
4. Refracting telescopes and reflecting telescopes use

lenses and visible light to magnify
images of faraway objects.
5. Invisible light comes in the form of X rays, radio waves,
radar, and ultraviolet and infrared light.
How can we prove that Earth rotates?
6. Earth makes one rotation on its axis

every 24 hours.
7. The Sun seems to rise in the east and travel west on
its apparent path .

8. Earth rotates at a rate of 360 degrees

every 24 hours, or 15 degrees per hour.
9. Earth is divided into 24 vertical belts, each about
15 degrees wide in longitude, called standard time zones .
Chapter 8 • Astronomy Use with Lesson 1

Reading and Writing The Earth-Sun System
175
LESSON Name Date
Outline
What makes a year?
10. One complete revolution of Earth around
the Sun takes 365.24 days.
11. In a hemisphere’s summer, that hemisphere is tilted

toward the Sun and receives the Sun’s
rays more directly; in winter, that hemisphere is tilted
away from the Sun and receives the Sun’s
rays at a lower angle.
12. In summer, when the Sun is higher overhead at
midday, objects cast shorter shadows;

in winter, when the Sun is lower in the sky at midday,
objects cast longer shadows.
How can we explore space?
13. Scientists launch artificial satellites into

space to study Earth.
14. Images and data about planets and other objects in
space are studied with the help of space probes .
15. The Hubble Space Telescope takes clear pictures of Earth
because it orbits above most of Earth’s atmosphere .
Critical Thinking
16. What three factors can explain changes in the shadows

objects cast, time differences, and changes of season
over the Earth?
Earth’s rotation on its axis, Earth’s revolution around the Sun, and the
tilt of Earth’s axis

176 Reading and Writing The Earth-Sun System
Name Date LESSON
Vocabulary

Match the correct letter with the description.
a. astronomy e. rotation
b. axis f. standard time zone
c. International Date Line g. telescope
d. revolution h. universe
1. g I am a device that collects light and magnifies

images to make distant objects appear closer and
larger. What am I?
2. d I am one complete trip around the Sun.

What am I?
3. f I am a vertical belt, about 15 degrees wide in

longitude, in which all locations have the same
time. What am I?
4. h I consist of Earth, the planets, the stars, and all of

space. What am I?
5. b I am an imaginary line that runs from the North

Pole to the South Pole through the center of
Earth. What am I?
6. c I am a line at a longitude of 180 degrees.

What am I?
7. a I am the study of the universe. What am I?
8. e I am one complete spin of Earth on its axis.

What am I?

Reading and Writing The Earth-Sun System
177
LESSON Name Date
Cloze Activity

Fill in the blanks.
axis space shuttles visible light
revolution telescope
space probes time zones
The study of the universe is called astronomy.
Astronomers use a(n) telescope to see distant
objects. Telescopes use lenses and visible light
to magnify images of faraway objects. Scientists launch
artificial satellites and space probes into space to
obtain data and images. The Hubble Space Telescope
and the International Space Station are maintained by
astronauts who travel into space and back home again
aboard space shuttles .
Earth rotates 360 degrees on its axis
every 24 hours, or at a rate of 15 degrees every hour.
Earth is divided into 24 standard time zones that

are about 15 degrees wide in longitude. It takes Earth
365.24 days to make one revolution , or one
complete trip around the Sun. The direction in which Earth
tilts on its axis during this time causes the seasons to change.

178 Reading and Writing The Earth-Sun System
Name Date LESSON
Outline
The Earth-Sun-Moon System

What is the Moon like?
1. Much of our information about the Moon came from
data gathered by the Apollo missions .
2. Bowl-shaped depressions on the Moon’s surface are

craters that were formed by impacts
from space objects.
3. Maria, highlands, valleys, and mountains

are features on the Moon’s surface.
4. Small amounts of ice may be
present on valley floors on the Moon.
What causes the phases of the Moon?
5. The shape of the Moon that we see in the night sky is
the phase of the Moon .
6. Whichever side of the Moon faces the Sun

is the lighted side.
7. When the Moon is directly between the Sun and Earth,
its phase is the new Moon so we see none

of its lighted side.
8. During the waxing phases, you see

more and more of the lighted side of the Moon; during
the waning phases, you see less and

less of its lighted side.

Reading and Writing The Earth-Sun-Moon System
179
LESSON Name Date
Outline
What causes eclipses?
9. A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth
blocks sunlight from reaching the Moon .
10. The Moon passes directly through Earth’s shadow
at the time of the full Moon .
11. A total solar eclipse can occur when Earth passes through
the Moon’s shadow during the new Moon phase.
What causes the tides?
12. Waves come higher up on the shore at some times
than at others because of the tides .
13. Tides on Earth are the result of the pull of gravity
between Earth and the Moon .
14. When the Sun, Earth, and the Moon are all in a line,
a(n) spring tide occurs.
15. When the gravitational pulls of the Sun and the Moon
are perpendicular, a(n) neap tide occurs.
Critical Thinking
16. How does the Moon affect Earth?

The gravitational pull between Earth and the Moon causes tides.
During solar eclipses, the Moon blocks the Sun’s light from reaching
Earth. The Moon reflects some sunlight onto Earth’s dark side at
times, depending on its phase.

180 Reading and Writing The Earth-Sun-Moon System
Name Date LESSON
Vocabulary

a. craters d. maria g. tide
b. gravity e. phase of the Moon h. waning
c. lunar eclipse f. solar eclipse i. waxing
1. e the shape of the Moon we see in the night sky
2. b the force of attraction among all objects
3. i the type of phase that occurs when the lighted

side of the Moon becomes more and more visible
4. a the bowl-shaped depressions on the Moon’s

surface formed by impacts from space objects
5. c an event that occurs when Earth blocks sunlight

from reaching the Moon
6. g the regular rise and fall of the water level

along a shore
7. d the large, dark, flat surface areas on the

Moon’s surface
8. f an event that occurs when Earth passes through

the Moon’s shadow
9. h the type of phase that occurs when we see less

and less of the Moon’s lighted side

Reading and Writing The Earth-Sun-Moon System
181
LESSON Name Date
Cloze Activity

Fill in the blanks.
craters lunar shape
Earth maria solar
gravity phases telescopes
Technology allows scientists to study the Moon in new
ways. Apollo astronauts saw firsthand many features that
before had been viewed only through telescopes .
They inspected craters and saw maria ,
highlands, mountain ranges, and valleys.
As the Moon revolves around Earth , it
passes through phases and appears to change

shape . If the Moon passes directly through
Earth’s shadow, a(n) lunar eclipse occurs.
When Earth passes through the shadow of the Moon, a(n)

solar eclipse occurs.
gravity
Tides are the result of the pull of
between Earth and the Moon. The positions of Earth, the
Moon, and the Sun can cause tides to be especially strong
or weak.

182 Reading and Writing The Earth-Sun-Moon System
Name Date LESSON
Outline
The Solar System

What is the solar system?
1. A large body that orbits a star is a(n) planet ,
and a large object that orbits a planet is a(n) moon .
2. A star and all the planets, moons, and other bodies
that orbit it make up a(n) solar system .
3. There will be more pull between a planet and the Sun
when the planet has greater mass .
4. When a planet is far away from the Sun, the pull of
gravity between them will be smaller .
5. The balance between gravity and inertia keeps planets
on a curved pathway, or orbit ,

around the Sun.
What are the inner planets?
6. The planets that are closest to the Sun, or the inner planets ,
are rocky and are similar in size .
7. Inner planets have few moons and

rings
no .
8. Between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter are orbiting
rocky or metallic objects called asteroids .

Reading and Writing The Solar System
183
LESSON Name Date
Outline
What are the outer planets?
9. The planets beyond the asteroid belt are known
collectively as the outer planets .
10. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are

also called the gas giants.
What are other objects in our solar system?
11. Sunlight evaporates the ice in a comet, and a(n) cloud
in the shape of a(n) tail forms, pointing

away from the Sun.
12. Small, rocky objects called meteoroids

orbit the Sun throughout the solar system.
13. Meteoroids that enter Earth’s atmosphere are called

meteors ; if they strike Earth they are
called meteorites .
Critical Thinking
14. A new planet has been discovered. Its orbit is twice

as long as Earth’s orbit. Where might this planet be
located? Explain your answer.
The new planet would be farther from the Sun than Earth is, because
an orbit twice the length would mean it is travelling a greater
distance to make one revolution.

184 Reading and Writing The Solar System
Name Date LESSON
Vocabulary
The Solar System

Write the correct answers on the lines provided, and circle
the answers in the grid.
comet meteor meteoroid planet
inertia meteorite moon solar system
S A S D F L K R O E T E M R M
P O K B I N E R T I A N P M E
A T L A N T I C P A C L I F T
A E C A O N A I D N A I C I E
P N M O R U T H E N R N S E O
S A O B B S I R E R A C C A R
O N O O C K Y T Y M O O U N O
E L N T A E S S S N I M A T I
R A R K A N S A T S K E E N D
O E P O I H R O Y E K T C T U
I N E T I R O E T E M N S Y L
D O Y Y E S E R E J A I N A V
1. planet a large body that orbits a star
2. moon a large object that orbits a planet
3. solar system a star and all the planets, moons, and

other bodies travelling around it
4. inertia the tendency of a moving object to stay

in motion
5. comet a ball of ice and rock that orbits the Sun
6. meteoroid small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun
7. meteor a meteoroid that enters Earth’s atmosphere
8. meteorite a meteoroid that strikes Earth’s surface

185
LESSON Name Date
Cloze Activity
The Solar System

Fill in the blanks.
gas giants meteor orbits stars
inner meteorite rings Sun
metallic meteoroids rocky
A solar system consists of a star that is orbited by
planets, moons, and other objects. Planets are large bodies
that orbit stars , and moons orbit planets.
The star that planet Earth orbits is the Sun .
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are called the

inner planets. Their orbits bring
them closest to the Sun. They are similar in size, are mostly
rocky , and have no rings. The outer planets
are all gas giants . The gas giants all have

rings and moons. Their cores are small
and metallic .
Other objects in our Solar System include asteroids,

meteoroids , and comets. A meteoroid that is pulled
by gravity into Earth’s atmosphere is a(n) meteor .
If a meteor hits Earth’s surface, it is called a(n) meteorite .
A comet is a ball of ice and rock that orbits the Sun.

Name Date Writing
in Science
Pluto Is Not a Planet

Read the Writing in Science feature in your textbook.
Write About It
Persuasive Writing Recently a major museum dropped Pluto
from its display of the solar system. Write a letter to the
editor of your local newspaper arguing either for or against
this decision. Include facts that back up your opinion.
Getting Ideas
Fill in the chart below. In the top box, write your opinion
about the museum’s decision. In the bottom boxes, write
reasons that support your opinion.
Opinion
Students’ answers will vary. Sample answer: I believe that the museum
was right in dropping Pluto from its display.
Reason 1 Reason 2 Reason 3
Pluto is too small Pluto’s surface Pluto has an

to be a planet. probably consists eccentric orbit.
of gas, as a
comet’s does.

187
Writing Name Date
in Science
Drafting
Follow these directions to create a formal letter:
1. Write or type your complete address.
[1]
2. Write or type the date.
[2]
3. Write or type the name, organization, and [3]
address of the person to whom you are
writing. [4]
[5]
4. Write or type the salutation, or greeting.
Put a colon at the end of it. [6]
5. Write or type an introductory paragraph.

[7]
Explain why you are writing, and give your
opinion about the problem. [8]
[9]
6. Explain the causes and effects of the
problem to support your opinion.
7. In your last paragraph, tell what you want to happen.
8. Use phrases such as “Sincerely yours” or “Yours truly”
to close the letter. Put a comma after these words.
9. Sign your name. If you are using a computer, type your
name a few lines below the closing, and then sign your
name above that after you have printed the letter.
Now write your first draft. Use a separate piece of paper.

Follow the format of a formal letter. Students’ formal letters should
clearly state their opinion, should provide facts from the article that
support this opinion, and should be written in the correct format.
Revising and Proofreading
Now revise and proofread your letter. Ask these questions:
ɀ Have I clearly stated my opinion about the museum’s
decision in my first paragraph?

ɀ Have I included convincing reasons and arguments
to support that opinion?
ɀ Have I followed the format of a formal letter?
ɀ Have I corrected all grammar, spelling, capitalization,
and punctuation errors?

Name Date LESSON
Outline
Stars
What are stars?
1. Large, hot balls of gases that are held together by

gravity and give off their own light are
called stars .
2. Orion is a(n) constellation that can be seen

in the winter night sky in the Northern Hemisphere.
3. When a star appears to shift positions as viewed
from two places on Earth, this is called parallax .
4. Scientists measure a star’s parallax and use geometry

to calculate its distance from Earth.
5. Scientists measure distance in space in units called

light-years .
What are some properties of stars?
6. A star’s brightness, or magnitude , is dependent

upon how much light it gives off and its distance from Earth.
7. Absolute magnitude measures how bright a star really
is, and apparent magnitude measures how bright a

star looks in the night sky.
8. The temperature on the surface of a star determines
the star’s color .
9. The largest stars are red supergiants and the
smallest are white dwarfs .

Reading and Writing Stars
189
LESSON Name Date
Outline
10. The H-R diagram shows that most stars, including our
Sun, are main-sequence stars.
How do stars develop?
11. A star begins as a nebula, then heats up and becomes

a protostar, then undergoes nuclear reactions, releases
energy, and becomes a(n) main-sequence star.
12. As a star expands, its surface cools and it turns red,
and then the star becomes a(n) red giant

or a supergiant, depending on its mass.
13. A red giant releases energy and forms a layer of gases
called a(n) planetary nebula , heats up to become
a white dwarf, and then cools to become a(n) black dwarf .
14. When a supergiant collapses, it then explodes,
becoming a(n) supernova , which can
become a neutron star or a(n) black hole .
What kind of star is the Sun?
15. The Sun is a(n) main-sequence star that will
become a(n) red giant .
Critical Thinking
16. What will happen to the large amount of hydrogen in

the Sun over the next 5 billion years? Will the Sun be
hotter or cooler than it is now?
The amount of hydrogen in the Sun will decrease as it changes into
helium. The Sun will become cooler and redder as it becomes a red
giant.

190 Reading and Writing Stars
Name Date LESSON
Vocabulary
Stars
Use the clues to unscramble each word. Then unscramble
the circled letters to answer the last question.
black hole light-year nebula star
constellation magnitude parallax supernova
1. RAST a large, hot ball of gases, held together by

gravity, that gives off its own light
S T A R
2. LETCOSLOANINT a group of stars that appear to form a pattern
C O N S T E L L A T I O N
3. LAPRAXAL the apparent shift in an object’s position when
viewed from two locations
P A R A L L A X
4. TRHAGEIYL the distance that light travels in one year
L I G H T - Y E A R
5. LEUBAN a huge cloud of gas and dust in space
N E B U L A
6. VURANOSEP an exploded star
S U P E R N O V A
7. KECLAOLHB an object whose gravity is so strong that even
light cannot escape from it
B L A C K H O L E
8. GADNIMUTE the brightness of a star

M A G N I T U D E
9. How is a planetary nebula formed?
by NUCLEAR R E A C T I O N S
in RED G I A N T S

191
LESSON Name Date
Cloze Activity
Stars
Fill in the blanks.
black hole light-years nebula
color magnitude neutron star
gravity main-sequence supernova
Groups of stars form patterns in the sky called
constellations. A star is a large, hot ball of gases that is held
together by gravity and gives off its own light.
Distances in space are measured in light-years .
The brightness of a star is its magnitude .
You can tell the surface temperature of a star by its

color . The Sun, like most stars, is a(n)
main-sequence star.
A star develops from a collection of dust and cloud
called a(n) nebula . A very large star, called a
supergiant, may collapse and explode to become a(n)

supernova and then a(n) neutron star .
When a very massive star collapses, it may end up as a(n)

black hole . X rays in space provide evidence of
the existence of these collapsed stars.

Name Date Writing
in Science
Colors of Stars
Read the Writing in Science feature in your textbook.
Write About It
Fictional Writing Write a science-fiction story about
traveling to the Messier 82 galaxy. Describe some of the
problems involved in long-distance space travel. What plans
do the main characters make in order to allow people to travel
such great distances? Use an appropriate point of view, and
add dialogue to make your story come alive.
Getting Ideas
The main problem for your story is that M82 is about
12 million light years away from Earth. Write this main
problem in the top box of the chart below. Then think
about all the minor problems caused by this main problem.
In the center box of the chart, write steps the characters in
your story take to solve these problems. In the bottom box,
write how the characters finally solve the problem.
Problem
Students’ answers will vary. Sample answer: The astronauts have to
travel 12 million light years to reach M82.
Steps to Solution
suspend the aging process; find a new food source; have a computer
that controls the ship.
Solution
The computer finds a way to warp through space so that the trip takes
shorter time.

193
Writing Name Date
in Science
Drafting
Write a sentence to begin your fictional narrative. Introduce
your main character. Try to grab your readers’ attention so
that they will want to read more.
Students’ sentences will vary. Sample sentence: The fate of Earth rested in
the hands of Captain Shue and his crew.
Now write your first draft. Use a separate piece of paper.

Begin with the sentence you wrote above. Tell what the
main problem is and how the characters solve the problem.
Tell the trials they face along the way. Use dialogue to
bring the story to life. Students’ stories should include a beginning, a
middle, and an end, a description of the main problem and the way in
which the characters solve the problem, dialogue, and descriptive details.
Revising and Proofreading
Here is part of the story that Jasmine wrote. She used
dialogue, but she forgot to include quotation marks.
Read over the sentences below. Add quotation marks
where necessary.
“ I know you are frightened,”said Captain Shue,“and you
are wondering if you will ever see your families again. You are
probably also wondering if you will survive. . . .”
“
No one has ever traveled this far,”interrupted Ensign Meggs.
“ We will succeed,”said Captain Shue.“Our scientists have
thought through all the problems.”

Now revise and proofread your story. Ask these questions:
ɀ Have I centered my story on the problem of traveling

to a galaxy 12 million light years away?
ɀ Have I shown how the characters solved the problem?
ɀ Have I included a beginning, middle, and end?
ɀ Have I corrected all grammar, spelling, capitalization,
and punctuation errors?

Name Date LESSON
Outline
Galaxies and Beyond

What are galaxies?
1. Stars move around the center of their galaxy

in the same way that planets orbit a star.
2. Galaxies differ in size, age, and structure .
3. A whirlpool-shaped galaxy is a(n) spiral
galaxy, a football-shaped galaxy is a(n) elliptical

galaxy, and one with no regular shape is called a(n)
irregular galaxy.
4. Our home galaxy, the Milky Way, is a(n) spiral

galaxy.
What was the big bang?
5. Some of the light produced by the heated gases of stars
is absorbed by the star’s atmosphere.
6. The light absorbed by a star’s atmosphere drops out of
its light spectrum, forming dark absorption lines .
7. When a galaxy is moving toward Earth, the light

shining from that galaxy shifts toward the
blue end of the spectrum.
8. When a galaxy is moving away from Earth, the

light shining from that galaxy shifts toward the
red end of the spectrum.

Reading and Writing Galaxies and Beyond
195
LESSON Name Date
Outline
9. The high temperature and pressure of the early

universe resulted in a tremendous explosion known
as the big bang .
10. Gravity has caused space matter to collect into
clumps, forming stars and galaxies .
11. Radiation that is left over from the beginning moments

of the universe and that comes from all directions in
space is called background radiation.
12. Billions of years after the big bang, dust and gas gathered
into a(n) nebula massive enough to rotate.
How did Earth form?
13. Over time the very young Earth became large enough
that its gravity could hold an atmosphere.
14. Earth’s early atmosphere of hydrogen and helium was
replaced over time by water vapor, sulfur, carbon dioxide ,
and nitrogen, which were released by volcanoes .
15. When plants developed, oxygen
appeared as a waste product of photosynthesis .
Critical Thinking
16. How is the formation of Earth like the formation of

the universe?
Gravity caused matter to collect into clumps that formed the stars
and galaxies. Gravity also caused clumps of matter to collide and
combine to form protoplanets like the one that later became Earth.

196 Reading and Writing Galaxies and Beyond
Name Date LESSON
Vocabulary
Galaxies and Beyond

a. absorption lines e. galaxy
b. background radiation f. Milky Way
c. big bang g. spectrum
d. expansion redshift h. spiral
1. f our home galaxy
2. c the beginning moment when the universe was

very hot and dense
3. d when a galaxy is moving away from Earth, and its

light shifts toward the red end of the spectrum
4. a dark lines that form when some of a star’s light is

absorbed by the star’s atmosphere
5. g a band of colors in white light
6. b radiation left over from the beginning moments

of the universe that comes from all directions in
space
7. e a group of star clusters held together by gravity

8. h a type of galaxy that is shaped like a whirlpool

197
LESSON Name Date
Cloze Activity
Galaxies and Beyond

Fill in the blanks.
big bang expanding spectrum stars
blue red spiral
A group of star clusters held together by gravity is
called a galaxy. A galaxy with lots of dust and arms
wound tightly or loosely around a core is a(n)

spiral galaxy.
White light can be separated into a band of colors
called a(n) spectrum . Absorption lines are shifted
toward the blue end of the spectrum when
galaxies are moving toward Earth. Absorption lines are
shifted toward the red end of the spectrum
when galaxies are moving away from Earth. Scientists have
found that most galaxies are moving away from Earth
because the universe is expanding .

The moment that the universe began to expand is
called the big bang . Gravity caused matter to
clump together to form stars and galaxies.
Some clumps also formed planets including Earth.

Name Date Reading
in Science
Meet Mordecai-Mark Mac Low

Read the Reading in Science feature in your textbook.
Look for clues in the article to help you draw conclusions
about quasars.
Draw Conclusions
Use the graphic organizer to draw conclusions.
Text Clues Conclusions
Sample answer: Mordecai- Sample answer: Galaxies

Mark studies galaxies and and the universe are in outer
quasars to learn about the space, so a quasar must be
history of the universe. something in outer space,
too.

199
Reading Name Date
in Science
Write About It
Draw Conclusions
1. Why do quasars look like faint points of light when they are
viewed from Earth?
2. If scientists observe that a quasar is moving away from us,
what can they conclude about its galaxy?
Planning and Organizing

Explain what Mordecai-Mark studies.
He studies the history of the universe.
What did the scientists conclude about the brightness

of quasars?
Quasars shine brightly because matter falling into black holes in the
center of the quasar becomes so hot that it shines and can be seen across
the universe.
What did the scientists conclude about the movement

of quasars?
Quasars are at the center of galaxies. If galaxies are moving farther and
farther away from Earth, then quasars must also be moving farther and
farther away.
Drafting
Now draw a conclusion about how information about
quasars helps Mordecai-Mark understand how the
universe is changing over time.

Answers will vary. Conclusion statements should be factually accurate,
based on the information provided in the article.

Name Date CHAPTER
Vocabulary
Astronomy
Circle the letter of the best answer.
1. During a new Moon, you face 5. Earth completes one full
rotation on its axis
A one half of the lighted side
of the Moon. A every 15 degrees.
B all of the lighted side of B every 24 hours.
the Moon.
C every 365 days.
C the dark side of the Moon.
D every 6 months.
D the waning crescent phase
of the Moon. 6. During nuclear reactions in
main-sequence stars,
2. A star is hottest when it is
A oxygen is released.
A blue-white.
B helium atoms fuse to make
B orange. hydrogen.
C red. C hydrogen atoms fuse to
make helium.
D orange-yellow.
D carbon dioxide is released.
3. Planets are kept in orbit by
7. One complete trip around the
A nuclear fusion.
Sun is
B gravity and inertia.
A a revolution.
C redshift and blueshift.
B a month.
D parallax.
C a time zone.
4. The Milky Way is an example of D a rotation.
A a spiral galaxy.
8. The life of a star begins in
B an irregular galaxy.
A a black hole.
C an elliptical galaxy.
B a nebula.
D a core galaxy.
C a white dwarf.
D an Oort cloud.
Reading and Writing
201
CHAPTER Name Date
Vocabulary
9. All of the following are gas 13. Most rocky or metallic objects
giants except that orbit the Sun are found
in the
A Jupiter.
A Oort cloud.
B Neptune.
B star nebula.
C Mercury.
C Kuiper belt.
D Saturn.
D asteroid belt.
10. According to the H-R diagram,
the Sun in our solar system is a 14. According to the big bang
theory, the universe is
A main-sequence star.
A contracting.
B red giant.
B dying.
C supergiant.
C expanding.
D white dwarf.
D shrinking.
11. The magnitude of a star is a
measure of its 15. The four stages, in order, of
the life of a massive star’s life
A brightness.
cycle are
B diameter.
A nebula, main-sequence star,
C mass. supergiant, white dwarf.
D temperature. B protostar, red giant, main-
sequence star, neutron star.
12. When Earth blocks sunlight
from reaching the Moon, the C nebula, main-sequence star,
result is a supergiant, supernova.
A lunar eclipse. D supergiant, pulsar, neutron

star, supernova.
B solar eclipse.
C spring tide.
D neap tide.
202 Reading and Writing

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CHAPTER Name Date

Our Moon Our Sun

If the Moon comes between Earth Our Sun’ is an average-sized,

What We See in Space

From Earth, we observe space with

satellites , space probes, and astronauts collect data.

Our Galaxy Our Solar System

the Milky Way , in

Uranus, and Neptune.

The Earth-Sun System

1. The planets, the stars, and all of space make up

2. The study of the universe is called astronomy .

3. A device that collects light from distant objects

4. Refracting telescopes and reflecting telescopes use

5. Invisible light comes in the form of X rays, radio waves,

radar, and ultraviolet and infrared light.

How can we prove that Earth rotates?

6. Earth makes one rotation on its axis

7. The Sun seems to rise in the east and travel west on

its apparent path .

8. Earth rotates at a rate of 360 degrees

9. Earth is divided into 24 vertical belts, each about

15 degrees wide in longitude, called standard time zones .

Chapter 8 • Astronomy Use with Lesson 1

What makes a year?

10. One complete revolution of Earth around

the Sun takes 365.24 days.

11. In a hemisphere’s summer, that hemisphere is tilted

12. In summer, when the Sun is higher overhead at

midday, objects cast shorter shadows;

objects cast longer shadows.

How can we explore space?

13. Scientists launch artificial satellites into

14. Images and data about planets and other objects in

space are studied with the help of space probes .

15. The Hubble Space Telescope takes clear pictures of Earth

because it orbits above most of Earth’s atmosphere .

16. What three factors can explain changes in the shadows

Chapter 8 • Astronomy Use with Lesson 1

The Earth-Sun System

b. axis f. standard time zone

c. International Date Line g. telescope

1. g I am a device that collects light and magnifies

2. d I am one complete trip around the Sun.

3. f I am a vertical belt, about 15 degrees wide in

4. h I consist of Earth, the planets, the stars, and all of

5. b I am an imaginary line that runs from the North

6. c I am a line at a longitude of 180 degrees.

7. a I am the study of the universe. What am I?

8. e I am one complete spin of Earth on its axis.

Chapter 8 • Astronomy Use with Lesson 1

The Earth-Sun System

axis space shuttles visible light

space probes time zones

The study of the universe is called astronomy.

Astronomers use a(n) telescope to see distant

objects. Telescopes use lenses and visible light

to magnify images of faraway objects. Scientists launch

artificial satellites and space probes into space to