Migration Profile Report 2010

Migration in Zimbabwe
A COUNTRY PROFILE 2010
June, 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
List of Tables iii

List of Figures v
Acronyms vi
Foreword vii
Executive Summary viii
Table of Indicators x
BACKGROUND 1
1. ZIMBABWE SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS 3

1.1 Economic Indicators 3
1.2 Population Indicators 3
1.2.1 Population size 3
1.2.2 Citizenship 5
1.2.3 Rate of natural increase 5
1.2.4 Highest level of education completed 6
1.2.5 Literacy level 7
1.2.6 Crude Birth Rate (CBR) 8
1.2.7 General Fertility Rate (GFR) 8
1.2.8 Total Fertility Rate (TFR) 9
1.2.9 Inter-provincial migration rate 9
2. MIGRATION INFLOWS 11
2.1 Immigration to Zimbabwe 11
2.2 Tourist arrivals 15
2.3 Refugees 19
2.4 Asylum-seekers 21
2.5 Labour Immigrants (Expatriates) 22
3. MIGRATION OUTFLOWS 27
3.1 Emigrants 27
3.2 Exitors 27
3.3 Day-trippers 30
3.4 Zimbabwean students studying abroad 32
4. IRREGULAR MIGRATION 35
4.1 Detentions, deportations, prosecutions and repatriations 35
5. ZIMBABWEANS LIVING IN THE DIASPORA 36
6. REMITTANCES 37
7. MIGRATION POLICY FRAMEWORK 39
i
8. KEY INSTITUTIONS ACTORS INVOLVED IN MIGRATION
MANAGEMENT AND DIASPORA POLICIES 46
9. CONCLUSION 49
ii
List of Tables
Page
Table 1.1: Percent Composition of Population by Age Group and Sex,

Zimbabwe Inter-Censual Demographic Survey (ICDS) 2008..............................................4.
Table 1.2: Percent Distribution of Population by Province and Sex,
Zimbabwe ICDS 2008 ……..…………………………………………….……....................5
Table 1.3: Percent Distribution of the Total Population by Citizenship,
Zimbabwe ICDS 2008…………………………………………………...…………….........5
Table 1.4: Crude Birth Rate and Death Rate and Rate of Natural Increase by Province,
Zimbabwe ICDS 2008……………………………………………………..…………..........6
Table 1.5: Percent Distribution of Population Age 3 Years and Above by
Highest Level of Education Completed, Age Group and Sex, Zimbabwe ICDS 2008……7
Table 1.6: Literacy Rates for the Population Aged 15 Years and Above by
Province and Sex, Zimbabwe ICDS 2008 …………………..……………...........................8
Table 1.7: Fertility Rates by Province, Zimbabwe ICDS 2008………………………………………...9
Table 1.8: Inter-Provincial Lifetime Migration Rates, Zimbabwe ICDS 2008…………….................10
Table 2.1a: Immigrants by Country of Last Permanent Residence 2007-2010 ……………….............12

Table 2.1b: Immigrants by Industry and Sex, 2007-2010……………………………………………...13
Table 2.2: Tourist Arrivals by Country of Origin, 2008-2009………….......………………………...12
Table 2.3: Refugees by Sex and Country of Origin as at 31 December 2010…………...…………....20
Table 2.4: Asylum-seekers by Sex and Country of Origin as at 31 December 2010………………....21
Table 2.5: Expatriates by Nationality, 2009………………………………….....…………………….23
Table 2.6: Expatriates by Occupation, 2009 ……………………………....…………….....................25
Table 3.1: Exitors by Mode of Travel and Port of Exit, 2008-2010…………………………………..28
Table 3.2: Day Trippers by Mode of Travel and Port of Exit……………...........................................31
Table 3.3: Zimbabwean Students Studying Abroad on Bi-lateral Scholarship by

Country of Study 2010/11 ………………..........................................................................32
Table 3.4: Zimbabwean Students Studying Abroad on Government Funded Scholarship
by Country of Study, 2010/11…………………………………………………………….33
Table 3.5: Zimbabwean Students Studying in the USA 2007-2011………….......…………………...34
iii
Table 4.1: Detentions, Deportations, Prosecution and Repatriations, 2010…………………………..35
Table 6.1: Remittances, Travel and Diplomatic Missions Data (USD million), 2009-2010………....37
Table 8.1: Government Ministries and Departments Key in Migration Management
and Diaspora Policies...........................................................................................................44
Table 8.2: Parastatals Key in Migration Management and Diaspora Policies…………......................46
Table 8.3: International Institutions and Non-Governmental Organisations
Key in Migration Management and Diaspora Policies…………........................................46
iv
List of Figures
Page
Figure 1.1: Population Pyramid, Zimbabwe (ICDS) 2008.......................................................................4

Figure 1.2: Inter-Provincial Lifetime Migration Rates, Zimbabwe ICDS 2008 …………………........10
Figure 2.1a: Immigrants by Country of Last Permanent Residence, 2007-2010………….……………13
Figure 2.1b: Immigrants by Industry, 2007-2010…………………………………………..…………...14
Figure 2.2: Tourist Arrivals by Continent of Origin, 2008-2010……………......………………….....18
Figure 2.3: Refugees by Sex and Country of Origin as at 31 December 2010 …………......................20
Figure 2.4: Asylum-seekers by Sex and Country of Origin as at 31 December 2010………………....22
Figure 2.5: Expatriates by Nationality, 2009…………………………………….…………….............24

Figure 2.6: Expatriates by Occupation, 2009…………………………………………………………..26
Figure 3.1: Day-trippers by Mode of Travel and Port of Exit, 2009-2010 ………………....................30
Figure 3.2: Zimbabwean Students Studying Abroad on Bi-lateral Scholarships
by Country of Study, 2010/11……………………………………………………………..33
Figure 3.3: Zimbabwean Students Studying Abroad on Government Funded
Scholarships by Country of Study, 2010/11……………………………………………....34
Figure 6.1: Remittances, Travel and Diplomatic Missions Data (USD million), 2009-2010………....37
v
Acronyms
ACP African Caribbean and Pacific

BOP Balance of Payment
CBR Crude Birth Rate
CSO Central Statistical Office
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
FPL Food Poverty Datum Line
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GFR Gross Fertility Rate
GNU Government of National Unity
ICDS Inter-Censual Demographic Survey
IMT International Migration and Tourism Statistics Section
IOM International Organisation for Migration
MDU Migration Development Unit
MEPPI Ministry of Economic Planning and Investment Promotion
MHTE Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
NGOs Non Governmental Organisations
RBZ Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe
STERP Short-Term Emergency Recovery Programme
TCPL Total Consumption Poverty Line
TFR Total Fertility Rate
US United States
USA United States of America
ZIMSTAT Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency
ZimVac Zimbabwe Vulnerability and Assessment Study
ZTA Zimbabwe Tourism Authority
vi
Foreword
The 2010 Zimbabwe Migration profile is the second publication of the migration and tourism
annual data compiled by ZIMSTAT, the first one having been released in 2010 covering 2009. The
compilation of this edition was done under the guidance of the Migration Statistics Committee
which comprised the following institutions: Ministry of Economic Planning and Investment
Promotion (Chair); Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of
Labour and Social Services; Ministry of Tourism and Hospitality Industry; Ministry of Regional
Integration and International Cooperation; Department of Immigration Control; Reserve Bank of
Zimbabwe; Zimbabwe Tourism Authority; International Organisation for Migration; International
Labour Organisation; United Nations Higher Commissioner for Refugees; University of
Zimbabwe-Department of Geography and Environmental Studies; University of Zimbabwe-
Department of Tourism Hospitality and Leisure Studies; University of Zimbabwe- Centre for
Population Studies. See Appendix 1 for the detailed list of nominees to the Committee. The
Committee was consulted at various stages of the compilation process starting with data collection
to the finalization of the Report.
The Profile is designed to act as a centralized source of all migration and tourism related data
being produced by different institutions in the country for easy access to users. The purpose of this
annual publication is to give users data on the status of migration and tourism in the country at the
time of publication. The data can thus be used at national or sub-national level for policy
formulation, planning and decision making, evaluation and research.
ZIMSTAT is taking every effort to ensure that all migration related information is included in the
profile but the Agency is not receiving collaboration from some institutions as per their
commitment during the December 2008 Stakeholder workshop. As such, the Profile still has some
notable data gaps in the following areas; Zimbabwean students studying abroad, human
trafficking, displaced populations, labour migrants, total number of Zimbabweans in the Diaspora,
brain drain, remittances and domestic tourism.
I would like to extend acknowledgements and gratitude to the various institutions and individuals
who made the production of this profile possible, through giving their valuable contributions
during the Committee Meetings.
M. DZINOTIZEI
DIRECTOR-GENERAL, ZIMBABWE NATIONAL STATISTICS AGENCY
vii
Executive Summary
According to the Inter-Censal Demographic Survey (ICDS) 2008 the total population of
Zimbabwe was between 12.2 to 12.4 million.
The economic situation prevailing in the country has been gradually improving since the signing of
Global Political Agreement (GPA) in 2008 and the subsequent formation of the Government of
National Unity (GNU) in the year 2009. The introduction of the use of the multi-currency system
in 2009 has resulted in the stabilization of the macro-economic environment which have seen the
annual inflation rate declining from a peak of 231 million percent in July 2008 to a single digit of
3.2 percent as at December 2010.
Improvement in the macro-economic environment have seen the number of immigrants coming to
Zimbabwe steadily increasing from 478 in 2008 to 1 197 in 2010
The period 2008 to 2010 witnessed a general increase in the number of tourist arrivals. Tourist
arrivals increased by 3 percent from 1 956 442 in 2008 to 2 016 264 in 2009. Figures for the year
2010 (2 238 165) show an 11 percent increase from 2009.
There were 4 437 refugees in Zimbabwe as at 31 December 2010. The majority of the refugees
were from the Great Lakes region; the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) (3 075), Rwanda
(688) and Burundi (533). In 2010 there were 415 asylum-seekers of whom 306 were from the
DRC.
During the year 2009, there were 785 foreign nationals who were given work permits by the
Ministry of Labour and Social Services to work as expatriates in either Non-Governmental
Organisation (NGO’s) or the private sector. Of this total number, 262 were working in the NGO’s
while 523 were in the private sector.
As from the year 2006, ZIMSTAT has not been able to provide disaggregated data on people
leaving the country into various categories such as emigrants, departing residents and departing
visitors due to none availability of exit cards at the country’s border posts. An alternative method
of using port returns was adopted and this method only captures the total number of exitors with no
further disaggregation of the data possible. The number of persons exiting the country increased
from 2 387 754 in 2009 to 2 718 743 in 2010.
During the past decade Zimbabwe has witnessed a growing number of day trippers to
neighbouring countries such as South Africa and Botswana. The number of day trippers increased
from 359 095 in 2008 to 1 077 743 in 2010.
Zimbabweans have for many years undertaken higher education studies abroad. During the
2010/2011 academic year, a total of 434 students were studying abroad on bilateral scholarships
while 37 were on Government funded scholarships. The number of students under the Presidential
scholarship could not be obtained at the time of writing the report.
viii
Remittances can contribute to national development if harnessed into the national economy.
Although some Zimbabweans staying in the diaspora continue to shun formal channels of
transferring remittances back home, figures from the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) have
shown that the amount of remittances coming through the formal channel have been increasing
during the period 2008 to 2010. Remittances (net) rose from USD76.0 million in 2008 to
USD263.3 million in 2010. Travel receipts (net) also increased from USD85.2 million in 2008 to
USD97.4 million in 2010.
ix
Table of Indicators
Indicator Value Source

2009 2010
Economic Consumer Price Index, Dec

2010 , ZIMSTAT
1 Month on month inflation rate -0.4%
2 Year on year inflation rate 3.2%
3 Total Consumption Poverty Line USD93.37
(CPL) for one person
4 Total Consumption Poverty Line USD466.85
(CPL) for 5 persons
Population Inter-Censal Demographic

Survey (ICDS) 2008,
ZIMSTAT
5 Total population 12.2 to 12.4
million
6 Males 48.1%
7 Females 51.1%
8 Rate of natural increase 0.7%
(November 2007 to October
2008)
Migration and Tourism

9 Immigrants 569 1 197 International Migration and
Tourism (IMT) 2010 report,
ZIMSTAT
10 Tourist arrivals 2 016 264 2 238 165 Tourism Trends and
Statistics 2010, Zimbabwe
Tourism Authority (ZTA)
11 Refugees 3 826 4 437 Ministry of Labour and
Social Services, 2010
12 Asylum-seekers 643 415 Ministry of Labour and
13 Expatriates 785 Ministry of Labour and
14 Exitors 2 387 754 2 718 743 IMT 2010 report, ZIMSTAT
15 Day-trippers 455 921 1 077 743 IMT 2010 report, ZIMSTAT
16 Zimbabwean students studying 434 Ministry of Higher and
abroad on bi-lateral scholarship Tertiary Education, 2010
x
Table of Indicators cont.
Indicator Value Source

2009 2010
17 Zimbabwean students studying 36 Ministry of Higher and

abroad on Government Tertiary Education, 2010
scholarship
18 Zimbabwean students studying in 1 159 1 135 Embassy of the US in
the United States of America Zimbabwe
(USA)
19 Foreigners detained in Zimbabwe 65 377 Department of Immigration
Control, 2010
20 Foreigners deported from 71 190 Department of Immigration
Zimbabwe Control, 2010
21 Foreigners prosecuted in 117 330 Department of Immigration
Zimbabwe Control, 2010
22 Zimbabweans repatriated from 144 486 38 844 Department of Immigration
other countries Control, 2010
23 Remittances (Net) US$198.2 m US$263.3 m Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe
(RBZ), 2010
24 Travel Receipts (Net) US$94.8 m US$97.4 m RBZ, 2010
25 Diplomats Receipts (Net) US$20.3 m US$21.4 m RBZ
xi
Background
The idea of coming up with country migration profiles was first proposed by the European
Commission in annex 8 to the Communication on Migration and Development in 2005. According
to the text, globally migration profiles should aim to gather information on issues such as the
labour market situation, unemployment rates, labour demand and supply and present skill
shortages by sector and occupation, skills needs in the country, skills available in the diaspora,
migration flows, incoming and outgoing financial flows linked with migration, including migrant
remittances as well, gender aspects as well as those that relate to minors. However, the contents of
any country profile should be customized to suit the needs of the migration stakeholders of that
country. (International Organisation for Migration (IOM); 2005)
The reciprocal relationship between migration and development has raised interest among policy
makers in Zimbabwe. There is now a greater awareness that development affects migration and
migration influences development. Lack of migration data has in the past militated against the
inclusion of migration issues within the various national and sectoral planning instruments such as
the annual budget, the National Censuses and Surveys. (Migration and Tourism Sector Plan, 2011)
According to the Central Statistical Office (CSO) User Enquiry Report of 2004, migration
statistics is important for evidence based policy and decision making, managing service delivery
and identifying research areas; are a basis for monitoring and evaluation of policy frameworks, a
tool for accountability and assist in national, regional and international comparisons among other
uses.
The past few years have seen a considerable evolution in the national response to migration, and in
2009, a Draft National Migration Management and Diaspora Policy was finalized and as of now it
was read in Parliament for the first time and comments were made. This draft policy document
represents a major step ahead in the direction of a comprehensive migration policy.
In December 2008, ZIMSTAT in conjunction with the Ministry of Economic Planning and
Investment Promotion with technical and financial assistance from IOM hosted the first Zimbabwe
Migration Profile Stakeholder workshop whose objectives were to:
• contextualize the migration profile,

• adapt and adopt the Zimbabwe Migration Profile template, and
• introduce the concept to migration stakeholders.
In 2009, ZIMSTAT with technical and financial support from IOM held some consultative
meetings with institutions producing migration statistics. The objectives of the meetings were to:
• find out data available at each institution,

• agree on methodology of data collection at the institution,
• discus and propose the frequency of data collection, and
• establish how the data produced feeds into ZIMSTAT activities
Further in 2009, ZIMSTAT and the IOM signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) which
resulted in IOM donating office equipment and stationery to ZIMSTAT’s International Migration
1
and Tourism Statistics Section. The MOU also resulted in the IOM hiring a consultant, who
offered guidance to ZIMSTAT during the compilation of the 2009 Zimbabwe Migration Profile.
A Zimbabwe Migration Technical Stakeholder Workshop was held in Kadoma in 2009 with the
aim of:
• discussing the draft 2009 migration profile and making recommendations,

• establishing and discussing how to fill in existing gaps on data in the migration profile,
• agreeing on a time frame for updating the Migration Profile, and
• identifying capacity building needs.
In January 2010, ZIMSTAT established the Migration Statistics Committee to advise on all
matters related to migration. The Migration Statistics Committee is the one offering guidance to
ZIMSTAT during the compilation of this profile.
In compiling the two profiles, the 2009 and the 2010, ZIMSTAT met several challenges and these
include:
• Institutions failing to provide data which they had promised during the 2008 December
stakeholder workshop as
• the data are scattered among different institutions,
• the methods of data collection and production are not standardized, and
• there are data gaps.
Major users of migration statistics in the country are policy makers and planners, research
institutions, the private sector, Non Governmental Organisations (NGO’s), international
organizations, the media, academic institutions and individuals.
2
Chapter 1: Zimbabwe Economic and Population Indicators
1.1 Economic Indicators
After the economic decline during the past decade due to the hyperinflationary environment which
saw the annual inflation rate reaching a peak of 231 million percent and the month on month
inflation rate of 2,600 percent in July 2008, the Zimbabwean economy is now experiencing growth
since the signing of the Global Political Agreement in September 2008 and the subsequent
formation of the Government of National Unity in the year 2009.
According to the ZIMSTAT National Accounts Statistics, the contribution to the Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) of the various sectors of the economy increased from 2009 to 2010. Agriculture
remains the main source of livelihood for many Zimbabweans, (Zimbabwe Vulnerability
Assessment Committee (ZimVac), 2010). As of the year 2010, the contribution of Agriculture to
GDP was 14.1 percent, a slight decline from 15 percent in 2009. The Manufacturing sector
contributed 13.4 percent to GDP in 2010 again showing a slight decline from 14 percent in 2009.
The contribution to GDP of the Distribution, Hotels and Restaurants Sector increased from 10
percent in 2009 to 11.7 percent in 2010 and this could be attributed to the increase in the number
of tourist arrivals from 2 016 264 in 2009 to 2 238 165 in 2010. Overall the economy has been
performing better than in the last few years, the introduction of the multi-currency system coupled
with the decline of inflation to single digit level with the current annual and month on month
inflation rates being at 3.2 percent and (-0.4 percent), respectively as of the month of December
2010 has induced competitiveness in most of the sectors of the economy. However the Total
Consumption Poverty Line (TCPL) for one and five persons was $93.37 and $466.85, respectively,
as of December 2010.
1.2 Zimbabwe Population Indicators

1.2.1 Population Size
According to the 2008 Inter-Censual Demographic Survey (ICDS), the population of Zimbabwe
was between 12.2 and 12.4 million in that year. Figure 1.1 depicts the distribution of the
population by age group and sex. The proportion of male and female population was 48 and
52 percent respectively. See Table 1.1. This resulted in a sex ratio of 93 males per 100 females.
The urban/rural distribution was 29 percent, and 71 percent respectively, implying a continued
dominance of people staying in the rural areas. The ICDS used a de-facto approach were
individuals are enumerated at places where they are at the time of enumeration.
3
70-74
60-64
50-54
40-44 Female
Male
30-34
20-24
10-14
0-4
4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000

Figure 1.1: Population Pyramid, Zimbabwe ICDS 2008
Source: CSO, 2008
Table 1.1: Percent Composition of Population by Age Group and Sex, Zimbabwe Inter-Censal
Demographic Survey (ICDS), 2008
Age Group Male Female Total Sex Ratio

0 -4 48.7 51.3 13.6 94.8
5 -9 50.8 49.2 14.2 103.1
10 - 14 51.8 48.2 13.3 107.6
15 - 19 49.9 50.1 11.5 99.6
20 - 24 45.7 54.3 9.8 84.3
25 - 29 47.5 52.5 8.5 90.6
30 - 34 47.3 52.7 6.3 89.7
35 - 39 48.4 51.6 4.8 93.7
40 - 44 47.6 52.4 3.3 90.8
45 - 49 40.8 59.2 3.0 68.9
50 - 54 40.9 59.1 2.9 69.2
55 - 59 42.8 57.2 2.1 74.7
60 - 64 44.0 56.0 1.9 78.7
65 - 69 45.3 54.7 1.5 82.7
70 - 74 47.0 53.0 1.2 88.7
75 + 41.7 58.3 1.8 71.4
Not Stated 40.4 59.6 0.1 67.7
Total 48.1 51.9 100.0 92.8
4
Table 1.2 shows the distribution of the population by province and sex. The sex ratios were less
than 100 in all other provinces except for Mashonaland Central.
Table 1.2: Percent Distribution of Population by Province and Sex, Zimbabwe ICDS 2008
Province Male Female Total Sex Ratio

Manicaland 47.3 52.7 100.0 89.7
Mashonaland Central 50.2 49.8 100.0 100.6
Mashonaland East 49.0 51.0 100.0 96.1
Mashonaland West 49.7 50.3 100.0 98.8
Matabeleland North 47.6 52.4 100.0 90.7
Matabeleland South 46.7 53.3 100.0 87.5
Midlands 47.8 52.3 100.0 91.4
Masvingo 46.4 53.6 100.0 86.6
Harare 49.3 50.7 100.0 97.1
Bulawayo 46.8 53.2 100.0 88.0
Total 48.1 51.9 100.0 92.8
1.2.2 Citizenship
The distribution of the population by country of citizenship is presented in Table 1.3. It can be
observed that the majority, around 98 percent, of the population in the country, was made up of
Zimbabweans. Malawians and Mozambicans constituted the bulk of non-Zimbabweans who
resided in the country.
Table 1.3: Distribution of the Total Population by Citizenship, Zimbabwe ICDS 2008
Country of Citizenship Percent

Zimbabwe 97.5
Malawi 0.5
Mozambique 0.5
Zambia 0.2
Not Stated 1.2
Total 100.0
1.2.3 Rate of Natural Increase
Estimates of the rates of natural increase for the country and provinces are presented in Table 1.4.
These rates were calculated from the crude birth and death rates which were obtained using the
direct method. The crude birth and death rates were obtained by dividing the number of births and
deaths, respectively, in the last twelve months as reported by the total population. Detailed
discussions on the crude birth and death rates are presented in subsequent chapters on fertility and
5
mortality, respectively. The average rate of natural increase for the whole country was 0.7 percent
for the period November 2007 to October 2008. Mashonaland Central, Manicaland and Masvingo
with one percent each had the highest rates of natural increase. Midlands had the lowest rate of
natural increase (0.1 percent).
This rate of natural increase is the difference between the level of fertility and mortality and does
not take account of any growth due to migration.
Table 1.4: Crude Birth and Death Rate and Rate of Natural Increase by Province, Zimbabwe ICDS 2008
Crude Birth Rate Rate of Natural

Province (per 1000) Crude Death Rate (per 1000) Increase
Manicaland 27.9 18.0 1.0
Mashonaland Central 23.2 12.6 1.1
Mashonaland East 24.1 21.0 0.3
Mashonaland West 26.7 19.9 0.7
Matabeleland North 26.8 22.8 0.4
Matabeleland South 24.7 19.5 0.5
Midlands 27.2 26.1 0.1
Masvingo 29.3 19.8 1.0
Harare 20.7 14.1 0.7
Bulawayo 20.2 15.5 0.5
Total 25.3 18.9 0.6
1.2.4 Highest Level of Education Completed

In Zimbabwe, 43 percent of the population age 3 years and above had completed secondary and
above level of education. See Table 1.5. More females had completed primary education than
males (23 percent compared to 20 percent) while more males (19 percent compared to 17) had
completed secondary education and above.
6
Table 1.5: Population Age 3 Years and Above by Age Group, Sex and Highest Level of
Education Completed, Zimbabwe ICDS 2008
No Education Primary Secondary Tertiary

Age Group Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
3–4 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
5–9 0.0 0.0 30.1 25.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
10 - 14 0.0 0.0 29.3 25.0 7.6 6.4 0.0 0.0
15 - 19 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.2 30.0 30.3 0.4 1.4
20 - 24 0.0 0.0 5.8 6.5 17.4 20.4 10.8 16.3
25 - 29 0.0 21.1 5.0 5.5 14.7 16.4 20.0 22.0
30 - 34 33.3 0.0 3.6 5.0 10.8 11.1 14.9 15.9
35 - 39 0.0 10.5 2.5 4.0 8.1 7.4 18.3 15.5
40 - 44 0.0 5.3 2.0 3.8 4.9 3.4 12.4 9.8
45 - 49 0.0 15.8 2.8 4.6 2.4 2.0 8.7 7.3
50 - 54 0.0 26.3 3.9 5.0 1.6 1.1 4.5 3.8
55 - 59 33.3 0.0 3.2 3.6 0.8 0.5 3.0 2.3
60 - 64 0.0 10.5 3.0 3.0 0.8 0.4 2.0 2.3
65 - 69 0.0 0.0 2.3 2.2 0.4 0.1 1.6 2.1
70 - 74 33.3 0.0 1.9 1.5 0.2 0.2 2.3 0.9
75 + 0.0 5.3 2.4 2.0 0.1 0.2 1.1 0.4
Not Stated 0.0 5.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0
Percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Number 3 19 7 488 8 449 7 313 7 241 831 560
1.2.5 Literacy
For the 2008 ICDS, the population aged at least 15 years who had completed at least grade 3 was
classified as literate. The literacy rate is, thus, the number of persons, who had completed at least
grade 3 per 100 persons in a particular age category. From this definition, 90 percent of those age
15 years and above in the country were literate, as indicated in Table 1.6. Harare had the highest
literacy rate among provinces of 97 percent and Matabeleland North had the lowest rate of 84
percent.
7
Table 1.6: Literacy Rates for the Population Aged 15 Years and Above by Province and Sex,
Zimbabwe ICDS 2008
Province Male Female Total

Manicaland 94 88 90
Mashonaland Central 92 82 87
Mashonaland East 94 86 89
Masonaland West 93 85 89
Matabeleland North 89 80 84
Matabeleland South 91 83 87
Midlands 93 85 88
Masvingo 92 85 88
Harare 98 96 97
Bulawayo 97 96 96
Total 93 87 90
1.2.6 Crude Birth Rates (CBR)
This refers to the number of births per 1000 population in a given period, which is usually a year.
It is obtained by dividing the number of births occurring in the year by the total population,
multiplied by 1 000. The CBR for Zimbabwe estimated using the direct method, was 25 births per
one thousand population. See Table 1.7.
Fertility levels at national level mask some important spatial, and at times, temporal variations in
fertility within the country itself or among provinces. The level of fertility displayed at the national
level is not uniform at lower levels as is indicated in Table 1.7. The CBRs ranged from 20 for
Bulawayo to 29 for Masvingo.
The crude birth rate is affected by the sex and age structure of the population. For example, it is
not every member of the population who is at the risk of child bearing. As a result, direct
comparisons between populations with different sex-age structures can lead to wrong conclusions.
Therefore, to overcome this limitation of lack of comparability, it is necessary to look beyond the
crude measures of fertility to more specific measures.
1.2.7 General Fertility Rate (GFR)
The General Fertility Rate (GFR) is the simplest fertility measure that tries to relate the births to
the population, which is at risk of giving birth. It is defined as the number of births in a year per 1
000 women in childbearing ages, usually 15 to 49 years. As shown in Table 1.7, the GFR for
Zimbabwe was 111 births per 1000 women of reproductive ages. The GFR was between 73 for
Harare and 135 for Masvingo. This measure also has its limitations because the control for the age
structure is only partial as there may be substantial differences in the age structure between
population within the reproductive age ranges.
8
Table 1.7: Fertility Rates by Province, Zimbabwe ICDS 2008
Province CBR GFR TFR

Manicaland 28 127 3.9
Mashonaland Central 23 116 3.5
Mashonaland East 24 109 3.0
Mashonaland West 27 119 3.4
Matabeleland North 27 125 3.8
Matabeleland South 25 121 3.8
Midlands 27 113 3.4
Masvingo 29 135 4.3
Harare 21 73 2.0
Bulawayo 20 77 2.5
Total 25 111 3.3
1.2.8 Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) represents the average number of children a group of women would
have by the end of their reproductive years if they had children according to a set of age specific
fertility rates pertaining to a particular period. The rate is totally free of age and sex biases and
therefore of great use in comparative analysis. The rate has a major limitation in that it assumes
that women of different age groups undergo similar fertility experiences throughout their
reproductive periods. The TFR for the country was about 3.3 declining from 3.6 obtained from the
2002 Population Census. From Table 1.7, it can be observed that Masvingo, Manicaland,
Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South and Mashonaland Central had a high TFR of 4.
1.2.9 Inter-Provincial Migration
The lifetime in and out migration rates for each province are shown in Table 1.8. Masvingo had a
relatively low rate of in-migration of 12 percent. In contrast, Harare exhibited the highest in-
migration rate (49 percent), followed by Bulawayo with a rate of 46 percent. Manicaland’s 24
percent out-migration rate is the percentage of the population born in that province who were life-
time out-migrants. It can also be noted that out-migration rates range from 15 percent for
Mashonaland Central to 39 percent for Harare. It can be concluded that the largest net gainers of
population were Bulawayo and Harare (16 and 20 percent, respectively). On the other hand,
Masvingo experienced the largest relative loss of 15 percent followed by Manicaland (-10 percent)
while Midlands (-6 percent) had the least loss of its population born in the province. Figure 1.2
depicts the inter-provincial migration rates.
9
Table 1.8: Inter-Provincial Lifetime Migration Rates, Zimbabwe 2008 ICDS
Province In Migration Rate Out Migration Rate Net Migration Rate

Manicaland 15.3 23.7 -8.4
Mashonaland Central 18.7 14.5 4.2
Mashonaland East 25.7 29.1 -3.4
Mashonaland West 29.2 23.2 6.0
Matabeleland North 18.4 16.6 1.8
Matabeleland South 19.8 19.2 0.6
Midlands 24.2 28.4 -4.2
Masvingo 12.1 25.0 -12.9
Harare 48.8 38.6 10.2
Bulawayo 45.6 37.1 8.5
Source: CSO, 2008
60
Fig 1.2: Inter-Provincial Lifetime Migration Rates
50
40
30
Migration Rate
20
10
-10
-20
Province
In Migration Rate Out Migration Rate Net Migration Rate
10
Chapter 2: Migration Inflows
2.1 Immigration to Zimbabwe
Data on Immigration is collected from the Department of Immigration Control through their border
control systems. ZIMSTAT is responsible for the compilation, processing and dissemination of the
statistics through the monthly, quarterly, annual International Migration and Tourism Statistics
reports and the Zimbabwe Migration Profile since 2009. Table 2.1a shows the total number of
immigrants by country of last permanent residence for the years 2007 to 2010. The table shows
that the number of immigrants increased steadily from 2008 (478) to 2010 (1 197). The largest
number of immigrants during the year 2010 originated from Asia (590) followed by Africa (330).
Among the European countries the majority (53) of the immigrants during the year 2010 were
citizens of the United Kingdom. The information is also presented graphically in Figure. 2.1a.
Table 2.1b and Figure. 2.1b shows the number of immigrants by being economically active or not.
The economically active are further disaggregated by sector of specialty. Of the 1 197 immigrants
who came to Zimbabwe during the year 2010, 1 094 were economically active while 103 were
economically inactive. The majority of the economically active immigrants across the years under
review were in the services industry with the year 2010 having 439 immigrants in the industry.
11
Table 2.1a: Immigrants by Country of Last Permanent Residence, 2007 - 2010.
COUNTRY OF LAST PERMANENT

RESIDENCE 2007 2008 2009 2010
AFRICA: 323 174 159 330

Botswana 8 2 0 5
Kenya 17 9 12 10
Malawi 31 17 8 11
Mozambique 74 88 47 174
South Africa 7 4 1 5
Tanzania 73 16 18 33
Zambia 28 13 40 21
Other 85 25 33 71
AMERICA: 39 40 74 97
Canada 5 1 2 6
United States 31 38 17 47
Other 3 1 55 44
ASIA: 259 190 246 590

India 79 15 53 65
Japan 2 4 0 0
Other 178 171 193 525
EUROPE: 110 72 88 150

Austria 2 2 0 0
Germany 11 3 11 14
Greece 0 1 1 2
Italy 6 0 6 2
Netherlands 6 3 8 10
Portugal 1 0 0 1
Republic of Ireland 3 5 0 8
United Kingdom 47 7 20 53
Other 34 51 42 60
OCEANIA: 5 2 2 14
Australia 3 2 1 12
New Zealand 2 0 1 2
Other 0 0 0 0
Not stated 16 0 0 16
GRAND TOTAL: 752 478 569 1 197

Source: ZIMSTAT, 2010
12
Figure 2.1a: Immigrants by Country of Last Permanent Residence, 2007 - 2010.
700
600
500
Immigrants
400
300
200
100
0
AFRICA AMERICA ASIA EUROPE OCEANIA Not stated
Country of Last Permanent Residence
2007 2008 2009 2010
Table 2.1b: Immigrants by Industry and Sex, 2007 - 2010.

SECTOR 2007 2008 2009 2010
Agriculture 9 15 4 27
Manufacturing 25 38 20 52
Construction 17 10 28 55
Distribution 131 14 21 73
Finance and Insurance 1 14 8 24
Transport and
Communication 11 3 18 43
Services 109 233 293 439
Other 19 99 38 207
Undefined 178 26 73 174
Not Economically 252 26 66 103
Active
Total 752 478 569 1 197
Note: Mining included in Agriculture.
13
Figure 2.1 (b): Immigrants by Industry
2010
2009
Year
2008
2007
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Immigrants
Construction Not Economically Undefined

Other Services Transport and Communication
Finance and Insurance Distribution Manufacturing
Agriculture

Note: Mining included in Agriculture.
14
2.2 Tourist Arrivals
Table 2.2 and Figure. 2.2 show tourist arrivals in Zimbabwe by country of origin for the year 2009
and 2010. In 2009 tourist arrivals were 2 016 264 indicating a 3 percent increase from the 2008
figure of 1 956 442. Of the 2 016 264 tourists received by Zimbabwe in 2009, Africa contributed
83 percent, Europe 8 percent, Asia 4 percent, the Americas 3 percent, Oceania 2 percent while the
Middle East contributed less than 1 percent.
Despite Africa remaining the largest tourist source market for 2009, there were marked declines
from individual countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, and Zambia. South Africa still
remains the major source market in Africa with a market share of 54 percent.
In the American region, the United States of America (USA) remains the largest contributor of
tourist arrivals with a market share of 75 percent. Although Canada’s arrivals increased by 1
percent, the country’s market share fell from 13 percent in 2008 to 9 percent in 2009.
The Asian continent recorded a 64 percent increase in arrivals to Zimbabwe in 2009, with all major
countries recording increases in the period under review. Singapore recorded the greatest increase
in arrivals to Zimbabwe having risen from 556 in 2008 to 1 600 in 2009. China with a market
share of 39 percent has become the largest Asian market for Zimbabwe followed by Japan with a
market share of 24 percent.
Europe recorded a 44 percent increase in tourist arrivals in the year 2009, with major source
markets recording increases in the number of tourists visiting Zimbabwe during the period under
review. Switzerland had the highest increase in tourist arrivals of 99 percent, having risen from 2
421 in 2008 to 4 814 in 2009. Britain and Ireland had the greatest market share of the European
arrivals in Zimbabwe at 18 percent.
Arrivals from the Middle East increased by 134 percent, with Israel remaining the major source
market from the region accounting for 44 percent of all arrivals from the Middle East.
Tourists from Australia increased by 63 percent while those from New Zealand declined by 65
percent during the year 2009. Australia had the largest market share 62 percent of Oceania region
followed by New Zealand 29 percent.
In 2010 tourist arrivals were 2 238 165 indicating an 11 percent increase from the 2009 figure of 2
016 264. Of the 2 238 165 tourists received by Zimbabwe in 2010, Africa contributed 87 percent,
Europe 6 percent, Asia 2 percent, the Americas 3 percent, Oceania and Middle East combined
contributed less than 2 percent.
In Africa, the biggest gains of arrivals were from South Africa and Swaziland whose arrivals
increased by 50 percent and 359 percent, respectively. The biggest losses in arrivals were Angola
and Kenya whose figures went down by 72 percent and 67 percent, respectively, comparing the
2010 figures to the 2009 ones. South Africa remained the greatest contributor to tourist arrivals in
Zimbabwe with a market share of 70 percent.
15
In the American region, the United States of America (USA) remains the largest contributor of
tourist arrivals with a market share of 82 percent. The arrivals from the USA increased by 30
percent from 43 271 in 2009 to 56 416 in 2010. Mexico had the highest increase in market share
increasing by 418 percent when comparing 2009 to 2010 figures. The largest looser in market
shares in the Americas region was the Carribean Islands whose figures declined by 68 percent
from the 2009 figures.
The Asian continent recorded a 36 percent decline in arrivals to Zimbabwe in 2010, with all major
countries except Japan and Malaysia recording declines in the period under review. During the
period under review Japan with a market share of 38 percent was the largest Asian market for
Zimbabwe followed by China with a market share of 25 percent. The worst declines in market
share for tourist arrivals to Zimbabwe in the Asian region was Parkistan whose arrivals declined by
84 percent.
Europe recorded a 20 percent decline in tourist arrivals in the year 2010, with major source
markets recording decline in the number of tourists visiting Zimbabwe during the period under
review. Spain had the highest increase in tourist arrivals, 70 percent, having risen from 5 402 in
2009 to 9 170 in 2010.
Arrivals from the Middle East fell by 53 percent, with Israel remaining the major source market
from the region accounting for 44 percent of all arrivals from the Middle East.
Tourists from Australia increased by 12 percent while those from New Zealand declined by 20
percent during the year 2010. Australia had the largest market share 65 percent of Oceania region
followed by New Zealand, 32 percent.
Table 2.2: Tourist Arrivals by Country of Origin, 2008 - 2010.
% %
Country of Origin 2008 2009 Change 2009 2010 Change
Africa 1 732 167 1 680 082 -3 1 680 082 1 950 971 16

Angola 10 439 8 131 - 22 8 131 2 285 - 72
Botswana 147 780 183 212 24 183 212 114 718 - 37
D.R. Congo 20 037 19 449 -3 19 449 15 751 - 19
Egypt 639 1 198 87 1 198 641 - 46
Ghana 1 619 1 258 - 22 1 258 1 428 14
Kenya 21 459 25 808 20 25 808 8 509 - 67
Lesotho 4 551 5 367 18 5 367 4 957 -8
Malawi 63 597 108 103 70 108 103 67 291 - 38
Mauritius 875 967 11 967 1 066 10
Mozambique 118 117 110 058 -7 110 058 131 653 20
Namibia 19 860 33 806 70 33 806 19 917 - 41
Nigeria 3 776 3 398 - 10 3 398 1 862 - 45
16
Table 2.2 cont.
% %
South Africa 936 727 360 - 100 360 434 21

Swaziland 6 300 912 244 14 380 912 244 1 368 238 50
Seychelles 280 3 132 1 019 3 132 14 378 359
Tanzania 10 236 11 391 11 11 391 8 454 - 26
Uganda 4 387 6 906 57 6 906 2 893 - 58
Zambia 346 344 230 198 - 34 230 198 168 722 - 27
Other Africa 15 144 15 096 -0.3 15 096 17 774 18
America: 43 412 57 842 33 57 842 69 008 19

Argentina 655 1 058 62 1 058 1 027 -3
Brazil 1 045 1 585 52 1 585 1 959 24
Canada 5 480 5 538 1 5 538 4 098 - 26
Mexico 418 546 31 546 2 829 418
United States of America 32 274 43 271 34 43 271 56 416 30
Other America 1 605 3 331 108 3 331 1 875 - 44
Carribean Islands 1 935 2 513 30 2 513 804 - 68
Asia: 46 849 75 945 62 75 945 49 214 -35

China/Hong Kong 14 169 30 102 112 30 102 12 343 - 59
India 3 911 5 446 39 5 446 3 571 - 34
Japan 14 803 18 389 24 18 389 18 593 1
Malaysia 1 770 2 416 36 2 416 3 497 45
Pakistan 1 288 3 586 178 3 586 566 - 84
Singapore 556 1 600 188 1 600 2 040 28
South Korea 8 209 13 043 59 13 043 6 449 - 51
Other Asia 2 143 1 363 - 36 1 363 2 155 58
Europe: 108 161 155 865 44 155 865 125 231 -20
Austria 3 247 5 520 70 5 520 6 475 17
Britain and Ireland 22 778 16 967 - 26 16 967 24 192 43
Benelux (Belgium, Holland
& Luxemburg). 14 722 27 580 87 27 580 14 088 - 49
France 15 134 27 193 80 27 193 13 687 - 50
Germany 14 929 22 936 54 22 936 16 910 - 26
Italy 7 655 14 161 85 14 161 9 221 - 35
Nordic Countries (Norway,
Sweden & Denmark) 7 780 14 585 87 14 585 10 977 - 25
Portugal 8 461 9 883 17 9 883 4 951 - 50
17
Table 2.2 cont
% %
Spain 4 002 5 402 35 5 402 9 170 70

Switzerland 2 421 4 814 99 4 814 6 837 42
Other Europe 7 032 6 824 -3 6 824 8 723 28
Oceania: 21 544 36 453 69 36 453 39 015 7

Australia 13 866 22 612 63 22 612 25 240 12
New Zealand 6 335 10 429 65 10 429 12 468 20
Other Ocenia 1 343 3 412 154 3 412 1 307 - 62
Middle East: 4 309 10 077 134 10 077 4 726 -53

Iran 215 1 368 536 1 368 758 - 45
Israel 2 960 4 451 50 4 451 2 851 - 36
Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0 0
Saudi Arabia 92 116 26 116 62 - 47
United Arabia Emirates 197 208 6 208 101 - 51
Other Middle East Countries 845 3 934 366 3 934 954 - 76
World 1 956 442 2 016 264 3 2 016 264 2 238 165 11

Source : ZTA, 2010
Figure 2.2: Tourist Arrivals by Continent of Origin, 2008 - 2010.

2 000 000
1 800 000
1 600 000
1 400 000
Tourists
1 200 000
1 000 000
800 000
600 000
400 000
200 000
Africa America Asia Europe Oceania Middle East

Continent of Origin
2008 2009 2010
Source: ZTA, 2010
18
Figure 2.2(a): Tourist Arrivals by Continent of Origin, 2008 -
2010 (% Change).
150
100
% Change
50
0
-50
Continent
-100
2008-2009 2009-2010
2.3 Refugees
According to article 1A of the United Nations Conventions relating to the Status of Refugees
(1951), a refugee is someone who “owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of
race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or opinion, is outside the
country of his nationality and is unable to or owing to such fear is unwilling to avail himself of the
protection of that country.” The concept of a refugee was expanded by the Convention’s 1967
Protocol and by regional conventions in Africa and Latin America to include persons who had fled
war or violence in their home country.
Despite the economic challenges that the country went through during the past decade, Zimbabwe
remains a host to a considerable number of refugees from countries in the Great Lakes Region,
which includes the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. The country also
hosts a small number of refugees from the Horn of Africa countries of Somalia, Eritrea and
Ethiopia. As at 31 December, 2010 Zimbabwe had a total of 4 437 refugees of whom 2 389 were
males and 2 048 were females as shown in Table 2.3. This shows an increase to the 2009 figure of
3 826. The majority of the refugees who were in Zimbabwe during the year 2010 came from the
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) (1 415 females and 1 660 males) followed by Rwanda with
325 females and 363 males and then Burundi with 238 females and 295 males. The pattern is still
the same as was in 2009.
19
Table 2.3: Refugees by Sex and Country of Origin, 31 December
2010.
Country Female Male Total
Angola 2 2 4
Burundi 238 295 533
Congo Brazaville 10 8 18
DRC 1 415 1 660 3 075
Djibouti 1 0 1
Eriteria 3 5 8
Ethiopia 15 28 43
Malawi 1 0 1
Rwanda 325 363 688
Somalia 9 9 18
Sudan 4 10 14
Tanzania 1 0 1
Uganada 3 7 10
Lebanon 1 0 1
Total 2 048 2 389 4 437
Source: Ministry of Labour and Social Services, 2010
1800 Figure 2.3: Refugees by Sex and Country of Origin, 31 December 2010.
1600
Number of Refugees
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
Country of Origin
Female Male
20
2.4 Asylum-seekers
An asylum-seeker is a person seeking international protection where national protection has failed.
Zimbabwe is host to a number of asylum-seekers from some African countries particularly from
the strife-torn Great Lakes Region such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Burundi and
Rwanda. As at 31 December, 2010 Zimbabwe had a total of 415 asylum-seekers of whom 256
were males and 113 were females as shown in Table 2.4. DRC had the highest number (306) of
asylum-seekers followed by Rwanda (37) and then Burundi (48).
Table 2.4: Asylum- seekers by Sex and Country of Origin, 31

December 2010
Country Female Male Total
Angola 1 0 1
Burundi 17 31 48
Congo Brazaville 0 1 1
DRC 95 211 306
Eretria 2 6 9
Ethiopia 2 4 6
Rwanda 11 26 37
Somalia 1 4 5
Other 0 1 1
Total 113 256 415
21
Figure 2.4: Asylum seekers by Sex and Country of Origin, 31 December 2010.
250
Number of Asylum seekers
200
150
Female Male
100
50
Country of Origin
2.5 Labour Immigrants

Zimbabwe used to be a host to a number of labour immigrants coming from neighboring countries
such as Mozambique, Zambia and Malawi. However, due to the economic challenges the country
went through during the past decade most of the labour immigrants have since moved to other
Southern African countries such as South Africa and Botswana but there are still some who have
remained in Zimbabwe. Some of the labour immigrants use illegal means to get employment while
others come through the formal channel.
The Ministry of Labour and Social Services issues work permits to those labour immigrants who
come to work legally in Zimbabwe. Most of these registered foreign workers are members of
International Companies, NGO’s and Volunteer Organisations. Work permits granted by the
Ministry fall into the following categories:
• Foreigners working in private organizations

• Foreigners working in Non Governmental Organizations (NGO’s)
Table 2.5 and Figure 2.5 show the number of work permits granted to expatriates to work in
national projects under NGO’s and private organizations by country of origin for the year 2009.
The majority of foreigners (108) who were issued with work permits to work for NGO’s came
from the European continent while the majority for the private organizations (334) came from
Asia.
22
Table 2.5 Expatriates Granted Work Permits by Nationality, 2009.
NGO Private
Africa: 69 116
Angola 1 0
Botswana 1 1
D.R. Congo 2 1
Egypt 2 7
Ghana 2 0
Kenya 7 1
Malawi 3 1
Mozambique 1 2
Namibia 0 3
Nigeria 10 5
South Africa 18 78
Swaziland 1 0
Tanzania 0 6
Uganda 6 1
Zambia 11 6
Other Africa 4 4
America: 54 9
Brazil 1 0
Canada 2 1
Mexico 1 0
United States of America 49 8
Other America 1 0
Asia: 28 334
China/Hong Kong 17 261
India 1 46
Pakistan 3 13
South Korea 2 1
Other Asia 5 13
Europe: 108 56
Austria 2 1
Britain and Ireland 37 12
Benelux (Belgium, Holland 13 5
& Luxemburg).
France 3 1
Germany 15 4
Italy 5 0
Nordic Countries (Norway, 1 1
Sweden & Denmark)
Spain 19 1
Switzerland 2 31
Other Europe 11 0
Oceania: 3 5
Australia 3 4
New Zealand 0 1
Middle East: 0 3
Iran 0 2
Israel 0 1
Total: 0 3
World: 262 523

23
Figure 2.5: Expatriates Granted Work permits by
Nationality, 2009.
400
350
300
Number of Expatriates
250
200
150
100
50
0
Nationality
NGO Private
24
Table 2.6 and Figure 2.6 relate to the number of expatriate who were working in Zimbabwe to
occupation status for the year 2009. The majority of the expatriates (366) were in the
administrative and related workers category.
Table 2.6: Expatriates by Occupation, 2009.
Occupations NGO Private
Professional, Technical and Related Workers:

Physical scientists and related technicians 0 9
Architects, Engineers and related technicians 1 194
Life scientists and related technicians 2 4
Medical, dental, veterinary and related workers 38 5
Accountants 0 13
Teachers 19 21
Other 2 30
Total: 62 276
Administrative and Related Workers:

Administrative and managerial workers 35 118
Clerical and related workers 2 3
Sales workers 1 2
Service workers 147 48
Agriculture and related workers 3 7
Total: 188 178
Production and Related Workers:

Production supervisors and general foreman 0 16
Miners, quarrymen, well drillers and related workers 0 3
Machine fitters, assemblers and related workers 0 32
Electrical fitters, electronic workers and related workers 0 3
Bricklayers, carpenters and other construction related workers 0 1
Other 2 13
Total: 2 68
Not stated or inadequately described 7 1

Unemployed 3 0
Total 10 1
Total Expatriates 262 523

25
300 Figure 2.6: Expatriates by Occupation, 2009
250
200
Number of Expatriates
150
100
50
0
Professional, Technical and Administrative and Related Production and Related
Related Workers Workers Workers
Occupational Category
NGO Private
2.6 Foreign Students Studying in Zimbabwe

The number of foreign students studying in Zimbabwe could not be obtained from the Ministry of
Higher and Tertiary Education by the time of writing the report. However, it is known that quite a
number of foreign students are currently studying in Zimbabwe especially at tertiary institutions,
both Government owned and private.
26
Chapter 3: Migration Outflows
3.1 Emigrants
As from the year 2006, ZIMSTAT have not been able to disaggregate data on people leaving the
country into the various categories such as emigrants, departing visitors and departing residents
due to none availability of exit cards which captures data on persons leaving the country. As a
result an alternative method of using port returns was being used to capture data on persons exiting
the country. The disadvantage of this method is that it only gives the total number by sex and does
not allow further disaggregation in the different sub categories of people leaving the country. Only
persons passing through the designated ports of exit are captured, hence, figures might be an
underestimate of persons exiting the country at any point in time. Zimbabwean nationals have of
late resorted to using illegal migration routes to neighbouring countries such as South Africa,
Botswana and Zambia. However, the figures published by ZIMSTAT give a true picture in terms
of the trends of people leaving the country across the years.
3.2 Exitors
Table 3.1 shows the total number of people who have exited Zimbabwe by mode of travel, port of
exit and sex for the year 2008 to 2010. During the period under review the majority of exitors used
road, with a total of 2 411 410 having crossed the country’s borders by road during the year 2010.
The total number of people exiting the country declined from 2 614 458 in 2008 to 2 387 754 in
2009 before increasing again to 2 718 743 in 2010. For the years 2008 and 2009 there were more
females than males exiting the country while for the year 2010 more males than females (males 1
326 622; females 1 315 159) exited the country as shown in Table 3.1. The trend could be due to
changes in the macro-economic conditions which prevailed in the country, whilst the years 2008
and 2009 were characterized by difficult economic situations resulting in many females migrating
to neighbouring countries trading in groceries as well as looking for some menial jobs, 2010 was
characterized with stabilizing macro-economic conditions which resulted in females preferring to
stay at home with their families.
27
Table 3.1: Exitors by Mode of Travel and Port of Exit, 2008 – 2010
Mode of Travel 2008 2009 2010

and Males Females Minors Total Males Females Minors Total Males Females Minors Total
Port of Exit
Air: 190 977 181 547 26 906 399 430 148 152 118 399 15 843 282 394 158 216 127 341 12 379 297 936
Buffalo Range 18 17 8 43 260 224 93 577 243 158 41 442
Joshua Nkomo^ 4 386 4 076 377 8 839 4 889 2 458 600 7 947 1 3167 6 680 1 022 20 869
Charles Prince 0 0 0 0 172 98 20 290 523 177 50 750
Harare 165 726 157 905 25 377 349 008 116 712 92 173 13 093 221 978 121 157 96 805 9425 227 387
Kariba 141 77 16 234 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mutare 5 5 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Victoria Falls 20 701 19 467 1 128 41 296 26 119 23 446 2 037 51 602 23 126 23 521 1 841 48 488
Masvingo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rail: 15712 33 480 19 49 211 36 823 53 462 727 91 012 5 990 3 329 78 9 397
Plumtree 15 712 33 480 19 49 211 36 823 53 462 727 91 012 5 990 3 329 78 9 397
Road: 817 506 1 234 822 113 489 2 165 817 900 209 1 069 516 44 623 2 014 348 1 162 416 1 184 489 64 505 2 411 410
Beitbridge 277 785 536 314 80 884 894 983 412 712 511 964 16 674 941 350 675 738 674 461 40 164 1 390 363
Cashel 615 471 73 1 159 231 121 43 395 46 40 11 97
Chirundu 99 356 69 455 767 169 578 38 307 32 171 748 71 226 59 806 51 008 699 111 513
Kanyemba 0 0 0 0 85 87 3 175 155 134 0 289
Kariba 16 796 12 153 444 29 393 0 0 0 0 7 109 7 203 379 14691
Kazungula 19 311 17 223 1 626 38 160 35 640 29 807 6 069 71 516 43 099 37 769 5 520 86 388
Mount Selinda 1 335 996 159 2 490 1 099 709 124 1 932 2 127 417 153 2 697
Mukumbura 751 1 293 48 2 092 133 132 5 270 671 683 0 1 354
Mutare 116 614 210 563 6 871 334 048 91 474 92 027 1 903 185 404 77 008 68293 511 145 812
Nyamapanda 17 632 24326 1 399 43 357 7 818 10 481 374 18 673 31 666 26 770 802 59 238
Pandamatenga 31 18 3 52 482 253 40 775 319 193 58 570
Plumtree 171 528 255152 15 800 442 480 149 336 220 723 7 581 377 640 162 361 212 084 9 698 384 143
Sango 5 942 9 848 167 15 957 7 881 17 234 1 031 26 146 1 305 1 396 243 2 944
Victoria Falls 52 509 64 354 4 188 121 051 99 744 106 856 8 310 214 910 64 509 69 382 4 476 138 367
Maitengwe 5 858 4731 922 11 511 11 070 9 747 1 115 21 932 7 490 6 846 943 15 279
28
Table 3.1 (cont.)
Mode of Travel 2008 2009 2010

Port of Exit
Mphoengs 31 443 27925 138 59 506 44 197 37 204 603 82 004 29 007 27 810 848 57 665
Total Exitors 1 024 195 1 449 849 140 414 2 614 458 1 085 184 1 241 377 61 193 2 387 754 1 326 622 1 315 159 76 962 2 718 743
Source: ZIMSTAT, Monthly Migration and Tourist Statistics, 2010
29
3.3. Circular Migration: Day Trippers
Figure 3.1 and Table 3.1 show the number of day trippers by mode of travel, port of exit
and sex for the years 2008 to 2010. There has been a steady increase in the number of day
trippers from the year 2008 (359 095) to 2010 (1 077 743). This could be due to the
introduction of the multi-currency system in 2009 which made it more affordable for
locals to buy items from neighbouring countries either for own consumption or for resale
than it was in 2008 during the Zimbabwean dollar era. During the year 2008, Victoria
Falls border post, between Zambia and Zimbabwe, recorded the highest number (63 744)
of day trippers while 2009 and 2010 saw Beitbridge border post, between South Africa
and Zimbabwe, recording the highest with 248 987 for 2009 and 823 306 for 2010. Sex
disaggregation shows that across all the years under review, there were more day trippers
who were females than the males, with figures for 2010 showing a total of 533 406
females against 505 019 males.
Figure 3.1: Day Trippers by Port of Exit, 2008 – 2010

900000
800000
700000
Number of Day Trippers
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
Port of Exit
2008 2009 2010
Source: ZIMSTAT, Monthly Migration and Tourist Statistics
30
Table 3.1: Day Trippers by Mode of Travel and Port of Exit, 2008 – 2010
Mode of 2008 2009 2010

Travel
Port of Exit
Road:
Beitbridge 23 352 27688 1 077 52 117 112 685 128 792 7 510 248 987 395 430 398 985 28 891 823 306
Cashel 213 181 39 433 285 161 54 500 0 0 0 0
Chirundu 6 881 10393 1 007 18 281 1 145 1 909 354 3 408 15 574 19 190 290 35 054
Kanyemba 0 0 0 0 561 642 286 1 489 813 750 658 2 221
Kariba 24 803 31331 885 57 019 0 0 0 0 3 527 1 879 407 5 813
Kazungula 1 378 1249 145 2 772 8 546 8 107 2 184 18 837 21 805 21 611 3 338 46 754
Mount Selinda 1 978 4044 643 6 665 524 579 36 1 139 414 177 29 620
Mukumbura 9816 12824 1 715 24 355 3 283 3 062 154 6 499 4 281 6 445 125 10 851
Mutare 18 149 15209 277 33 635 9 449 11 862 233 21 544 1 234 1 242 54 2 530
Nyamapanda 9 490 12837 623 22 950 2 000 2 206 161 4 367 22 441 27 672 1 463 51 576
Pandamatenga 19 5 0 24 16 2 2 20 0 0 0 0
Plumtree 6 863 18137 1 055 26 055 1 081 2 231 628 3 940 0 0 0 0
Sango 520 902 127 1 549 589 1 267 134 1 990 131 97 27 255
Victoria Falls 27 604 33 978 2 162 63 744 39 430 43 308 3 857 86 595 27 289 38 689 3 123 69 101
Maitengwe 6 429 15139 2 100 23 668 6 646 15 508 1 704 23 858 2 231 3 170 407 5 808
Mphoengs 11 731 14014 83 25 828 18 888 13 567 293 32 748 9 849 13 499 506 23 854
Zimbabwe 149 226 197 931 11 938 359 095 205 128 233 203 17 590 455 921 505 019 533 406 39 318 1 077 743
Source: ZIMSTAT, Monthly Migration and Tourist Statistics
31
3.4 Students Studying Abroad
Zimbabweans have for many years undertaken higher education studies abroad. The
coming in of the Presidential Scholarship has increased the number of Zimbabweans
studying abroad to higher levels. However, in this report only students who are studying
abroad on Bi-lateral and Government funded scholarships have been included. Request
for data on the students studying abroad under the Presidential Scholarship was made but
no data was received as at the time of writing the report. As for the privately sponsored
students, effort is still being made to come up with the best method of data collection.
During the 2010/2011 academic year, a total of 434 students were studying abroad on Bi-
lateral scholarships. Of the 434 students, 417 were undergraduates and 17 were
postgraduates. Algeria had the highest number (329) of undergraduates while Russia and
China had the highest number (6 each) of postgraduates. See Table 3.2 and Figure 3.2 for
more details.
Data on Government funded scholarship were obtained from the SADC Region, Malaysia
and Russia. During the 2010/2011 academic year the number stood at 36 students, of
whom 30 were undergraduates and 7 were postgraduates. South Africa had the highest
number of both undergraduates (21) and postgraduates (6).
Table 3.2: Zimbabwean Students Studying Abroad on Bi-lateral Scholarship by Country of Study,
2010/11
Country Under Graduates Post Graduates Total

Algeria 329 0 329
China 0 6 6
Cuba 27 3 30
Egypt 14 0 14
Hong Kong 1 0 1
India 6 0 6
Indonesia 0 2 2
Romania 2 0 2
Russia 26 6 32
Serbia 2 0 2
Tunisia 7 0 7
Turkey 3 0 3
Total 417 17 434
Source: Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education
32
Figure 3.2: Zimbabwean Students Studying Abroad on Bi-lateral
Scholarship by Country of Study, 2010/11
Table 3.3: Zimbabwean Students Studying Abroad on Government Funded Scholarships by Country of
Study (SADC Region , Malaysia and Russia), 2010/11
Country Under Graduates Post Graduates Total

South Africa 21 6 27
Namibia 2 0 2
Malawi 2 0 2
Russia 4 0 4
Malaysia 1 1 2
Total 30 7 37
33
3.4 Zimbabwean Students Studying in the United States of America (USA)

The number of Zimbabwean students studying in the USA was obtained from the report
Open Doors Africa Students, 2011 a report compiled by the US Embassy in Zimbabwe.
According to the report, Zimbabwe sent 94 students per 1 million citizens to study in the
US during 2010/11 academic year. This places Zimbabwe 3 rd among African states with
medium to large size populations in terms of percentage of population going for higher
education in the US. The overall number of Zimbabwean students enrolled in the US
institutions of higher education decreased from 1 159 during the 2009/10 academic year
to 1 135 during 2010/11 academic year, representing a 2 percent decrease. The decrease
could be attributed to the improving economic situation currently obtaining in the
country. See Table 3.4.
Table 3.4: Zimbabwean Students Studying in the USA, 2007-2011
Year Number
2007/8 1 421
2008/9 1 269
2009/10 1 159
2010/11 1 135
34
Chapter 4: Irregular Migration
Irregular migration refers to persons who migrate to other countries without the required
documents or using unofficial means. The section looks at Zimbabwean nationals who
have been apprehended/refused entry by countries of intended destination and foreign
nationals who have been detained, deported and prosecuted at ports of entry by
Zimbabwe Immigration Officials.
4.1. Detentions, Deportations, Prosecutions and Repatriations

Table 4.1 presents information on detentions, deportations, prosecutions and
repatriations. In 2010, 377 foreign nationals were detained in Zimbabwe, 190 were
deported, 330 were prosecuted while 38 844 Zimbabwean nationals were repatriated into
the country from other countries. During the period under consideration the majority of
Zimbabweans were repatriated from Botswana followed by South Africa.
Table 4.1: Detentions, Deportations, Prosecutions and Repatriations, 2010
Month Detentions Deportations Prosecutions Repatriations

January 17 2 11 4 319
February 38 2 32 3 146
March 32 7 30 4 230
April 21 24 16 5 143
May 15 10 14 3 990
June 20 16 19 3 602
July 52 28 30 1 470
August 21 15 14 2 271
September 26 22 28 3 705
October 58 26 37 2 327
November 46 28 39 1 832
December 31 10 60 2 809
Total 377 190 330 38 844
Source: Department of Immigration Control, 2010
35
Chapter 5: Zimbabweans Living in the Diaspora
Diaspora refers to transnational population groups living abroad but still maintaining
more or less close relationships with their country of origin. Distinctions can be made
inter alia on the basis of the time/period spent abroad, citizenship, place of birth,
language, identity, etc (IOM, 2011: African Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Observation on
Migration Guide).
The size of Zimbabweans living in the diaspora and their distribution by country remains
unknown due to lack of documentation. No official statistics have been produced to this
regard as yet. Efforts were made to enumerate the Zimbabwean Diasporas during the
2012 National Population census but the idea was abandoned due to methodological
differences between interested stakeholders after a pilot study was done in two districts,
namely Tsholotsho and Chivi, with two enumeration areas having been chosen in each
district. Two approaches were used and these were; the Siblings and Biological Parent
approach.
The exercise to regularize the stay of Zimbabweans who have been living in South Africa
illegally resulted in a total of 275 000 Zimbabweans being issued with passports with
some still refusing to apply for the legal documents, hence, facing the prospects of being
deported (IOM, 2011). According to the Australian census of 2006, there were 20 157
Zimbabweans staying in that country as of that time.
5.1 Zimbabweans Refugees and Asylum Seekers

In addition to being a country of destination, Zimbabwe is also a country of origin of
asylum-seekers and refugees. However, just like the diasporans there are no official
statistics as to how many Zimbabweans asylum-seekers and refugees are hosted by
different countries abroad.
36
Chapter 6: Remittances
In 2009, the trade in services account improved significantly on the back of restoration of
confidence in the economy and stability in the banking system. Tourism, travel and
diplomat receipts improved from the 2008 base.
Table 6.1 Remittances, Travel and Diplomatic Missions’ Data (USD million), Reserve Bank of
Zimbabwe 2009-2010
2008 2009 2010
Remittances (Net) 76.0 198.2 263.3

Receipts 76.0 198.2 263.3
Payments 0.0 0.0 0.0
Travel (Net) 85.2 94.8 97.4
Receipts 102.0 116.8 121.9
Payments 16.8 22.0 24.5
Diplomats (Net) -31.8 20.3 21.4
Receipts 8.5 24 25.3
Payments 40.3 3.7 3.9
Source: Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe BOP statistics, 2010
37
Figure 6.1: Remittances, Travel and Diplomatic Missions’ Data (USD million), 2008-2010
300
250
200
150
Receipts
100
50
0
2008 2009 2010
Year
-50
Remittances (Net) Travel (Net) Diplomats (Net)
Source: Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe
Table 6.1 and Figure 6.1 show that tourism receipts increased by 14.5 percent from
US$102 million in 2008 to US$116 million in 2009, reflecting an increase in tourist
arrivals after the lifting of travel bans as well as the enhancement of competitiveness in
the sector. Payments from the tourism sector remained subdued on the back of foreign
currency shortages.
Remittances improved by 161 percent from US$76 million in 2008 to US$198.2 million
in 2009 on the back of liberalization of exchange controls and restoration of confidence
in the banking sector. There have been no outward remittances recorded since 2002 on
the back of acute foreign exchange shortages experienced by the country due to
progressively declining export performance supporting a relatively high import bill.
Diplomatic receipts increased from US$8.5 million in 2008 to US$24 million in 2009
reflecting the restoration of confidence in the banking system by the diplomatic missions.
Subdued payments reflect shortages of foreign currency experienced in 2009.
38
In 2010, the trade in services account continued to improve as confidence in the economy
and stability in the banking system increased. Tourism, travel and diplomat receipts
improved from the 2009 base.
Tourism receipts increased by 4.3 percent from US$116 million in 2009 to US$121.9
million in 2010, reflecting an increase in tourist arrivals on the back of enhanced
competitiveness in the sector. Payments from the tourism sector remained subdued on the
back of foreign currency shortages.
Remittances improved by 33 percent from US$198.2 million in 2009 to US$263.3

million in 2011 on the back of liberalization of exchange controls and restoration of
confidence in the banking sector. There have been no outward remittances recorded since
2002 on the back of acute foreign exchange shortages experienced by the country due to
progressively declining export performance supporting a relatively high import bill.
Diplomatic receipts increased from US$24 million in 2009 to US$25.3 million in 2010
reflecting the restoration of confidence in the banking system by the diplomatic missions.
Subdued payments reflect shortages of foreign currency still prevailing in 2010 .
39
Chapter 7: Migration Policy Framework
7.1 Overview of Key Domestic Legislation Governing Migration
7.1.1 National Policies
(a) Medium Term Plan
The Plan outlines the pedestal for consolidating the macro-economic stability achieved
under the Short-Term Emergency Recovery Programme (STERP), and advances the
mandate to support the restoration of economic stability and growth in Zimbabwe
espoused in Article III of the Global Political Agreement (GPA). It outlines the economic
policies, projects and programmes that will guide the nation and set the national priorities
for the next five years, 2011-2015. Zimbabwe has witnessed an unprecedented flight of
skilled professionals across all sectors of the economy, severely affecting service delivery
and production in all the sectors. In recognition of this challenge, Article VII of the
Global Political Agreement committed Government to the formulation of policies and
introduction of measures to attract the return of Zimbabweans in the Diaspora and in
particular the return of skilled personnel.
The Ministry of Economic Planning and Investment Promotion (MEPIP) with the support
received from the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) has set up the
Migration and Development Unit (MDU) to promote Diaspora participation in the
economic and social development of the country. The Plan seeks to influence Migration
and Tourism through the following strategies:
Migration
The Policy seeks to:
• mitigate the continued flight of qualified professionals;

• increase the participation of Zimbabweans in the Diaspora in the country’s
development process;
• formalize the export of labour in some cases to maximize the benefits to the
economy; and
• increase the remittance flows from the Diaspora.
The Plan targets to:
• Increase the contribution of remittances to over 10 percent of GDP by 2015;

• Use the comprehensive Diaspora database produced by the Ministry of Higher
and Tertiary Education (MHTE) showing critical skills in the Diaspora during the
plan period;
• Finalise, adopt and implement the National Migration Management and
Development Policy by 2011; and
40
• Develop Diaspora bonds and other financial instruments for investment by the
Diaspora by 2011.
Policy measures measure meant to achieve the set targets in the migration sector are to:
• Undertake Diaspora engagement workshops in countries with higher

concentrations of Zimbabwean nationals;
• Create a conducive legal and regulatory framework (fiscal, monetary and
investment policies) that facilitates and encourages the inward transmission of
remittances from the Diaspora through formal channels;
• Train and retain critical skilled manpower;
• Encourage nationals abroad to contribute to the development of the country
through facilitating short term sequenced return of qualified professionals for
transfer of skills, knowledge ideas, and technology;
• Improve the quality of data on migration statistics (including remittances) in order
to create a solid basis for evidence based migration management interventions;
• Develop Diaspora bonds and other financial instruments for investment by the
Diaspora; and
• Create economic opportunities in high migrant sending areas to stem the flow of
migration.
Tourism
The Plan aims at enhancing Zimbabwe’s domestic, regional and international tourism and
makes Zimbabwe a destination of choice. It seeks to:
• increase the number of hotel rooms from 6 248 in 2010 to 15 000 by 2015;
• increase the number of hotel beds from 12 000 in 2010 to 18 000 by 2015;
• increase tourist arrivals from 2,23 million in 2010 to 4 million by 2015; and
• develop a National Tourism Plan; and Implement a Victoria Falls Master Plan.
The policy measures to be put in place to achieve the above targets include: upgrading
and diversification of the tourism products; streamlining of Customs and Immigration
formalities; marketing, through an intensive international campaign by both the Ministry
of Tourism and Hospitality Industry (MTHI) and Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA)
targeting world’s top tourism generating markets and top tourism spenders such as
Germany, the United States of America (USA), the United Kingdom (UK), Japan, China
etc; image enhancement through the new tourism brand “Zimbabwe – a world of
wonders”.
The Plan will also put emphasis on the promotion of Domestic Tourism by supporting
incentives such as family packages and discounts for Zimbabwe residents exploring
tourism resorts. This will ensure viability of the smaller resorts and Small to Medium
Scale (SME) tourism enterprises. Other policy measures meant to achieve the objectives
set by the Plan on the Tourism Sector includes; capacity building in the Tourism and
Hospitality Industry, Government coming up with a Tourism Growth Strategy through
41
working with the private sector and international organization such as RETOSA and
UNWTO and developing new or reviewing existing national programmes and projects in
the tourism sector.
(b) Population Policy
The policy is under the Ministry of Economic Planning and Investment Promotion. The
policy aims at:
• Mitigating international migration; and
• Reducing rural-urban drift.
Through fulfilling the following objectives:

• Retention of skilled manpower within the country;
• Reducing pressure on the infrastructure and social service provision within urban
centres; and
• Reducing development of informal settlements in urban areas.
Strategies to curb internal migration:

• Improve infrastructure and social service delivery at growth points and newly
resettled areas; and
• Meaningful investment and creation of economic opportunities in small towns and
growth points.
Strategies to curb international migration:

• Improve economic growth to create economic opportunities for residents;
• Improve working conditions and salaries of professionals;
• Improve political and governance issues to mitigate migration;
• Formulate a migration and development policy;
• Ratify and domesticate the United Nations Protocol on Trafficking and
Smuggling in order to criminalise trafficking and smuggling;
• Capacitate the National Statistical System to capture relevant migration statistics;
and
• Ensure accessibility of the necessary travel documents.
(c) National Migration Management and Development Policy
Zimbabwe has not been having a comprehensive and coherent legal framework for
implementing migration practices and this has been affecting the capacity of Government
to manage migration issues. Currently, the country through the Ministry of Economic
Planning and Investment Promotion is in the process of finalizing the National Migration
Management and Development Policy. The Policy was read in Parliament for the first
time and comments were made which are still being addressed. The policy aims at
mainstreaming migration issues into the national policy framework. It focuses on the
following key strategic areas:
42
• Brain drain
The policy aims at attracting and retaining skills from the Diaspora. It seeks to mitigate
brain drain and strengthen skills retention.
• Remittances
The policy seeks to formalize the sending of remittances from those in the Diaspora, so
that they can use formal channels when remitting money back home and this will ensure
that they contribute to national development.
• Labour migration
The policy aims at formalizing labour migration for national socio-economic
development.
• Irregular migration/Informal cross border traders

The policy seeks to facilitate the safe and legal migration of Zimbabweans. It also aims at
promoting and protecting human rights and well being of migrants.
• Human trafficking and smuggling

The policy aims to curb human trafficking and smuggling through the development of
legislation that directly addresses the issues. It will push for the ratification of the
Parlemo Protocol and other related instruments.
• Migration and health

The policy will seek to ensure that migrant populations have access to health services. In
addition, all migrants need access information on Sexual and Gender Based Violence. It
will also address the issue of HIV and AIDS comprehensively within and amongst
migrant communities.
7.1.2. Acts
(a) Census and Statistics Act [Chapter 10:29]
The Act is administered by the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT). It

gives the Agency the authority:
• To conduct the national census or any other censuses and surveys in terms of
Sections 12 and 13; and
• To co-ordinate and supervise the National Statistical System (NSS); and
• To advise Government on all matters related to statistics; and
• To develop and promote the use of statistical standards and appropriate
methodologies in the National Statistical System; and
• To develop and maintain a central business register in relation to establishments,
containing such particulars as may be prescribed; and
• To collect, compile, analyze, interpret, publish and disseminate statistical
information including that on migration alone or in co-operation with other
Government Ministries or institutions; and
43
• To develop and maintain a comprehensive national statistics database; and
• To provide a focal point of contact with international agencies on statistical
matters; and
• To perform any other function that may be conferred or imposed upon the Agency
by this Act or any other enactment
(b) Immigration Act [Chapter 4:02]
The Act is administered by the Department of Immigration Control. The Act gives the
Department authority to regulate the entry and exit of people from Zimbabwe. Upon the
authority given to them by this Act, the Department of Immigration Control is in a
position to supply information as to how many people have crossed the Zimbabwe
borders, how many have been refused entry into Zimbabwe and how many have applied
for either the refugee or asylum-seeker status at any point in time and those who have
been granted the status.
(c) Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Act [Acts 5/1999, 22/2001, 16/2004 and 29/2004]
The Act is administered by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ). The Act gives the
Bank the power to confer and impose functions on the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe and to
provide for its management; to regulate the issue of bank notes and coins; to provide for
matters connected with banking, currencies, monetary policy and coinage; to provide for
the supervision of banking institutions; to authorize the provision of information to
foreign regulatory authorities; to repeal the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Act [Chapter
22:10]; and to provide for matters connected with or incidental to the foregoing.
(d) Tourism Act [Acts 15/1995, 22/2001]
The Act is administered by the Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA). The Act gives ZTA
the power to regulate all operations in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry. The
organization is authorized by the Act to register and grade all designated tourist facilities
in the country. The number of tourist facilities in the country to some extent determines
the number of visitors visiting the country as they would require some accommodation.
(e) Refugees Act [Act 13/1983, 22/2001, (s.4).]
The Act is administered by the Ministry of Labour and Social Services with financial and
material support from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The Act
makes provision for refugees to enable effect to be given within Zimbabwe to the
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, done at Geneva on the 28th July, 1951, to
the Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees of 31st January, 1967 and to the
Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, done at
Addis Ababa on the 10th of September, 1969, and to provide for matters connected with
or incidental to the foregoing. This Act implies that citizens of other countries have the
right to apply for refugee status and this has a bearing on the total population in a
44
country. Currently there are quite a number of refugees from countries such as Burundi,
Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Somalia. An Inter-ministerial Committee
sits every other Thursday of the week to determine the status of refugees and asylum-
seekers.
45
Chapter 8: Key Institutions, Actors involved in Migration
Management and Diaspora Policies
Table 8.1: Government Ministries and Departments Key in Migration Management and Diaspora Policy
Name of Ministry/Department Functions
Ministry of Economic Planning • Draft the National Migration Management and

and Investment Promotion Development Policy.
• Formulate and recommend the national migration and
development policy, legal and institutional framework.
• Facilitate the mainstreaming where appropriate of
migration and development issues into the country’s
national and sectoral development plans.
• Identify and recommend research on migration and
development.
• Identify areas for the engagement of the Diasporas for
investment and development initiatives in Zimbabwe.
• Recommend the policies for formalizing and harnessing
the positive impacts of labour migration for national
socio-economic.
• Recommend policies for leveraging and maximizing the
developmental potential of remittances.
• Recommend policies for the enforcement of measures to
protect and promote the human rights and well-being of
migrants.
• Strengthen technical co-operation in cross border labour
management.
• Identify and recommend skills retention programmes and
measures that mitigate the brain drain.
• Identify and recommend community development
programmes to address the root causes of economically
induced migration and provide livelihood alternatives for
potential migrants.
• Liaise closely with the IOM Zimbabwe Office in
implementing technical co-operation in identified areas.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs • Assist in the drafting of the National Migration
Management and Development policy document.
• Act as the conduct between the Government of
Zimbabwe, in-transit and host countries.
• Act as a contact or conduit between the migrants and the
Government through embassies
• Maintain diplomatic relations with regional and
international bodies such as Southern Africa
Development Community (SADC), United Nations
46
Name of Ministry/Department Functions
(UN), European Union (EU) and many others.

Ministry of Higher and Tertiary • Compiles data on students studying outside the country.
Education • Compiles data on foreign students studying in
Zimbabwe.
• Compiles data on expatriate Lecturers at tertiary
institutions.
Ministry of Labour and Social • Sits on the Inter-ministerial committee that issues work
Services- Dept of Labour permits to none Zimbabweans.
• Sits on the Inter-ministerial committee responsible for
determining refugee status of applicants.
• Compiles data on expatriates working in the country.
Ministry of Labour and Social • Collects, compiles and disseminates statistics on refugees
Services- Dept of Social and asylum-seekers.
Services • Sits on the Inter-ministerial committee responsible for
• Intends to carry out a study to determine the number of
displaced persons in Zimbabwe.
Ministry of Tourism and • Governs the Tourism and Hospitality Act.
Hospitality Industry
Ministry of Regional Integration • Chairs the Inter-ministerial committee on migration and
and International Cooperation development.
Department of Immigration • Administers the Immigration Act.
Control • Controls ports of entry and exit.
• Collects statistics for people coming into the country and
going out of the country.
• Sits on the Inter-ministerial committee to determine
refugee status of applicants.
47
Table 8.2: Parastatals Key in Migration Management and Diaspora Policy
Name of Parastatal Functions
Zimbabwe National Statistics • Administers the Census and Statistics Act.

Agency (ZIMSTAT) • Has the national mandate of collecting, compiling, analyzing,
interpreting, publishing and disseminating statistics on all
migration issues alone or in co-operation with other
Government Ministries and institutions.
• Is the coordinator of the Migration Statistics Committee,
responsible for the compilation of the Zimbabwe Migration
Profile.
Zimbabwe Tourism Authority • Administers the Tourism Act.
(ZTA) • Compile statistics on tourist arrivals and visitors from port
returns obtained from the Department of Immigration Control.
• Collects statistics on revenue collected from hotels and other
booking facilities.
• Collects statistics on bed occupancy.
Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe • Administers the Reserve Bank act.
(RBZ) • Collects data on travel receipts and expenditure.
• Collects revenue from all resort facilities.
• Collects data on remittances.
Table 8.3: International Institutions and Non-Governmental Organizations Key in Migration

Management and Diaspora Policy
Name of Organization Functions
International Organization for • Offers technical and financial assistance to institutions

Migration (IOM) dealing with migration issues.
• Conducts research and produce reports on migration issues
related to labour policies.
• Assists in the repatriation of Zimbabwean nationals.
United Nations High • Offers technical and financial assistance to the Ministry of
commissioner for Refugees Labour and Social Services.
(UNHCR) • Collects, compiles data on refugees and asylum-seekers
• Sits on the Inter-ministerial committee responsible for
48
9. Conclusion
The improvement in the macro-economic environment saw the number of immigrants

coming to Zimbabwe steadily increasing from 478 in 2008 to 1 197 in 2010
The period 2008 to 2010 witnessed a general increase in the number of tourist arrivals.
Tourist arrivals increased by the 3 percent from 1 956 442 in 2008 to 2 016 264 in 2009.
Figures for the year 2010 (2 238 165) shows an 11 percent increase from 2009.
There were 4 437 refugees in Zimbabwe as at 31 December 2010. The majority of the
refugees were from the Great Lakes region; the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) (3
075), Rwanda (688) and Burundi (533). In 2010 there were 415 asylum-seekers of whom
306 were from the DRC.
During the year 2009, there were 785 foreign nationals who were given work permits by
the Ministry of Labour and Social Services to work as expatriates in either Non-
Governmental Organisation (NGO’s) or the private sector. Of this total number, 262 were
working in the NGO’s while 523 were in the private sector.
As from the year 2006, ZIMSTAT has not been able to provide disaggregated data on
people leaving the country into various categories such as emigrants, departing residents
and departing visitors due to none availability of exit cards at the country’s border posts.
An alternative method of using port returns was adopted and this method only captures
the total number of exitors with no further disaggregation of the data possible. The
number of persons exiting the country increased from 2 387 754 in 2009 to 2 718 743 in
2010.
During the past decade Zimbabwe has witnessed a growing number of day trippers to
neighbouring countries such as South Africa and Botswana. The number of day trippers
increased from 359 095 in 2008 to 1 077 743 in 2010.
Zimbabweans have for many years undertaken higher education studies abroad. During
the 2010/2011 academic year, a total of 434 students were studying abroad on bilateral
scholarships while 37 were on Government funded scholarships. The number of students
under the Presidential scholarship could not be obtained at the time of writing the report.
Remittances can contribute to national development if harnessed into the national

economy. Although some Zimbabweans staying in the diaspora continue to shun formal
channels of transferring remittances back home, figures from the Reserve Bank of
Zimbabwe (RBZ) have shown that the amount of remittances coming through the formal
channel have been increasing during the period 2008 to 2010. Remittances (net) rose
from USD76.0 million in 2008 to USD263.3 million in 2010. Travel receipts (net) also
increased from USD85.2 million in 2008 to USD97.4 million in 2010.
49
Appendix 1: List of Nominees to the Migration Statistics Committee
Organisation Member Telephone E-mail

Zimbabwe National Mr. L. Ziswa 706681/7 [email protected]
Statistics Agency 0772944438
Zimbabwe National Mr. T. Matangira 706681/7 [email protected]
Statistics Agency 0733858135
Ministry of Economic Mr. T. Mushope 793998/ 0772211495 [email protected]
Planning and Investment
Promotion
Ministry of Finance Ms. C. Gapare 0775689861 [email protected]
Ministry of Higher and Mr. Dehwa
Tertiary Education
Ministry of Labour and Mr. S. Hobwani 0915216107
Social Services- Dept of
Labour
Ministry of Labour and Ms. M. Chipfuwa 251000 or
Social Services- Dept of 0912240742
Social Services
Ministry of Tourism and Ms. C. Mazhata 0912399583 [email protected]
Ministry of Tourism and Ms. W. Musuka 0912969539 [email protected]
Ministry of Tourism and Mr. D. 0733168113 [email protected]
Hospitality Industry Shambakumanja m
Ministry of Tourism and Ms. Kusotera 0913208406 [email protected]
Ministry of Regional Mr. I. Chivaura 0913048971 [email protected]
Integration and International
Cooperation
Ministry of Regional Ms. Y. Masitara 0912113584 [email protected]
Integration and International
Cooperation
Department of Immigration Mr. Mukahanana 04-791911-8
and Control
National Parks and Wildlife Still to provide a
Management nominee
Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Mr. P. Moyo 703000 [email protected]
Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Ms. M. Ndaba [email protected]
Zimbabwe Tourism Mr. P. Jumbe 0912396498 [email protected]
Authority
Zimbabwe Tourism Mr. T. Gezi 0914123733 [email protected]
Authority
International Organisation Mr. K. Mareyanadzo 335044/335048 [email protected]
for Migration
International Labour Mr. R. Paratian 0912292844 [email protected]
Organisation
United Nations High Mr. J. Mapfumo 0913400843 [email protected]
Commissioner for Refugees
UZ- Department of Mrs C. Gandidzanwa 0772366538 [email protected].
50
Geography and zw
Environmental Studies
UZ- Department of Dr. L. Zanamwe 0912492115 [email protected]
Geography and
ZOU- Department of Mr. Tanyanyiwa 0772373626/0712791 [email protected]
Geography and 441
UZ- Department of Tourism Mr. P. Mupambireyi 0912515589 freddiemupambireyi@yahoo.
Hospitality and Leisure com
Studies
UZ- Centre for Population Ms. M. Mhloyi [email protected]
Studies
UZ- Centre for Population Mr. W. Chirombe [email protected]
Studies
Hospitality Association of Still to provide a
Zimbabwe nominee
Transport Operators Still to provide a
Association nominee
51

Migration Profile Report 2010

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Migration Profile Report 2010

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Migration Profile Report 2010

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Migration in Zimbabwe

A COUNTRY PROFILE 2010

List of Tables iii

1. ZIMBABWE SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS 3

5. ZIMBABWEANS LIVING IN THE DIASPORA 36

7. MIGRATION POLICY FRAMEWORK 39

Table 1.1: Percent Composition of Population by Age Group and Sex,

Table 1.8: Inter-Provincial Lifetime Migration Rates, Zimbabwe ICDS 2008…………….................10

Table 2.1a: Immigrants by Country of Last Permanent Residence 2007-2010 ……………….............12

Table 3.1: Exitors by Mode of Travel and Port of Exit, 2008-2010…………………………………..28

Table 3.2: Day Trippers by Mode of Travel and Port of Exit……………...........................................31

Table 3.3: Zimbabwean Students Studying Abroad on Bi-lateral Scholarship by

Figure 1.1: Population Pyramid, Zimbabwe (ICDS) 2008.......................................................................4

Figure 2.4: Asylum-seekers by Sex and Country of Origin as at 31 December 2010………………....22

Figure 2.5: Expatriates by Nationality, 2009…………………………………….…………….............24

ACP African Caribbean and Pacific

Indicator Value Source

Economic Consumer Price Index, Dec

Population Inter-Censal Demographic

Migration and Tourism

Indicator Value Source

17 Zimbabwean students studying 36 Ministry of Higher and

• contextualize the migration profile,

• find out data available at each institution,

• discussing the draft 2009 migration profile and making recommendations,

1.2 Zimbabwe Population Indicators

4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000

Source: CSO, 2008

Age Group Male Female Total Sex Ratio

Province Male Female Total Sex Ratio

Country of Citizenship Percent

1.2.3 Rate of Natural Increase

Crude Birth Rate Rate of Natural

1.2.4 Highest Level of Education Completed

No Education Primary Secondary Tertiary

Province Male Female Total

1.2.6 Crude Birth Rates (CBR)

1.2.7 General Fertility Rate (GFR)

Province CBR GFR TFR

1.2.8 Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

1.2.9 Inter-Provincial Migration

Province In Migration Rate Out Migration Rate Net Migration Rate

Source: CSO, 2008

COUNTRY OF LAST PERMANENT

AFRICA: 323 174 159 330

ASIA: 259 190 246 590

EUROPE: 110 72 88 150

GRAND TOTAL: 752 478 569 1 197

2007 2008 2009 2010

Table 2.1b: Immigrants by Industry and Sex, 2007 - 2010.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Construction Not Economically Undefined

Source: ZIMSTAT, 2010

Table 2.2: Tourist Arrivals by Country of Origin, 2008 - 2010.

Africa 1 732 167 1 680 082 -3 1 680 082 1 950 971 16

South Africa 936 727 360 - 100 360 434 21

America: 43 412 57 842 33 57 842 69 008 19

Asia: 46 849 75 945 62 75 945 49 214 -35

Spain 4 002 5 402 35 5 402 9 170 70

Oceania: 21 544 36 453 69 36 453 39 015 7