Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior

(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal)

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Session: Jan-May 2023

Getting Started with IOT: A Hands-On Approach

ASSIGNMENT 2

SUBMITTED BY
Pratyanch Dongre
(0901A1201043)

Year)

SUBMITTED TO
Prof. Smita Parte
Prof. Devesh Kumar Lal
Assistant Professor,MITS
Quel: Study working principle of 10T d sensors A) temperature
B) Infra-red C) ultrasonic D)proximity
Ans:- Following are the working principles of sensors —
Sure! Let's explore the working principles of various IOT sensors:

A) Temperature Sensor:
Temperature sensors are designed to measure the ambient temperature of an environment.
They typically use a thermistor or a temperature-sensitive resistor that changes its resistance
with temperature variations. The sensor detects this change and converts it into an electrical
signal, which can be measured and interpreted by a microcontroller or another device. The
resistance change can be linear or nonlinear, depending on the type of temperature sensor
used.

B) Infrared (IR) Sensor:

Infrared sensors utilize infrared radiation to detect the presence or absence of an object.
They emit and receive infrared radiation to determine the distance or proximity of an object.
These sensors consist of an IR emitter and an IR receiver. The emitter emits infrared light,
which is then reflected back by nearby objects and detected by the receiver. The time taken
for the reflection to return is used to calculate the distance to the object.

C) Ultrasonic Sensor:
Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves with frequencies above the range of human hearing to
measure distances and detect objects. These sensors typically have an ultrasonic transmitter
and receiver. The transmitter emits ultrasonic pulses, and when these pulses hit an object,
they bounce back and are detected by the receiver. By measuring the time it takes for the
sound waves to return, the sensor can calculate the distance to the object.

D) Proximity Sensor:
Proximity sensors are used to detect the presence or absence of objects within a certain
range without physical contact. They work based on various principles such as infrared,
ultrasonic, capacitive, or inductive sensing. For example, capacitive proximity sensors detect
changes in capacitance when an object enters their sensing field, while inductive proximity
sensors detect changes in electromagnetic fields caused by the presence of an object.

E) Gyroscope:
Gyroscopes are used to measure angular velocity or the rate of rotation around an axis. In
IOT devices, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) gyroscopes are commonly used. These
gyroscopes utilize the Coriolis effect, which causes a vibrating mass inside the sensor to
deflect when the sensor is rotated. The deflection is measured and converted into an
electrical signal that represents the angular velocity.
These are the basic working principles of various IOT sensors commonly used in temperature
monitoring, object detection, orientation detection, and environmental sensing applications.
Qu2:-Study the working principles of actuators.
Ans:- Actuators are devices that convert electrical signals into physical motion or action.
They are a critical component in IOT systems as they enable the control and manipulation of
physical objects or processes. Here are the working principles of some commonly used
actuators in IOT:

1. Electric Motor:
Electric motors are widely used actuators that convert electrical energy into mechanical
rotational motion. They typically consist of a stationary part called the stator and a rotating
part called the rotor. The stator contains a set of electromagnets, while the rotor carries a
permanent magnet or winding. When an electric current is applied to the electromagnets,
they create a magnetic field that interacts with the magnetic field of the rotor, causing it to
rotate.
2. Solenoid:
A solenoid is an electromagnetic actuator that converts electrical energy into linear motion.
It consists of a coil of wire wound around a magnetic core. When an electric current passes
through the coil, it generates a magnetic field, which attracts or repels a plunger or armature
that is attached to the core. This movement of the plunger produces linear motion, allowing
the solenoid to actuate mechanical components.

3. Piezoelectric Actuator:
Piezoelectric actuators use the piezoelectric effect to convert electrical energy into precise
mechanical motion. Piezoelectric materials, such as quartz or ceramics, generate a voltage
when subjected to mechanical stress or deformations. By applying an electric field to the
piezoelectric material, it deforms and produces mechanical displacement. These actuators
are commonly used in applications requiring fine and fast motion control, such as in
nanopositioning systems or micro-actuators.

4. Pneumatic Actuator:
Pneumatic actuators use compressed air or gas to generate mechanical motion. They
typically consist of a piston or diaphragm that moves within a cylinder. When air or gas is
supplied to one side of the piston or diaphragm, it creates pressure imbalance, causing the
actuator to extend or retract. Pneumatic actuators are commonly used in applications
where high force and speed are required, such as in robotics and industrial automation.

5. Hydraulic Actuator:
Hydraulic actuators use pressurized fluids, typically oil or hydraulic fluid, to generate
mechanical force and motion. They consist of a piston or plunger that moves within a
cylinder. When hydraulic fluid is supplied to one side of the piston, it creates pressure,
causing the piston to move and generate mechanical force. Hydraulic actuators are known
for their high force capabilities and are used in heavy-duty applications, such as in
construction equipment and hydraulic machinery.
These are some of the common types of actuators used in IOT systems. They play a
crucial role in converting electrical signals into physical action, allowing for the control
and manipulation of devices, machinery, and processes.
Qu3:-Study of IOT based devices rasberry pi, Arduino board and Jetson
nano. (any one)
Ans:- Arduino boards are another popular choice for loT-based devices. They are opensource
hardware platforms that provide a simple and accessible way to prototype and develop IOT
projects. Let's explore the study of Arduino boards as loT-based devices:

1. Hardware:
Arduino boards consist of a microcontroller unit (MCU) as the main processing unit. The key
hardware features of Arduino boards include:

- MCIJ: Arduino boards utilize various types of microcontrollers, such as the ATmega
series, which are based on the AVR architecture. The MCIJ serves as the brain of the Arduino
board, executing the program instructions and handling input and output operations.

- Digital and Analog I/O Pins: Arduino boards offer a set of digital and analog
input/output (I/O) pins that allow for interfacing with external sensors, actuators, and other
electronic components. These pins can be used to read sensor data or control actuators
based on the input received.

- Power Supply: Arduino boards can be powered through USB connections, external
power sources, or battery packs, mal<ing them suitable for portable IOT applications.

- Connectivity: While some Arduino boards have built-in Ethernet or Wi-Fi capabilities,
the basic Arduino boards usually lack direct connectivity. However, external modules or
shields can be added to enable connectivity options such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or cellular
connectivity.

- Prototyping Area: Some Arduino boards provide a prototyping area where additional
components can be soldered or connected to expand the functionality of the board.

2. Programming and Software:

Arduino boards are programmed using the Arduino Integrated Development Environment
(IDE), which is a user-friendly software tool. The Arduino IDE is based on the Wiring
programming language, which simplifies the process of writing code for interacting with the
board's hardware.

The Arduino IDE allows users to write and upload code to the Arduino board via USB or other
programming interfaces. It supports C and C++ programming languages and provides a rich
set of libraries and functions for interfacing with sensors, actuators, communication
modules, and other external devices.

3. IOT Connectivity:
Arduino boards can connect to the internet and communicate with other IOT devices or
platforms through various methods:

- Wi-Fi and Ethernet Shields: Arduino boards can be extended with Wi-Fi or Ethernet
shields to enable network connectivity and communication with IOT platforms or remote
devices.

- Wireless Modules: Arduino boards can communicate wirelessly using modules such
as WiFi, Bluetooth, or Zigbee, allowing them to interact with other IOT devices or gateways.

- GSM/GPRS Shields: Arduino boards can incorporate GSM or GPRS shields to

establish cellular connectivity, enabling IOT applications in remote areas or mobile
environments.

4. Integration with Sensors and Actuators:

Arduino boards can interface with a wide range of sensors and actuators to gather data from
the physical world and control external devices. Sensors, such as temperature, humidity,
light, motion, and proximity sensors, can be connected to Arduino l s digital or analog pins to
capture environmental data. Actuators, including LEDs, motors, relays, and servo motors, can
be controlled through Arduino's output pins, allowing for physical action based on received
data or user input.

5. IOT Platforms and Cloud Integration:

Arduino boards can integrate with IOT platforms and cloud services for data storage, remote
monitoring, and control. Various IOT platforms, including Arduino IOT Cloud, Cayenne, and
ThingSpeak, provide APIs and services to connect Arduino-based devices, visualize data, and
interact with IOT applications remotely.

Arduino's simplicity, low-cost, and extensive community support make it an ideal choice for
rapid prototyping and DIY IOT projects. Its flexibility in hardware and software, along with
the ability to interface with a wide range of sensors and actuators, allows for the creation of
diverse IOT applications, ranging from smart homes and environmental monitoring to
agriculture and industrial automation.