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    Digital Electronics Notes

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    This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a course on digital electronics. The course is divided into four units that cover number systems and codes, logic gates and Boolean algebra, combinational and sequential circuit design, and signal conversion, memories, and logic families. Some of the key concepts that will be discussed include binary arithmetic, logic gates, Karnaugh maps, flip-flops, shift registers, A/D and D/A conversion, memory devices, and programmable logic. The characteristics and performance of different logic families such as TTL and CMOS will also be compared.

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    Digital Electronics Notes

    Uploaded by

    I am Nobody
    166 views9 pages
    This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a course on digital electronics. The course is divided into four units that cover number systems and codes, logic gates and Boolean algebra, combinational and sequential circuit design, and signal conversion, memories, and logic families. Some of the key concepts that will be discussed include binary arithmetic, logic gates, Karnaugh maps, flip-flops, shift registers, A/D and D/A conversion, memory devices, and programmable logic. The characteristics and performance of different logic families such as TTL and CMOS will also be compared.

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    This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a course on digital electronics. The course is divided into four units that cover number systems and codes, logic gates and Boolean algebra, combinational and sequential circuit design, and signal conversion, memories, and logic families. Some of the key concepts that will be discussed include binary arithmetic, logic gates, Karnaugh maps, flip-flops, shift registers, A/D and D/A conversion, memory devices, and programmable logic. The characteristics and performance of different logic families such as TTL and CMOS will also be compared.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    166 views9 pages

    Digital Electronics Notes

    Uploaded by

    I am Nobody
    This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a course on digital electronics. The course is divided into four units that cover number systems and codes, logic gates and Boolean algebra, combinational and sequential circuit design, and signal conversion, memories, and logic families. Some of the key concepts that will be discussed include binary arithmetic, logic gates, Karnaugh maps, flip-flops, shift registers, A/D and D/A conversion, memory devices, and programmable logic. The characteristics and performance of different logic families such as TTL and CMOS will also be compared.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 9

    UNIT – I: Introduction to Digital

    Electronics

    1.Number System and Codes:

    ● Decimal, Binary, Hexadecimal, and Octal number


    systems: Understanding the characteristics and
    representations of different number systems used in digital
    electronics. Learning how to convert numbers between these
    systems.

    ● Base conversions: Converting numbers from one base to


    another (e.g., binary to hexadecimal).

    ● Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal arithmetic: Performing


    arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication) with
    numbers in different number systems.

    ● Complements (1's and 2's): Understanding the concept of


    complements and their applications in binary arithmetic,
    including 1's complement and 2's complement
    representations.

    ● Binary Codes: Exploring various binary codes used in digital


    systems, such as Binary Coded Decimal (BCD), 84-2-1,
    excess-3, and Gray codes. Understanding their properties,
    advantages, and applications.

    ● BCD addition: Performing addition operations using Binary


    Coded Decimal numbers.
    ● Error detecting/correcting code: Introducing error detection
    and correction techniques using parity and Hamming codes.

    2.Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra:

    ● Truth table and symbolic representation of logic gates:


    Understanding the behavior and logic operations of basic logic
    gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR).

    ● Representing logic gates using truth tables and logic symbols.

    ● Implementation using Universal gates: Exploring the


    concept of universal gates (NAND, NOR) and their ability to
    implement any other gate. Designing logic circuits using
    universal gates.

    ● Basic postulates and fundamental theorems of Boolean


    algebra: Studying the fundamental laws and theorems of
    Boolean algebra, including commutative, associative,
    distributive, identity, and complement laws. Applying these
    laws to simplify Boolean expressions.

    UNIT – II: Combinational Circuit


    Design

    1.Canonical and Standard forms:

    ● Standard representation of logic functions (SOP and


    POS): Representing Boolean functions using Sum of Products
    (SOP) and Product of Sums (POS) forms. Understanding their
    advantages and applications.

    ● Simplification of Boolean functions using Karnaugh Map


    (K-map): Using Karnaugh maps to simplify Boolean
    expressions and minimize logic circuits. Identifying prime
    implicants and selecting optimal solutions.

    ● Simplification using Tabulation method: Simplifying


    Boolean functions using truth tables and tabulation methods.
    Applying the rules of Boolean algebra to minimize
    expressions.

    2.Binary Adder and Subtractor:

    ● Binary Adder: Designing and implementing binary adders,


    including half adders and full adders. Understanding carry
    propagation and ripple carry adders.

    ● Binary subtractor: Implementing binary subtractors using


    binary adders and additional logic. Understanding the concept
    of 2's complement subtraction.

    ● Parallel adder/subtractor: Constructing circuits for parallel


    addition and subtraction of multiple binary numbers.

    ● BCD adder: Designing circuits for Binary Coded Decimal


    (BCD) addition using BCD adders.

    ● Code converters: Implementing code converters to convert


    data between different codes, such as BCD to 7-segment
    display code conversion.
    3.Encoder, Decoder, Multiplexer, Demultiplexer:

    ● Encoder: Designing and implementing encoders to encode


    multiple inputs into a coded output.

    ● Decoder: Designing and implementing decoders to decode a


    coded input into multiple outputs.

    ● Multiplexer: Constructing multiplexers to select one of many


    input signals and route it to a single output based on control
    inputs.

    ● Demultiplexer: Building demultiplexers to distribute a single


    input signal to multiple outputs based on control inputs.

    ● Implementing logic functions with Decoder and


    multiplexer: Utilizing decoders and multiplexers to implement
    complex logic functions and circuits efficiently.

    UNIT – III: Sequential Circuits

    1.Sequential logic design:

    ● Latches and Flip-flops: Understanding the operation and


    characteristics of latches and flip-flops in sequential circuits.
    Differentiating between S-R, D, J-K, master-slave, and T
    flip-flops.

    ● Characteristic equation of Flip-flops: Analyzing the


    characteristic equations of various flip-flops and their impact
    on the state transition.
    ● Clocked and edge-triggered Flip-flops: Differentiating
    between clocked and edge-triggered flip-flops. Understanding
    their behavior and synchronization requirements.

    ● Conversion between flip-flops: Converting between different


    types of flip-flops using logic gates and additional circuitry.

    ● Shift Registers: Exploring shift registers for serial data


    storage and shifting operations. Understanding
    serial-in/serial-out (SISO), serial-in/parallel-out (SIPO),
    parallel-in/serial-out (PISO), and parallel-in/parallel-out (PIPO)
    configurations.

    ● Universal Shift register: Designing a universal shift register


    capable of both serial-in/serial-out and parallel-in/parallel-out
    operations.

    ● Bidirectional Shift Register: Constructing a bidirectional shift


    register capable of shifting data in both left and right
    directions.

    ● Ring counter and Johnson counter: Designing and


    implementing ring counters and Johnson counters using
    flip-flops. Understanding their applications in timing and
    control circuits.

    ● Counters: Exploring synchronous counters, asynchronous


    counters, and modulo-N counters. Analyzing their timing
    sequences, ripple carry effects, and applications.

    2.Synchronous Sequential circuit synthesis:


    ● State Tables and State Transition Diagrams: Representing
    sequential circuits using state tables and state transition
    diagrams. Identifying the states, inputs, outputs, and state
    transitions.

    ● Minimization: Minimizing the number of states and transitions


    in sequential circuits using methods such as state reduction
    and state merging.

    ● State assignments: Assigning binary codes to states in


    sequential circuits for efficient encoding and decoding.

    ● Realization with T, D, and JK flip-flops: Implementing


    sequential circuits using T, D, and JK flip-flops. Understanding
    the characteristic equations and truth tables of flip-flops in
    sequential circuits.

    ● Finite state machine: Introducing Mealy and Moore models


    of finite state machines. Analyzing their behavior, outputs, and
    applications in designing control systems and digital systems.

    UNIT – IV: Signal Conversion,


    Memories, and Logic Families

    1.A-D and D-A Conversion:

    ● 4-bit binary weighted resistor type D-A conversion:


    Understanding the working principle of 4-bit digital-to-analog
    converters using binary weighted resistors. Analyzing the
    circuit configuration and operation.
    ● Circuit of R-2R ladder: Exploring the R-2R ladder circuit
    configuration for digital-to-analog conversion. Understanding
    its advantages and limitations.

    ● A-D conversion characteristics: Studying the characteristics


    and working principles of analog-to-digital converters (ADC).
    Introducing successive approximation ADC and its operation.

    ● Relevant ICs for signal conversion: Mentioning commonly


    used integrated circuits (ICs) for signal conversion, such as
    ADCs and DACs, along with their specifications and
    applications.

    2.Memories:

    ● ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM: Understanding different


    types of memories used in digital systems, including
    Read-Only Memory (ROM), Programmable Read-Only
    Memory (PROM), Erasable Programmable Read-Only
    Memory (EPROM), and Electrically Erasable Programmable
    Read-Only Memory (EEPROM). Analyzing their structures,
    working principles, and applications.

    ● Bipolar RAM, static and dynamic RAM: Exploring random


    access memory (RAM) types, including Bipolar RAM, Static
    RAM (SRAM), and Dynamic RAM (DRAM). Comparing their
    characteristics, access times, storage capacity, and
    applications.

    ● Memory Expansion: Understanding the concept of memory


    expansion in digital systems. Exploring word size, word
    capacity, and addressing techniques for memory expansion.
    3.Programmable Logic Devices:

    ● Combinational circuit Implementation using PROM, PLA,


    and PAL: Utilizing Programmable Logic Arrays (PLA),
    Programmable Array Logic (PAL), and Programmable
    Read-Only Memory (PROM) to implement combinational logic
    circuits. Understanding their programmable nature and
    applications in digital design.

    4.Digital Logic families:

    ● Fan-in, Fan-out: Analyzing the fan-in and fan-out


    characteristics of digital logic gates. Understanding their
    limitations and impact on circuit design.

    ● Noise Margin: Exploring the concept of noise margin in digital


    circuits. Understanding its significance in ensuring proper
    signal integrity and noise immunity.

    ● Power Dissipation: Comparing the power dissipation


    characteristics of different digital logic families. Understanding
    the trade-offs between power consumption and performance.

    ● Figure of merit, Speed power product: Evaluating the


    performance of digital logic families based on figures of merit
    and speed power products. Comparing the performance of
    TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) and CMOS (Complementary
    Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) families.

    ● TTL and CMOS families and their comparison: Studying


    the characteristics, voltage levels, noise immunity, power
    consumption, and applications of TTL and CMOS logic
    families. Comparing their strengths and weaknesses in
    different scenarios.

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