Appendix

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–APPENDIX–

a 2 − b 2 = (a − b)(a + b)

Algebraic Formula a 3 − b 3 = (a − b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 )

a 3 + b 3 = (a + b)(a 2 − ab + b 2 )
1 1 1
Reciprocal Identities csc θ = , sec θ = , cot θ =
sin θ cos θ tan θ
c
Limit at Infinity lim =0
x →± ∞ xp
sin x 1 − cos x
Limits of Trigonometric Functions lim =1 lim =0
x →0 x x →0 x
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
First Principle Differentiation f ′( x) = lim
h →0 h
Differentiation Rules

d n d
[ x ] = nx n −1 ; n is any real number [ f ( x).g ( x)] = f ( x) g ′( x) + f ′( x) g ( x)
dx dx
d  f ( x)  g ( x) f ′( x) − f ( x) g ′( x) d
= f ( g ( x) ) = f ′ ( g ( x) ) .g ′( x)
dx  g ( x)  [ g ( x)]2 dx

d d
[ g ( x)]n = n[ g ( x)]n −1 .g ′( x) [sin x] = cos x
dx dx
d d
[cos x] = − sin x [tan x] = sec 2 x
dx dx
d d
[sec x] = sec x tan x [cot x] = − csc 2 x
dx dx
d d x
[csc x] = − csc x cot x [e ] = e x
dx dx
d 1
[ln x] = ; x > 0
dx x

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