Read the following passage and mark the letter A.

B, C or D on your
answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from I
to 10.
Plants and animals will find it difficult to escape from or adjust to the effect of
global warming, Scientists have already observed shifts in the lifecycles of
many plants and animals, such as flowers blooming earlier and birds hatching
earlier in the spring. Many species have begun shifting where they live or their
annual migration patterns due to warmer temperatures.
With further warming, animals will tend to migrate toward the poles and up
mountainsides toward higher elevations. Plants will also attempt to shift their
ranges, seeking new areas as old habitats grow too warm. In many places,
however, human development will prevent these shifts. Species that find cities
or farmland blocking their way north or south may become extinct. Species
living in unique ecosystems, such as those found in polar and mountaintop
regions, are especially at risk because migration to new habitats is not possible.
For example, polar bears and marine mammals in the Arctic are already
threatened by dwindling sea ice but have nowhere farther to go.
Projecting species extinction due to global warming is extremely difficult. Some
scientists have estimated that 20 to 50 percent of species could be committed to
extinction with 2 to 3 Celsius degrees of further warming. The rate of warming,
not just the magnitude, is extremely important for plants and animals. Some
species and even entire ecosystems, such as certain types of forest, many not be
able to adjust quickly enough and may disappear.
Ocean ecosystems, especially fragile ones like coral reefs, will also be affected
by global warming. Warmer ocean temperatures can cause coral to "bleach", a
state which if prolonged will lead to the death of the coral. Scientists estimate
that even 1 Celsius degree of additional warming could lead to widespread
bleaching and death of coral reefs around the world. Also increasing carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere enters the ocean and increases the acidity of ocean
waters. This acidification further stresses ocean ecosystems.
Question 1: Scientists have observed that warmer temperatures in the spring
cause flowers to_________.
A. die instantly B. bloom earlier C become lighter D. lose color
Question 2: According to paragraph 2, when their habitats grow warmer,
animals tend to move ________.
A. south - eastwards and down mountainsides toward lower elevations.
B. north - westwards and up mountainsides toward higher elevations.
C. toward the North Pole and down mountainsides toward lower elevations.
D. toward the poles and up mountainsides toward higher elevations.
Question 3: The pronoun "those" in paragraph 2 refers to ________.
A. species B. ecosystems C. habitats D. areas
Question 4: The phrase "dwindling sea ice" in paragraph 2 refers to _______.
A. the frozen water in the Artie. B. the violent Arctic Ocean.
C. the melting ice in the Arctic. D. the cold ice in the Arctic.
Question 5: It is mentioned in the passage that if the global temperature rose by
2 or 3 Celsius degrees, ________.
A. half of the earth's surface would be flooded.
B. the sea level would rise by 20 centimeters.
C. water supply would decrease by 50 percent.
D. 20 to 50 percent of species could become extinct.
Question 6: According to the passage, if some species are not able to adjust
quickly to
warmer temperatures, _______.
A. they may be endangered B. they can begin to develop
C. they will certainly need water. D. they move to tropical forests.
Question 7: The word “fragile” in paragraph 4 most probably means______.
A. very large B. easily damaged
C. rather strong D. pretty hard
Question 8: The bleaching of coral reefs as mentioned in paragraph 4 indicates
________.
A. the water absorption of coral reefs. B. the quick growth of marine
mammals.
C. the blooming phase of sea weeds. D. the slow death of coral reefs.
Question 9: The level of acidity in the ocean is increased by _______.
A. the rising amount of carbon dioxide entering the ocean.
B. the decrease of acidity of the pole waters.
C. the extinction of species in coastal areas.
D. the loss of acidity in the atmosphere around the earth.

Question 10: What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. Influence of climate changes on human lifestyles.
B. Effects of global warming on animals and plants.
C. Global warming and possible solutions
D. Global warming and species migration.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your

answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 1
to 10.
Overpopulation, the situation of having large numbers of people with too few
resources and too little space, is closely associated with poverty. It can result
from high population density, or from low amounts of resources, or from both.
Excessively high population densities put stress on available resources. Only a
certain number of people can be supported to a given area of land, and that
number depends on how much food and other resources the land can provide. In
countries where people live primarily by means of simple farming, gardening,
herding, hunting, and gathering, even large areas of land can support only small
numbers of people because these labor - intensive subsistence activities produce
only small amounts of food.
In developed countries such as the United States, Japan and the countries of
Western Europe, overpopulation generally is not considered a major cause of
poverty. These countries produce large quantities of food through mechanized
farming, which depends on commercial fertilizers, large - scale irrigation, and
agricultural machinery. This form of production provides enough food to
support the high densities of people in metropolitan areas.
A country's level of poverty can depend greatly on its mix of population density
and agricultural productivity. Bangladesh, for example, has one of the world's
highest population densities, with 1,147 persons per sq km. A large majority of
the people of Bangladesh engage in low - productivity manual farming, which
contributes to the country's extremely high level of poverty. Some of the smaller
countries in Western Europe, such as the Netherlands and Belgium, have high
population densities as well. These countries practice mechanized farming and
are involved in high - tech industries, however, are therefore have high
standards of living.
At the other end of the spectrum, many countries in sub - Saharan Africa have
population densities of less than 30 persons per sq km. Many people in these
countries practice manual subsistence farming, these countries also have
infertile land, and lack the economic resources and technology to boost
productivity. As a consequence, these nations are very poor. The United States
has both relatively low population density and high agricultural productivity; it
is one of the world's wealthiest nations.
High birth rates contribute to overpopulation in many developing countries.
Children are assets to many poor families because they provide labor, usually
for farming. Cultural norms in traditionally rural societies commonly sanction
the value of large families. Also, the governments of developing countries often
provide little or no support, financial or political, for farming planning; even
people who wish to keep their families small have difficulty doing so. For all
those reasons, developing countries tend to have high rates of population
growth.
Question 1: Which of those following is given as a definition of paragraph 1?
A. Overpopulation B. Population density
C. Simple farming D. Poverty
Question 2: What will suffer when there are excessively high population
densities?
A. Available resources B. Skilled labor C. Farming methods D. Land area
Question 3: The phrase "that number" in paragraph 1 refers to the number
of______
A. people B. densities c. resources D. countries
Question 4: In certain countries, large areas of land can only yeild small
amounts of food
because ______.
A. there is lack of mechanization B. there are small numbers of laborers
C. there is an abundance of resources D. there is no shortage of skilled labor.
Question 5: Bangladesh is a country where the level of poverty depends greatly
on ______,
A. its population density only
B. both population density and agricultural productivity
C. population density in metropolitan areas.
D. its high agricultural productivity.
Question 6: The phrase "engage in" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
______.
A. escape from B. look into c. give up D. participate in
Question 7: The word "infertile" in paragraph 4 probably means ________.
A. disused B. impossible c. unproductive D. inaccessible
Question 8: Which of the following is TRUE, according to the passage?
A. In certain developed countries, mechanized farming is applied.
B. In sub - Saharan African countries, productivity is boosted by technology,
C. There is no connection between a country's culture and overpopulation.
D. All small countries in Western Europe have high population densities.
Question 9: Which of the following is a contributor to overpopulation in many
developing
countries?
A. High - tech facilities B. Economic resources
C. Sufficient financial support D. High birth rates
Question 10: Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?
A. High Birth Rate and its Consequences.
B. Overpopulation: A cause of poverty.
C. Overpopulation: A worldwide problem.
D. Poverty in developing countries.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, c, or D on your answer
sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 13 to 20
 Pollution emitted in industrial areas represents a threat to human health
and the surrounding natural resources. We have a tendency to believe that the
production processes are the only source of environmental damage, and often
forget about the possible long-term effects of harmful production practices. We
may think that the closure of these huge industrial areas would improve the
quality of the environment. Unfortunately, this ignores the threat of the
remaining waste, which is abandoned and poorly stored. It represents an even
bigger danger because it stands neglected as it degrades and leaks into the earth
without any control at all.
Changes in the water chemistry due to surface water contamination can
affect all levels of an ecosystem. It can affect the health of lower food chain
organisms and, consequently, the availability of food up through the food chain.
It can damage the health of wetlands and damage their ability to support healthy
ecosystems, control flooding, and filter pollutants from storm water runoff. The
health of animals and humans are affected when they drink or bathe in
contaminated water. In addition, water-based organisms, like fish and shellfish,
can pile up and concentrate contaminants in their bodies. When other animals or
humans eat these organisms, they receive a much higher dose of contaminant
than they would have if they had been directly exposed to the original
contamination.
Contaminated groundwater can badly affect animals, plants and humans
if it is removed from the ground by manmade or natural processes. Depending
on the study of rocks of the area, groundwater may rise to the surface through
springs or seeps, flow sideways into nearby rivers, streams, or ponds, or sink
deeper into the earth. In many parts of the world, groundwater is pumped out of
the ground to be used for drinking, bathing, other household uses, agriculture,
and industry.
Contaminants in the soil can harm plants when they take up the
contamination through their roots. Eating, breathing in, or touching
contaminated soil, as well as eating plants or animals that have piled up soil
contaminants can badly affect the health of humans and animals.
Air pollution can cause breathing-related problems and other bad health
effects as contaminants are absorbed from the lungs into other parts of the body.
Certain air contaminants can also harm animals and humans when they contact
the skin. Plants rely on breathing for their growth and can also be affected by
exposure to contaminants moved in the air.
Question 13: What is the topic of the passage?
A. Sources of environmental damage B. The pollution from the
city
 C. Bad effects of industrial waste D. The quality of the
environment
Question 14: According to the passage, the industry is likely to be thought
as______.
A. a danger to the environment B. the only source of
pollution
C. the utmost harmful activity D. a threat to human health
Question 15: The word “it” in the first paragraph refers to______.
A. the remaining waste B. a danger
C. the environment D. the threat of the
remaining waste
Question 16: Which of the followings affect an ecosystem as the whole?
A. Surface water contamination B. Soil contamination
C. Groundwater contamination D. Air contamination
Question 17: According to the passage, which of the followings supports
healthy ecosystems?
A. Lower food chain organisms B. Animals C. Water-based organisms
D. Wetlands
Question 18: Which of the followings is NOT badly affected by contaminated
groundwater?
A. Human B. Plants C. Rocks D. Animals
Question 19: Which of the followings is the flow of water from the ground to
the surface?
A. Streams B. Ponds C. Rivers D. Springs
Question 20: Which of the followings has the closest meaning to the word
“absorbed” in the last paragraph?
A. Consumed B. Taken in C. Swallowed D. Piled up