UNtr- It

l-ron si Sf of At Loo fraqueoo e s

h - Pa r o,nn etsrs

ItL: o For'r
Nttt,tlor K

V I = Tnpu* valtaT e
fr 'Jofit cqtrTont
v1 :outgu{ \oltone
Jr --outPtt.q17ont
* Lot, Vr .be +he Tnpur !olta7<
T' b e *ha Jogui curren*
\ y bo * l.r e outp(1 Vottal e

fr bo tho outout cu"6r€n t

XTt qnd vr d,?t-Q"Iodop00dant ?ararootqT
,t

.lhqr o{o Te,

UJL can [eprasent vr ffi

Vt = h1 Jr.+ htz; y 1
f, = bzl tr th z1Yz
V1 f Cr' , vt) Q - 4orn.t,on)
Jr f c rl ,.vr)
Whore ,)
hlt, hrt, hr t/ brl ofs the h- potrAmotars
:
X v'l
hrr :l
Ir lvr :0
=l
.It is coflad os lopul fmgodarrce.lt
-

I s
ll lr

I-a ptro son f od in -c-khrns).OeRoted 0S _Di

X hrz - Vt
Y} I r=o
Tt iS cqelrd as {ovff*. Yollago 6oin.
h - ? o"u-o IrD tf a? s Kapro Santq rirr o fit CE &rnfi guxofi on

{ Ctr
'\a
{$v
1s

.VBE
X fngu r voltugo is
x Jngu t eu'rTe nt i s !s It-1,

x our Pu+ Vottaga i s

\t
VcE
-tf

0Utpu t tu?Tont is " Ia "

 is toltod 0 s@
.,41

.:l:

-lt1 :t

hre : VBE :

VcE Tg=a )t is cq$lod dJ &yers o Vo I tug r-

h+r = J" \
TK lvcE : o Tt is utlod a3'frtulo.rd
euwont &oj n
\

It iS cq0t0d aS ou*0ut-
Adrnl h nc e

TB /

+
YBF vcE
hue vcr hoe
lfer s

h - 0oTo65^r qt-orj ff,f c B &n&'gu trcrh uD

!eg
1c ,.
..

,l

\
JO'I'\, '
Jno u+ cuqTrht is Tc
otr t[u l- vollug.t i! VGBt
Od+pu t- (uTrent is TE

V Sq =
hrTil+huBvse
{I c-- h+B T€+ ho$ tBe
vc-B
--:- 1 t_ is caltad,ds ,I"P-l-
Ic I

[vBE Trnfondeoc9

hrB : tgs Lt is cottt& ,& S 'iReV4trSq

VBE 1,. ;; Voltu ?o Grc.in
::

Tt \ 5 calt td :j s {irttoord
.<ry'

VbB:O cq'ftr on t di [) Cn

huts : Ir l+ il eallad o s g9,Sg_-r

vBe lf,. = d
Sa.rnrtun ee
,Ic- .vv TF ;

(-, -
-*-+
:i
ir '
Yc$ hog VBE
hlsl f
I

Po ra rnq-tqF s {-lr C c CAnfr'g*tta tr o-0"-:

\L t*
1r
vBl
fs
k Tngut Volttg a I
s vgE

x lnntt t ctt'rtra n f i s fs'

* ou tlu t Vdt+qg a i s !c L
x ou rf)u I tutd z t'tf is }E

vgr: hieTs t htdVcE

Ie = h+e T.o lht{ Vcf

hic = YB'
Tg VCE:D
It. ir. *tso coltod , #s lrrgrtf Tfnfipdonte
vBct
fr't
It is atsu
I

Vce I re :o l & *l'

e.qllo RoVo?sa vOl$.g a C'rqr'n

It fS ql.lu csrlloU 4r &moTd v l\*qge Gcun

fh.e , Tt I
/ vcr I ie : o
It is olro rollad
1!r
--- h,re
,ts
r
V(E

t
 4;tg{u }i.#:es tt.} J sPlfr!t u'
Rs
\ 'frons
isteY
{ -) rr-

Aclrva 2 <L
) I
crizcu r t
r?
.c 'JU I,

\\,.'t "-* -',

" \\
'\ ...'1IlD^
Tr
i:1: J,
, )'$ ,
'*
R" s
-+ <-_ ft-

Vr Vr dr-
t*
Do
I
!'rtl r hfff I
I

t
\e
ft Trqnsisror forroing o' fcou Pont
flI;.*3,-o::ff-
* Th€
itaftc Biq s Ju *ha rrrrrnsishlr,
*suP Ply flnd sr
Lgod f*fraooc{'t{l'at tbt outpu{
po-Tt and *h a
1.. J - -$ourc{''Ys,'r,rith
iY:t*lu rs u,rrl l{tte0n&[ ef
Rs e3-
Rasisl"ocu Ks
inte?rnql KaSrSfdnca
;1nn_
Joput por_1

|il. ru a c..on
i*tO" an *nolgse
Anatyse fb,i r t t\ Oblain
cireurt
+b,i S cireu obtatn fhe
vorlus a &*,n (A0 clncA;),
lf:::'i::.1: ,-=r,:'T',ot
I-ngut lolrdonc(}putf
Vr ; Teo,falance (r,
iCurrent
lrrTtt^L A-^.t- ln,\.
)
Goin (Ai) :
i.
I
F
tp
I Cu"rr€$,f_ Gr aln is ]ht Rqdo ,t' outgut 6ufi€nt
F.

k
Ja tha Tngut cq'utran1
t
I
h
outpu t eqtrra of Itl
Tnput e-qrYao\ rr/
I

fu' -Tr
Ar = -Tz
Tl
;i .i'#l
r

E
fr,rrn tht fi'guze
 lu*= -T":r )
I

Tr: h+fr -hoTr-(L

b re 1t t hozr-)g : b+ rl
tr h+
rt l+ho(L

AIr-Ir

t
fht rrerfi o oT Tn 6rut Vofk^
JD . +h4 TnlUt eqtfcht,, ,-
.'! i.
.l

- Inpu+Voltu7e -= yr l ,, "tfrjr.-

l-ort l--*t ,, 1 ', ,

l,
*

ltt

Tl ?t
T

Vz = ,

,,i t i r'i :' , ".'- :'i rl 1 ,. : ' tt

,Yt' I ' =, l^,i Ir

t ht [ ']rr r-)
t. '
!i , :
'' '

V1 : .hi,Il1+[TadD ht',.''i i :

:
"' si & a'3
D^ivi *o? ui ttr r s a l Botb
Vr , li,\-+-hr ( +i)*,
,,
nrArit'l'"

Votrafla cnqip (8C: .

Vottn?n Gq1n iS fha VaJtzl e

.-. -3 tH+ tftlf+?t
_t,

+"
 vvrl-*lvrr-iJ-:#

lou' Tn9 ut \oltag e V1

Av - Vr
Vl
Vl-= Tr zr

r\v'3!
Irti
.Av : I:I l
r r,)[a)

qy,tful
lpr{dg?gSx")'
o-dan c4
,I s^ +h a ra.ti o of
Otltput Trnf cuTf an I
u-rtnut vu l Fctg t JN th a 0 ut0ut

0u l-flut VoltuS e V.2-

ur t0 u t= ,
Q. u'trra n t Jz

toftI t'd oT7 ffr o 0_1_Uafr'an

Trr h+TrthoVz
Di V id-r nX th o equo^tr on bq Y 2
+
Jr h4
e")-t bo
2-
-Y
ilftltlrn3 Kvt- t figu*re

Ys -- Ir ( Ks th'r) + hfv2
+t_
.#
6 : fr(Rs+hi) *trPvr a
 TrtX3thi) : - hI Y1'
Tt - hr
r1r - Ksthi

,=]rf !#
hl
I u:l
tlo : h.,o Ir
\
&Tt
po
f-s
R il
'f, ho
Vr_

rI: h+
rl* -hv - + ho {

L Rs+n ,l
tc

vlr
i ,no ?
u.'
h+ hr
f-s + h i
gl

Dota:atl utltl Po
U
iThursdqy

Po.,l uT'6oi n ,t*r) : It t

o'utpuf: Fu'tbaY
Porc tt (,roi n (4, =

Pt-
Ap
Pr
Pr

Tl-
Pt: -JrY,
.! .
il

P1 : fr v1
t, .+

Af: - Tr-vz
Tt v1 f j'r

--&-s. g, i*Yrrrr \ -. tr f[.- :' . I

 ' ,'L ttf
lJtt I

Ar - < t\
^i {r/

1_ry
Ks T1

V1
/J Ki
t
{rlii

-AVz
Vg
Di v idrh3 rtna rnurFi ptging ulith V1 '

z\s = vg ,( jl
Yq Vs

Avs r *r Vr

= ]r.ri
j
V1 ' 't i ie

Rs+ (i
V1 : YI Ki
.'...._-.-------..-=

Rs+<i
V1
<.-
(l
Vg
f-s +< i

Avs :

r
A

€il
./'?.
1 .,€ -.*,
-'
' i+*
:i
 Avs : ffr 1-=L \
\rr +<i)

hon IR-'-j] thon ,

,Avs: Av
*vt : ft rL
<i

Cufrqnt Ooin c+nsi$tnnq 'olr(3

n
tlsi*9l$
.F 1r Rf
I- r -- > t
I ----,
RrtQl-
,'i !

Is -Ir.. q\-
"'; 8r+Qr

*ts 2
Ir Z
1r
Is Is
Divra;o? uritn T\
A1\'r t Tr Ir
Ts !

Ts -Rs
----
Rstl;
TI
Is -#
Rs+z;
:q
 / e_s+<i I ,

i vi tu n? Ivu ro qr-& tu ?- a*uz u) it-h Rs

D
"tnd DrmrOnn\n
A1 s: Jr ttf
r,+ ur)
\R s't

*t+ m:tl
Ars : Ar
rrEt-)
\ oal
AT
h
t
k.
t+j- I
;
Ar, : .Ar-
It o

tbrrnulas
Osr : -hr
\+ho(L
f"rr C E
I
I

I
AI" : -"hfc
*-a-*'.
\+ hoc { L
.

o Av- = ArfSI\
\zi /
'1,
I

i
I
I

I
.i

Ly - n,i tbrArdl-i tr.r ( E di = I

hiethre-AI<r
I .

a \l,o + ho !* ht.l
I {'or L,\ur c ho? -
Rs+h ''IfLl,,Lc
R. s VI.\e
6 Ap +i (+)1
Ar r\r Av )
c Ars Ki \
Ar/[-_
I
1

\rs-t< i /
I

ftr (<u \ l€
I

Avs I

; t $*<,
 TTIS = /tI N)
Rs+ <i
Datt. Q(lb1 lt5

Tfqnsi stor in cB cunfrgurratr:oh,ls 61 ln-Va_D

bU a VDltafla a Vs .+ i firar n a8 h0jrstanc
soutr c e

*ha !oaJ i.if L&o$te RL :2KJL. ohq -tha h - pott,

m)okorr htrr >r2JL hef : )iti4' , hff ; b,9 8
troe: o^5-turA t("ir Vol+- eatculota,
i) Cuvtranf Gai r., Af
ii) vultaX o &ain Av
i i i) tro6,ut Ras ston o Q-I c

\l) orstf ut frtf'edanca Ko

\) P ou aT or'n Aj Cn

vi) O{ rr 411 \o { tug r Crai h Av r

Vi'r) ilVoroil ruM
ont Gc.,"n fl rs
G ivon th of
Rs : troo*cr
R.u L KJL
h t'b ? |i-'I JL
hru tsx I*A
h+u ,0.Q8
h ou : o.El.l& I V ra

i) c qrrto t Gar I (.t L) a:.il

t.
t.

rT orrt q oj D A1 ,,

t +'bqbtt

eqrlEht qdD A1
ti
 ,\v : kL t*
h'U -1tr t
At 4 ht +hrAIKr .)
<\Q

q)(zx
)). L Qr r;+) (t
o'Ql to-
4t
<r
22.5s-1
W +Yv<d>
,Av : o-tl9
(#,)
Sv': Be.'1 I
Utpu* lrr.0dd(n,caG"
\o: ho* J*?I
R: +hi

)o r o.rx rJ( - xtoO'l

{q1tl:
\.- goD t 1)- )

: 0"l42Hu
1

\o
,\
,tP t

o. I+tX t\
(o = -1^04 t"fl rl

f.vrtt GoJn Ap

& ? s}&v
h ; 0's'l ,)!t"e'1t)
s4'&Bl, s
Sp = .1
: -* i
vi) ovtlAll volruJ. Y'*!,v\"/

8,&'l{ I| L2'ttr4 l
Avr = -----,F8fi) Buo+ 1-)
\
z\vs = 2.3'8
\ ii) cu "o-r o n\ &or n Chx) I
Af\>
I
1..
( f-s+dtr
hls : 0.tl g 81ro
( 8ot) f D-5t
/-
1+ ) t

*ts: 6.qE)t ri

ll ,:;,ifl,'#-ffi H:'J:Ty-gyir1 #lll,

ho:25Uftlvo\t Cqleulqta AT.Al., Rf ,fio,*VS
fl lS St c( cnnfr'Xufdtion tl i+f, &s :. R L,> ioKJ_
. :-

6ri v Lh ., I

hi: [^[KJL
ht- : I

hg : -51
ho : )tI-\A[volt
r) CurTe nt Garo TT)
hT: in'l
\thoKL
AT -t-trt) a

ffii"rcroxrp
A r' r*
 fiv; ftr
)
AV : &o ' n' lo X la
----- 1te
\
r/
tr._.d-clto
h,trr r\I ( L
z[.t xt
3
b ), t rI {o, D{+dfl-ol)
rrr)[
: 4o q t b o

\ i\) +Q6, ?o.r; tY tn &t n

Af : f4o.'8)to'qqr)
1\)
ffTs : fiI Rs \ \
fl.- s+ <'r /
T
lo X [o
Io X tos 4 4o r, tt)
frlS i u,ot'1 3

.rf ) P,Y f z; ;1

\rs^< )
l0D
Avs =
a,99 I f 40 i
,*
)
1uX\o\ t4oct ltlo

U) Wut rror' tie-Dc e.t<u) ;

l 4
o

: trc S nt: s' ,h

 n- 2DXt;"- \-?t)\t/
Yo
I I
Dt r-r xr D

3. A eE Tt-ansistu"rffigtl orl L C ?l'V 0n bY

o+ int al'ho"l rosistdo^|t{ Rs, Boo-rr , tho lo ct d
im0olanca is d R,asish{ R r = :@K.rl 2 th o h -p o tru nn
aTO ht. = tloorr, h'r-(= l, h+. i - 5't '/ h oC, QStr
&ICUlaFe ftf-flV, F.J, Ka,
AVs.ATs
iol : Given
R,s = trOo *Cf
RL : t{BK-rr
hr, :\\oo -o
hrc : I

h+. : *51
b uc > +IE l-r ,tl v
i) cqY^fa Dt G od o

-bf
\+ho tL
Ar: -c-rr)
t+ (t Dtxri')[:exrf )
/tI :
$ tr,51 t

Av: *r6)
#
ru;+e.txf gt-), ,: 'l L t
 Al * hi t hrflIzt
. y.
AI \1 oo + t t) ( 48'h.1 r) [)-xl J )
7; : 1D 24?

Av : o,q &8 k

&D
9
0
,rQt24L

Avr,.Ar (*;,)
lv s :0.}ErE fitoI \
)
e--

mb+qs ,+,
ffi b ui fif) l": .t

?otD
oy''' Ar ; t\!
= [+i'#rl)
Ap z '48,.0rJ
, ... ,nlo, .t

,'h, _.bthf r
t'-a
J

Ks r-t'f
Yo : 2\X [6{- (-5t)(r)
8o o + ttoD
t[o : g.trcB 6ar
t

r#
,.']
 l/vlL:. v- I t v \rr t

fq it I ors Ih utro rn An d ,It s Duo.fl

flq r'l t ers fn e^ -ron 6JuJ o ror o

t
%
,J X nq il to-rs lh e.ororn ,gtata
n

s
:

Ih.,at lh 0rl, :

T*pa-d aDt a" t".is'; CDnFle ctad : .botttl{on jba

Dn p u t ,tn a out? u"ti- torrninq ls uf 0_ N otul o n-K fr
.!

Dhrch pu\ul'daS A VnttaXc 6oon"AVlAn ellilvatont

C,rrcur*fhcr1 tt'Y€.3 thq gonneqffeclecn be
&ror,ln bu Iorn.1vin1" r,qp*,
tt F!,..Q,4,Cfinfl, I&n
tmP{daf}Ce"Ki d(nrsr +Fo,Jnyut flnd {o (($(.gs
thaoutput 0-! shrnn infiX,.L' t.rhotra ,)
1'j

{i= 1
rl L __- _ ,- q
t-Av Y

.-$
 -l

8.4 AfiYin? K€L 1u tha InPut sido of *is.L

V1-Vz
fr
7 ,i

{nnr^ #h r fi'?'." 't 3rr glut e lld e

Tt= :VI
X+
VI V1 -VE-
: #
<i 7
Vr(
V1-Vr
Diviaing frne mui+i1rtsin7 tlil-h ,V1

7.2
6l
Vr _ .V2
v 1 \l
xi=:
rl- V>
-
V1

\,0 a Kn orrr tt', o,_f

Vr

r 4

l-Av
frue", th a- fi 0.t Out(tut Srd e
Jz L :='t
X
ft*ro tb o- fiq-1
Ir = YL
Z-t
*
 YL v)-vf
(o
-: x l,

/i

,1b Jr<
Vr- Vr
Di \ridin? find nnulHC.tgin$ caif h \f:*
ii

t
7A
AD
Vr_ Vr ::
{1 V v

{r: Z
-_
t-vf
t
-:-
Vr

7^ - ,\vx
\u

-*v- l

ffliJtr'r Ffle -
c* cq t-t*qoc a :

I]
&nn ectad o-to h o inp u t cn d outf d1 tarnni nat s
b atrrr

"f 0 ftctr-vB dqvicl . tha 0al9t eq8 cti fu rs r^l il I Conh?,U

th a lotr fu-equap,r? Ro-spaos e dqa 1r. *h oir lots Reactonc
Irvel
* fno to1 i ltor E#e ct Io4ut t{ oq,tuoce r 6is
ac(
r(l )
t -Av

Jui c{
I
<_-_-
i

J'(,.9 cn,i
I
\_ :l
JL6c ra'i '/
tldc+Cr-rtv)
./
cm,\ : L1 Ct-*v)
*< tt, r rnil lar Ef*a c t outg u t- &gau fan ( e

t ' ., : .

.t

I
{o=
i Frus cr6.:
.l !
L: I
i
--
jr.ocp
I
*-._ I

);dc 161o
#ro(,- *v)

@
r;;{rii ;r+i.:''; 't*:f lt
 L/Uet Uf tellr'lQ-IJ InLDT{nD: i

\\t
-/ \t
a
I i^ 2_

t >tr-rl
I
t *-:ta-

:
fi+.
v-_ I

V
l,

---::

Stofofnontl "Fi ?',?',2 , '"f-"1 '

{ h,u Dr. t QD, of ,r{ill,orr . Jhe.roFD g-tata_s , that

:fT:^,: b*o*ooon ffra Topul tn,l outgcrr fzro,rno ts
p L, .. i- *,'ro
T*^
lTl*:?,Ki
r

d *ho rnsc,l ,ir""il I'"'*"*r"

0utpu-f sfdo os jhd\rn
a Y)

,n-+r1.'i
HhoTQ,, 1 t ..4 '

Zi =z (t-+i)
(n:d
(' #)
ldh a_D- a ,,, 4i = -Tr
T1..'
LT, .-Ai
Fro oh : #
JF*role,Hra i-.rr .L a i Ar r
 z(Tt * LL)
,+

* fn-ru fi'q ' 2-

Vl -- Tr Ki i:
Jtfi: Z. )
trt,+ r, :

t+,n
t ?) "t

('Ir'i)
4.
'<1 : Z

10 t KRor^t th"tl_ .{

Ir : Ai
.

:
,. , .:'

*rlt.f rhr KrL +, *ho- outp u1 9)da

tr1 =dtr*rr)) .l

fnrt', "Fr g-)-

d'vz = Tr("
1:

Ir(o = <(f1tb)
a (Tr *$r_\
\ Ir T,) .J
!

\ ar/ i!

fr
6:
Fl
i

Iv At

\ fr)
t-: '

* -*,
 Ir(0r llteA o vt0l it
'-{ {
cr6i /t+(€xv1 ^, +
t-Av
?6* +,
) Avd
tt

^D \-+

Mt'llor cqpqutqnc a3 | ,..!.

Ai{ - \-
,i
Coni : cf( l- &v) , i
l'

ttno 2 ,r( r-, I \

Tl)
'i
,,
I

Duc\ t of n4it Ia rs fh elrafn'':

lr!

# 9rob Iarn s
l\ F),
:

+ A voltu?a Vs d \rrtrrnat (on\ slqncg

,K,orBoo

9tt hie=-lo0oJ), bJc= -,Er ,,htrc: lr"hucz25t{Alv

GJcutal-a Ai, Av, Ag, Rj
,Ro rflye ,f\I; i l,
Sot l 6i vcn tb qt ;t

R.s , &o o*o

Ru . )- 5uo -rL
hi c: tooo-o-
_i -
:

Li-

hsc = l5tJ^{V t

aq"6T o_nt &rsJ_f,r :

 frri \r/

1+ q5x r o()t:mo)
Sr : *1 .of-
l) vo l+( (- G cr.i n AV

Ar, fiTt*)
)

l1 hi + hf RI (",'
&J:u6)(r r oo)
(l
d\

looo +''l t
_(
<l r It8( r53
-i l*Y": o,"ttlf
3) lo ul o 'lf co'*'n t.

fu:(+1'05)(o'tq
Ap z 4("6)-
4)

: yrY l;6 i- Cnr) (t )

troo * looo

do I
Yu
da 2 t E--qr'l'i r"
 ))
Avs'flJfj,L \
f 'R's+ ri/:_l I

L 4l.ob ( ::-.--
YoD t lt
Y-E
= o"q h4 ?

Ars : *l -

z\r s -- 4-1;95(+'b'i
:
\ ruillt3G )-",)
u,Bt5\
5" Tn a c E lrun sr'sfoT A ifi qr :irs dri von
btd a Yol-lag.e Soutrce sf^pt
irrt-r.r-66q Ra_sf stunca
Rs . &00*n- qnd Loa d fmoQdance Ku :>Ka,lh,e
h- 8A"rarn0tQ 7s crxre hy6 = ,t[ oorr , hm : l,hfe : -Bl,
hse ' )5Iv Af v col cu.ru ro '*J , ,hv t k-p
,Ri; Ra , fiv s.,*J -q
sul : Griron'fhql- ,,',' .

Rs : 80 oJa
Rl ) r-KJr-
htr : tloo-n-
hgt :. t

hoP = LE.N41V
l) c,-lwen Cxd n

Ar: *-hf
t-Fh,r (t
4
* .4, ,--k FJ'L , a ;
 lJ)L - - -T-u')t I
i t" I

2) \o I mg o- G,qI!t)
:

!
^Ttr
.l zK\02
I ) 4 B-b
\a tz+
D
i
4

hi + htrI ftr (L
'
:
1+ ' i r ,,
<l
:
Ir xroE )
:,

',
al
\ l0u ++ Ct) c +t'51)
,
^1
I
r () 1
q& Lt+ 6
P

*? = *T/*v
Ap = (+s-5-r) (0.1 &e,r)

An i +1'1s1t(
4)
Iu: hrF h+hI
&s+hi

\o:)tir;6> C-5t)?l
Btr u + tt 0 6
\.0 : o" 0)6 I r
., f,o : 31. )3
5) ,.'L
Avs : *r |
Ws+Ri
: + 8-Dt
i lr .aai
 6) i*-t r , .r\l
t)'' (' -9-- )
i''"-' \r'"<\/
I

l
+IS = 4t'61 ( 8tI-
\ Btot , rrn)
t

Doto.'3olotlt3 rqesdq
XtnqFdao,S 'i

Innpti&'aa cE &1 br'O 0r1ocl el

R,s B !c hie

II I
.!
ht evc
Il_= J_
$-ffr'
lno
t1b,'

ll
= ;sg*[1- Sa
ffi']-[
Rs . 7!-: c
lttt Tuil
,
$u,['
ll,ll,,
L'
lO
)fi th,e fii. r Shat.rs
a1L
qeF
Exqe
\l* e\u
tt
' (cE n, lo snodeo
tl

# Thofr?, shops Ang"r nato sirnptifr ed cF ll

gwxinn
trlodel
,k fn Ptqcticaf cosos'., It- if rsI Anp?ru rr'ato J- |j
obtoin *nOtzuxinn oJ-e .Vsl,utss if, Gurnro n t Grar-, @tl
0

v uito? a er.-o o
-kr) ? *,rtal.i Clo;
f0sistoo. uGt)ora o11rpu r Ea,
b D^r-r^
lw.iu,i
jl
 ru

{" tlo ta i n X *n nnr Kinnq*r d n s

i) Sinra -f-- (ouryur\ JnnnoAin"fi s l,n Pcrall a

hoa
ith th loaal RosistuPco Rt
n-

)+ rf I-'o t be
t

n r?lrc ro { thon, Tc=h+o".Tr,

ii) hrp .ye = hro f..RL
hra V. = hr. I.+.tb [rl
fS\Ocar tho {alua cyt hrt--h+0,'is o0nrsxirrrattly
Quol tu o,ot ( ),
*IT,q Vatuo con Uo nogtn"aou in cafnpd.r)-ssD
nlil-h Voltug L hie.Tu \

u$, Tho sirnplii'od nnodgtqs.shduJn in frg'z

is obtainad
Culranl Caoin(Ai):
oul-Put cuTa'on
I6 Jn[)ut cu'6"?roD t-

3y

h.-'-.I
Snpu* RaErslanqaCRi):
vo ["ta s (
Tnp ut
l

i Vb
!.
I

. Iu ry
R,i = hi e
.eS
.Er ]
Y0 IFS o C}Ion ovr -

;\v , gu l Pct t
fnput
1
Ar VC t)
Vg .,'. -(rc'B
r $L'
*Tc. gl{
frv- = \ rt"

Tu^hie j
t

l1r,

'1,,

! l. 't

:
i'rl!

Il- R.o: 0utpu't Vdltage

IL:*.* =-
ou tp u t e u$?rah t-
" ,

Ru: Vr
--
Iq

Ro =- Y-f,
T;<t i

Ro 7 Rl .rI

CF Annplihio r utith ztn tnniJter Re s ,sror0s9 :

ul? ge
"tC

I
 T
vb
tu( \th8o)
i(r
fi'fl.G
#tt-,o fig"r sbotr-r s c F Arnpt ifi o r aiycuil trlitb
Ernitta r Ro si s tor
ifiud'cF Anrr p t i{i cr trith
# th a fi ?-r shotrr s slrnPl
on tnnitfor Rolislbr
CUIrAnf hqin :

Tu
A1 : -h+o ty'
\y

Input R. esi s hn( o G') :

R.i : yf
Tb
reutTu(t+h* e)Rr,
lU
tl I nio + [r+ hre) rt)
\V
Ri L hio-t Q\+hSq)
lr_ Av: vc-
Vt,
frv: IcRr
Tb chi'e-'t(tth+a)re)
I

fiv :' -hfo W Rt @

i
?r il'r I
 f,v :-hf a t L

hit +(t+r'fe)Rts
)+ fu+h+o)Re ))hie
...''.

z\v - hfo Rl-

(+ h-po) rr
€*n
AV
:hf o
hlr
tlRE r\!
.,.drt
*tr : --t ! E)$'
RT
I
\$
$.-i
I R- /
Dqte:Vtlo1 f19 Qov.W*osq:{&a U
- 0;

f-Prss* ,fig u.r Gtio'r,s !

l
ffi*^
r S,l
o ',S'\
\Y i
tr

Pu ra rn oh[r C. E C:-c c.g

i,
1

gxyyon t 71r'n,h aliqh ; I

&nn Loru
Gat n (Ar) (4r.6)
t-.46,5) '

*:-*"-* Yisipa
Votro?u Btigb +tin5-
Q.inqV) prl r) (r sr 1

frfu I |"fi ediuin Lu t^t

1

R.osistu0ree
(tocorr-) (rl.5JL)
\(r)
outpul ttrl qOiu,nn a1ts Lous ,, I
?,lr
Raii3laoe e nh
(R
") @ tKn) (aq tS, ( t,-t:
\-rl
rrfn_)
 L- I 0 r<-lr^.

Jhe bo$iot-r:ing Rqlos *roUsad hor Anat'6 lis oJ

Tqronst'Sto"6 &-trc ui I
1)DUa.,: tha Acfttal *-tdnfl :".uit
d;agror"n 0eaftX
q\tflq!6-K rh( point s B (B Zt ), c @f tae=t"r)ood
.L/
un, Locat t'Tnase
7G*i*rr) Il,:, :I::*,*usrarn-
hg rn"'rntc*.,'rlq7
points 0n tha- t4UlVdlant ul-cui+
tht Sernnro RelahVo Posr'tions 0.-S in tho 0nsinql
uT tu i'l
3)Rapldco Fqch ltzrnst'stur b9 )ts h--6'otrannalaf
fD 0d el
4) frm n sjr 5sno-6/tlt tha urcui't Eterrr enf s {trnrp th e
tual eirrcv il tb tha eglrryalanl urcuit of the
6 tifr tr
!f)Ropr..ee Etlchi6a-PancLapt D'c !otlfca by its is
l;ilrffi;iiasisHhct..Iha Tdut vo{*ao; o sdurce
qlecod bLd d. qhofl U''rcuit an& JdAal cu'irrafit
gou'ltco bg dn dpan Ureurt.
qsol va tho Rogutlunt Linu{ circuif fiv
lulasb glry) b"o-anch (urvant ond trtode v ol fraE ( j
0APlVing KVt- ond KcL
Vcc
J,, TC

Rc

R-s B

o)

g-^
 i

.1

R. t_

r I'
. YCC

'rl, T.
&u

,lP
^ hio u hfe I bz__*f
I>-)J c
C

t
Rr

hfrlr

t
s
.-:r--l-'

Erniltct fottotl$qr .'

fi3,O
 hie Tri\"
-/ --
*'.b

Br\\ R I

\
Ri R) : R"l! FL t-s
RiJ-'- Ri ll R r lttu

)< n o *x"t sbo*s CIn Ennifter$tleur qr (cc A*Ptifiei

Lrrcrr i t
)aTna frfl.t sh,otrr* s,mplrfied h-pa.x-4rD atQT nDodef
of €roitte-il {,tf ok}aI Crrcuit i:

ldCC Con,figq.uqfi'un is Ca{lod ( s Enni rrar fittotdoF.

sinc (,.Tbe E--fDitta,r
ftt ta r,tl r Bo s e i,e y ThE 0utPut ic
atlr\xirnrofuty
Giuqt +s Tnput
oufpur ir tuKon
Y"ry
is ?ivon to rha' at *ho Frpr'f.tat oDd Tnpuf
il":
Acnce,The Emittar finordr BqsI
of fha nnnsr sl-oy-
!f,': rent &oi,, :tSf )

)n6 ut Cq'irrc n h
frum the f-r'1. 3

Ar ]r Tu t f> r'f n
fx fl
Ar : hft*hfg)
J nouf Ftsl stqo( € LFI / .

Tnpuf voltq? e

0ur eu'rTenJ
Ri: vb
Tu
V6: ]r hio th Rr_

Ir :(t * hfo ) ru

Ri T phia + Ir- R r-
II
Ri : Iun,ia -{ (r+r,fe) TuRr-
,:, Tb"
,X[nio + (r+hfa) RL]

Ai : t l+bf€)
I

rl I

XTho ovortrotr Jn0ut Rasf stqncd ((i) tbn St'd an na

Sourca(o) i s

ll Rt {l Rz
Lottr?n G cin (Au) :

Av, Out{lut volta? a

Jn1u t va; ta 1 a
Av;
@
 I

.Av $i- hi c

\. = t- hie
0ut0ut f.qsisfqncaIRJ:
'Ro, 0utf u+ Voltag c
e nt
. , ffiut curr

Rb : [r,i r +ri) Tb
Tr
s.l : Rs lt Rr t{ Rr

K-'

(r+hfa)lu
Rd : hletRi '

t+hte
Ib a oV o?-o tt ou t-n u+ R tqr'3t-Qfic

W
Q

Date:06l6Sltq Da I Iues da
:

i
C-qS_ccr ar'nt ,T3:zln si sto"r AlnFlit4

Rs \
t
r:
firs t S oc-ond
D Ston a St-ag e *']'
E

(uSco.ded
 4 4U lt'\ vvltv.(*\- -r-\r- ,v-'-' "'\ u,rY
StaXo srrratl sr'gool fmflifier il Do[ sufffeenf f-oz
practrcot Ape ticqtion3.uDa hcls +u u\e tno"l a
'thon
0na sfage o-f An"plifiovs frf AchtoUe. fiOcossarU vollagt
qnd $or.r.t o r- in
fla

)a s", (o)
I-r,ro tnor e stag o c ean bc c-)nnectod rn
C0sCo.de i.e,
Tha oufput bf ?ivdn sia3o ir bfr6octod ft tbe-
ffrput of noxf sl-a-?a as 'shot^!n :ifi' tho *iSub-e
,! :*-
X ln *noplifi ors, cadinn i s done-'1s q chiev e
Cus
eoTto-c1 !nnut ond urltput Jnto-Agnco -fon- sl,rtrtrc
"ftf g L'co-iioDs -

{-r7 O

L
d,
€
I

.,,1, Io

V\
VS V}
4t
,1, l
Z\ \-)-\'r-v'\-- lU
I
fDput Troptdante ,

*- Tn ord a rr to r+chi Ve L ar6 e Tn put Trnpedohc e Ih

Q

plRLlNqIoNl PAt R"(." *'cc) ;s'qsed es showR'

i$l"ro-l
* @ Gnsl^sts oJ. )-_,(qs(qdad Ennitte-v

VAssurf,rt'n9 thol hoe'Ko S 6't

4" U :
h+e.Rr) ) hte
$/tt,n S o tund I aruronJ &dn iq
ou*Put cuYTaot
3n6,ut eg'YTjl1
AIr- ]: $ tthle
It
#Thu Jn 0u+ RQ.siStqficr "f thr SPGnd stage iq

Kir: hie +Q+h+a)f,E

fSinCQ, Ihe Effpcf Loqd Srf tha lransr'str,Y S.t is

fn t Tnptrt Rrsi ltqfrc o rf ftanq lshj"u 'i'. (.r]'' Kt.z
* h o- c uYtr o nt.. Cr'o.r f'' lf-u.,', Th a , {r ;r st -ffige is
frrr = lt =
fi
Jl h*e i

\* boa Rie
t+hj c {r':-r,[ t h+o)t-e ) ?

ttho q (l* hfa) RE

t#
 I Rt, : I+nTe I

I tthoahfeP-t I

A!
#Th Q ov ratt Lurrr-e nt' '':--::::-
a

u*put tu.rlonl
lnnut ' qtrYr-on I
A1 : Io
ri .: ti rt
ffl te { tipt g o nd Divt dJ RorI trri th I z 6

. i,:- ,*

,hr .: T';' \, 1L

f'r l )
Ar: fr x\^ I ?
Iil 2

"AI AII X AIlz

,frr t+h+r
hut h*o Rr Xtthfa)
]:
tr h+ a)

\\hooh48'RF
t

R e-s ilto D( 0 fr-r ji r st erag a i-r

I

hi q,t
,.
I T
'+t 1.2
2_

hi o*
t
t hrT
(.-L' \* hlr )R
\r 3o)Q
Rir' x ['/& [+ ht{}.,R8 o'i5't t\ ol trieI
ttu.,
[\+huah]tRt)
Xrh.'cd#ftp,i &r:o.-r-n fir thr *:tie r t fugr_ f s
d
Y
I'
I i .1
 l-l I - Irl L -t-/l !l r\rz-

Rtr S Af r Klr
hie
Arr Ri t

#ft,t v0 ltagt &crin-_ 4oY tho-, Stcon& tftrEa [ \

Av: = \- hi E

Riz

Th q dY oI"0 II vo ltag o clrCIu n ''r+ u "

r r)
Divicin 3 ond rfiu tt10 r!in6 trtrth:--:'---
Vl-

Av: [D ..^ {r
. ' i
i i'

'r/i'
-A .'{,2
ftv )!Lx g
vi vz

,Arr ,Avt - Av:

AV : Il- hie \ hiE
( na eir) ( '- Riz )
r F
*/
l- hr'( hia
/2-
hi a
",ft
"\:Y:
sn ($ ,
"hI1Ki r 41, Rir'
i
Riz {L^
.AV.W e'
t.- -hri' ,'i bi a-

ST r Rit Ri:-
Sior(, Thr v(lu q C AIr. Rir ) ! Riz

,lY S r- !_B
Rir

#
uQt(;l+tuolll

f f f Srool\ Sinncr$ nnq.d-ej

.C
\_)

:}
Xlhn ff'Xure .A.c Eqcrivolont Lircui t (or) srnqll
sigoat Fdtodel of ,&f+Er
*ftn ptgrn,.(urron* l_Ia--i s, (ontr,ullad bg lbe
Grorto to sou r t e ry oltagn "Yq::' ond, if i nc I ude s a
cuFrarrt sourcett ?tp,vgs"rrrlnec*ed frunn D,zu-n 't
S0UYLa-- &s Shot,.rn in fht
{r.Sure
tesented o.s " open
llTSultjaj* th e ]nput tor{^ninqt s . B ocau.sQ, it is
Vorg bfnb
*tt', a 0utgu f ROlfSmn( € .3_i" Calrnqcfa.d battloco-D
thu sou l^c e and 'd?raih terminats Ih a gbuICe *orrrrioql
3"is c..rnrRro teatulaon the- "rnput fina. .oufput
i 'l
.r '

)< Hn? Drat n to Soqrt e 3 ba t'rl s

ftn* fh e *rnta p{iplrng
hat tho v-e is fhcse shift brtraoon the [nPu*
Ahd outflu+ Exq(fl q,'lg0o" )
,\ {
h feT ig o. Voltaqe (urrant Do\rice"
I -

#
 sou r((
tss[f,ll Vu>

l-
c9-

ojl
I

'l-'i
I

''q b
I
!

r.l.z-

fi? t

v\ tRq vhs
rl
tt
lt
' '' r' 4--
-
s
. _ , fi.q,.r

Co00tl'fo.n(, --) 3[o'[* uycuit

\ollage Shro.yI Li'r e.r.r i i
-i..

#
Xlt-,e fit t shor^rs fff r brnrnu o s surc e ltrnp! ili e r
utrcu ti

f Th o ftn-z shorA s Jr s nna ll siSnal nnodal of o JFEr

tar0rnon s6urc€ *nn flrlic. r
f o'rrr rr, o le rr
i) Jn eut Tn, p od o nte &ri) :

lho fnpu* frnfodooca is

;

Zi = Kq i

il) 0utut Inopodonc e t(o) :

lhe- 0utputTrnfodon(e Ko is obtar'nod by

soffiin? V&s: Vl: o
.'.Ihe ou*putlrnpodonct do: tsll ra
#:+ (pX< rd thon.,
Kull ra S RB
Zo ?3 RD
iii) vo\taE e 6r ujn 6A v ) :

lho \tAf+ outgut Vol*c\se Vo _ gnnVEn C Roll rd)

0 ern Vcrs(Rttt

sin c 8, th en.,
Vu : - em Yi Iruit rd )
Vo
- e nn ( tp tt ra )
V;

Vo
: -9rn Ro
-vit
lm
lE o" pDas e shif t bettrl eal"r thr ]n0 Ul ond out-puf
C o rn rnoo
-Dote
P-T"sla*L$qurq e &! :

: Aol CI8ltg Doy:TuoSdq v

::'*- U-*-.-:=::ft
vpu

.Vt

.{6

{i?,o

9m\ tre

+-*-
'+R
I f-,'g,o
I

ri
-)
T
Srnvot Vs

;*
 +.

zi : Rcr

I --

,(tas
L-

,Ace r y "KcL ft nod eo

+?n vcrs Iira 1 Je s
=

1: t fl 6pVtr s Yo T Vo
-
rd Rs
T
_ld vot+ t
*] ?nnrYc,r s

Jo Vr +* (+vo)
t* lr3ro
rra (J +i
Rs+s.D))
]"
\{d
7 -- VO
q-
^.6
Ju
7
\o
Vo

v"I I + t n r*1
L'rd Rs
7.
-l -aJ +I- I

To R.s 9ro
*
lK ,! **
l.
*.
E
I
!r
I tJ Rs ll _1_
I
i
9m

6A:
h:
[,
B.

F,

r'
! ,t V'o Effvq ! (yd ttRs)
.. :
t':

V; VSs tVa ,

vss Yi - Va :

\I0", 5mq-vr,-V") .(re'tt R,' I

rVo grrr v i (rd tt Rs) - 9b, Yo (Td It(s )
,Ay Yo
v'i

Av : Irr) (lrd ll R,)

I .::_ 1

)+ tt't
,\v= 9nnRs
\-

*
 1.d
,i rf
ffi+"'r 2)1 '
.: u, p oLd ' Io?,Lf I rd* l"S

:1y '

- i ",

t
qt H 'E^E "
f +.rn l'L. l' **+'i,i q J $ I
A

G:gtf
---;

Tt
rac
a!,

tt-
o
.eA
r;!,r'rU