Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatments For Aquaponic Sludge Reduction and Mineralisation
Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatments For Aquaponic Sludge Reduction and Mineralisation
Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatments For Aquaponic Sludge Reduction and Mineralisation
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B. Delaide (*)
Developonics asbl, Brussels, Belgium
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
H. Monsees
Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
A. Gross
Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water
Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev,
Beersheba, Israel
e-mail: [email protected]
S. Goddek
Mathematical and Statistical Methods (Biometris), Wageningen University, Wageningen,
The Netherlands
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
10.1 Introduction
In aquaponics, the wastewater charged with solids (i.e. the sludge) is a valuable
source of nutrients, and appropriate treatments need to be carried out. The treatment
goals differ from conventional wastewater treatment because in aquaponics solids
and water conservation is of interest. Moreover, regardless of the wastewater
treatment applied, its aim should be to reduce solids and at the same time mineralise
its nutrients. In other words, the aim is to obtain a solid-free effluent but rich in
solubilised nutrients (i.e. anions and cations) that can be reinserted into the water
loop in a coupled setup (Fig. 10.1a) or directly into the hydroponic grow beds in a
decoupled setup (Fig. 10.1b). Fish sludge solids are mainly composed of degradable
organic matter so that the solid reduction can be called organic reduction. Indeed, the
complex organic molecules (e.g. proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, etc.) are principally
composed of carbon and will be successively reduced to lower molecular weight
compounds until the ultimate gaseous forms of CO2 and CH4 (in the case of
anaerobic fermentation). During this degradation process, the macronutrients
(i.e. N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and micronutrients (i.e. Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B and Mo)
that were bound to the organic molecules are released into the water in their ionic
forms. This phenomenon is called nutrient leaching or nutrient mineralisation. It can
be assumed that when high organic reduction is achieved, high nutrient
mineralisation would also be achieved. On the one hand, sludge contains a propor-
tion of undissolved minerals, and on the other hand, some macro- and micronutrients
are released during the mineralisation process. These can quickly precipitate together
and form insoluble minerals. The state between ions and precipitated minerals of
most of the macro- and micronutrients is pH dependent. The most well-known
minerals that precipitate in bioreactors are calcium phosphate, calcium sulphate,
calcium carbonate, pyrite and struvite (Peng et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2016). Conroy
and Couturier (2010) observed that Ca and P were released in anaerobic reactor
when the pH dropped under 6. They showed that the release corresponded exactly to
the mineralisation of calcium phosphate. Goddek et al. (2018) also observed the
solubilisation of P, Ca and other macronutrients in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
reactor (UASB) that turned acidic. Jung and Lovitt (2011) reported a 90% nutrient
mobilisation of aquaculture-derived sludge at a very low pH value of 4. In this
condition, all the macro- and micronutrients were solubilised. There is thus an
antagonism between organic reduction and nutrient mineralisation. Indeed, organic
reduction is maximal when the microorganisms are active for degrading the organic
compounds, and this happens at pH in a range of 6–8. Because nutrient leaching
occurs at pH below 6, for optimal organic reduction and nutrient mineralisation, the
most effective would be to divide the process in two steps, i.e. an organic reduction
step at pH close to neutral and a nutrient leaching step under acidic conditions. To
our knowledge, no operation using this two-step approach has been yet reported.
This opens a new field in wastewater treatment and more research for implementa-
tion in aquaponics is needed.
10 Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatments for Aquaponic Sludge Reduction and. . . 251
(a)
Biofilter
Biogas and
Stabilised Sludge
Fish Tank
Water Loop
(b)
Biofilter
Biogas and
Stabilised Sludge
Hydroponic
Beds
RAS
Water Loop
HP
Water Loop
Fig. 10.1 Schematic implementation of sludge treatment in one loop aquaponic system (a) and in
decoupled aquaponic system (b)
The choice of feed is also important in this context. In animal-based feeds where a
major ingredient fraction is still based on animal sources (e.g. fishmeal, bone meal),
bound phosphate, e.g. as apatite (derived from bone meal), is easily available under
acidic conditions, whereas plant-based feeds contain phytate as a major phosphate
source. Phytate in contrast to, e.g. apatite requires enzymatic (phytase) conversion
(Kumar et al. 2012), and so the phosphate is not as easily available.
252 B. Delaide et al.
Aerobic treatment enhances the oxidation of the sludge by supporting its contact
with oxygen. In this case, the oxidation of the organic matter is driven mainly by the
respiration of heterotrophic microorganisms. CO2, the end product of respiration, is
released as is shown in Eq. (10.1).
This process in aerobic reactors is mainly achieved by injecting air into the
sludge–water mixture with air blowers connected to diffusers and propellers. Air
injection also ensures a proper mixing of the sludge.
During this oxidative process, the macro- and micronutrients bound to the organic
matter are released. This process is called aerobic mineralisation. Therefore, further
nutrients can be recycled during the mineralisation process, whereas some nutrients,
e.g. sodium and chloride, can also exceed their threshold for hydroponic application
and must be monitored carefully before application (Rakocy et al. 2007). Aerobic
mineralisation of organic matter, derived from the solid removal unit (e.g. clarifier or
drum filter) in RAS, is an easy way to recycle nutrients for subsequent aquaponic
application.
Moreover, during the aerobic digestion process, the pH drops and promotes the
mineralisation of bound minerals trapped in the sludge. For example, Monsees et al.
(2017) showed that P was released from RAS sludge due to this pH shift. This
decrease in pH is mainly driven by respiration and to a lower extent probably by
nitrification.
Due to a constant supply of oxygen via aeration of the mineralisation chamber
and the abundance of organic matter, heterotrophic microorganisms find ideal
conditions to grow. This results in an increase of respiration and the release of
CO2 that dissolves in water. CO2 forms carbonic acid which dissociates and thereby
lowers the pH of the process water as illustrated in the following equation:
This is at least valid for the starting phase where the pH is still above 6. At a
pH 6, nitrification might significantly slow down or even cease (Ebeling et al.
2006). However, this does not represent a problem for the mineralisation unit.
The general decrease of the pH in the aerobic mineralisation unit in the ongoing
process is the main driver of the release of nutrients present under the form of
precipitated minerals as calcium phosphates. Monsees et al. (2017) noted that around
50% of the phosphate in the sludge was acid soluble, derived from a tilapia RAS
where a standard feed containing fishmeal was applied. Here, around 80% of the
phosphate within the RAS was lost by the cleaning of the decanter and the discarding
of the sludge–water mixture. Considering this fact, the big potential of
mineralisation units for aquaponic applications becomes clears.
The advantages of aerobic mineralisation are the low maintenance with no need
for skilled personnel and no subsequent reoxygenation. The enriched water can be
used directly for plant fertilisation, ideally managed by an online system for the
adequate preparation of the nutrient solution. A disadvantage compared to anaerobic
mineralisation is that no methane is produced (Chen et al. 1997) and, as already
mentioned, the higher energy demand due to the need for constant aeration.
Sieve Plate
pore size: 50-100 µm
Inlet
Outlet
Air Diffuser
Vertical movement of
water-sludge mixture by air bubbles
Fig. 10.2 Schematic example of an aerobic mineralisation unit operated in a batch mode.
Mineralisation chamber (brown) is separated from the outlet chamber (blue) by a sieve plate that
is covered by a solid cover plate during the mineralisation process (strong aeration) to prevent
clogging and formation of fine particles. Organic-rich water from a clarifier or drum filter enters the
mineralisation unit via the inlet. After a mineralisation cycle is completed, nutrient-rich, solid-free
water exits the mineralisation unit via the outlet and is either directly transferred to the hydroponic
unit or kept in a storage tank until needed
254 B. Delaide et al.
10.3.2 Implementation
RAS Hydroponics
Fish Tank
Fish Tank
Fish Tank
Fish Tank
Clarifier Mineralisation
Unit
Biofilter Nutrient
Reservoir
Fig. 10.3 Schematic picture of a decoupled aquaponic system including an aerobic mineralisation
unit. Water can be transferred to the nutrient reservoir either from the RAS water loop or directly
from the mineralisation unit
Anaerobic digestion (AD) has long been used for the stabilisation and reduction of
sludge mass process, mainly because of the simplicity of operation, relatively low
costs and production of biogas as potential energy source. General stoichiometric
representation of anaerobic digestion can be described as follows:
256 B. Delaide et al.
Acetogenesis
Hydrolysis Acidogenesis Methanogenesis
H2
CO2
Formate
Acetate
Organic Monomeric
1 2 3 4 CH4
Matter Compound
Aceton
Butanol
Propannol
Ethanol
Butyrat
Propionate
Lactate
Fig. 10.4 Schematic diagram showing anaerobic degradation of organic matter based on Garcia
et al. (2000)
Effluent
Deflector
Sludge Blanket
Influent
biogas is produced. An inverted cone settler at the top of the digester allows gas–
liquid separation. When the biogas is released from the floc, it is oriented into the
cone by the deflectors to be collected. A slow mixing in the reactor results from the
upwards flow coupled with the natural movement of the microbial flocs that are
attached to biogas bubbles. At some point, the floc leaves the gas bubble and settles
back down allowing for the effluent to be free from TSS, which can then be recycled
258 B. Delaide et al.
back to the system or released. The main advantages of the UASB are the low
operational costs and simplicity of operation while providing high (>92%) solid-
removal efficiency for wastes with low (1–3%) TSS content (Marchaim 1992;
Yogev et al. 2017).
Two recent case studies demonstrated the use of UASB as a treatment for solids in
pilot scale marine and saline RAS, which provide an example of the potential
advantages of this unit in aquaponics (Tal et al. 2009; Yogev et al. 2017). A detailed
look at the carbon balance suggested that about 50% of the introduced carbon (from
feed) was removed by fish assimilation and respiration, 10% was removed by
aerobic biodegradation in the nitrification bioreactor and 10% was removed in the
denitrification reactor (Yogev et al. 2017). Therefore, overall about 25% carbon was
introduced into the UASB reactor of which 12.5% was converted to methane, 7.5%
to CO2 and the rest (~5%) remained as nondegradable carbon in the UASB. In
summary, it was demonstrated that the use of UASB allowed better water
recirculation (>99%), smaller (<8%) production of sludge when compared with
typical RAS that do not have on-site solid treatment, and recovery of energy that
can account for 12% of the overall energy demand of the RAS. It should be noted
that using UASB in aquaponics will also allow significant recovery of up to 50%
more nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium since they are released
into the water as a result of solid biodegradation (Goddek et al. 2018).
The anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) is a more advanced technology.
The main process consists of using a special membrane to separate the solids from
the liquid instead of using a decanting process as in UASB. The sludge fermentation
occurs in a simple anaerobic tank and the effluents leave it through the membrane.
Depending on the membrane pore size (going down to 0.1–0.5 μm) even microor-
ganisms can be retained. There are two types of membrane bioreactor design: one
uses a side-stream mode outside the tank, and the other has the membrane unit
submerged into the tank (Fig. 10.6), the latter being more favourable in AnMBR
application due to its more compact configuration and lower energy consumption
(Chang 2014). Membranes of different materials such as ceramic or polymeric
(e.g. polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyethylene, polyethersulfone (PES), poly-
vinyl chloride (PVC)) may be configured as plate and frame, hollow fibre or tubular
units (Gander et al. 2000; Huang et al. 2010). AnMBR has several significant
advantages over typical biological reactors such as the UASB, namely, decoupling
of (long) sludge retention time (SRT) and (short) hydraulic residence time (HRT),
hence enabling the problem of the AD process’s slow kinetics to be overcome; very
high effluent quality in which most nutrients remain; and removal of pathogens and a
small footprint (Judd and Judd 2008). In addition, efficient biogas production in the
AnMBR can possibly result in a net energy balance.
While this technology deserves a lot of attention and research, it should be noted
that since it is a fairly new technology, there are still several significant drawbacks
that must be addressed before AnMBR would be adopted by the aquaculture
industry. These are the high operational costs due to membrane maintenance to
prevent biofouling, regular membrane exchange and high CO2 fraction (30–50%) in
the biogas which limits its utilisation and contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG)
10 Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatments for Aquaponic Sludge Reduction and. . . 259
(a) (b)
Permeate Permeate
Waste Sludge
Waste Sludge
Bioreactor Bioreactor
Fig. 10.6 (a) Side-stream MBR with a separate filtration unit with the retained fluid recycled back
to the bioreactor; (b) submerged MBR: filtration unit integrated into the bioreactor. (Gander et al.
2000)
emission (Cui et al. 2003). On a positive note, in the near future, new biofouling
prevention techniques will be developed while the membrane cost will certainly drop
with the broader use of this technology. The combination of a UASB with a
membrane reactor to filter the UASB effluent has been successfully studied to
remove organic carbon and nitrogen (An et al. 2009). This combination seems a
promising option for aquaponics for safe and sanitary use of UASB effluents.
10.4.1 Implementation
Biogas Acids
Supernatant Fertilizer
pH ~7 pH ~4
Fig. 10.7 Two-stage anaerobic system. In the first stage (high pH), the carbon will be removed
from the sludge as biogas, whereas the low pH in the second stage allows nutrients that are trapped
in the sludge do dissolve in the water. Usually, volatile fatty acids (VFA) would form in low pH
environments. The removal of the carbon source in the first stage, however, limits VFA production
in such a sequential setup
Organic Waste
Anaerobic Heat and
(e.g. piggeries, Methane
Digestion Electricity
abattoir etc.)
An. Digestion
CO2
Effluent
Extensive
Algal Aquaculture
Animal
Culture Waste Water
Production
Aquaculture
Clean Water
Biomass (Fish, Prawn,
(irrigation etc.)
Pearl etc.)
Bio-Char/ Aquaculture
Animal Feed
Biofertiliser Feed
Fig. 10.8 Anaerobic digestion system integrated with aquaculture and algal culture based on Ayre
et al. (2017)
where ΔS is the sludge inside the reactor at the end of the studied period minus the
one at the beginning of the period, Sout is the total sludge that left the reactor in the
outflow, and Sin is the total sludge that entered the reactor via inflow.
For organic reduction, the sludge (i.e. the term S) can be characterised by the dry
mass of sludge (i.e. TSS) or the mass of oxygen needed to oxidise the sludge
(i.e. COD). Thus, for COD and TSS reduction performances, the smaller the
accumulation and the smaller the quantity in the outflow, the higher the reduction
performance (i.e. high percentage) and so the less solids discharged out of the loop.
Based on the same mass balance, the nutrient mineralisation performance of the
treatment (ζ), i.e. the conversion into soluble ions of the macro- and micronutrients
present in the sludge under undissolved forms, the following formula can be used:
where ζ is the recovery of N nutrient at the end of the studied period in percent,
DNout is the total mass of dissolved nutrient in the outflow, DNin is the total mass of
dissolved nutrient in the inflow and TNin is the total mass of dissolved plus
undissolved nutrients in the inflow.
262 B. Delaide et al.
Thus, similar to the organic reduction performances, the smaller the accumulation
inside the reactor and undissolved nutrient content in the outflow, the higher the
mineralisation performance (i.e. high percentage) and so the dissolved nutrient
recovered in the effluent (or outflow) for aquaponic crop fertilisation (see Example
10.1). The presented mass balance equations are used in the example box.
Example 10.1
The digestion performance of a 250-L anaerobic bioreactor has been evaluated
for an 8-week period. It was fed once a day with 25 L of fresh sludge coming
from a tilapia RAS system, and the equivalent supernatant volume (or output)
was removed from the bioreactor. The fresh sludge (input) had a TSS of 10 g
dry mass (DM) per litre or 1%, and the supernatant (output) had a TSS of
1 gDM/L or 0.1%. The TSS inside the bioreactor at the beginning and at the
end of the period was 20 gDM/L. Consequently, the total DM inputs, outputs
and inside the bioreactor during the evaluated period are calculated as follows:
DM in ¼ 0.01 kg/Ld 25 L 7 days 8 weeks ¼ 14 kg
DM out ¼ 0.001 kg/Ld 25 L 7 days 8 weeks ¼ 1.4 kg
DM to ¼ DM tf ¼ 250 L 0.02 kg/L ¼ 5 kg
The TSS reduction performance (ηTSS) of the bioreactor can then be calculated
as follows:
ηTSS ¼ 100%ð1 ðð5 5Þ þ 1:4Þ=14Þ ¼ 90%
10.6 Conclusions
Fish sludge treatment for reduction and nutrient recovery is in an early phase of
implementation. Further research and improvements are needed and will see the day
with the increased concern of circular economy. Indeed, fish sludge needs to be
considered more as a valuable source instead of a disposable waste.
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