Iec-Ieee 62271-37-013

IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013
®
Edition 2.0 2021-10
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
High-voltage switchgear and controlgear –

Part 37-013: Alternating current generator circuit-breakers
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021-10(en)
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IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013
®
Edition 2.0 2021-10
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
High-voltage switchgear and controlgear –

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 29.130.10 ISBN 978-2-8322-4847-8
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission

–2– IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
CONTENTS
FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................... 13
1 Scope ............................................................................................................................ 16
2 Normative references .................................................................................................... 16
3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................... 17
3.1 General terms and definitions ............................................................................... 17
3.2 Assemblies of switchgear and controlgear ............................................................ 20
3.3 Parts of assemblies .............................................................................................. 20
3.4 Switching devices ................................................................................................. 21
3.5 Parts of switchgear and controlgear ...................................................................... 24
3.6 Operational characteristics of switchgear and controlgear ..................................... 27
3.7 Characteristic quantities ....................................................................................... 31
3.8 Index of definitions ................................................................................................ 45
4 Normal and special service conditions ........................................................................... 49
4.1 Normal service conditions ..................................................................................... 49
4.2 Special service conditions ..................................................................................... 49
4.2.1 General ......................................................................................................... 49
4.2.2 Altitude .......................................................................................................... 49
4.2.3 Exposure to pollution ..................................................................................... 49
4.2.4 Temperature and humidity ............................................................................. 49
4.2.5 Exposure to abnormal vibrations, shock or tilting ........................................... 49
4.2.6 Wind speed ................................................................................................... 49
4.2.7 Other parameters .......................................................................................... 50
5 Ratings .......................................................................................................................... 50
5.1 General ................................................................................................................. 50
5.2 Rated voltage (U r , U rgcb_side , U rsd_side ) ........................................................... 50
5.3 Rated insulation level (U d , U p ) ............................................................................. 51
5.4 Rated frequency (f r ) .............................................................................................. 52
5.5 Rated continuous current (I r ) ................................................................................ 52
5.6 Rated short-time withstand current (I k ) ................................................................. 55
5.7 Rated peak withstand current (I p ) ......................................................................... 55
5.8 Rated duration of short circuit (t k ) ....................................................................... 55
5.9 Rated supply voltage of auxiliary and control circuits (U a ) .................................... 55
5.9.1 General ......................................................................................................... 55
5.9.2 Rated supply voltage (U a ) ............................................................................. 55
5.10 Rated supply frequency of auxiliary and control circuits ........................................ 56
5.11 Rated pressure of compressed gas supply for controlled pressure
systems ................................................................................................................ 56
5.101 Rated short-circuit current (I sc ) ............................................................................ 56
5.102 Rated short-circuit making current I MC ................................................................. 61
5.103 Rated load breaking current .................................................................................. 62
5.104 Rated out-of-phase making and breaking current .................................................. 62
5.105 Rated transient recovery voltage (TRV) ................................................................ 62
5.106 Rated operating sequence .................................................................................... 65
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 –3–
© IEC/IEEE 2021
5.107 Mechanical operation endurance capability of generator circuit-breakers,
main-disconnectors, starting switches, BTB-switches and braking switches
of classes M1, M2 and M3 .................................................................................... 65
5.108 Rated first-pole-to-clear factor .............................................................................. 65
6 Design and construction ................................................................................................ 65
6.1 Requirements for liquids in switchgear and controlgear ......................................... 65
6.2 Requirements for gases in switchgear and controlgear ......................................... 65
6.3 Earthing of switchgear and controlgear ................................................................. 66
6.4 Auxiliary and control equipment and circuits ......................................................... 66
6.5 Dependent power operation .................................................................................. 67
6.6 Stored energy operation........................................................................................ 67
6.7 Independent unlatched operation (independent manual or power operation) ......... 67
6.8 Manually operated actuators ................................................................................. 67
6.9 Operation of releases............................................................................................ 67
6.9.1 General ......................................................................................................... 67
6.9.2 Shunt closing release .................................................................................... 67
6.9.3 Shunt opening release ................................................................................... 67
6.9.4 Capacitor operation of shunt releases ............................................................ 68
6.9.5 Under-voltage release ................................................................................... 68
6.9.101 Multiple releases ........................................................................................... 68
6.9.102 Operation limits of releases ........................................................................... 68
6.9.103 Power consumption of releases ..................................................................... 68
6.10 Pressure/level indication ....................................................................................... 68
6.10.1 Gas pressure ................................................................................................. 68
6.10.2 Liquid level .................................................................................................... 68
6.11 Nameplates .......................................................................................................... 68
6.11.1 General ......................................................................................................... 68
6.11.2 Application..................................................................................................... 68
6.12 Locking devices .................................................................................................... 75
6.13 Position indication ................................................................................................. 75
6.14 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures ....................................................... 76
6.14.1 General ......................................................................................................... 76
6.14.2 Protection of persons against access to hazardous parts and protection
of the equipment against ingress of solid foreign objects (IP coding) ............. 77
6.14.3 Protection against ingress of water (IP coding) .............................................. 77
6.14.4 Protection against mechanical impact under normal service conditions
(IK coding) ..................................................................................................... 77
6.15 Creepage distances for outdoor insulators ............................................................ 77
6.16 Gas and vacuum tightness .................................................................................... 77
6.17 Tightness for liquid systems .................................................................................. 77
6.18 Fire hazard (flammability) ..................................................................................... 77
6.19 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) ..................................................................... 77
6.20 X-ray emission ...................................................................................................... 77
6.21 Corrosion .............................................................................................................. 77
6.22 Filling levels for insulation, switching and/or operation .......................................... 77
6.101 Requirements for simultaneity of poles during single closing and single
opening operations ............................................................................................... 78
6.102 General requirement for operation ........................................................................ 78
6.103 Pressure limits of fluids for operation .................................................................... 78
6.104 Vent outlets of generator circuit-breakers .............................................................. 78
–4– IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
6.105 Warning labels ...................................................................................................... 79
6.106 Instructions ........................................................................................................... 79
6.107 Low-and high-pressure interlocking devices .......................................................... 79
7 Type tests ..................................................................................................................... 79
7.1 General ................................................................................................................. 79
7.1.1 Basics ........................................................................................................... 79
7.1.2 Information for identification of test objects .................................................... 81
7.1.3 Information to be included in type test reports ............................................... 81
7.2 Dielectric tests ...................................................................................................... 81
7.2.1 General ......................................................................................................... 81
7.2.2 Ambient air conditions during tests ................................................................ 82
7.2.3 Wet test procedure ........................................................................................ 84
7.2.4 Arrangement of the equipment ....................................................................... 84
7.2.5 Criteria to pass the test ................................................................................. 85
7.2.6 Application of the test voltage and test conditions .......................................... 85
7.2.7 Tests of switchgear and controlgear of U r ≤ 245 kV ....................................... 85
7.2.8 Tests of switchgear and controlgear of U r > 245 kV ....................................... 85
7.2.9 Artificial pollution tests for outdoor insulators ................................................. 85
7.2.10 Partial discharge tests ................................................................................... 85
7.2.11 Dielectric tests on auxiliary and control circuits .............................................. 86
7.2.12 Voltage test as a condition check .................................................................. 86
7.3 Radio interference voltage (RIV) tests ................................................................... 86
7.4 Resistance measurement ...................................................................................... 86
7.4.1 Measurement of the resistance of auxiliary contacts class 1 and class 2 ....... 86
7.4.2 Measurement of the resistance of auxiliary contacts class 3 .......................... 86
7.4.3 Electrical continuity of earthed metallic part tests .......................................... 86
7.4.4 Resistance measurement of contacts and connections in the main
circuit as a condition check ............................................................................ 86
7.5 Continuous current tests ....................................................................................... 87
7.5.1 Condition of the test object ............................................................................ 87
7.5.2 Arrangement of the equipment ....................................................................... 87
7.5.3 Test current and duration ............................................................................... 89
7.5.4 Temperature measurement during test .......................................................... 89
7.5.5 Resistance of the main circuit ........................................................................ 89
7.5.6 Criteria to pass test ....................................................................................... 89
7.6 Short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests .............................. 90
7.6.1 General ......................................................................................................... 90
7.6.2 Arrangement of the equipment and of the test circuit ..................................... 90
7.6.3 Test current and duration ............................................................................... 90
7.6.4 Conditions of the test object after test ............................................................ 91
7.7 Verification of the protection ................................................................................. 91
7.7.1 Verification of the IP coding ........................................................................... 91
7.7.2 Verification of the IK coding ........................................................................... 91
7.8 Tightness tests ..................................................................................................... 91
7.9 Electromagnetic compatibility tests (EMC) ............................................................ 91
7.10 Additional tests on auxiliary and control circuits .................................................... 91
7.10.1 General ......................................................................................................... 91
7.10.2 Functional tests ............................................................................................. 91
7.10.3 Verification of the operational characteristics of auxiliary contacts ................. 91
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 –5–
© IEC/IEEE 2021
7.10.4 Environmental tests ....................................................................................... 91
7.10.5 Dielectric tests ............................................................................................... 92
7.11 X-radiation test for vacuum interrupters ................................................................ 92
7.101 Mechanical and environmental tests ..................................................................... 92
7.102 Miscellaneous provisions for making and breaking tests ..................................... 102
7.103 System-source short-circuit making and breaking tests ....................................... 135
7.104 Load current breaking tests ................................................................................. 142
7.105 Generator-source short-circuit current making and breaking tests ....................... 143
7.106 Out-of-phase making and breaking tests ............................................................. 158
7.107 Generator circuit-breakers with alternative operating mechanisms ...................... 163
8 Routine tests ............................................................................................................... 164
8.1 General ............................................................................................................... 164
8.2 Dielectric test on the main circuit ........................................................................ 164
8.3 Tests on auxiliary and control circuits ................................................................. 165
8.3.1 Inspection of auxiliary and control circuits, and verification of conformity
to the circuit diagrams and wiring diagrams ................................................. 165
8.3.2 Functional tests ........................................................................................... 165
8.3.3 Verification of protection against electrical shock ......................................... 165
8.3.4 Dielectric tests ............................................................................................. 165
8.4 Measurement of the resistance of the main circuit ............................................... 166
8.5 Tightness test ..................................................................................................... 166
8.5.1 General ....................................................................................................... 166
8.5.2 Controlled pressure systems for gas ............................................................ 166
8.5.3 Closed pressure systems for gas ................................................................. 166
8.5.4 Sealed pressure systems ............................................................................. 166
8.5.5 Liquid tightness tests ................................................................................... 166
8.6 Design and visual checks .................................................................................... 167
8.101 Mechanical operating tests of generator circuit-breakers ..................................... 167
8.102 Dielectric tests on the enclosure of generator circuit-breaker systems ................ 168
9 Guide to the selection of switchgear and controlgear ................................................... 168
9.101 General ............................................................................................................... 168
9.102 General application conditions ............................................................................ 169
9.103 Application consideration .................................................................................... 171
10 Information to be given with enquiries, tenders and orders (informative) ...................... 202
10.1 General ............................................................................................................... 202
10.2 Information with enquiries and orders ................................................................. 202
10.3 Information with tenders ...................................................................................... 203
11 Transport, storage, installation, operating instructions and maintenance ..................... 205
11.1 General ............................................................................................................... 205
11.2 Conditions during transport, storage and installation ........................................... 205
11.3 Installation .......................................................................................................... 205
11.3.1 General ....................................................................................................... 205
11.3.2 Unpacking and lifting ................................................................................... 205
11.3.3 Assembly ..................................................................................................... 206
11.3.4 Mounting ..................................................................................................... 206
11.3.5 Connections ................................................................................................ 206
11.3.6 Information about gas and gas mixtures for controlled and closed
pressure systems ........................................................................................ 206
11.3.7 Final installation inspection .......................................................................... 206
–6– IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
11.3.8 Basic input data by the user ........................................................................ 207
11.3.9 Basic input data by the manufacturer ........................................................... 207
11.4 Operating instructions ......................................................................................... 211
11.5 Maintenance ....................................................................................................... 211
11.5.1 General ....................................................................................................... 211
11.5.2 Information about fluids and gas to be included in maintenance manual ...... 211
11.5.3 Recommendations for the manufacturer....................................................... 211
11.5.4 Recommendations for the user .................................................................... 213
11.5.5 Failure report ............................................................................................... 213
12 Safety .......................................................................................................................... 214
12.1 General ............................................................................................................... 214
12.2 Precautions by manufacturers ............................................................................. 215
12.3 Precautions by users .......................................................................................... 215
13 Influence of the product on the environment ................................................................ 216
Annex A (normative) Tolerances on test quantities during type tests .................................. 217
Annex B (normative) Records and reports of type tests specified in 7.6, 7.103, 7.104,
7.105 and 7.106 .................................................................................................................. 224
B.1 Information and results to be recorded ................................................................ 224
B.2 Information to be included in type test reports ..................................................... 224
B.2.1 General ....................................................................................................... 224
B.2.2 Apparatus tested ......................................................................................... 224
B.2.3 Rated characteristics of generator circuit-breaker, including its
operating devices and auxiliary equipment .................................................. 224
B.2.4 Test conditions (for each series of tests) ..................................................... 225
B.2.5 Short-circuit making and breaking tests ....................................................... 225
B.2.6 Short-time withstand current test ................................................................. 226
B.2.7 No-load operation ........................................................................................ 226
B.2.8 Out-of-phase making and breaking tests ...................................................... 226
B.2.9 Load current breaking tests ......................................................................... 227
B.2.10 Graphical records ........................................................................................ 227
Annex C (normative) Method for determining the reference travel band closing and the
reference travel band opening of the mechanical characteristics ......................................... 228
C.1 General .............................................................................................................. 228
C.2 Reference travel band closing ........................................................................... 228
C.3 Reference travel band opening ......................................................................... 228
Annex D (informative) Example of the application of a generator circuit-breaker ................ 230
D.1 General .............................................................................................................. 230
D.2 System characteristics ...................................................................................... 230
D.3 System-source short-circuit current .................................................................. 232
D.3.1 AC component of the system-source short-circuit breaking current ......... 232
D.3.2 Asymmetrical system-source short-circuit breaking current ...................... 233
D.4 Generator-source short-circuit current .............................................................. 235
D.4.1 AC component of the generator-source short-circuit breaking current ..... 235
D.4.2 Asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit breaking current .................. 236
D.5 Transient recovery voltage ................................................................................ 239
D.6 Out-of-phase conditions .................................................................................... 239
D.7 Continuous current application .......................................................................... 242
D.8 Generator circuit-breaker electrical characteristics .......................................... 243
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 –7–
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Annex E (informative) Example of the application of a generator circuit-breaker with
multiple generators ............................................................................................................. 245
E.1 General ............................................................................................................... 245
E.2 System-source short-circuit current with additional generator contribution .......... 246
E.2.1 General ....................................................................................................... 246
E.2.2 AC component of the system-source short-circuit breaking current .............. 246
E.2.3 Asymmetrical system-source short-circuit breaking current .......................... 246
E.3 Generator-source short-circuit current ................................................................. 246
E.4 Calculation based on power plant layout ............................................................. 247
E.4.1 System-source short-circuit current with additional generator
contribution ................................................................................................. 247
E.4.2 Generator-source short-circuit current ......................................................... 247
E.5 Power plant layout with additional generator circuit-breaker connected at the
generator voltage terminals of the step-up transformer ....................................... 247
E.5.1 General ....................................................................................................... 247
E.5.2 System-source short-circuit breaking current ............................................... 248
E.5.3 Multiple generator-source short-circuit breaking current ............................... 248
E.6 Transient recovery voltage .................................................................................. 248
Annex F (informative) Effects on TRV requirements due to the capacitance added
when shielded cables connect generator circuit-breakers to the step-up transformer .......... 249
Annex G (informative) Symbols and related terminology .................................................... 252
G.1 Comparison of IEEE and IEC electrical terms and symbols ................................. 252
G.2 Comparison between TRV terminology and symbols ........................................... 253
Annex H (informative) Determination of the degree of asymmetry for generator-source
short-circuit breaking tests .................................................................................................. 255
Annex I (informative) Faults in circuits with a three-winding step-up transformer ................ 257
Annex J (normative) Requirements for testing and application of Tee-OFF generator
circuit-breakers in power plant layouts ................................................................................ 260
Annex K (normative) Requirements for doubly-fed induction machines (DFIMs)
applications ........................................................................................................................ 267
K.1 General ............................................................................................................... 267
K.2 Transient stator and rotor currents ...................................................................... 267
K.3 Stator currents in case of a three-phase fault ...................................................... 268
K.4 DC component of the short-circuit current ........................................................... 268
K.5 AC component of the short-circuit current ........................................................... 268
K.6 Influence of rotor’s slip ........................................................................................ 269
K.7 Influence of the crowbar resistor ......................................................................... 269
K.8 Influence of pre-fault loading conditions .............................................................. 269
K.9 Specific requirements for the application of generator circuit-breakers ................ 269
Annex L (normative) Requirements for wind farm applications ........................................... 271
L.1 General ............................................................................................................... 271
L.2 Generators without power electronic converters .................................................. 271
L.3 Generators with full-scale power electronic converters connected at the
stator of the generator ........................................................................................ 271
L.4 Generators with partial-scale power electronic converters connected at the
rotor of the generator .......................................................................................... 272
L.5 Breaking tests ..................................................................................................... 272
L.5.1 General ....................................................................................................... 272
L.5.2 Low frequency breaking tests ...................................................................... 272
L.5.3 High frequency breaking tests ..................................................................... 275
–8– IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Annex M (normative) Assessment of TRV test parameters for out-of-phase current
breaking in the case of generator circuit-breakers equipped with capacitors ....................... 279
Annex N (normative) Assessment of TRV test parameters for load current breaking in
the case of generator circuit-breakers equipped with capacitors ......................................... 281
Annex O (normative) Requirements for pumped-storage applications ................................ 283
O.1 General ............................................................................................................... 283
O.2 Phase-reversal-disconnector ............................................................................... 285
O.3 Starting switch and BTB-switch ........................................................................... 285
O.4 Braking switch .................................................................................................... 285
O.5 Breaking tests ..................................................................................................... 287
O.5.1 General ....................................................................................................... 287
O.5.2 Low frequency breaking tests ...................................................................... 287
Annex P (informative) Derivation of the humidity exponent w ............................................. 288
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 292
Figure 1 – Example of a graphical record of a three-phase short-circuit make-break test ...... 40

Figure 2 – Generator circuit-breaker without resistors – Opening operation .......................... 41
Figure 3 – Generator circuit-breaker without resistors – Close-open cycle ............................ 41
Figure 4 – Generator circuit-breaker with opening resistors – Opening operation .................. 42
Figure 5 – Generator circuit-breaker with opening resistors – Close-open cycle .................... 43
Figure 6 – Example of a three-phase asymmetrical current ................................................... 43
Figure 7 – Examples of possible interruptions in a phase with intermediate level of
asymmetry after a major loop and a corresponding time t 1 ................................................... 44
asymmetry after a minor loop and a corresponding time t 2 ................................................... 44
Figure 9 – Effect of various cooling failures and subsequent load reductions on
generator circuit-breaker (system) temperature ..................................................................... 54
Figure 10 – Typical asymmetrical system-source short-circuit current ................................... 58
Figure 11 – Degree of asymmetry as a function of time after fault initiation ...................... 59
Figure 12 – Typical asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit current with a strong
decrement of the AC component ........................................................................................... 60
Figure 13 – Two-parameter representation of prospective TRV waveform for
interrupting three-phase symmetrical faults ........................................................................ 63
Figure 14 – Typical continuous current test setup for single-phase enclosed generator
circuit-breaker systems (top view) ......................................................................................... 88
Figure 15 – Test sequences for low and high temperature tests .......................................... 102
Figure 16 – Reference travel curve measured during the three-phase breaking test
(idealised curve) ................................................................................................................. 107
(idealised curve) with the specified envelopes centred over the reference travel curve ....... 108
(idealised curve) with the specified envelopes fully displaced upward from the
reference travel curve ......................................................................................................... 108
(idealised curve) with the specified envelopes fully displaced downward from the
reference travel curve ......................................................................................................... 109
Figure 20 – Equivalent testing set-up for unit testing of generator circuit-breakers with
more than one separate interrupters ................................................................................... 110
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 –9–
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure 21 – Two valid three-phase symmetrical breaking operations ................................... 118
Figure 22 – Three-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Minimum arcing time in a
phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a major loop (t arc asym min 1 ) ................ 120
Figure 23 – Three-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Maximum arcing time for
a first-pole-to-clear at maximum asymmetry criteria after a major loop
(t arc asym max 1 ) ............................................................................................................... 121
phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a minor loop (t arc asym min 2 ) ................ 122
Figure 25 – Three-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Maximum arcing time for
a last-pole-to-clear at maximum asymmetry criteria after a major extended loop
(t arc asym max 2 ) ............................................................................................................... 123
Figure 26 – Single-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Minimum arcing time in a
phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a major loop (t arc asym min 1 ) ................ 127
Figure 27 – Single-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Maximum arcing time for
a first-pole-to-clear at maximum asymmetry criteria after a major loop
(t arc asym max 1 ) ............................................................................................................... 128
phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a minor loop (t arc asym min 2 ) ................ 130
Figure 29 – Single-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Maximum arcing time for
a last-pole-to-clear at maximum asymmetry criteria after a major extended loop
(t arc asym max 2 ) ............................................................................................................... 130
Figure 30 – Earthing of test circuits for three-phase short-circuit tests, first-pole-to-
clear factor 1,5.................................................................................................................... 136
Figure 31 – Earthing of test circuits for single-phase short-circuit tests, first-pole-to-
clear factor 1,5.................................................................................................................... 136
Figure 32 – Example of a valid prospective test current for test-duty 5 ................................ 147
Figure 33 – Example of a valid test for test-duty 5 .............................................................. 148
Figure 34 – Example of a valid test with a subsequent minor loop for test-duty 5 ................ 148
Figure 35 – Example of an invalid test for test-duty 5 .......................................................... 149
Figure 36 – Example of an invalid test with a subsequent minor loop for test-duty 5 ........... 149
Figure 37 – Second example of a valid test for test-duty 5 .................................................. 150
Figure 38 – Second example of a valid test with a subsequent minor loop for test-
duty 5 ................................................................................................................................. 150
Figure 39 – Example of a valid prospective test current for test-duties 6A and 6B ............... 151
Figure 40 – Example of a valid test for test-duties 6A and 6B ............................................. 152
Figure 41 – Example of a valid test for test-duties 6A and 6B ............................................. 153
Figure 42 – Example of a valid test with a subsequent minor loop for test-duties 6A
and 6B ................................................................................................................................ 153
Figure 43 – Example of an invalid test for test-duties 6A and 6B ......................................... 154
Figure 44 – Example of an invalid test with a subsequent minor loop for test-duties 6A
and 6B ................................................................................................................................ 154
Figure 45 – Example of a valid test for test-duties 6A and 6B after adapting the contact
separation compared to Figure 43 or Figure 44 ................................................................... 155
Figure 46 – Test circuit for single-phase out-of-phase tests ................................................ 161
Figure 47 – Test circuit for out-of-phase tests using two voltages separated by 120
electrical degrees ............................................................................................................... 161
Figure 48 – Test circuit for out-of-phase tests with one terminal of the generator circuit-
breaker earthed (subject to agreement of the manufacturer) ............................................... 161
– 10 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure 49 – General circuit diagram of a power plant ....................................................... 173
Figure 50 – Generator-source short-circuit current ........................................................... 176
Figure 51 – Generator-source short-circuit current in the case of generator
delivering power with lagging or leading power factor prior to fault initiation .................. 177
Figure 52 – Short-circuit current for generator-source fault .............................................. 178
Figure 53 – Short-circuit current with circuit-breaker arc voltage after contact
separation .......................................................................................................................... 180
Figure 54 – Single-line diagram of a power plant with two generators connected to
the high-voltage system by means of a three-winding step-up transformer ..................... 189
Figure 55 – Single-line diagram of unit generator system ................................................ 191
Figure 56 – Single-line diagram of half-sized transformer unit system ............................. 191
Figure 57 – Single-line diagram of system with half-sized generators ............................. 192
Figure 58 – Single-line diagram of power system ............................................................. 196
Figure 59 – Equivalent circuit of power system ................................................................. 196
Figure 60 – Voltage diagram for lagging power factor load .................................................. 197
Figure 61 – Voltage diagram for unity power factor load ...................................................... 197
Figure 62 – Recovery voltage across the generator circuit-breaker ..................................... 197
Figure 63 – TRV curve for the first-pole-to-clear ............................................................... 198
Figure C.1 – Reference travel band closing ........................................................................ 229
Figure C.2 – Reference travel band opening ....................................................................... 229
Figure D.1 – Single-line power plant diagram ...................................................................... 230
Figure D.2 – Asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit current with no arc at the
fault location ....................................................................................................................... 238
Figure D.3 – Asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit current with arc at the fault
location ............................................................................................................................... 238
Figure D.4 – Schematic diagram of power plant (single-line diagram as in Figure 55) ..... 240
Figure D.5 – Prospective fault current considering the moment of inertia of the
synchronous machine and resulting from synchronising under out-of-phase conditions ....... 241
Figure D.6 – Generator circuit-breaker temperature and load current with loss of
coolant ................................................................................................................................ 243
Figure E.1 – Single-line power plant diagram with two generators ....................................... 245
Figure E.2 – Single-line power plant diagram with two generators and three GCBs ............. 247
Figure F.1 – TRV rate-of-rise for system-source faults: transformers rated from 65,5
MVA to 100 MVA ................................................................................................................ 250
Figure F.2 – TRV peak (u c ) multipliers for system-source faults: transformers rated
from 65,5 MVA to 100 MVA ................................................................................................. 250
Figure F.3 – TRV rate-of-rise for system-source faults: transformers rated from 10
MVA to 50 MVA .................................................................................................................. 251
Figure F.4 – TRV peak (u c ) multipliers for system-source faults: transformers rated
from 10 MVA to 50 MVA...................................................................................................... 251
Figure G.1 – Two-parameter TRV envelope representation of 1-cosine TRV when
interrupting three-phase symmetrical fault currents ............................................................. 254
Figure H.1 – Prospective generator-source short-circuit current (fault initiation at
voltage zero) ....................................................................................................................... 256
Figure I.1 – Single-line diagram of a power plant with two generators connected to
the high-voltage system by means of a three-winding step-up transformer ..................... 257
Figure I.2 – Prospective fault current to be interrupted by Generator circuit-breaker #1 ...... 258
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 11 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure I.3 – Prospective fault current to be interrupted by Generator circuit-breaker #2 ...... 259
Figure J.1 – Single-line diagram of a power plant with Tee-OFF generator
circuit-breaker and generator circuit-breaker .................................................................... 260
Figure J.2 – Power plant electrical layout with Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker –
fault locations considered for setting the requirements for the application of the
Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker ...................................................................................... 261
Figure K.1 – Equivalent circuit of a DFIM .......................................................................... 267
Figure K.2 – Example of influence of crowbar resistor on generator-source short-
circuit current ..................................................................................................................... 270
Figure O.1 – Pumped-storage power plant – Typical single line diagram ........................ 284
Figure O.2 – Braking switch single line diagram .................................................................. 286
Figure P.1 – Humidity exponent w ....................................................................................... 289
Figure P.2 – Humidity correction factor k 2 (example 1) ....................................................... 290
Figure P.3 – Humidity correction factor k 2 (example 2) ....................................................... 291
Table 1 – Rated insulation levels for generator circuit-breakers and generator

circuit-breaker systems ....................................................................................................... 52
Table 2 – Preferred values of supply voltages and their ranges for auxiliary and
control circuits of generator circuit-breakers and generator circuit-breaker systems ......... 56
Table 3 – TRV parameters for system-source short-circuit tests ........................................ 64
Table 4 – TRV parameters for generator-source short-circuit tests .................................... 64
Table 5 – TRV parameters for load current tests ................................................................ 64
Table 6 – TRV parameters for out-of-phase tests ............................................................... 65
Table 7 – Nameplate information for generator circuit-breakers ............................................ 69
Table 8 – General nameplate information for generator circuit-breaker systems .................... 71
Table 9 – Nameplate information for generator circuit-breakers, being part of a
generator circuit-breaker system ........................................................................................... 72
Table 10 – Nameplate information for main-disconnector, switches and short-circuiting
connections, being part of a generator circuit-breaker system ............................................... 74
Table 11 – Type tests ........................................................................................................... 81
Table 12 – Conditions during continuous current test ............................................................ 89
Table 13 – Number of operating sequences .......................................................................... 96
Table 14 – Operations to be performed before and after the test programme ........................ 97
Table 15 – Test parameters for 50 Hz asymmetrical system-source fault test-duties for
the first-pole-to-clear .......................................................................................................... 131
the first-pole-to-clear .......................................................................................................... 132
the last-pole-to-clear ........................................................................................................... 133
the last-pole-to-clear ........................................................................................................... 134
Table 19 – Test parameters for commutation tests at 50 Hz and 60 Hz ............................... 140
Table 20 – Test-duties to demonstrate the system-source short-circuit making and
breaking current capability for three-phase tests ................................................................. 141
Table 21 – Test-duties to demonstrate the system-source short-circuit making and
breaking current capability for single-phase tests ................................................................ 142
– 12 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table 22 – Test-duties to demonstrate the generator-source short-circuit making and
breaking current capability for three-phase tests ................................................................. 156
Table 23 – Test-duties to demonstrate the generator-source short-circuit making and
breaking current capability for single-phase tests ................................................................ 157
Table 24 – Test-duties to demonstrate the out-of-phase current making and breaking
capability for three-phase tests ........................................................................................... 159
Table 25 – Test-duties to demonstrate the out-of-phase current making and breaking
capability for single-phase tests .......................................................................................... 160
Table A.1 – Tolerances on test quantities for type tests ...................................................... 218
Table D.1 – System characteristics ..................................................................................... 231
Table G.1 – Comparison of IEEE and IEC electrical terms and symbols .............................. 252
Table G.2 – Comparison between the TRV terminology and symbols used in this
document and those used in older IEEE/ANSI standards .................................................... 254
Table I.1 – Comparison between prospective system-source short-circuit currents to be
interrupted by Generator circuit-breaker #1 in the case of a three-phase earthed fault
occurring at location F in Figure I.1 ..................................................................................... 258
Table J.1 – TRV parameters related to the breaking of the Tee-OFF generator
circuit-breaker short-circuit current ..................................................................................... 263
Table J.2 – Nameplate information for Tee-OFF generator circuit-breakers ......................... 265
Table L.1 – TRV parameters for low frequency generator-source faults .......................... 273
Table L.2 – Test-duties to demonstrate the low frequency breaking capability for
three-phase tests ............................................................................................................... 274
Table L.3 – Test-duties to demonstrate the low frequency breaking capability for
single-phase tests ............................................................................................................. 275
Table L.4 – TRV parameters for high frequency generator-source faults ......................... 276
Table L.5 – Test-duties to demonstrate the high frequency breaking capability for
three-phase tests ............................................................................................................... 277
Table L.6 – Test-duties to demonstrate the high frequency breaking capability for
single-phase tests ............................................................................................................. 278
Table M.1 – Reference values for MVA classes ................................................................ 280
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 13 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
___________
HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR –
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
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IEEE Standards documents are developed within IEEE Societies and Standards Coordinating Committees of the
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IEC collaborates closely with IEEE in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two
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of that agreement.
2) The formal decisions of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of
opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC
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and Standards Coordinating Committees has been reached, is determined by a balanced ballot of materially
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document is given by the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board.
3) IEC/IEEE Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
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4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
(including IEC/IEEE Publications) transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional
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5) IEC and IEEE do not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
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6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or IEEE or their directors, employees, servants or agents including individual
experts and members of technical committees and IEC National Committees, or volunteers of IEEE Societies and
the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board, for any
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Publication or any other IEC or IEEE Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that implementation of this IEC/IEEE Publication may require use of material
covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or
validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. IEC or IEEE shall not be held responsible for identifying
Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or
scope of Patent Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with
submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory.
Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility.
– 14 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013 was prepared by subcommittee 17A: High-voltage switchgear and
controlgear, of IEC technical committee 17: Switchgear and controlgear, in cooperation with the
Switchgear Committee of the IEEE Power and Energy Society 1, under the IEC/IEEE Dual Logo
Agreement between IEC and IEEE. It is an International Standard.
This document is published as an IEC/IEEE Dual Logo standard.
The IEEE Std C37.013™-1997 (R2008) was revised and converted into the first edition of the
IEC/IEEE Dual Logo International Standard IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013 published in 2015.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2015. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
content has been added to address the requirements of the other components of the
generator circuit breaker system;
requirements for the application of generator circuit-breakers in power plants with multiple
generators connected to one step-up transformer have been added;
requirements for testing and application of Tee-OFF generator circuit-breakers have been
added;
requirements for application of generator circuit-breakers in power plants with doubly-fed
induction machines, pumped-storage power plants, and wind farms have been added;
the clause numbering has been aligned with the numbering in IEC 62271-1:2017;
the topic of reference mechanical characteristics has been revised to improve clarity;
the modifying effects of capacitors on the prospective TRVs for out-of-phase and load
current switching has been addressed in Annex M and in Annex N with use of the tool named
"GenCB TRV calculator". This tool provides the values of K E2 , RRRV 0 , K RRRV-U , K RRRV-I ,
t d0 , K td-U , K td-I , as well as the values of the parameters of the prospective TRV modified by
the capacitors of the generator circuit-breaker.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following IEC documents:
FDIS Report on voting

17A/1318/FDIS 17A/1327/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2,
available at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC
are described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.
_____________
1 A list of IEEE participants can be found at the following address:
http://standards.ieee.org/downloads/62271/62271-37-013-2015/62271-37-013-2015_wg-participants.pdf.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 15 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
This document is to be read in conjunction with IEC 62271-1, to which it refers and which is
applicable unless otherwise specified. In order to simplify the indication of corresponding
requirements, the same numbering of clauses and subclauses is used as in IEC 62271-1.
Amendments to these clauses and subclauses are given under the same numbering, while
additional subclauses are numbered from 101.
This document contains attached files in the form of Excel spreadsheets ("GenCB TRV
calculator"). These files are intended to be used as a complement and do not form an integral
part of the document.
A list of all parts in the IEC 62271 series, published under the general title High-voltage
switchgear and controlgear, can be found on the IEC website.
The IEC Technical Committee and IEEE Technical Committee have decided that the contents
of this document will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC website
under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the specific document. At this date, the document
will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates that it
contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of its
contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.
– 16 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR –
1 Scope
This part of IEC 62271 is applicable to three-phase AC high-voltage generator circuit-breakers,

hereafter called generator circuit-breakers, designed for indoor or outdoor installation and for
operation at frequencies of 50 Hz and 60 Hz on systems having voltages above 1 kV and up to
38 kV.
It is applicable to generator circuit-breakers that are installed between the generator and the
transformer terminals. Requirements relative to generator circuit-breakers intended for use with
generators and transformers rated 10 MVA or more are covered specifically. Generator circuits
rated less than 10 MVA and pumped-storage installations are considered special applications,
and their requirements are not completely covered by this document.
This document is also applicable to the operating mechanisms of generator circuit-breakers and
to their auxiliary equipment.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
If not otherwise specified throughout this document, the relevant IEC or IEEE standards for the
particular components or functions of a generator circuit-breaker system apply.
IEC 60050-441, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Part 441: Switchgear,

controlgear and fuses (available at http://www.electropedia.org)
IEC 60060-1:2010, High-voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test
requirements
IEC 60071-1:2019, Insulation co-ordination – Part 1: Definition, principles and rules
IEC 60071-2:2018, Insulation co-ordination – Part 2: Application guidelines
IEC 60296, Fluids for electrotechnical applications – Mineral insulating oils for electrical
equipment
IEC 60480, Specifications for the re-use of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and its mixtures in
electrical equipment
IEC 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)
IEC 60664-1, Insulation co-ordination for equipment within low-voltage supply systems – Part 1:
Principles, requirements and tests
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 17 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
IEC 62262, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures for electrical equipment against
external mechanical impacts (IK code)
IEC 62271-1, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 1: Common specifications for
alternating current switchgear and controlgear
IEC IEEE 62271-37-082, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 37-082: Standard
practice for the measurement of sound pressure levels on alternating current circuit-breakers
IEC 62271-100:2021, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 100: Alternating current
circuit-breakers
IEC 62271-101:2021, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 101: Synthetic testing
IEC 62271-102:2018, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 102: Alternating current
disconnectors and earthing switches
IEC TR 62271-306, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 306: Guide to IEC 62271-
100, IEC 62271-1 and other IEC standards related to alternating current circuit-breakers
IEEE Std C37.011 TM , IEEE Guide for the Application of Transient Recovery Voltage for AC High-
Voltage Circuit Breakers with Rated Maximum Voltage above 1000 V 2
IEEE Std C37.59 TM , IEEE Standard Requirements for Conversion of Power Switchgear
Equipment
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-441 and
IEC 62271-1 and the following apply.
For definitions not specifically called out in this document, the following references could be
useful:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/

• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
• IEEE Standards Online Dictionary: available at http://dictionary.ieee.org
NOTE Additional definitions are classified to be aligned with the classification used in IEC 60050-441.
3.1 General terms and definitions
3.1.101
switchgear and controlgear
general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control,
measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and
equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-11-01]
_____________
2 The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, Inc.
– 18 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
3.1.102
short-circuit current
over-current resulting from a short circuit due to a fault or an incorrect connection in an electric
circuit
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-11-07]
3.1.103
moment of inertia
sum (integral) of the products of the mass elements of a body and the squares of their distances
(radii) from a given axis
3.1.104
out-of-phase conditions
abnormal circuit conditions of loss or lack of synchronism between the parts of an electrical
system on either side of a generator circuit-breaker in which, at the instant of operation of the
generator circuit-breaker, the phase angle between rotating vectors, representing the generated
voltages on either side, exceeds the normal value
3.1.105
out-of-phase
<as prefix to a characteristic quantity> qualifying term indicating that the characteristic quantity
is applicable to operation of the generator circuit-breaker in out-of-phase conditions
3.1.106
unit test
test made on a making or breaking unit or group of units at the making current or the breaking
current, specified for the test on the complete pole of a generator circuit-breaker and at the
appropriate fraction of the applied voltage, or the recovery voltage, specified for the test on the
complete pole of the generator circuit-breaker
3.1.107
loop
<of an AC current wave> part of the wave of the AC current between two successive current
zero crossings
SEE: Figure 1 n and p.
Note 1 to entry: When a DC component (see Figure 1 d) is present, a distinction is made between a major loop (see
Figure 1 n) and a minor loop (see Figure 1 p) depending on the time interval between two successive current zero
crossings being longer or shorter, respectively, than the half-period of the alternating component of the current.
3.1.108
power factor
<of a circuit> ratio of the resistance to the impedance at power frequency of an equivalent
circuit supposed to be formed by a reactance and a resistance in series
3.1.109
external insulation
distances in air and along the surfaces in contact with atmospheric air of solid insulation of the
equipment, which are subject to dielectric stresses and to the effects of atmospheric and other
environmental conditions from the site
Note 1 to entry: Examples of environmental conditions are pollution, humidity, vermin, etc.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-614:2016, 614-03-02, modified – replacement of "atmospheric air" by

"air".]
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 19 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
3.1.110
disruptive discharge
phenomenon associated with the failure of insulation under electric stress, in which the
discharge completely bridges the insulation under test, reducing the voltage between the
electrodes to zero or nearly to zero
Note 1 to entry: This term applies to discharges in solid, liquid and gaseous dielectrics and to combinations of
these.
Note 2 to entry: A disruptive discharge in a solid dielectric produces permanent loss of dielectric strength (non-self-
restoring insulation); in a liquid or gaseous dielectric, the loss may be only temporary (self-restoring insulation).
Note 3 to entry: The term "sparkover" is used when a disruptive discharge occurs in a gaseous or liquid dielectric.
The term "flashover" is used when a disruptive discharge occurs over the surface of a solid dielectric in a gaseous
or liquid medium. The term "puncture" is used when a disruptive discharge occurs through a solid dielectric.
3.1.111
non-sustained disruptive discharge
NSDD
disruptive discharge associated with current interruption that does not result in the resumption
of power-frequency current or, in the case of capacitive current interruption, does not result in
current in the main load circuit
Note 1 to entry: Oscillations following NSDDs are associated with the parasitic capacitance and inductance local to
or of the circuit-breaker itself. NSDDs may also involve the stray capacitance to earth of nearby equipment.
3.1.112
effectively earthed neutral system
system earthed through a sufficiently low impedance such that for all system conditions the
ratio of the zero-sequence reactance to the positive-sequence reactance (X 0 /X 1 ) is positive and
less than 3, and the ratio of the zero-sequence resistance to the positive-sequence reactance
(R 0 /X 1 ) is positive and less than 1
Note 1 to entry: Normally such systems are solidly earthed (neutral) systems or low impedance earthed (neutral)
systems.
Note 2 to entry: For the correct assessment of the earthing conditions not only the physical earthing conditions
around the relevant location but the total system is to be considered.
3.1.113
non-effectively earthed neutral system
system other than effectively earthed neutral system, not meeting the conditions given in
3.1.112
Note 1 to entry: Normally such systems are isolated neutral systems, high impedance earthed (neutral) systems or
resonant earthed (neutral) systems.
Note 2 to entry: For the correct assessment of the earthing conditions not only the physical earthing conditions
around the relevant location but the total system is to be considered.
3.1.114
re-ignition
<of an AC mechanical switching device> resumption of current between the contacts of a
mechanical switching device during a breaking operation with an interval of zero current of less
than a quarter cycle of power frequency
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-45]

– 20 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
3.1.115
restrike
<of an AC mechanical switching device> resumption of current between the contacts of a
mechanical switching device during a breaking operation with an interval of zero current of a
quarter cycle of power frequency or longer
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-46]
3.1.116
isolated-phase bus
IPB
bus in which each phase conductor is enclosed by an individual earthed metal housing
separated from adjacent conductor housings by an air space
Note 1 to entry: The bus may be self-cooled or may be forced-cooled by means of circulating gas or liquid.
3.1.117
internal insulation
internal distances of the solid, liquid or gaseous insulation of equipment which are protected
from the effects of atmospheric and other external conditions
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-614:2016, 614-03-03]
3.2 Assemblies of switchgear and controlgear
3.2.101
generator circuit-breaker system
assembly, utilising a generator circuit-breaker as one of the components
Note 1 to entry: Examples are assemblies which are not covered by IEC 62271-200 [17], IEEE C37.20.2 [18], or
IEEE C37.20.3 [19].
Note 2 to entry: Generator circuit-breaker systems are covered in this document to ensure harmonization of
requirements of the various components which form part of the system.
3.3 Parts of assemblies
3.3.101
component
<of a generator circuit-breaker system> essential part of a generator circuit-breaker system
which serves one or several specific functions
Note 1 to entry: If not otherwise specified throughout this document, the relevant IEC or IEEE standards for the
particular components or functions apply.
Note 2 to entry: The following are examples of components or functions of a generator circuit-breaker system:
– generator circuit-breaker;
– main-disconnector;
– phase-reversal-disconnector;
– starting switch;
– ET-switch (3.4.121);
– Tee-OFF-switch (3.4.122);
– Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker (3.4.132);
– BTB-switch (3.4.123);
– earthing switch;
– braking switch;
– short-circuiting connection;
– capacitor;
– instrument transformer;
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 21 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
– surge arrester;
– sensor/monitoring device;
– enclosure;
– cable.
3.4 Switching devices
3.4.101
switching device
device designed to make or break the current in one or more electric circuits
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-14-01]
3.4.102
mechanical switching device
switching device designed to close and open one or more electric circuits by means of separable
contacts
Note 1 to entry: Any mechanical switching device may be designated according to the medium in which its contacts
open and close, e.g. air, SF 6 , oil.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-14-02]
3.4.103
circuit-breaker
mechanical switching device, capable of making, carrying and breaking currents under normal
circuit conditions and also making, carrying for a specified duration and breaking currents under
specified abnormal circuit conditions such as those of short circuit
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-14-20]
3.4.104
generator circuit-breaker
circuit-breaker installed between generator and associated step-up transformer
3.4.105
oil circuit-breaker
circuit-breaker in which the contacts open and close in oil
Note 1 to entry: Typical examples of oil circuit-breakers are live tank minimum oil circuit-breakers and dead tank
bulk oil circuit-breakers.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-14-28]
3.4.106
vacuum generator circuit-breaker
generator circuit-breaker in which the contacts open and close within a highly evacuated
envelope
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-14-29 modified – Addition of "generator" before circuit-

breaker.]
– 22 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
3.4.107
gas-blast circuit-breaker
circuit-breaker in which the arc develops in a blast of gas
Note 1 to entry: Where the gas is moved by a difference in pressure established by mechanical means during the
opening operation of the circuit-breaker, it is termed a single pressure gas-blast circuit-breaker. Where the gas is
moved by a difference in pressure established before the opening operation of the circuit-breaker, it is termed a
double pressure gas-blast circuit-breaker.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-14-30]
3.4.108
air-blast circuit-breaker
gas-blast circuit-breaker in which the gas used is air
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-14-32]
3.4.109
generator circuit-breaker class M1
generator circuit-breaker with normal mechanical endurance
3.4.110
generator circuit-breaker class M2 and class M3
frequently operated generator circuit-breaker for special service requirements and designed to
require only limited maintenance as demonstrated by specific type tests
3.4.111
generator circuit-breaker class G1
generator circuit-breaker having a rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current
characterised at contact separation by a degree of asymmetry of 110 % with the assigned AC
component of the rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current and a degree of
asymmetry of 130 % with a current having an AC component equal to 74 % of the assigned AC
component of the rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current
3.4.112
generator circuit-breaker class G2
generator circuit-breaker having a rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current
characterised at contact separation by a degree of asymmetry of 130 % with the assigned AC
component of the rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current
3.4.113
disconnector
mechanical switching device which provides, in the open position, an isolating distance in
accordance with specified requirements.
Note 1 to entry: A disconnector is capable of opening and closing a circuit when either negligible current is broken
or made, or when no significant change in the voltage across the terminals of each of the poles of the disconnector
occurs. It is also capable of carrying currents under normal circuit conditions and carrying for a specified time currents
under abnormal conditions such as those of short circuit.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-14-05]
3.4.114
main-disconnector
disconnector, being a component or a function of a generator circuit-breaker system and part
of the main current path
3.4.115
main-disconnector class M1
main-disconnector with normal mechanical endurance
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 23 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
3.4.116
main-disconnector class M2 and class M3
frequently operated main-disconnector for special service requirements and designed so as to
3.4.117
starting switch
mechanical switching device, with or without fuse, being a component or a function of a
generator circuit-breaker system, to connect the main circuit in order to start up the rotating
machine
3.4.118
starting switch class M1
starting switch with normal mechanical endurance
3.4.119
starting switch class M2 and class M3
frequently operated starting switch for special service requirements and designed so as to
3.4.120
ET-switch
mechanical switching device, being a component or a function of a generator circuit-breaker
system, to connect the main circuit to the excitation transformer
3.4.121
Tee-OFF-switch
mechanical switching device, being a component or a function of a generator circuit-breaker
system, to connect the main circuit to the unit auxiliary transformer
3.4.122
BTB-switch
mechanical switching device, with or without fuse, being a component or a function of a
generator circuit-breaker system, to connect the main circuit of a rotating machine in order to
be used for starting up another rotating machine (back-to-back start-up)
3.4.123
BTB-switch class M1
BTB-switch with normal mechanical endurance
3.4.124
BTB-switch class M2 and class M3
frequently operated BTB-switch for special service requirements and designed so as to require
only limited maintenance as demonstrated by specific type tests
3.4.125
earthing switch
mechanical switching device for earthing parts of a circuit, capable of withstanding for a
specified time currents under abnormal conditions such as those of short circuit, but not
required to carry current under normal conditions of the circuit
3.4.126
short-circuiting connection
busbar which is connected to the three main conductors of a generator circuit-breaker system
– 24 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
3.4.127
manually mounted short-circuiting connection
short-circuiting connection where the connection to the main conductors of the generator circuit-
breaker system is made manually (for example by the use of bolts) and which is removed before
the generator circuit-breaker system is put back in its normal operational mode
3.4.128
motor operated short-circuiting connection
short-circuiting connection that is connected to the main conductors of the generator circuit-
breaker system by closing a motor operated switch
3.4.129
phase-reversal-disconnector
main-disconnector with at least two additional poles used to interchange two phases of the
system in the aim of changing the direction of rotation of an electrical rotating machine
3.4.130
braking switch
mechanical switching device, used to establish a three-phase short-circuit in the aim of
electrically slowing down a rotating machine already disconnected from the power grid
3.4.131
Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker
generator circuit-breaker, being a component or a function of a generator circuit-breaker
system, to connect the main circuit to the unit auxiliary transformer
3.5 Parts of switchgear and controlgear
3.5.101
pole
portion of a switching device associated exclusively with one electrically separated conducting
path of its main circuit and excluding those portions which provide a means for mounting and
operating all poles together
Note 1 to entry: A switching device is called single-pole if it has only one pole. If it has more than one pole, it may
be called multipole (two-pole, three-pole, etc.) provided the poles are or can be coupled in such a manner as to
operate together.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-01]
3.5.102
main circuit
all the conductive parts of a switching device included in the circuit which it is designed to close
or open
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-02]
3.5.103
control circuit
<of a switching device> all the conductive parts (other than the main circuit) of a switching
device which are included in a circuit used for the closing operation or opening operation, or
both, of the device
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-03]

IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 25 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
3.5.104
auxiliary circuit
<of a switching device> all the conductive parts of a switching device which are intended to be
included in a circuit other than the main circuit and the control circuits of the device
Note 1 to entry: Some auxiliary circuits fulfil supplementary functions such as signalling, interlocking, etc., and, as
such, they may be part of the control circuit of another switching device.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-04]
3.5.105
contact
<of a mechanical switching device> conductive parts designed to establish circuit continuity
when they touch and which, due to their relative motion during an operation, open or close a
circuit or, in the case of hinged or sliding contacts, maintain circuit continuity
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-05]
3.5.106
main contact
contact included in the main circuit of a mechanical switching device, intended to carry, in the
closed position, the current of the main circuit
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-07]
3.5.107
arcing contact
contact on which the arc is intended to be established
Note 1 to entry: An arcing contact may serve as a main contact; it may be a separate contact so designed that it
opens after and closes before another contact which it is intended to protect from injury.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-08]
3.5.108
control contact
contact included in a control circuit of a mechanical switching device and mechanically operated
by this device
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-09]
3.5.109
auxiliary contact
contact included in an auxiliary circuit and mechanically operated by the switching device
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-10]
3.5.110
auxiliary switch
<of a mechanical switching device> switch containing one or more control and/or auxiliary
contacts mechanically operated by a switching device
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-11]

– 26 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
3.5.111
"a" contact
make contact
control or auxiliary contact which is closed when the main contacts of the mechanical switching
device are closed and open when they are open
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-12]
3.5.112
"b" contact
break contact
control or auxiliary contact which is open when the main contacts of a mechanical switching
device are closed and closed when they are open
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-13]
3.5.113
release
<of a mechanical switching device> device, mechanically connected to a mechanical switching
device, which releases the holding means and permits the opening or the closing of the
switching device
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-17]
3.5.114
connection
<bolted or equivalent> two or more conductors designed to ensure permanent circuit continuity
when forced together by means of screws, bolts or the equivalent
3.5.115
terminal
component provided for the connection of a device to external conductors
3.5.116
making or breaking unit
part of a generator circuit-breaker which in itself acts as a circuit-breaker and which, operated
simultaneously with one or more identical parts in series, forms the complete generator circuit-
breaker
Note 1 to entry: Making units and breaking units may be separate or combined. Each unit may have several contacts.
Note 2 to entry: The means controlling the voltage distribution between units may differ from unit to unit.
3.5.117
module
assembly which generally comprises making or breaking units, post-insulators and mechanical
parts and which is mechanically and electrically connected to other identical assemblies to form
a pole of a generator circuit-breaker
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 27 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
3.5.118
enclosure
component of a generator circuit-breaker system, not intended for use in equipment defined by
any other standard, providing a specified degree of protection of equipment against external
influences and a specified degree of protection against approach to or contact with live parts
and against contact with moving parts
Note 1 to entry: For generator circuit-breakers applied in switchgear and controlgear assemblies, the enclosure
requirements are defined by the applicable standard.
Note 2 to entry: A three-phase enclosed generator circuit-breaker system has all three phases in a common
enclosure.
Note 3 to entry: A single-phase enclosed generator circuit-breaker system has each phase in a single independent
enclosure.
Note 4 to entry: For degrees of protection specified by protection provided by enclosures (IP coding) see IEC 60529
and for degrees of protection specified by external mechanical impact (IK coding) see IEC 62262.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-13-01, modified – "part of an assembly" has been

replaced by "component of generator circuit-breaker system", "not intended...other standard"
and notes to entry have been added.]
3.5.119
operating mechanism
part of the generator circuit-breaker that actuates the main contacts
3.5.120
power kinematic chain
mechanical connecting system from and including the operating mechanism up to and including
the moving contacts
3.5.121
alternative operating mechanism
mechanism obtained when a change in the power kinematic chain of the original operating
mechanism or the use of an entirely different operating mechanism leads to the same
mechanical characteristics
Note 1 to entry: Mechanical characteristics are defined in 7.101.1.1.
Note 2 to entry: An alternative operating mechanism can utilise an operating principle different from the original
one (for example the alternative mechanism can be spring-operated and the original hydraulic).
Note 3 to entry: A change in the secondary equipment does not lead to an alternative operating mechanism.
However, changes in the opening time can entail differences for asymmetrical breaking conditions.
3.6 Operational characteristics of switchgear and controlgear
3.6.5 Terms and definitions relative to pressure (or density)
3.6.5.1
filling pressure p re for insulation and/or making and breaking
filling density ρ re for insulation and/or making and breaking
pressure (in Pa), for insulation and/or for making and breaking, referred to the standard
atmospheric air conditions of 20 °C and 101,3 kPa (or density), which may be expressed in
relative or absolute terms, to which the assembly is filled before being put into service, or
automatically replenished
– 28 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
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3.6.5.2
filling pressure p rm for operation
filling density ρ rm for operation
pressure (in Pa), for operation, referred to the standard atmospheric air conditions of 20 °C and
101,3 kPa (or density), which may be expressed in relative or absolute terms, to which the
energy storage device is filled before being put into service or automatically replenished
3.6.5.3
alarm pressure p ae for insulation and/or making and breaking
alarm density ρ ae for insulation and/or making and breaking
relative or absolute terms, at which a monitoring signal may be provided
3.6.5.4
alarm pressure p am for operation
alarm density ρ am for operation
101,3 kPa (or density), which may be expressed in relative or absolute terms, at which a
monitoring signal from the energy storage device may be provided
3.6.5.5
minimum functional pressure p me for insulation and/or making and breaking
minimum functional density ρ me for insulation and/or making and breaking
relative or absolute terms, at which and above which rated characteristics of switchgear and
controlgear are maintained
Note 1 to entry: For generator circuit-breakers with a sealed pressure system (also termed sealed-for-life), the
minimum functional pressure for insulation and/or making and breaking is the one at which the rated characteristics
of the generator circuit-breaker are maintained taking into account the pressure drop at the end of the expected
operating life.
3.6.5.6
minimum functional pressure p mm for operation
minimum functional density ρ mm for operation
101,3 kPa (or density), which may be expressed in relative or absolute terms, at which and
above which rated characteristics of switchgear and controlgear are maintained and at which a
replenishment of the energy storage device becomes necessary
Note 1 to entry: This pressure is often designated as interlocking or lockout pressure.
3.6.101
operation
<of a mechanical switching device> transfer of the moving contact(s) from one position to an
adjacent position
Note 1 to entry: For a generator circuit-breaker, this can be a closing operation or an opening operation.
Note 2 to entry: If distinction is necessary, an operation in the electrical sense, e.g. make or break, is referred to as
a switching operation, and an operation in the mechanical sense, e.g. close or open, is referred to as a mechanical
operation.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-16-01, modified – In Note 1 to entry, addition of the word
"generator" to "circuit-breaker".]
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 29 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
3.6.102
operating cycle
<of a mechanical switching device> succession of operations from one position to another and
back to the first position through all other positions, if any
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-16-02]
3.6.103
operating sequence
<of a mechanical switching device> succession of specified operations with specified time
intervals
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-16-03]
3.6.104
closing operation C
<of a mechanical switching device> operation by which the device is brought from the open
position to the closed position
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-16-08, modified – C has been added.]
3.6.105
opening operation O
<of a mechanical switching device> operation by which the device is brought from the closed
position to the open position
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-16-09, modified – O has been added.]
3.6.106
stored energy operation
operation by means of energy stored in the mechanism itself prior to the completion of the
operation and sufficient to complete it under predetermined conditions
Note 1 to entry: This kind of operation may be subdivided according to:

a) The manner of storing the energy (spring, weight, etc.);
b) The origin of the energy (manual, electric, etc.);
c) The manner of releasing the energy (manual, electric, etc.).
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-16-15]
3.6.107
closed position
<of a mechanical switching device> position in which the predetermined continuity of the main
circuit of the device is secured
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-16-22]
3.6.108
open position
<of a mechanical switching device> position in which the predetermined clearance between
open contacts in the main circuit of the device is secured
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-16-23]

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3.6.109
trip-free mechanical switching device
mechanical switching device, the moving contacts of which return to and remain in the open
position when the opening operation is initiated after the initiation of the closing operation, even
if the closing command is maintained
Note 1 to entry: To ensure proper breaking of the current which may have been established, it may be necessary
that the contacts momentarily reach the closed position.
Note 2 to entry: If the release circuit is completed through an auxiliary switch, electrical release will not take place
until such auxiliary switch is closed.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-16-31, modified – Addition of a second note to entry.]
3.6.110
shunt release
release energized by a source of voltage
Note 1 to entry: The source of voltage can be independent of the voltage of the main circuit.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-16-41]
3.6.111
anti-pumping device
device which prevents reclosing after a close-open operation as long as the device initiating
closing is maintained in the position for closing
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-16-48]
3.6.112
interlocking device
device which makes the operation of a switching device dependent upon the position or
operation of one or more other pieces of equipment
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-16-49]
3.6.113
making operation
closing operation while power is applied to the main circuit
SEE: Figure 1.
3.6.114
breaking operation
opening operation while power is applied to the main circuit
SEE: Figure 1.
3.6.115
close-open operation
CO
closing operation followed by an opening operation
3.6.116
make-break operation
close-open operation while power is applied to the main circuit
SEE: Figure 1.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 31 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
3.7 Characteristic quantities
Figure 1 to Figure 5 illustrate some definitions of this subclause.
Time quantities, see terms and definitions 3.7.122 to 3.7.130, are expressed in milliseconds or
in cycles of the rated power frequency. When expressed in cycles, the power frequency should
be stated in brackets. In the case of generator circuit-breakers incorporating breaking resistors,
a distinction is made, where applicable, between time quantities associated with the contacts
breaking the full current and the contacts breaking the current limited by breaking resistors.
Unless otherwise stated, the time quantities referred to are associated with the contacts making
and breaking the full current.
3.7.101
rated value
quantity value assigned, generally by a manufacturer, for a specified operating condition of
component, device or equipment
3.7.102
prospective current
<of a circuit and with respect to a switching device or a fuse> current that would flow in the
circuit if each pole of the switching device or the fuse were replaced by a conductor of negligible
impedance
Note 1 to entry: The method to be used to evaluate and to express the prospective current is to be specified in the
relevant publications.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-01]
3.7.103
prospective peak current
peak value of the first major loop of the prospective current during the transient period following
initiation
Note 1 to entry: The definition assumes that the current is made by an ideal generator circuit-breaker, i.e. with
instantaneous and simultaneous transition of its impedance across the terminals of each pole from infinity to zero.
The peak value may differ from one pole to another; it depends on the instant of current initiation relative to the
voltage wave across the terminals of each pole.
3.7.104
peak current
peak value of the first major loop of current during the transient period following initiation
SEE: Figure 1 a.
3.7.105
prospective symmetrical current
<of an AC circuit> prospective current when it is initiated at such an instant that no transient
phenomenon follows the initiation
Note 1 to entry: For polyphase circuits, the condition of non-transient period can only be satisfied for the current in
one pole at a time.
Note 2 to entry: The prospective symmetrical current is expressed by its RMS.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-03]

– 32 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
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3.7.106
maximum prospective peak current
<of an AC circuit> prospective peak current when initiation of the current takes place at the
instant which leads to the highest possible value
Note 1 to entry: For a multiple device in a polyphase circuit, the maximum prospective peak current refers to a
single pole only.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-04]
3.7.107
prospective making current
<for a pole of a switching device> prospective current when initiated under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: The specified conditions may relate to the method of initiation, e.g. by an ideal switching device,
or to the instant of initiation, e.g. leading to the maximum prospective peak current in an AC circuit, or to the highest
rate of rise. The specification of these conditions is found in the relevant publications.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-05]
3.7.108
making current
peak value of the first major loop of the current in a pole of a generator circuit-breaker during
the transient period following the initiation of current during a making operation
Note 1 to entry: The peak value may differ from one pole to another and from one operation to another as it depends
on the instant of current initiation relative to the wave of the applied voltage.
Note 2 to entry: Where, for a polyphase circuit, a single value of making current is referred to, this is, unless
otherwise stated, the highest value in any phase.
SEE: Figure 1 a.
3.7.109
prospective breaking current
<for a pole of a switching device> prospective current evaluated at the instant corresponding
to the initiation of the arc during a breaking process
3.7.110
breaking current
<of a switching device or a fuse> current in a pole of a switching device or in a fuse at the
instant of initiation of the arc during a breaking process
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-07]
3.7.111
short-circuit making current
making current for which the prescribed conditions include a short circuit at the terminals of the
switching device
SEE: Figure 1 a.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-10, modified – Replacement of "capacity" by "current"

and a reference to Figure 1 has been added.]
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 33 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
3.7.112
short-circuit breaking current
breaking current for which the prescribed conditions include a short circuit at the terminals of
the switching device
SEE: Figure 1 b.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-11, modified – Replacement of "capacity" by "current"

and a reference to Figure 1 has been added.]
3.7.113
short-time withstand current
current that a circuit or a switching device in the closed position can carry during a specified
short time under prescribed conditions of use and behaviour
Note 1 to entry: depending on whether the source of the short-circuit current is from the generator through no
transformation or from the power system through at least one transformation, it can be referred to as generator-
source short-time withstand current or system-source short-time withstand current respectively
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-17, modified – The note has been added.]
3.7.114
peak withstand current
value of peak current that a circuit or a switching device in the closed position can withstand
under prescribed conditions of use and behaviour
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-18]
3.7.115
applied voltage
<for a switching device> voltage which exists across the terminals of a pole of a switching
device just before the making of the current
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-24]
3.7.116
recovery voltage
voltage which appears across the terminals of a pole of a switching device or a fuse after the
breaking of the current
Note 1 to entry: This voltage may be considered in two successive intervals of time, one during which a transient
voltage exists, followed by a second one during which the power-frequency or the steady-state recovery voltage
alone exists.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-25]
3.7.117
transient recovery voltage
TRV
recovery voltage during the time in which it has a significant transient character
Note 1 to entry: The transient recovery voltage may be oscillatory or non-oscillatory or a combination of these
depending on the characteristics of the circuit and the switching device. It includes the voltage shift of the neutral of
a polyphase circuit.
Note 2 to entry: The transient recovery voltage in three-phase circuits is, unless otherwise stated, that across the
first-pole-to-clear, because this voltage is generally higher than that which appears across each of the other two
poles.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-26]

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3.7.118
prospective transient recovery voltage
<of a circuit> transient recovery voltage following the breaking of the prospective symmetrical
current by an ideal switching device
Note 1 to entry: The definition assumes that the switching device or the fuse, for which the prospective transient
recovery voltage is sought, is replaced by an ideal switching device, i.e. having instantaneous transition from zero
to infinite impedance at the very instant of zero current, i.e. at the "natural" zero. For circuits where the current can
follow several different paths, e.g. a polyphase circuit, the definition further assumes that the breaking of the current
by the ideal switching device takes place only in the pole considered.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-29]
3.7.119
power-frequency recovery voltage
recovery voltage after the transient voltage phenomena have subsided
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-27]
3.7.120
clearance
distance between two conductive parts along a string stretched the shortest way between these
conductive parts
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-31]
3.7.121
clearance between open contacts
total clearance between the contacts, or any conductive parts connected thereto, of a pole of a
mechanical switching device in the open position
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-34]
3.7.122
opening time
interval of time between the instant of energising the opening release, the generator circuit-
breaker being in the closed position, and the instant when the arcing contacts have separated
in all poles
SEE: Figure 1 j.
Note 1 to entry: The opening time may vary with the breaking current.
Note 2 to entry: For generator circuit-breakers with more than one interrupting unit in series per pole the following
applies: for each pole the contact separation is determined by the contact separation of the first unit in that pole. The
contact separation of the three-pole generator circuit-breaker is the longest of the three contact separations of the
three poles.
Note 3 to entry: For generator circuit-breakers with more than one interrupting unit in parallel per pole the following
applies: for each pole the contact separation is determined by the contact separation of the last unit in that pole. The
contact separation of the three-pole generator circuit-breaker is the longest of the three contact separations of the
three poles.
Note 4 to entry: The opening time includes the operating time of any auxiliary equipment necessary to open the
generator circuit-breaker and forming an integral part of the generator circuit-breaker.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 35 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
3.7.123
arcing time
<of a pole> interval of time between the instant of the initiation of the arc in a pole and the
instant of final arc extinction (of that pole)
SEE: Figure 1 k.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-37, modified – "or a fuse" has been deleted, "in that
pole" has been replaced by "(of that pole)" and a reference to Figure 1 has been added.]
3.7.124
break-time
<of a pole> interval of time between the beginning of the opening time of a mechanical switching
device and the end of the arcing time (of that pole)
SEE: Figure 1 l.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-39, modified – "(or the pre-arcing time of a fuse)" has
been deleted and "(of that pole)" and a reference to Figure 1 have been added.]
3.7.125
closing time
interval of time between energising the closing circuit, the generator circuit-breaker being in the
open position, and the instant when the contacts touch in all poles
Note 1 to entry: The closing time includes the operating time of any auxiliary equipment necessary to close the
generator circuit-breaker and forming an integral part of the generator circuit-breaker.
3.7.126
make-time
interval of time between the beginning of the closing time and the instant when the current
begins to flow in the first pole
SEE: Figure 1 m.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-40, modified – The definition has been rephrased and
a reference to Figure 1 has been added.]
3.7.127
pre-arcing time
interval of time between the initiation of current flow in the first pole during a closing operation
and the instant when the contacts touch in all poles for three-phase conditions and the instant
when the contacts touch in the arcing pole for single-phase conditions
Note 1 to entry: The pre-arcing time depends on the instantaneous value of the applied voltage during a specific
closing operation and therefore may vary considerably.
3.7.128
close-open time
interval of time between the instant when the contacts touch in the first pole during a closing
operation and the instant when the arcing contacts have separated in all poles during the
subsequent opening operation
Note 1 to entry: Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that the opening release incorporated in the generator
circuit-breaker is energised at the instant when the contacts touch in the first pole during closing. This represents
the minimum close-open time.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-42, modified – Note 1 to entry has been added.]
– 36 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
3.7.129
minimum trip signal duration
minimum time the auxiliary power is applied to the opening release to ensure complete opening
of the generator circuit-breaker
3.7.130
minimum close signal duration
minimum time the auxiliary power is applied to the closing device to ensure complete closing of
the generator circuit-breaker
3.7.131
first-pole-to-clear factor
<in a three-phase system> ratio of the power-frequency voltage across the first interrupting pole
before current interruption in the other poles, to the power-frequency voltage occurring across
the pole or the poles after interruption in all three poles (when interrupting any symmetrical
three-phase current)
3.7.132
amplitude factor
ratio between the maximum excursion of the transient recovery voltage to the crest value of the
power-frequency recovery voltage
3.7.133
insulation level
set of withstand voltages specified which characterise the dielectric strength of the insulation
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-614:2016, 614-03-23]
3.7.134
power-frequency withstand voltage
RMS value of sinusoidal power-frequency voltage that the insulation of the given equipment
can withstand during tests made under specified conditions and for a specified duration
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-614:2016, 614-03-22]
3.7.135
impulse withstand voltage
peak value of the standard impulse voltage wave which the insulation of the generator circuit-
breaker withstands under specified test conditions
3.7.136
degree of asymmetry
<of a current at any time> ratio (expressed as a percentage) of the DC component to the peak
value of the AC component determined from the envelope of the current wave at that time
Note 1 to entry: This value is 100 % when the DC component equals the peak value of the AC component.
3.7.137
generator-source short-circuit current
short-circuit current when the source of the short-circuit current is entirely from a generator
through no transformation
3.7.138
system-source short-circuit current
short-circuit current when the source of the short-circuit current is from the power system
through at least one transformation
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 37 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
3.7.139
intermediate level of asymmetry
level of asymmetry in the two phases having an intermediate (reduced) level of asymmetry,
when in a three-phase system the short-circuit current is initiated simultaneously in all phases
and maximum asymmetry is obtained in one of the phases
SEE: Figure 6.
3.7.140
earliest possible interruption in a phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a
major loop
interruption with the shortest time (t 1 ) from fault current initiation to the first current zero after
a major loop in the phase with intermediate level of asymmetry, taking into account:
– the minimum relay time (0,5 cycle of power frequency);

– the minimum opening time;
– the minimum arcing time;
– and that the subsequent current zero crossing of the prospective three-phase current occurs
in the other phase with maximum level of asymmetry after a major loop
SEE: Figure 7
Note 1 to entry: This definition is to be used only for the determination of the test parameters during asymmetrical
short-circuit breaking tests. (TD2 – System-source fault)
Note 2 to entry: Typically, the minimum opening time will occur when the opening release is energised at upper
limit of the supply voltage and if applicable at maximum functional pressure for operation.
3.7.141
earliest possible interruption in a phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a
minor loop
interruption with the shortest time (t 2 ) from fault current initiation to the first current zero after
a minor loop in the phase with intermediate level of asymmetry, taking into account:
– the minimum relay time (0,5 cycle of power frequency);

– the minimum opening time;
– the minimum arcing time;
– and that the subsequent current zero crossing of the prospective three-phase current occurs
in the other phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a major loop
SEE: Figure 8.
Note 1 to entry: This definition is to be used only for the determination of the test parameters during asymmetrical
short-circuit breaking tests. (TD2 – System-source fault)
Note 2 to entry: Typically, the minimum opening time will occur when the opening release is energised at upper
limit of the supply voltage and if applicable at maximum functional pressure for operation.
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© IEC/IEEE 2021
3.7.142
three-phase break-time
<of a generator circuit-breaker> maximum interval between the energising of the trip circuit and
the interruption of the current in all poles in the main circuit during test-duty 1 of Table 20
(see 7.103.12) under the following conditions:
– rated auxiliary supply voltage and frequency;

– filling pressures for operation, insulation and/or making and breaking;
– an ambient air temperature of (20 ± 5) °C
Note 1 to entry: According to 7.102.3.1, the breaking tests, shall be carried out at the minimum auxiliary supply
voltage, at the minimum pressure for operation and at the minimum pressure for insulation and/or making and
breaking. In order to verify the three-phase break-time during these test-duties, the lower auxiliary supply voltage
and pressures should be taken into account as follows:
tb cal = t1 + tarc sym min + T · 132°/360°
where
tb cal is the calculated three-phase break-time;
t1 is the opening time at rated supply voltage of the opening device, rated supply frequency of the
opening device, specified pressure for operation, insulation and/or making and breaking and at
ambient air temperature of 20 ± 5 °C;
t arc sym min is the minimum arcing time recorded during test-duty 1;
T is one period of the power frequency (20 ms for 50 Hz, 16,7 ms for 60 Hz);
Note 2 to entry: The three-phase break-time can also be referred to as rated interrupting time.
Note 3 to entry: Typical values are approximately 60 ms to 90 ms with the actual time being dependent on the rated
system-source short-circuit breaking current.
Note 4 to entry: The three-phase break-time can slightly differ from the calculated three-phase break-time as the
minimum arcing time can additionally be slightly influenced by the pressure for operation and the pressure for
insulation and/or making and breaking. In order to show this influence, the test to show the three-phase break-time
can be repeated at rated auxiliary supply voltage, specified pressure for operation and specified pressure for
insulation and/or making and breaking.
Note 5 to entry: For single-phase tests simulating a three-phase operation, the recorded break-time can exceed the
three-phase break-time by 30 electrical degrees because in these cases the current zeros occur less frequently than
in the three-phase case.
Note 6 to entry: For generator circuit-breakers equipped with resistors, the time until final extinction of the resistor
current will be longer.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 39 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
– 40 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
U2 voltage across the terminals of the first-pole-to-clear a making current
I2 current in the first-pole-to-clear b peak-to-peak value of the AC component
U 1 , U 3 voltage across the terminals of the two other poles c peak value of the AC component
I1, I3 current in the two other poles d DC component
C closing command, e.g. voltage across the terminals of e applied voltage

the closing circuit
O opening command, e.g. voltage across the terminals of f recovery voltage
the opening release
t1 the instant of initiation of the closing operation g transient recovery voltage
t2 the instant when the current begins to flow in the main h power-frequency recovery voltage
circuit (voltage breakdown in phases 1 and 2)
t3 the instant when the current is established in all poles j opening time
(voltage breakdown in phase 3)
t4 the instant of energising the opening release k arcing time
t5 the instant when the arcing contacts have separated (or l three-phase break-time
instant of initiation of the arc) in all poles
t6 the instant of final arc extinction in all poles m make time
t7 the instant when the transient voltage phenomena have n major loop
subsided in the last-pole-to-clear
p minor loop
q major extended loop
NOTE 1 Indicators i and o are not used.
NOTE 2 The RMS value of the AC component of the breaking current is c 2.
NOTE 3 Different scale factors for voltage and current traces in each phase are used.
Figure 1 – Example of a graphical record of a three-phase short-circuit make-break test
The following notes apply to Figure 2 to Figure 5:
NOTE 1 In practice, there will be a time spread between the travel of the contacts of the three poles. For clarity the
travel of the contacts is indicated with a single line for all three poles.
NOTE 2 In practice, there will be a time spread between both the start and end of current flow in the three poles.
For clarity, both the start and end of current flow is indicated with a single line for all three poles.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 41 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure 2 – Generator circuit-breaker without resistors – Opening operation
Figure 3 – Generator circuit-breaker without resistors – Close-open cycle

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© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure 4 – Generator circuit-breaker with opening resistors – Opening operation

IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 43 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure 5 – Generator circuit-breaker with opening resistors – Close-open cycle
Figure 6 – Example of a three-phase asymmetrical current

– 44 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021

asymmetry after a major loop and a corresponding time t 1

asymmetry after a minor loop and a corresponding time t 2
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 45 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
3.8 Index of definitions
"a" contact, make contact 3.5.111

Air-blast circuit-breaker 3.4.108
Alarm pressure for insulation and/or making and breaking 3.6.5.3
Alarm pressure for operation 3.6.5.4
Alternative operating mechanism 3.5.121
Amplitude factor 3.7.132
Anti-pumping device 3.6.111
Applied voltage (for a switching device) 3.7.115
Arcing contact 3.5.107
Arcing time (of a pole) 3.7.123
Auxiliary circuit 3.5.104
Auxiliary contact 3.5.109
Auxiliary switch 3.5.110
"b" contact, break contact 3.5.112

Braking switch 3.4.130
Break contact 3.5.112
Breaking current (of a switching device or a fuse) 3.7.110
Breaking operation 3.6.114
Breaking unit 3.5.116
Break-time 3.7.124
BTB-switch 3.4.122
BTB-switch class M1 3.4.123
BTB-switch class M2 and class M3 3.4.124
Circuit-breaker 3.4.103
Class G1 generator circuit-breaker 3.4.111
Class G2 generator circuit-breaker 3.4.112
Class M1 generator circuit-breaker 3.4.109
Class M2 and class M3 generator circuit-breaker 3.4.110
Clearance 3.7.120
Clearance between open contacts 3.7.121
Closed position 3.6.107
Close-open operation (CO) 3.6.115
Close-open time 3.7.128
Closing operation (C) 3.6.104
Closing time 3.7.125
Component 3.3.101
Connection (bolted or the equivalent) 3.5.114
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© IEC/IEEE 2021
Contact 3.5.105
Control circuit 3.5.103
Control contact 3.5.108
Disconnector 3.4.113
Degree of asymmetry (of a current at any time) 3.7.136
Disruptive discharge 3.1.110
Earliest possible interruption in a phase

with intermediate level of asymmetry after a major loop 3.7.140
Earliest possible interruption in a phase
with intermediate level of asymmetry after a minor loop 3.7.141
Earthing switch 3.4.125
Effectively earthed neutral system 3.1.112
Enclosure 3.5.118
ET-switch 3.4.120
External insulation 3.1.109
Filling pressure for insulation and/or making and breaking 3.6.5.1

Filling pressure for operation 3.6.5.2
First-pole-to-clear factor (in a three-phase system) 3.7.131
Gas-blast circuit-breaker 3.4.107

Generator circuit-breaker 3.4.104
Generator circuit-breaker class G1 3.4.111
Generator circuit-breaker class G2 3.4.112
Generator circuit-breaker class M1 3.4.109
Generator circuit-breaker class M2 and class M3 3.4.110
Generator-source short-circuit current 3.7.137
Generator circuit-breaker system 3.2.101
Impulse withstand voltage 3.7.135

Insulation level 3.7.133
Interlocking device 3.6.112
Intermediate level of asymmetry 3.7.139
Internal insulation 3.1.117
Isolated-phase bus (IPB) 3.1.116
Loop 3.1.107
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 47 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
M
Main circuit 3.5.102

Main contact 3.5.106
Main-disconnector 3.4.114
Main-disconnector class M1 3.4.115
Main-disconnector class M2 and class M3 3.4.116
Make-break operation 3.6.116
Make contact 3.5.111
Make-time 3.7.126
Making current 3.7.108
Making operation 3.6.113
Making unit 3.5.116
Manually mounted short-circuiting connection 3.4.127
Maximum prospective peak current (of an AC circuit) 3.7.106
Mechanical switching device 3.4.102
Minimum close signal duration 3.7.130
Minimum functional pressure for insulation and/or making and breaking 3.6.5.5
Minimum functional pressure for operation 3.6.5.6
Minimum trip signal duration 3.7.129
Module 3.5.117
Moment of inertia 3.1.103
Motor operated short-circuiting connection 3.4.128
Non-effectively earthed neutral system 3.1.113

Non-sustained disruptive discharge (NSDD) 3.1.111
NSDD 3.1.111
Oil circuit-breaker 3.4.105

Opening operation (O) 3.6.105
Opening time 3.7.122
Open position 3.6.108
Operating cycle 3.6.102
Operating mechanism 3.5.119
Operating sequence 3.6.103
Operation 3.6.101
Out-of-phase (as prefix to a characteristic quantity) 3.1.105
Out-of-phase conditions 3.1.104
Peak current 3.7.104

Peak withstand current 3.7.114
Phase-reversal-disconnector 3.4.129
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© IEC/IEEE 2021
Pole 3.5.101
Power factor (of a circuit) 3.1.108
Power-frequency recovery voltage 3.7.119
Power-frequency withstand voltage 3.7.134
Power kinematic chain 3.5.120
Pre-arcing time 3.7.127
Prospective breaking current (for a pole of a switching device) 3.7.109
Prospective current (of a circuit and with respect to a switching device or a fuse) 3.7.102
Prospective making current (for a pole of a switching device) 3.7.107
Prospective peak current 3.7.103
Prospective symmetrical current (of an AC circuit) 3.7.105
Prospective transient recovery voltage (of a circuit) 3.7.118
Rated value 3.7.101

Recovery voltage 3.7.116
Re-ignition (of an AC mechanical switching device) 3.1.114
Release 3.5.113
Restrike (of an AC mechanical switching device) 3.1.115
Short-circuit current 3.1.102

Short-circuit breaking current 3.7.112
Short-circuit making current 3.7.111
Short-circuiting connection 3.4.126
Short-time withstand current 3.7.113
Shunt release 3.6.110
Starting switch 3.4.117
Starting switch class M1 3.4.118
Starting switch class M2 and class M3 3.4.119
Stored energy operation 3.6.106
Switchgear and controlgear 3.1.101
Switching device 3.4.101
System-source short-circuit current 3.7.138
Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker 3.4.131

Tee-OFF-switch 3.4.121
Terminal 3.5.115
Three-phase break-time 3.7.142
Transient recovery voltage (TRV) 3.7.117
Trip-free mechanical switching device 3.6.109
TRV 3.7.117
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 49 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
U
(Making or breaking) Unit 3.5.116

Unit test 3.1.106
Vacuum generator circuit-breaker 3.4.106
4 Normal and special service conditions
NOTE Normal and special service conditions are sometimes called usual and unusual service conditions
respectively.
4.1 Normal service conditions
Subclause 4.1 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is applicable.
4.2 Special service conditions
4.2.1 General
Subclause 4.2.1 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is applicable.
4.2.2 Altitude
Subclause 4.2.2 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is not applicable and is replaced by the following:
For installations at an altitude higher than 1 000 m, the insulation withstand level of external
insulation at the service location shall be determined by multiplying the rated insulation levels
by a factor:
K a = e (H-1000)/8150
NOTE The equation from 6.2.2 of IEC 60071-2:2018 has been modified to reflect that no correction is required up
to 1 000 m.
For internal insulation, the dielectric characteristics are identical at any altitude and no special
precautions need to be taken. For external and internal insulation, IEC 60071-2 shall apply.
For low-voltage auxiliary and control equipment, no special precautions need to be taken if the
altitude is lower than 2 000 m. For higher altitudes, IEC 60664-1 shall apply.
4.2.3 Exposure to pollution
4.2.4 Temperature and humidity
4.2.5 Exposure to abnormal vibrations, shock or tilting
4.2.6 Wind speed

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© IEC/IEEE 2021
4.2.7 Other parameters
5 Ratings
5.1 General
Subclause 5.1 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is replaced by the following:
The ratings and required capabilities of a generator circuit-breaker or of a generator circuit-

breaker system are the designated limits of operating characteristics based on definite
conditions and shall include the following items, where applicable:
rated voltage;
rated insulation level;
rated frequency;
rated continuous current;
rated short-time withstand current;
rated peak withstand current;
rated duration of short-circuit;
rated supply voltage of auxiliary and control circuits;
rated supply frequency of auxiliary and control circuits;
rated pressure of compressed gas supply for controlled pressure systems;
rated system-source short-circuit breaking current;
rated short-circuit making current;
rated load breaking current;
rated transient recovery voltage;
rated operating sequence;
rated time quantities.
The following characteristics are not mandatory but shall be given on request if assigned.
rated out-of-phase making and breaking current;

rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current.
5.2 Rated voltage (U r , U rgcb_side , U rsd_side )
The rated voltage U r of a generator circuit-breaker or a generator circuit-breaker system is

the highest phase-to-phase RMS voltage for which the generator circuit-breaker or the
generator circuit-breaker system is designed and is the upper limit for operation.
Components or functions which are not used at the rated voltage of the generator may have
lower voltage ratings, for example the starting device side of the starting switch for gas
turbines.
When the starting switch is in the open position, the rated voltage of the generator circuit-
breaker side of a starting switch U rgcb_side is the highest phase-to-phase RMS voltage for
which that side of the starting switch has been designed.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 51 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
When the starting switch is in the open or closed position, the rated voltage of the starting
device side of a starting switch U rsd_side is the highest phase-to-phase RMS voltage for
which that side of the starting switch has been designed.
NOTE 1 The rated voltage can also be referred to as rated maximum voltage.
NOTE 2 The rated voltage is equal to the maximum operating voltage of the generator (usually equal to 1,05 times
the rated voltage of the generator) to which the generator circuit-breaker is applied.
NOTE 3 Any numerical value above 1 kV and up to 38 kV can be chosen as the rated voltage of a generator circuit-
breaker or of any of the individual components of a generator circuit-breaker system.
5.3 Rated insulation level (U d , U p )
The rated insulation level of a generator circuit-breaker or of a generator circuit-breaker

system shall be selected from the values given in Table 1.
NOTE The rated insulation level can also be referred to as rated dielectric strength.
Withstand values given in Table 1 cover the application of generator circuit-breakers and
generator circuit-breaker systems under normal service conditions defined in 4.1 including
altitudes from sea level up to 1 000 m. However, for testing purposes to verify a rating or
capability, they shall be considered as insulation values at the standardised reference
atmosphere temperature (20 °C), pressure (101,3 kPa) and humidity (11 g/m 3 ) specified in
IEC 60071-1:2019. For special service conditions, refer to IEC TR 62271-306.
The "common values" used in Table 1 apply to phase-to-earth, between phases and across
open switching devices, if not otherwise specified in this document. The insulation levels
"across the isolating distance" apply to the clearance between open contacts of the main-
disconnector of a generator circuit-breaker system.
Regarding the insulation level across the open starting switch, the "common value" of U rsd_side
is applicable to the starting device side with the generator circuit-breaker side grounded and
the "common value" of U rgcb_side is applicable to the generator circuit-breaker side with the
starting device side grounded.
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© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table 1 – Rated insulation levels for generator circuit-breakers
and generator circuit-breaker systems
Rated voltage Rated power-frequency Rated lightning impulse

withstand voltage withstand voltage
U r , U rgcb_side , Ud Up
U rsd_side
kV (RMS value) kV (peak value)
Common value Across the Common value Across the
kV (RMS value) isolating distance isolating distance
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

U r ≤ 7,2 20 22 60 66
7,2 < U r ≤ 12 28 31 75 83
12 < U r ≤ 15 38 42 95 105
15 < U r ≤ 17,5 50 55 110 121
17,5 < U r ≤ 27 60 66 125 138
27 < U r ≤ 38 80 88 150 165
These values are applicable for indoor and outdoor generator circuit-breakers and for indoor and outdoor
generator circuit-breaker systems.
5.4 Rated frequency (f r )
Subclause 5.4 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is applicable with the following modifications:
The standard values for the rated frequency of generator circuit-breakers and generator circuit-
breaker systems are 50 Hz and 60 Hz.
If rated for both 50 Hz and 60 Hz, the nameplate may be marked 50/60 Hz.
Applications at other frequencies require special considerations.
NOTE The rated frequency can also be referred to as rated power frequency.
5.5 Rated continuous current (I r )
Subclause 5.5 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is applicable with the following addition:
Values from the R 10 series are preferred values only. Manufacturers and users are free to
choose any other values.
NOTE The term "rated continuous current" as used in this edition is equivalent to the term "rated normal current"
used in the previous edition of this document.
5.5.101 Emergency current ratings during loss of cooling
The operating considerations for generator circuit-breakers and generator circuit-breaker

systems require that emergency ratings are established to enable the generator circuit-
breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system to remain in service following loss of
normally required cooling systems.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 53 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
The following provisions shall be observed:
a) it is possible to operate the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker

system for limited time periods with generator circuit-breaker or generator circuit-
breaker system parts at a higher total temperature than the limits specified for the
continuous current rating;
b) the difference between the emergency temperature limits and the normal operating
temperatures provide a definite allowable time period during which full load may be
carried before the reduction in load current shall be accomplished;
c) the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system may remain in
service at a reduced load current, the value of which will depend on the type of
emergency condition prevailing;
d) where the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system continuous
current rating is affected by several independent systems (e.g. interrupting medium,
cooling medium, forced air cooling of isolated-phase bus), the effect of losing each
system individually and in combination should be established;
e) in addition to a) through d), certain power plant designs (e.g. single generator output
connected by two generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems to two
unit step-up transformers) may also require special emergency operating conditions and
ratings.
For each emergency condition the following parameters shall be given:
t e the time available at rated continuous current before the load shall be reduced;
R e the rate at which the continuous current shall be reduced in kA/min;
I e the emergency current assigned to the generator circuit-breaker or to the generator
circuit-breaker system for operating under each emergency condition for an unlimited
period of time.
Figure 9 illustrates typical emergency conditions in which the loss of two cooling systems, that
of the generator circuit-breaker or of the generator circuit-breaker system and that of the bus,
have been studied separately and simultaneously.
– 54 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Key
I1 is the rated continuous current with all cooling systems in operation
I2 is the allowable continuous current if failure (A) of coolant in the generator circuit-breaker (system)
occurs
I3 is the allowable continuous current if failure (B) of isolated phase bus cooling air occurs
I4 is the allowable continuous current if failure (C) of isolated bus and generator circuit-breaker (system)
coolant flow occurs
θ max is the allowable hottest spot total temperature in °C
θn is the hottest spot total temperature at rated continuous current
t1, t2, t3 are the allowable times without a reduction in rated continuous current and without exceeding θ max
R1, R2, R3 are the rates at which the load current shall be reduced in kA/min
Figure 9 – Effect of various cooling failures and subsequent load

reductions on generator circuit-breaker (system) temperature
The following are the parameters that are required for correct operation under each type of
emergency condition and for which values shall be determined by the manufacturer:
t1, t 2, t 3 are the times available at rated current before the load shall be reduced.
R1, R2 , R 3 are the rates at which the load current shall be reduced in kA/min.
I2, I3, I4 are the emergency currents assigned to the generator circuit-breaker or the
generator circuit-breaker system for operating under each emergency condition
for an unlimited period of time.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 55 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
5.6 Rated short-time withstand current (I k )
The rated short-time withstand current of the main current path is either the rated system-source
short-time withstand current or the rated generator-source short-time withstand current,
whichever is the higher.
Starting switches for gas turbines need to withstand the rated generator-source short-time
withstand current.
Starting switches and BTB-switches for pumped-storage applications (see Annex O),
ET-switches, Tee-OFF-switches and Tee-OFF generator circuit-breakers need to withstand the
sum of the rated generator-source short-time withstand current and the rated system-source
short-time withstand current.
5.7 Rated peak withstand current (I p )
The rated peak withstand current of the main current path is either the rated system-source
peak withstand current or the rated generator-source peak withstand current, whichever is
higher.
A DC time constant of 133 ms covers the majority of system-source short-circuit currents and
corresponds to a rated system-source peak withstand current equal to 2,74 times the rated
system-source short-circuit current.
Starting switches for gas turbines need to withstand the rated generator-source peak withstand
current.
Starting switches and BTB-switches for pumped-storage applications, ET-switches,

Tee-OFF-switches and Tee-OFF generator circuit-breakers need to withstand the sum of the
rated generator-source peak withstand current and the rated system-source peak withstand
current.
5.8 Rated duration of short circuit (t k )
Subclause 5.8 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is applicable with the following modification.
The minimum value of t k shall be 1 s.
5.9 Rated supply voltage of auxiliary and control circuits (U a )
5.9.1 General
Subclause 5.9.1 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is applicable with the following addition:
In general the supply voltage is measured at the control power terminals of the operating
mechanism at the peak operating current.
5.9.2 Rated supply voltage (U a )
Preferred values of supply voltages and their ranges are given in Table 2.
– 56 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table 2 – Preferred values of supply voltages and their ranges for auxiliary and
control circuits of generator circuit-breakers and generator circuit-breaker systems
a, b, c, d, g, h a, b, c, g
Direct current voltage ranges Alternating current voltage ranges
Closing and Tripping Preferred supply voltage Closing and auxiliary
Preferred
auxiliary functions functions
supply voltage
functions
Ua Ua
V V V V V
Single-phase
e 36 to 56 28 to 56 120 f
48 104 to 127
110 to 125 90 to 140 70 to 140 240 f

208 to 254
220 to 250 180 to 280 140 to 280 Three-phase
208 Y/120 180 Y/104 to 220 Y/127
240 208 to 254
a Relays, motors, or other auxiliary equipment that function as part of the control for a device shall be subject to
the voltage limits imposed by this document, whether mounted at the device or at a remote location.
b Mechanism devices in some applications may be exposed to supply voltages exceeding those specified here
due to abnormal conditions, such as abrupt changes in line loading. Such applications require study, and the
manufacturer should be consulted. Also, application of devices containing solid-state control exposed
continuously to control voltages approaching the upper limits of ranges specified herein require specific
attention, and the manufacturer should be consulted before application is made.
c Includes supply for pump or compressor motors. Note that rated voltages for motors and their operating ranges
are covered in the related standards.
d It is recommended that the coils of closing, auxiliary, and tripping devices that are connected continually to one
DC potential should be connected to the negative control bus so as to minimise electrolytic deterioration.
e 48 V tripping, closing, and auxiliary functions are recommended only when the device is located near the battery
or where special effort is made to ensure the adequacy of conductors between battery and control terminals.
f Includes heater circuits.
g Extended voltage ranges apply to all closing and auxiliary devices when cold. Mechanisms utilising standard
auxiliary relays for control functions may not comply at lower extremes of voltage ranges when relay coils are
hot, as after repeated or continuous operation.
h DC supply voltage sources, such as those derived from rectified alternating current, may contain sufficient
inherent ripple to modify the operation of control devices to the extent that they may not function over the entire
specified voltage ranges.
5.10 Rated supply frequency of auxiliary and control circuits
5.11 Rated pressure of compressed gas supply for controlled pressure systems
5.101 Rated short-circuit current (I sc )
5.101.1 General
The rated short-circuit current of a generator circuit-breaker is the RMS value of the three-
phase earthed short-circuit current to which all required short-circuit capabilities are related.
Procedures for determining the symmetrical short-circuit current duties that compare with
ratings and related required capabilities are found in Clause 9. It is to be noted that, if the
performance capability of a generator circuit-breaker design has been demonstrated for a
certain generator short-circuit current rating or transformer short-circuit current rating, then that
performance capability is automatically demonstrated for a generator or a transformer of lower
short-circuit current rating respectively.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 57 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
5.101.2 Rated system-source short-circuit breaking current (I sc )
5.101.2.1 General
The rated system-source short-circuit breaking current is the highest system-source short-
circuit current at contact separation, which the generator circuit-breaker shall be capable of
breaking under the conditions of use and behaviour specified in this document. Such a current
is found in a circuit having a power-frequency recovery voltage corresponding to the rated
voltage of the generator circuit-breaker and having a transient recovery voltage equal to the
value specified in 5.105. For three-pole generator circuit-breakers, the AC component relates
to a three-phase earthed short-circuit. The source of the short-circuit current is from the power
system through at least one transformation.
The rated system-source short-circuit breaking current is characterised by two values:
a) the RMS value of its AC component I sc ;

b) the DC time constant of the rated system-source short-circuit breaking current which results
in a certain degree of asymmetry at contact separation.
NOTE 1 If the degree of asymmetry at contact separation does not exceed 20 %, the rated system-source short-
circuit breaking current is characterised only by the RMS value of its AC component.
NOTE 2 The degree of asymmetry is a function of the DC time constant of the rated system-source short-circuit
breaking current (see 5.101.2.3) and of the instant of initiation of the system-source short-circuit current.
NOTE 3 In the case of rated system-source short-circuit breaking current the degree of asymmetry does not exceed
100 %.
For determination of the AC component, the DC component and the degree of asymmetry at
any time following current initiation, see Figure 10 and Figure 11.
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© IEC/IEEE 2021
Key
AA'
and define the envelope of current-wave
BB'
BX is the current zero line
CC' is the centre line of the envelope of current-wave
EE' is the instant of contact separation (initiation of the arc)
I MC is the peak value of making current
I ACcs is the peak value of AC component of current at instant of contact separation, EE'
I DCcs is the DC component of current at instant of contact separation, EE'
Figure 10 – Typical asymmetrical system-source short-circuit current
The RMS value of the AC component of current I sc at instant of contact separation is
I ACcs
.
2
The degree of asymmetry at instant of contact separation is
I ON − OM  2 × ON 
. Asycs =100% × DCcs =100% × =100% ×  − 1
I ACcs  
MN  MN 
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 59 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure 11 – Degree of asymmetry as a function of time after fault initiation
The generator circuit-breaker shall be capable of breaking any short-circuit current up to its
rated system-source short-circuit breaking current containing any AC component up to the rated
value and, associated with it, any degree of asymmetry corresponding to the DC time constant
up to that specified, under the conditions mentioned above.
The following applies:
a) at voltages below and equal to the rated voltage, the generator circuit-breaker shall be
capable of breaking its rated short-circuit breaking current;
b) at voltages above the rated voltage, no short-circuit breaking current is guaranteed.
5.101.2.2 RMS value of the AC component of the rated system-source short-circuit

breaking current I sc
The standard RMS value of the AC component of the rated system-source short-circuit breaking
current should be selected from the R10 series specified in IEC 60059 [1] 3. Values from the
R 10 series are preferred values only. Manufacturers and users are free to choose any other
values.
5.101.2.3 DC time constant of the rated system-source short-circuit breaking current τ
The standard DC time constant is 133 ms.
_____________
3 Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.
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© IEC/IEEE 2021
5.101.2.4 Rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current
5.101.2.4.1 General
The rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current is the highest generator-source short-
circuit current at contact separation, which the generator circuit-breaker shall be capable of
breaking under the conditions of use and behaviour specified in this document. Such a current
is found in a circuit having a power-frequency recovery voltage corresponding to the rated
voltage of the generator circuit-breaker and having a transient recovery voltage equal to the
value specified in 4.105. For three-pole generator circuit-breakers, the AC component relates
to a three-phase earthed short-circuit. The source of the short-circuit current is entirely from a
generator through no transformations.
The rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current is characterised by two values:
a) the RMS value of its AC component at contact separation I scg ;

b) the degree of asymmetry at contact separation Asy cs .
If the degree of asymmetry exceeds 100 % then this leads to delayed current zero crossings.
NOTE If the degree of asymmetry at contact separation does not exceed 20 %, the rated generator-source short-
circuit breaking current is characterised only by the RMS value of its AC component.
A typical generator-source short-circuit current wave form including the AC component, the DC
component and the degree of asymmetry as a function of time after fault initiation is depicted
in Figure 12.
Figure 12 – Typical asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit

current with a strong decrement of the AC component
For determination of the AC component and the degree of asymmetry at any time following
current initiation, see Annex D.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 61 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
The following applies:
a) at voltages below and equal to the rated voltage, the generator circuit-breaker shall be
capable of breaking its rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current;
b) at voltages above the rated voltage, no short-circuit breaking current is guaranteed.
It should be noted that the AC component of this short-circuit current can decay rapidly,
depending on the subtransient and transient time constants of the generator while the DC
component decays with the armature time constant. The AC component and the degree of
asymmetry of the generator-source short-circuit current can vary depending on whether the
generator is unloaded or delivering power prior to fault.
The capability of a generator circuit-breaker to interrupt short-circuit currents with delayed

current zero crossings occurring in actual service conditions, may be difficult to demonstrate in
high power test laboratories. Therefore, the capability of a generator circuit-breaker to interrupt
a short-circuit current with delayed current zero crossings shall be ascertained by calculations
(see 9.103.6.3.6.4) taking into account results derived from test-duties in 7.105.11.
5.101.2.4.2 RMS value of the AC component of the rated generator-source short-circuit

breaking current I scg
This document does not give preferred values for the AC component of the generator-source
short-circuit breaking current because its maximum value is usually less than the AC component
of the short-circuit breaking current from the power system. If a rating is assigned by the
manufacturer, then the generator circuit-breaker shall be tested for the related capabilities
(see 7.105).
5.101.2.4.3 Degree of asymmetry of the rated generator-source short-circuit breaking

current
For a generator circuit-breaker of class G1 the degree of asymmetry is 110 % with the assigned
AC component of the rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current and 130 % with a
current having an AC component equal to 74 % of the assigned AC component of the rated
generator-source short-circuit breaking current irrespectively of the time that contact separation
occurs (see Annex H).
For a generator circuit-breaker of class G2 the degree of asymmetry is 130 % with the assigned
AC component of the rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current irrespectively of the
time that contact separation occurs (see Annex H).
5.101.3 Rated single-phase-to-earth fault breaking current
No specific rating is assigned to cover the single-phase-to-earth fault breaking current because
generator circuit-breakers are designed for use on systems earthed through a high-impedance
where the single-phase-to-earth fault current will not exceed 50 A. In no case are the
capabilities for single-phase-to-earth faults required to exceed this value. Generator circuit-
breakers can easily break this current.
5.102 Rated short-circuit making current IMC
The rated short-circuit making current (see Figure 10) of a generator circuit-breaker having
simultaneity of poles is based on a DC time constant of 133 ms. This is 2,74 times the RMS
value of the AC component of its rated system-source short-circuit breaking current.
If a generator-source short-circuit current rating is assigned and its making current is higher
than the value above, then the rated making current shall be assigned by the manufacturer.
This value is applicable both for 50 Hz and 60 Hz.

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© IEC/IEEE 2021
NOTE The short-circuit making current can also be referred to as closing current.
5.103 Rated load breaking current
The rated load breaking current is the highest load current which the generator circuit-breaker
shall be capable of making and breaking under the conditions of use and behaviour specified
in this document. Such a current is found in a circuit having a power-frequency recovery voltage
corresponding to the rated voltage of the generator circuit-breaker and having a transient
recovery voltage equal to the value specified in 5.105.
The capability of the generator circuit-breaker to interrupt the load current shall be
demonstrated by tests in accordance with 7.104.
5.104 Rated out-of-phase making and breaking current
The rated out-of-phase making and breaking current is the highest out-of-phase current which
the generator circuit-breaker shall be capable of making and breaking under the conditions of
use and behaviour specified in this document. Such a current is found in a circuit having a
power-frequency recovery voltage corresponding to the rated voltage of the generator circuit-
breaker and having a transient recovery voltage equal to the value specified in 5.105. The RMS
value of the assigned out-of-phase current making and breaking rating I d shall be 50 % of the
RMS value of the AC component of the rated system-source short-circuit breaking current.
5.105 Rated transient recovery voltage (TRV)
5.105.1 Representation of TRV waves
The waveform of transient recovery voltages approximates a damped single frequency

oscillation. Two straight lines adequately represent the upper and lower bounds of the rising
part of the TRV waveform. The upper line begins at the origin, rises up and to the right and is
tangent to the TRV curve, with a slope equal to the TRV rate of rise. The lower line has the
same slope as the upper, and begins on the time axis at the point of the time delay t d and ends
at the point with coordinates (t', u') as illustrated in Figure 13. The upper line ends where it
intersects a horizontal line drawn tangent to the highest point, u c , of the TRV waveform. The
time at the point where these two lines intersect, t 3 , is called the rise time, and the coordinates
of this point are (t 3 , u c ). It is clear from Figure 13 that this time, t 3 , is earlier than the time when
the TRV waveform actually reaches its peak. Methods of drawing TRV envelopes are given in
9.103.7.3.
The influence of local capacitance produces a slower rate of rise of the voltage during the first
few microseconds of the TRV. This is taken into account by introducing the time delay.
The two parameters used for the representation of TRV are u c and t 3 .
u c is the reference voltage (the TRV peak value), and is calculated as follows
U 2
uc = kpp × kaf × r
3
where
k pp is the first-pole-to-clear factor with a value of 1,5 (see 9.103.7.4);
k af is the amplitude factor with a value of 1,5 (see 9.103.7.5);
t3 is the time to the intersection point of the upper line and the horizontal reference line.
The method for determining the value for the time t 3 for a given TRV waveform is
described in 9.103.7.3.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 63 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
The preferred value of u' is chosen to be u c /3 and t' is chosen to be t d + t 3 /3.
The ratio of u c /t 3 is called the "Rate-of-Rise-of-Recovery-Voltage" (RRRV).
Figure 13 – Two-parameter representation of prospective TRV waveform for

interrupting three-phase symmetrical faults
5.105.2 Rated values of TRV
Standard values for TRV parameters are listed in Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, and Table 6. The
equation and method for determining the time t 3 are given in 9.103.7.3 and Figure 13. Table 3,
Table 4, Table 5, and Table 6 provide the values of the prospective TRV parameters. U r is
expressed in kV (RMS value). For out-of-phase and load current breaking, the values of the
prospective TRV parameters modified by the capacitors of the generator circuit-breaker are
available in Annex M and in Annex N respectively.
The values for the TRV parameters t 3 and u c given in Table 3 through Table 6 are expressed in
microseconds and kV (peak value) respectively, and are calculated as functions of U r , which is
expressed in units of kV (RMS value). The ratings given in Table 3 and Table 4 are determined
for the first-pole-to-clear and for symmetrical current interruption in the case of three-phase
earthed faults. If the generator circuit-breaker requires that the prospective TRV be modified by
the addition of capacitors, then the amount of equivalent capacitance required shall be given in
the test report and on the nameplate.
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© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table 3 – TRV parameters for system-source short-circuit tests
Prospective TRV
Transformer rating
Time t 3 TRV peak value u c RRRV
MVA µs kV kV/µs
10 to 50 0,58 U r 1,84 U r 3,2
51 to 100 0,53 U r 1,84 U r 3,5
101 to 200 0,46 U r 1,84 U r 4,0
201 to 400 0,41 U r 1,84 U r 4,5
401 to 600 0,37 U r 1,84 U r 5,0
601 to 1 000 0,34 U r 1,84 U r 5,5
1 001 or more 0,31 U r 1,84 U r 6,0
The time delay t d shall be equal to 1 µs.
Table 4 – TRV parameters for generator-source short-circuit tests
Prospective TRV
Generator rating
MVA µs kV kV/µs
10 to 50 1,23 U r 1,84 U r 1,5
51 to 100 1,15 U r 1,84 U r 1,6
101 to 400 1,02 U r 1,84 U r 1,8
401 to 800 0,92 U r 1,84 U r 2,0
801 or more 0,84 U r 1,84 U r 2,2
The time delay t d shall be equal to 0,5 µs.
Table 5 – TRV parameters for load current tests
Prospective TRV
Generator rating
MVA µs kV kV/µs
10 to 50 1,03 U r 0,92 U r 0,9
51 to 100 0,92 U r 0,92 U r 1,0
101 to 400 0,77 U r 0,92 U r 1,2
401 to 800 0,66 U r 0,92 U r 1,4
801 or more 0,58 U r 0,92 U r 1,6

IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 65 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table 6 – TRV parameters for out-of-phase tests
Prospective TRV
Generator rating
MVA µs kV kV/µs
10 to 50 0,87 U r 2,6 U r 3,0
51 to 100 0,79 U r 2,6 U r 3,3
101 to 400 0,64 U r 2,6 U r 4,1
401 to 800 0,56 U r 2,6 U r 4,7
801 or more 0,50 U r 2,6 U r 5,2
5.106 Rated operating sequence
The rated operating sequence of a generator circuit-breaker shall be CO – 30 min – CO (without

any intentional delay between C and O).
5.107 Mechanical operation endurance capability of generator circuit-breakers, main-

disconnectors, starting switches, BTB-switches and braking switches of
classes M1, M2 and M3
A generator circuit-breaker as well as the main-disconnector, the starting switch and the BTB-
switch of a generator circuit-breaker system shall be able to perform the following number of
mechanical operations taking into account the programme of maintenance specified by the
manufacturer:
Standard generator circuit-breaker, main-disconnector, starting switch, BTB-switch and braking 1 000 operating
switch (normal mechanical endurance) cycles
class M1
Generator circuit-breaker, main-disconnector, starting switch, BTB-switch and braking switch 3 000 operating
for special service requirements (extended mechanical endurance) cycles
class M2
Generator circuit-breaker, main-disconnector, starting switch, BTB-switch and braking switch 10 000 operating
for special service requirements (extended mechanical endurance) cycles
class M3
NOTE Class M3 can be considered also for pumped-storage applications (see Annex O).
5.108 Rated first-pole-to-clear factor
The rated value of the first-pole-to-clear factor is 1,5.
6 Design and construction
6.1 Requirements for liquids in switchgear and controlgear
6.2 Requirements for gases in switchgear and controlgear

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© IEC/IEEE 2021
6.3 Earthing of switchgear and controlgear
For non-enclosed generator circuit-breakers, non-enclosed generator circuit-breaker systems,

three-phase enclosed generator circuit-breakers or three-phase enclosed generator circuit-
breaker systems, 6.3 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is applicable.
For single-phase enclosed generator circuit-breakers or single-phase enclosed generator

circuit-breaker systems the earthing connection is typically made by connecting the enclosures
of the generator circuit-breaker system to the earthed enclosures of the busbar.
6.4 Auxiliary and control equipment and circuits
a) the voltage variations shall be according to Table 2;

b) where shunt opening and closing releases are used, appropriate measures shall be taken
in order to avoid damage to the releases when a continuous or sustained closing or opening
command signal is applied. For example, those measures may include the use of series
control contacts arranged so that:
– when the generator circuit-breaker is closed, the close release control contact ("b"
contact or break contact) is open and the open release control contact ("a" contact or
make contact) is closed, and
– when the generator circuit-breaker is open, the open release control contact ("a") is open
and the close release control contact ("b") is closed;
NOTE Systems other than contacts are possible and can be used.
c) for shunt closing releases the protective measures mentioned in the first dashed item of
item b) above shall operate no sooner than the minimum close signal duration (3.7.130)
provided by the generator circuit-breaker and no later than the rated closing time. If the
current of the shunt closing release is interrupted by the control contact, the closing
command shall be positively longer than the rated closing time.
d) for shunt opening releases the protecting measures mentioned in the second dashed item
of item b) above shall operate no sooner than the minimum trip signal duration (3.7.129)
required by the generator circuit-breaker and no later than 20 ms after separation of the
main contacts;
e) for short close-open time requirements the protective measures for the shunt releases as
mentioned in item b) above shall operate no sooner than when main contacts close and no
later than one half-cycle after main contacts close;
f) where auxiliary switches are used as position indicators, they shall indicate the end position
of the generator circuit-breaker at rest, open or closed. The signalling shall be sustained;
g) connections shall withstand the stresses imposed by the generator circuit-breaker,
especially those due to mechanical forces during operations;
h) in the case of outdoor generator circuit-breakers, all auxiliary equipment including the wiring
shall be adequately protected against rain and humidity;
i) where special items of control equipment are used, they shall operate within the limits
specified for supply voltages of auxiliary and control circuits, interrupting and/or insulating
and operating media, and be able to switch the loads which are stated by the generator
circuit-breaker manufacturer;
j) special items of auxiliary equipment such as liquid indicators, pressure indicators, relief
valves, filling and draining equipment, heating and interlock contacts shall operate within
the limits specified for supply voltages of auxiliary and control circuits and/or within the
limits of use of interrupting and/or insulating and operating media;
k) the power consumption of heaters at rated voltage shall be within the tolerance of ±10 % of
the value specified by the manufacturer;
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 67 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
l) where anti-pumping devices are part of the generator circuit-breaker control scheme, they
shall act on each control circuit, if more than one is installed.
6.5 Dependent power operation
For generator circuit-breakers 6.5 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is not applicable.
For the main-disconnector and the switches of a generator circuit-breaker system 6.5 of
IEC 62271-102:2018 is applicable.
6.6 Stored energy operation
6.7 Independent unlatched operation (independent manual or power operation)
For generator circuit-breakers 6.7 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is not applicable.
For the main-disconnector and the switches of a generator circuit-breaker system, 6.7 of
6.8 Manually operated actuators
6.9 Operation of releases
6.9.1 General
See 5.9.2 for the basis of operation limits with respect to supply voltage.
6.9.2 Shunt closing release
For generator circuit-breakers 6.9.2 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is not applicable.
A shunt closing release shall be able to operate within a voltage range of the power supply,
measured at the input terminals, according to Table 2.
For the main-disconnector and the switches of a generator circuit-breaker system, 6.9.2 of
6.9.3 Shunt opening release
For generator circuit-breakers 6.9.3 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is not applicable.
A shunt opening release shall be able to operate within a voltage range of the power supply,
measured at the input terminals, according to Table 2.
The operating mechanism shall be trip-free as defined in 3.6.109 of this document. That is,
whenever an opening command is given it shall have priority over a closing command.
For the main-disconnector and the switches of a generator circuit-breaker system, 6.9.3 of
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© IEC/IEEE 2021
6.9.4 Capacitor operation of shunt releases
6.9.5 Under-voltage release
Subclause 6.9.5 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is not applicable.
6.9.101 Multiple releases
If a generator circuit-breaker is fitted with more than one release for the same function, a defect
in one release shall not disturb the function in the others. Releases used for the same function
shall be physically separated, i.e. magnetically decoupled.
6.9.102 Operation limits of releases
For shunt opening releases of generator circuit-breakers the minimum trip duration and for
shunt closing releases the minimum command duration at rated supply voltage shall not be less
than 2 ms.
The minimum supply voltage for operation of shunt releases of generator circuit-breakers shall
not be less than 20 % of the rated supply voltage.
6.9.103 Power consumption of releases
The power consumption of shunt closing or opening releases of a three-pole generator circuit-
breaker should not exceed 1 200 VA. For certain generator circuit-breaker designs higher
values may be required.
6.10 Pressure/level indication
6.10.1 Gas pressure
6.10.2 Liquid level
6.11 Nameplates
6.11.1 General
6.11.2 Application
For generator circuit-breakers 6.11.2 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is applicable with the following
modifications:
The nameplate(s) of a generator circuit-breaker and its operating devices shall include the items
listed in Table 7 below.
Additional information may be given.
The nameplate(s) shall be visible when the generator circuit-breaker is in the position of normal
service and installation.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 69 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Coils of operating devices and releases shall be marked with the manufacturer’s name and part
number.
Table 7 – Nameplate information for generator circuit-breakers
Information to be Condition: Abbreviation Unit Generator Operating

listed on nameplates Marking only circuit-breaker device
required if
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Manufacturer X X
Type designation and serial
X X
number
Rated voltage Ur kV X
Rated power-frequency Ud kV X
withstand voltage
Rated lightning impulse Up kV X
withstand voltage
Rated frequency ƒr Hz X
external forced
Rated continuous current cooling is not Ir A Y
required
external forced
Rated continuous current with I r,
cooling is efc A Y
external forced cooling
required
Rated short-time withstand Ik kA X
current
Rated duration of short-circuit tk s X
Rated short-circuit making I MC kA X

current
RMS value of the AC
component of the rated system- I SC kA X
source short-circuit breaking
current
Rated rate-of-rise-of-recovery-
RRRV kV/µs X
voltage
Minimum opening time ms X
RMS value of the AC
component of the rated out-of- Id kA (X)
phase breaking current
Filling pressure for operation at p rm MPa [psi]
(X)
20 °C absolute
Kind and mass of fluid for kg
sealed tank
insulation and/or making and Y
contains fluid [lb]
breaking
Filling pressure for insulation
p re MPa [psi]
and/or making and breaking at (X)
absolute
20 °C
Rated supply voltage of control
V (X)
circuits
Rated supply frequency of
Hz (X)
control circuits
Current of control circuits A (X)
Rated supply voltage of Ua V (X)
auxiliary circuits
Hz (X)
auxiliary circuits
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© IEC/IEEE 2021
listed on nameplates Marking only circuit-breaker device
required if
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Current of auxiliary circuits A (X)
kg
Mass (including fluids) M X X
[lb]
Rated operating sequence X
Three-phase break-time ms X
Required capacitance value per
non zero nF Y
phase at the generator side
different from
Capacitance value per phase required
nF Y
provided at the generator side capacitance
value
non zero nF Y
phase at the transformer side
different from
nF Y
provided at the transformer side capacitance
value
equipped with
opening
resistor in
Opening resistor value Ω Y
parallel to the
interrupting
chamber
Mechanical endurance class X X
Year of manufacture X X
Minimum and maximum
°C X
ambient air temperature
Instruction book number X X
Relevant standard with date of
X X
issue
Key
X = the marking of these values is mandatory; blanks indicate the value zero.
(X) = if a rating is assigned the marking of these values is mandatory.
Y = the marking of these values is mandatory if the conditions in column (2) are met.
NOTE 1 The abbreviation in column (3) can be used instead of the terms in column (1). When terms in column
(1) are used, the word "rated" need not appear.
NOTE 2 If the values for the control circuits (closing and opening) are different, additional lines may be required.
For generator circuit-breaker systems 6.11.2 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is applicable with the
following modifications:
The nameplate(s) of a generator circuit-breaker system and its operating devices shall include
the items listed in Table 8 to Table 10 below.
– Table 8: general information;

– Table 9: information for a generator circuit-breaker, being part of a generator circuit-breaker
system;
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 71 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
– Table 10: information for the main-disconnector, switches and short-circuiting connections,
being part of a generator circuit-breaker system.
The nameplate(s) shall be visible when the generator circuit-breaker system is in the position
of normal service and installation. Each stand-alone object shall be equipped with its own
nameplate.
number.
Table 8 – General nameplate information for generator circuit-breaker systems
Information to be Condition: Marking Abbreviation Unit System

listed on nameplates only required if
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Manufacturer X
Type designation and serial number X
Rated power-frequency withstand voltage Ud kV X
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage Up kV X
external forced cooling Ir

Rated continuous current A Y
is not required
Rated continuous current with external external forced cooling I r, efc A Y
forced cooling is required
Rated short-time withstand current Ik kA X
Minimum and maximum ambient air

°C X
temperature
Year of manufacture X
Instruction book number(s) X
Relevant standard with date of issue X
kg
Total mass (including fluids) M X
[lb]
Key
NOTE The abbreviation in column (3) can be used instead of the terms in column (1). When terms in column (1)
are used, the word "rated" need not appear.
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Table 9 – Nameplate information for generator circuit-breakers,
being part of a generator circuit-breaker system

listed on nameplates Marking only circuit- device
required if breaker
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Manufacturer Y Y
Type designation and serial number Y Y
Rated voltage Ur kV Y
Rated power-frequency withstand Ud kV Y

voltage
different from
Rated lightning impulse withstand general Up kV Y
voltage information for
generator ƒr
Rated frequency circuit-breaker Hz Y
system Ir
Rated continuous current A Y
Rated continuous current with I r, efc A Y

Rated short-time withstand current Ik kA Y
Rated duration of short-circuit tk s Y
Rated short-circuit making current I MC kA X
RMS value of the AC component of

the rated system-source short-circuit I SC kA X
breaking current
RRRV kV/µs X
voltage
RMS value of the AC component of
the rated out-of-phase breaking Id kA (X)
current
(X)
20 °C absolute
Kind and mass of fluid for insulation sealed tank kg
Y
and/or making and breaking contains fluid [lb]
Filling pressure for insulation and/or p re MPa [psi]
(X)
making and breaking at 20 °C absolute
V (X)
circuits
Rated supply frequency of control
Hz (X)
circuits
Rated supply voltage of auxiliary Ua V (X)
circuits
Rated supply frequency of auxiliary
Hz (X)
circuits
non zero nF Y
phase at the generator side
different from
nF Y
provided at the generator side capacitance
value
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 73 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
listed on nameplates Marking only circuit- device
required if breaker
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
non zero nF Y
phase at the transformer side
different from
nF Y
provided at the transformer side capacitance
value
equipped with
opening resistor
Opening resistor value in parallel to the Ω Y
interrupting
chamber
Year of manufacture different from Y Y
general
Instruction book number(s) information for Y Y
generator
Relevant standard with date of issue circuit-breaker Y Y
system
Key
– 74 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table 10 – Nameplate information for main-disconnector, switches and short-circuiting
connections, being part of a generator circuit-breaker system
Short-circuiting connection
Operating device(s)
Condition:
Main-disconnector
Information to be
Marking only Abbreviation Unit
Tee-OFF-switch
Earthing switch
listed on nameplates
Braking switch
starting switch
required if
BTB-switch
ET-switch
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)
Manufacturer Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Type designation and
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
serial number
Rated voltage Ur kV Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Rated voltage generator U rgcb_side kV Y

circuit-breaker side
Rated voltage starting U rsd_side kV Y
device side
Rated power-frequency Ud kV Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
withstand voltage
Rated power-frequency
withstand voltage U dgcb_side kV Y
generator circuit-
breaker side
Rated power-frequency
withstand voltage U dsd_side kV Y
different from
starting device side general
Rated lightning impulse information for
generator Up kV Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
withstand voltage
circuit-breaker
Rated lightning impulse system
withstand voltage U pgcb_side kV Y
generator circuit-
breaker side
Rated lightning impulse
withstand voltage U psd_side kV Y
starting device side
Rated frequency ƒr Hz Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Rated continuous Ir A Y (X) (X) (X) (X) (X) (X)

current
Rated continuous
current with external I r, efc A Y (X) (X) (X) (X) (X) (X)
forced cooling
Rated short-time Ik kA Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
withstand current
Rated duration of short- tk s Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
circuit
Mechanical endurance
X X X X X X X X X
class
Short-circuit making
(X)
capability class
Rated short-circuit I MC kA (X)
making current
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 75 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Short-circuiting connection
Operating device(s)
Condition:
Main-disconnector
Information to be
Marking only Abbreviation Unit
Tee-OFF-switch
Earthing switch
listed on nameplates
Braking switch
starting switch
required if
BTB-switch
ET-switch
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)
Filling pressure for p rm MPa [psi]
(X)
operation at 20 °C absolute
Kind and mass of fluid sealed tank kg
(X) (X) (X) (X) (X) (X) (X) (X)
for insulation contains fluid [lb]
Filling pressure for p re MPa [psi]
(X) (X) (X) (X) (X) (X) (X) (X)
insulation absolute
Rated supply voltage of
auxiliary and control V X
circuits
Year of manufacture different from Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
general
Instruction book information for Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
number(s) generator
Relevant standard with circuit-breaker
system Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
date of issue
Key
NOTE The abbreviation in column (3) can be used instead of the terms in column (1). When terms in column (1) are
used, the word "rated" need not appear.
Additional components of a generator circuit-breaker system, other than those quoted in

Table 10, if any, shall have separate nameplates, but these nameplates need only be legible
when the additional components are in the removed position.
6.11.101 Modification of generator circuit-breakers
Revised nameplates shall be furnished when modification is involved. IEEE Std C37.59 TM
provides guidance regarding nameplates for modified generator circuit-breakers.
6.12 Locking devices
6.13 Position indication

– 76 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
6.14 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures
6.14.1 General
Subclause 6.14.1 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is replaced by the following:
Degrees of protection provided by enclosures of generator circuit-breaker systems:
• against allowing penetration from outside for the (IP coding) assigned according to
IEC 60529,
and
• against external mechanical impacts for the (IK coding) assigned according to IEC 62262,
shall be specified for all enclosures containing parts of the main circuit of the generator circuit-
breaker system, as well as for enclosures containing appropriate low-voltage control and/or
auxiliary circuits and for enclosures containing mechanical operating mechanisms.
The degrees of protection apply to the service conditions of the generator circuit-breaker
system.
NOTE The degrees of protection can be different for other conditions such as maintenance, testing.
Being connected on each side to the isolated-phase bus (IPB), the enclosure of the generator
circuit-breaker system contains air whose dryness and cleanliness depend on the atmosphere
inside the IPB. In order to ensure the long-term dielectric withstand of the IPB and generator
circuit-breaker system, it is necessary to keep these pieces of equipment with the lowest
possible level of dust or humidity during their whole service life.
The IPB and generator circuit-breaker system being similar toward this issue, the atmosphere
of both pieces of equipment shall be controlled using similar solutions. Because these solutions
are closely dependent on power plant service load and environmental conditions, their design
and implementation are usually handled by IPB engineering.
Long term worldwide experience shows that dedicated solutions shall be applied to reach the
requested atmosphere quality whatever the circumstances.
To avoid dust penetration, IP5x or more is usually sufficient to reach the goal. However, if IPx5
or IPx6 do efficiently prevent liquid water from penetrating the enclosures, they do not prevent
water vapours from penetrating the enclosure due to breathing phenomenon in the case of
atmospheric pressure variation, temperature variation, or load variation.
Depending on power plant exploitation and climate conditions these variations can generate
water condensation in the IPB and generator circuit-breaker system enclosures. Specifically, in
case of applications where load current is far from being sufficient to continuously heat the
conductors and the inner surfaces of the enclosures (or in case of long periods of power
shutdown), the external atmospheric variations may create a condensation situation on a
regular basis. The repetition of these conditions may lead to liquid water accumulation in the
enclosures, making the situation worse as long time goes, leading to possible insulation issues
and corrosion of the equipment.
IPB engineering should ensure a safe atmosphere inside the IPB enclosure for all climatic and
service conditions, and that the atmosphere inside the generator circuit-breaker system benefits
from measures against condensation risks such as:
• IPB and generator circuit-breaker system enclosures pressurisation, with a slight pressure
of dry air (0,5 kPa to 2 kPa above atmospheric pressure);
• IPB and generator circuit-breaker system enclosures heating by appropriate equipment to
maintain the surface temperature above the dew point of the air inside the IPB.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 77 –
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If the IPB and generator circuit-breaker system have two separate atmospheres, appropriate
measures shall be subject to agreement between the user and generator circuit-breaker system
manufacturer.
6.14.2 Protection of persons against access to hazardous parts and protection of the
equipment against ingress of solid foreign objects (IP coding)
6.14.3 Protection against ingress of water (IP coding)
6.14.4 Protection against mechanical impact under normal service conditions (IK
coding)
6.15 Creepage distances for outdoor insulators
6.16 Gas and vacuum tightness
6.17 Tightness for liquid systems
6.18 Fire hazard (flammability)
6.19 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
6.20 X-ray emission
6.21 Corrosion
6.22 Filling levels for insulation, switching and/or operation

– 78 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
6.101 Requirements for simultaneity of poles during single closing and single opening
operations
The following requirements are applicable under rated conditions of the auxiliary and control
voltage and pressure for operation:
The maximum difference between the instances of contact touch during closing in the three
poles shall not exceed one quarter of a cycle of rated frequency. If one pole consists of more
than one interrupter connected in series, the maximum difference between the instances of
contact touch within these series connected interrupters shall not exceed one sixth of a cycle
of rated frequency.
The maximum difference between the instances of contact separation during opening in the
three poles shall not exceed one sixth of a cycle of rated frequency. If one pole consists of more
than one interrupter connected in series, the maximum difference between the instances of
contact separation within these series connected interrupters shall not exceed one eighth of a
cycle of rated frequency.
6.102 General requirement for operation
A generator circuit-breaker, including its operating devices, shall be capable of completing its
rated operating sequence (5.106) in accordance with the relevant provisions of 6.6 to 6.12 and
6.103 for the applicable range(s) of ambient temperatures as defined in Clause 4 of
IEC 62271-1:2017.
This requirement is not applicable to auxiliary manual operating devices; where provided, these
shall be used only for maintenance and for emergency operation on a dead circuit.
Generator circuit-breakers provided with heaters shall be designed to permit an opening

operation at the assigned minimum ambient temperature when the heaters are not operational
for a minimum time of 2 h.
6.103 Pressure limits of fluids for operation
The manufacturer shall state the maximum and minimum pressures of the fluid for operation at
which the generator circuit-breaker is capable of performing according to its ratings and at
which the appropriate low- and high-pressure interlocking devices shall be set (see 6.107). The
manufacturer shall state the minimum functional pressure for operation and the minimum
functional pressure for insulation and/or making and breaking (see 3.6.5.6 and 3.6.5.5).
The manufacturer may specify pressure limits at which the generator circuit-breaker is capable
of each of the following performances:
breaking its rated short-circuit breaking current, i.e. an "O" operation;

making its rated short-circuit making current immediately followed by breaking its rated
short-circuit breaking current, i.e. a "CO" operating cycle.
The generator circuit-breakers shall be provided with energy storage of sufficient capacity for
satisfactory performance of the appropriate operations at the corresponding minimum pressures
stated.
6.104 Vent outlets of generator circuit-breakers
Vent outlets are devices which allow a deliberate release of pressure in a generator circuit-
breaker during operation.
NOTE These are normally associated with air, air-blast and oil generator circuit-breakers.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 79 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Vent outlets of generator circuit-breakers shall be situated such that a discharge of oil or gas
or both will not cause electrical breakdown and is directed away from any location where
persons are likely to be present. The necessary safety distance shall be stated by the
manufacturer.
The construction shall be such that gas cannot collect at any point where ignition can be caused,
during or after operation, by sparks arising from normal operation of the generator circuit-
breaker or its auxiliary equipment.
6.105 Warning labels
Markings and warning labels shall be provided to identify possible dangerous conditions related
to the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system and its operating
devices and to call special attention to the appropriate precautions.
6.106 Instructions
Instructions essential for maintenance and the safe operation of the generator circuit-breaker
or the generator circuit-breaker system shall be provided.
6.107 Low-and high-pressure interlocking devices
All generator circuit-breakers having an energy storage in gas receivers or hydraulic

accumulators (see 6.6.2 of IEC 62271-1:2017) and all generator circuit-breakers except sealed
pressure devices, using compressed gas for insulation and/or making and breaking (see 6.103)
shall be fitted with a low-pressure or low-density interlocking device, and can also be fitted with
a high-pressure or high-density interlocking device, set to operate at, or within, the appropriate
limits of pressure or density stated by the manufacturer.
7 Type tests
7.1 General
7.1.1 Basics
Subclause 7.1.1 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is applicable with the following modifications:
Type tests are made to determine the adequacy of the design of a particular type, style, or
model generator circuit-breaker to meet its assigned ratings and to operate satisfactorily under
the specified service conditions. Type tests are made only on representative generator circuit-
breakers of basically the same design, i.e., the same interrupters operating at the same contact
speeds, and having at least the same dielectric strength. These tests are not intended to be
used as a part of normal production. The applicable portions of these type tests may also be
used to evaluate modifications of a previous design and to ensure that performance has not
been adversely affected. Test data from previous similar designs may be used for current
designs, where appropriate.
The type tests for generator circuit-breakers are listed in Table 11. For the type tests, the
tolerances on test quantities are given in Annex A. The individual type tests shall, in principle,
be performed on a generator circuit-breaker in a new and clean condition. In case of generator
circuit-breakers using SF 6 for insulation and/or making and breaking and/or operation, the
quality of the gas shall at least comply with the acceptance levels of IEC 60480.
The responsibility of the manufacturer is limited to the declared rated values and not to those
values achieved during the type tests.
The uncertainty of each measurement of the quantities which determine the ratings (for example
short-circuit current, applied voltage and recovery voltage) shall be within ±5 %.
– 80 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
For generator circuit-breaker systems additional type tests are needed. The relevant standards,
which are valid for the individual components, with the following modifications apply:
– Dielectric tests shall be performed for the entire generator circuit-breaker system, according
to 7.2.
– Continuous current tests on the main current path (generator circuit-breaker, main-
disconnector) shall be performed for the entire generator circuit-breaker system, according
to 7.5.
– Continuous current tests on fully energised voltage and current transformers or other
components not being part of the main circuit can be performed in separate stand alone
tests with the individual components. For components, the highest ambient temperature
inside the enclosure seen by the component shall be considered (for example typically 80 °C
when carrying continuous current).
– Short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests with the main-disconnector,
the earthing switches, the starting switch, the Tee-OFF-switch, the BTB-switch, the ET-
switch, and the short-circuiting connection shall be performed with a peak factor according
to 5.7 and a duration of short-circuit according to 5.8. The duration of short-circuit for the
test with the main-disconnector shall be the same as for the generator circuit-breaker.
– If the main-disconnector is part of a single-phase enclosed generator circuit-breaker system
then the short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests shall be performed
according to 7.6.
– The mechanical endurance tests with the main-disconnector and the earthing switch shall
be performed according to their applicable standard. For the main-disconnector the
mechanical endurance classes according to 5.107 are applicable.
– The mechanical endurance tests with the starting switch, BTB-switch, Tee-OFF-switch, ET-
switch and motor operated short-circuiting connections shall be performed according to the
standard applicable for disconnectors, with the following modification: For the starting switch
and BTB-switch the mechanical endurance classes according to 5.107 are applicable.
– The Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker shall be tested in accordance with Annex J.
Some components of a generator circuit-breaker systems (such as starting switch, BTB-switch,

braking switch, or short-circuiting connection) need to carry current for a limited time, typically
for a few minutes up to a few tens of minutes. The manufacturer shall provide values for
temporary current and current carrying time. No temperature limits are given for these
components, provided that they remain in good condition after their temporary current carrying
and do not cause any damage to the surrounding components. In addition the manufacturer
shall provide the duty cycle (such as cooling time needed between temporary current carrying
cycles).
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 81 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table 11 – Type tests
Mandatory type tests Subclauses

Dielectric tests 7.2
Measurement of the resistance of the main circuit 7.4
Continuous current tests 7.5
Short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests 7.6
Additional tests on auxiliary and control circuits 7.10
Mechanical operation test at ambient temperature 7.101.2.1 to
7.101.2.3
Sound pressure level tests 7.101.4
System-source short-circuit current making and breaking tests 7.103
Load current breaking tests 7.104
Type tests dependent upon Condition requiring type test Subclauses

application, rating or design
Verification of the degree of protection Assigned IP coding 7.7.1
Assigned IK coding 7.7.2
Tightness test Controlled, sealed or closed pressure systems 7.8
EMC tests Electronic equipment or components are 7.9
included in the secondary system
Extended mechanical endurance tests on Assigned class M2 or class M3 7.101.2.4
generator circuit-breakers for special service
conditions
Low and high temperature tests In accordance with 7.101.3.1 7.101.3
Generator-source short-circuit current making Assigned generator-source short-circuit 7.105
and breaking tests current
Out-of-phase making and breaking tests Assigned out-of-phase current 7.106
Mandatory type tests, shown in the upper part of the table, are required for all generator circuit-breakers. Other
type tests, shown in the lower part of the table, are required for all generator circuit-breakers where the associated
rating is specified.
7.1.2 Information for identification of test objects
7.1.3 Information to be included in type test reports
Further details relating to records and reports of type tests for making, breaking and short-time
current performance are given in Annex B.
7.2 Dielectric tests
7.2.1 General

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7.2.2 Ambient air conditions during tests
7.2.2.101 General
For test objects where external insulation (see 3.1.109) is of principle concern, the correction
factor K t shall be applied, in order to achieve similar results, as if the tests were performed
under standard reference atmospheric conditions:
U = U0 × Kt
where
U is the voltage to be applied during test of external insulation;
U 0 is the test voltage as specified in Table 1;
Kt is the correction factor.
7.2.2.102 Standard reference atmosphere
The standard reference atmosphere is:
t 0 = 20 °C reference temperature
p 0 = 101,3 kPa reference pressure
h 0 = 11 g/m 3 reference (absolute) humidity
7.2.2.103 Correction factor K t
The external insulation of generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems in free

air shall be tested by applying the correction factor K t .
Kt = k1 × k2
where
Kt is the correction factor;
k1 is the air density correction factor;
k2 is the humidity correction factor.
7.2.2.104 Air density correction factor
When the temperatures t and t 0 are expressed in degrees Celsius and the atmospheric
pressures p and p 0 are expressed in the same units, the air density correction factor is:
k1 = δm
p 273+t0
δ
= ×
p0 273+t
where
k1 is the air density correction factor;
δ is the relative air density;
m is an exponent;
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 83 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
p0 is the reference pressure;
p is the ambient pressure;
t0 is the reference temperature;
t is the ambient temperature.
According to IEC 62271-1:2017, subclause 7.2.2, it can be assumed that m = 1. Hence:
p 273 + t0
k1
= ⋅
p0 273 + t
7.2.2.105 Humidity correction factor for power-frequency withstand voltage tests
k2 = k w
k = 1 + 0,012(h/δ – 11)
w = 0,5 – tan -1 ((h – 11 × δ ) × 100)/ π (see Annex P)
where
k2 is the humidity correction factor;
k is the humidity parameter;
w is the humidity exponent;
h is the absolute humidity in g/m 3 ;
δ is the relative air density.
7.2.2.106 Humidity correction factor for lightning impulse voltage tests
k2 = k w
k = 1 + 0,010(h/δ – 11)
w = 0,5 – tan -1 ((h – 11 × δ ) × 100)/ π (see Annex P)
where
k2 is the humidity correction factor;
k is the humidity parameter;
w is the humidity exponent;
h is the absolute humidity in g/m 3 ;
δ is the relative air density.
7.2.2.107 Internal insulation
To test the internal insulation of generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems

the correction factor K t shall not be applied as the internal insulation is not influenced by the
ambient air conditions.
– 84 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
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7.2.2.108 Combination of external insulation in free air and internal insulation
Most generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems have both external

insulation and internal insulation. By applying the correction factor K t (refer to 7.2.2.102 for
calculation), the internal insulation could be either overstressed or understressed during the
dielectric tests. By not applying the correction factor Kt , the external insulation could be either
overstressed or understressed during the dielectric tests. Additional steps may be necessary to
prevent such overstressing. Some methods are discussed in IEC 60060-1.
Therefore, during the dielectric tests, the following three cases shall be distinguished:
If the correction factor K t is below 0,95 one of the following two test procedures is possible:
– To avoid overstress of the external insulation, the effective correction factor K t shall be
applied. Additional tests, where the correction factor K t is not applied, shall be performed
to show the correct dielectric performance of the internal insulation.
– With the consent of the manufacturer, it is also permissible to test with any correction
factor K t between 0,95 and 1,00.
If the correction factor K t is between 0,95 and 1,00 it shall be applied during the dielectric
type tests. With the consent of the manufacturer it is also permissible to test without applying
the correction factor K t .
If the correction factor K t is above 1,00 one of the following two test procedures is possible:
– To avoid overstress of the internal insulation, the correction factor K t may be set to 1,00.
Additional tests, where the effective correction factor K t is applied, shall be performed
to show the correct dielectric performance of the external insulation.
– With the consent of the manufacturer, the correction factor K t shall be applied during the
dielectric tests.
7.2.3 Wet test procedure
7.2.4 Arrangement of the equipment
Subclause 7.2.4 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is applicable with the following additions:
With the generator circuit-breaker, additional power-frequency voltage tests shall be performed
with the insulating gas at atmospheric pressure to simulate the loss of this gas, with a voltage
corresponding to 1,5 times the following voltages:
a) the phase opposition voltage across the open contacts;

b) the phase-to-earth voltage between the conductor and earth;
c) the phase-to-phase voltage between phases, if applicable.
If vacuum interrupters are used in enclosures filled with an insulating gas the additional power-
frequency voltage tests are performed with the insulating gas at atmospheric pressure.
If vacuum interrupters are not used in enclosures filled with an insulating gas, the additional
power-frequency voltage tests are not required.
It may be difficult to carry out the dielectric tests on generator circuit-breakers equipped with
resistors or capacitors. In such cases, they may be replaced by dummy resistors or dummy
capacitors. Dummy resistors and dummy capacitors shall have the same outer dimensions and
selection of materials as the real resistors and real capacitors. In addition, resistors or
capacitors shall be tested separately in accordance with their standards and the values of
Table 1.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 85 –
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It may be difficult to carry out the dielectric tests on generator circuit-breaker systems equipped
with surge arresters or instrument transformers. In such cases, they may be replaced by dummy
surge arresters or dummy instrument transformers. Dummy surge arresters and dummy
instrument transformers shall have the same outer dimensions and selection of materials as
the real surge arresters and real instrument transformers. In addition, surge arresters or
instrument transformers shall be tested separately in accordance with their standards.
7.2.5 Criteria to pass the test
If disruptive discharges occur and evidence cannot be given during testing that the disruptive
discharges were on self-restoring insulation, the generator circuit-breaker or the generator
circuit-breaker system shall be dismantled and inspected after the completion of the dielectric
test series. If damage (for example tracking, puncture) to non-self-restoring insulation is
observed, the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system has failed the
test.
7.2.6 Application of the test voltage and test conditions
7.2.7 Tests of switchgear and controlgear of U r ≤ 245 kV
7.2.7.1 General
The test voltages specified in Table 1 apply.
7.2.7.2 Power-frequency withstand voltage tests
Subclause 7.2.7.2 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is applicable.
7.2.7.3 Lightning impulse voltage test
7.2.8 Tests of switchgear and controlgear of U r > 245 kV
These are not applicable for generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems.
7.2.9 Artificial pollution tests for outdoor insulators
7.2.10 Partial discharge tests
Subclause 7.2.10 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is applicable with the following addition.
Partial discharge tests are not normally required to be performed on the complete generator
circuit-breaker or generator circuit-breaker system. However, in the case of generator circuit-
breaker systems using components for which a relevant IEC or IEEE standard exists, including
partial discharge measurements (for example, bushings, see IEC 60137 [2]), evidence shall be
produced by the manufacturer showing that those components have passed the partial
discharge tests as laid down in the relevant IEC or IEEE standard.
– 86 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
7.2.11 Dielectric tests on auxiliary and control circuits
Subclause 7.2.11 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is not applicable and is replaced with the following:
The dielectric tests on auxiliary and control circuits are covered under 7.10.5.
7.2.12 Voltage test as a condition check
Subclause 7.2.12 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is not applicable; the tests specified there are replaced
with the following:
After mechanical or environmental tests (see 7.101.1.4), if the insulating properties of a

generator circuit-breaker across open contacts, to earth or between adjacent poles cannot be
verified by visual inspection with sufficient reliability, a power-frequency withstand voltage test
in dry condition according to 7.2.7.2 at 80 % of the value in column (2) of Table 1 shall be
applied.
After making and breaking tests a 1 min power-frequency withstand voltage test shall be
performed as a condition check across the open contacts. If there are any other dielectric gaps
subject to the arcing medium (e.g. operating rod), they shall be evaluated either by this test or
if that is not practical, then by a separate test. The test voltage shall be 80 % of the value in
column (2) of Table 1.
7.3 Radio interference voltage (RIV) tests
Subclause 7.3 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is not applicable.
7.4 Resistance measurement
7.4.1 Measurement of the resistance of auxiliary contacts class 1 and class 2
7.4.2 Measurement of the resistance of auxiliary contacts class 3
7.4.3 Electrical continuity of earthed metallic part tests
7.4.4 Resistance measurement of contacts and connections in the main circuit as a

condition check
7.4.4.1 Resistance measurement test procedure
Subclause 7.4.4.1 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is applicable with the following modification:
The current during the measurement shall be specified by the manufacturer, but shall not be
less than 100 A DC.
7.4.4.2 Making and breaking tests
Subclause 7.4.4.2 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is not applicable and is replaced with the following:
After making and breaking tests the test object shall comply with the conditions specified in
7.102.9.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 87 –
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7.4.4.3 Other tests
Subclause 7.4.4.3 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is not applicable and is replaced with the following:
During and after mechanical and environmental tests the test object shall comply with the
conditions specified in 7.101.1.4.
7.5 Continuous current tests
7.5.1 Condition of the test object
7.5.2 Arrangement of the equipment
Subclause 7.5.2 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is applicable with the following additions and
modifications according to a), b) or c):
For non-enclosed or three-phase enclosed generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-

breaker systems the following apply.
Because of the thermal effects of the magnetic influence on the neighbouring poles of the
generator circuit-breaker or generator circuit-breaker system, three-phase tests shall be
performed.
During tests with generator circuit-breaker systems, additional components, according to
3.3.101, shall be mounted in their regular positions.
The inductive heating of adjacent supporting structures such as pole frames shall be taken
into account and shall be measured.
For single-phase enclosed generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems
the following apply.
Single-phase tests are permissible for single-phase enclosed generator circuit-breakers or
generator circuit-breaker systems
– if the single-phase enclosed generator circuit-breaker system is connected to a single-
phase enclosed isolated phase bus (IPB) system whose enclosures carry the rated
current;
– if the tests are made at the phase having the most unfavourable position, which in most
cases is the middle phase;
– if there is no possibility of magnetic influence;
– if the influence of the neighbouring phases can be simulated by means of heaters, heat
insulation or equivalent.
Single-phase enclosed generator circuit-breaker systems which are not connected to single-
phase enclosed IPBs or where the enclosure of the single-phase enclosed IPB does not
carry the rated continuous current shall be tested three-phase.
When single-phase enclosed generator circuit-breaker systems are single-phase tested, the
current in the enclosure of the generator circuit-breaker system shall be the rated continuous
current.
During tests with generator circuit-breaker systems, additional components, according to
3.3.101, shall be mounted in their regular positions.
If a generator circuit-breaker system consists of more than one stand-alone object, these
objects may be tested independently.
As the continuous current-carrying capability of a generator circuit-breaker or generator
circuit-breaker system is influenced by the temperature of the connected IPB, the tests shall
be performed with an IPB attached to the generator circuit-breaker or generator circuit-
breaker system. The minimum length of the IPB shall be 1,5 times its enclosure’s outer
diameter, or 2 m, whichever of the two numbers is larger.
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A typical continuous current test setup for single-phase enclosed generator circuit-breakers
is illustrated in Figure 14.
Key
1 Single-phase enclosed generator circuit- 6 Enclosure of the IPB
breaker system
2 Single-phase enclosed IPB 7 Means to simulate the neighbouring phases of the generator
circuit-breaker system
3 Enclosure of the generator circuit-breaker 8 Position at which the temperature of the conductor of the
system IPB shall be kept at the values indicated in Table 12
4 Components in the main current path of the 9 Position at which the temperature of the enclosure of the
generator circuit-breaker system (e.g. IPB shall be kept at the values indicated in Table 12
interrupting chamber and main disconnector)
5 Conductor of the IPB 10 Connections between the terminals of the generator circuit-
breaker system and the terminals of the conductor of the
IPB
Figure 14 – Typical continuous current test setup for

single-phase enclosed generator circuit-breaker systems (top view)
For generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems with forced cooling the
following apply.
When testing a generator circuit-breaker or generator circuit-breaker system with a forced-
cooled rating, the continuous current-carrying capability shall be determined with the forced
cooling system operating. The temperatures in the current-carrying path shall be measured
during these tests.
The entrance temperature and the quantity of the coolant (m 3 /s) (e.g. air, water) shall be
adjusted to the prevailing rated service conditions and recorded.
If an isolated phase bus is used and is forced-cooled, the temperatures of the IPB – as
defined in Table 12 – are not applicable since the temperatures of the IPB are dependent
on quantity and temperature of the coolant.
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7.5.3 Test current and duration
7.5.3.1 Test on main circuit
7.5.3.2 Test of the auxiliary and control equipment
7.5.4 Temperature measurement during test
7.5.4.1 Ambient air temperature
7.5.4.2 Temperature of test object
Subclause 7.5.4.2 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is applicable with the following modifications:
Typically, an IPB is operated at one of the two pairs of temperatures, defined in Table 12.
The manufacturer shall select one or both of the two options of Table 12 and the results shall
be recorded in the continuous current test report.
The temperature rise of the IPB – measured at a distance of 1 m from the terminals of the
generator circuit-breaker or generator circuit-breaker system – shall be kept at the temperatures
indicated in Table 12. For tolerances on the temperature values reference is made to Annex A.
The temperature shall be measured at a minimum of two points for each of the four positions
(see positions number 8 and 9 in Figure 14). The measuring points shall be distributed equally
around the circumference of the IPB conductor and the IPB enclosure. There is no limit on the
difference between the temperature rise at the terminals of the generator circuit-breaker or
generator circuit-breaker system and the IPB at a distance of 1 m from the terminals as specified
in IEC 62271-1.
In the case where the generator circuit-breaker is attached to the IPB by means of connections,
those connections shall not be considered part of the generator circuit-breaker.
NOTE Different values of rated continuous current can be assigned for option 1 and option 2.
Table 12 – Conditions during continuous current test
Part Ranges of average temperature rise of the IPB at

ambient air temperature not exceeding 40 °C
K
Option 1 Option 2
IPB conductor at position 8 on each side 50 65
IPB enclosure at position 9 on each side 30 40
NOTE Position 8 and position 9 are shown in Figure 14.
7.5.5 Resistance of the main circuit
7.5.6 Criteria to pass test

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7.5.101 Demonstrations of emergency conditions
Emergency conditions shall be demonstrated by tests. These tests shall include, if applicable,
the following conditions:
a) failure of cooling (loss of cooling fluid, failure of cooling in the IPB, failure of fans, pumps,
air circulators, etc.);
b) loss of insulating medium.
Conditions a) and b) shall be tested individually. If the cooling system consists of different
independent subsystems, individual failure of each cooling subsystem and simultaneous failure
of all subsystems shall be tested.
For each type of test, the following data (refer to Figure 9) shall be determined based on the
temperature limits set by the manufacturer:
a) maximum time the emergency condition can persist (t 1 , t 2 , etc.);

b) a rate of decrease of the continuous current (R 1 , R 2 , etc.);
c) the lower value of current so that the temperature rise in the generator circuit-breaker or
generator circuit-breaker system will not exceed the values specified in 7.5.6 (I 2 , I 3 , etc.).
The IPB, which is used during the continuous current tests, may require individual heating or
cooling to maintain the temperatures stated in Table 12. If this is the case this individual heating
or cooling shall remain unchanged during the tests to establish the emergency data t 1 , t 2 , etc.,
R 1 , R 2 , etc., I 2 , I 3 , etc. During the tests to establish the lower value of the current (I 2 , I 3 , etc.)
the IPB temperatures will most probably stabilise at values below those stated in Table 12.
If the forced-cooling systems of the isolated-phase bus and the generator circuit-breaker or
generator circuit-breaker system use the same air, the phenomenon becomes complicated
when the cooling air is lost, because the temperature of the isolated-phase bus will also rise.
• To establish the maximum time the emergency condition can persist, the cooling system
shall be simply switched off. Additional cooling of the IPB is not allowed.
• To establish the lower value of current at which the temperature rise in the generator circuit-
breaker or generator circuit-breaker system will not exceed the values specified in 7.5.6,
the temperature rise of the IPB – measured at a distance of 1 m from the terminals of the
generator circuit-breaker or generator circuit-breaker system – shall be kept at the
temperatures stated in at least one of the options of Table 12.
7.6 Short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests
7.6.1 General
7.6.2 Arrangement of the equipment and of the test circuit
Single-phase enclosed generator circuit-breaker systems may be tested single-phase or three-

phase. In the case of single-phase testing the enclosure shall carry the full return current. In
the case of three-phase testing the return current in the three enclosures can be simulated by
short-circuiting both ends of the three enclosures.
7.6.3 Test current and duration

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7.6.4 Conditions of the test object after test
The no-load operations of the generator circuit-breaker after the short-time withstand current
and peak withstand current tests shall be carried out at 100 % of the rated value of control
voltage and/or pressure for operation.
7.7 Verification of the protection
7.7.1 Verification of the IP coding
7.7.2 Verification of the IK coding
7.8 Tightness tests
Subclause 7.8 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is applicable with the following addition:
In the case of a vacuum generator circuit-breaker, the tightness verification of the vacuum
insulation shall be carried out by means of a power-frequency withstand voltage test according
to 7.2.12 or an equivalent test.
7.9 Electromagnetic compatibility tests (EMC)
7.10 Additional tests on auxiliary and control circuits
7.10.1 General
7.10.2 Functional tests
If the mechanical operation tests at ambient air temperature in accordance with 7.101.2 are
performed on the complete generator circuit-breaker or generator circuit-breaker system
equipped with its entire control unit, then the intent of the functional tests according to 7.10.2
of IEC 62271-1:2017 has been demonstrated and additional tests are not required. When
testing of the complete generator circuit-breaker or generator circuit-breaker system is not
practicable, component tests in accordance with 7.101.1.2 are acceptable.
7.10.3 Verification of the operational characteristics of auxiliary contacts
7.10.4 Environmental tests

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If the mechanical operation tests at ambient air temperature in accordance with 7.101.2, the
low and high temperature tests in accordance with 7.101.3 are performed on the complete
circuit-breaker or generator circuit-breaker system equipped with its entire control unit, then the
intent of the environmental tests according to 7.10.4 of IEC 62271-1:2017 has been
demonstrated and additional tests are not required. When testing of the complete circuit-
breaker is not practicable, subassembly tests in accordance with 7.101.1.2 are acceptable.
NOTE Seismic tests are not covered. If a seismic test is requested, it is performed by agreement between
manufacturer and user.
7.10.5 Dielectric tests
Type tests are not required. The related requirements are covered by routine tests in 8.3.4.
7.11 X-radiation test for vacuum interrupters
7.101 Mechanical and environmental tests
7.101.1 Miscellaneous provisions for mechanical and environmental tests
7.101.1.1 Mechanical characteristics
Before the start of the type tests, the mechanical characteristics of the generator circuit-breaker
shall be established by the manufacturer.
The mechanical characteristics will serve as the reference for the purpose of characterising the
mechanical behaviour of the generator circuit-breaker. Furthermore, the mechanical
characteristics shall be used to confirm that the different test samples used during the
mechanical, making and breaking tests behave mechanically in a similar way. The mechanical
characteristics are also used to confirm that production units behave mechanically in a similar
way as the test objects used during type tests.
The mechanical characteristics shall be defined for operations at rated supply voltage of
operating devices and of auxiliary and control circuits and at filling pressure for operation,
insulation and/or making and breaking or, for convenience of testing, at the minimum functional
pressure for insulation and/or making and breaking.
Typically, the mechanical characteristics consist of
– reference travel band closing;

– reference travel band opening.
Each reference travel band consists of two curves, having a vertical distance of 10 % of the
total stroke. In case of generator circuit-breakers with a total stroke of 40 mm or less the
distance between the two envelopes is 4 mm.
All test objects shall have their respective no-load travel curves within the reference travel band
closing and reference travel band opening. The type and location of the sensor used for the
record of the no-load travel curves shall be stated in the test report. The no-load travel curves,
which can be measured at any part of the power kinematic chain, may be recorded continuously
or discretely. In case of discrete measurement, at least 20 discrete values should be given for
the complete stroke. If the no-load travel curves are measured with different methods at the
different test laboratories and production sites, transfer functions shall be used for the
interpretation of the no-load travel curves.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 93 –
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Each no-load travel curve used to confirm the mechanical behaviour of the generator circuit-
breaker may be shifted in horizontal and vertical direction in order to fit into the reference travel
band closing and reference travel band opening.
Annex C describes a method on how to gain the reference travel band closing and the reference
travel band opening.
It is recognised that for some designs of generator circuit-breakers, this method may be
unsuitable, as for example for vacuum generator circuit-breakers. In such cases the
manufacturer shall define an appropriate method to verify the proper operation of the generator
circuit-breaker. The following parameters may be used to characterise the vacuum generator
circuit-breaker:
– stroke, with a maximum tolerance width of 4 mm or 10 %, as assigned by the manufacturer;

– closing time, with a tolerance assigned by the manufacturer;
– opening time, with a tolerance assigned by the manufacturer;
– momentary closing speed at a certain stroke, with a maximum tolerance of ±10 %, as
assigned by the manufacturer;
– momentary opening speed at a certain stroke, with a maximum tolerance of ±10 %, as
assigned by the manufacturer.
7.101.1.2 Subassembly tests
When testing of a generator circuit-breaker is not practicable, subassembly tests may be

accepted as type tests. The manufacturer should determine the subassemblies which are
suitable for testing.
Subassemblies are separate functional parts of the complete generator circuit-breaker (for
example, pole, breaking unit, operating mechanism).
When subassembly tests are made, the manufacturer shall prove that the mechanical and
environmental stresses on the subassembly during the tests are not less than those applied to
the same subassembly when the complete generator circuit-breaker is tested. Subassembly
tests shall cover all different types of subassemblies of the complete generator circuit-breaker,
provided that the particular test is applicable to the subassembly. The conditions for the
subassembly type tests shall be the same as those which could be employed for the complete
generator circuit-breaker.
Parts of auxiliary and control equipment shall comply with the relevant standards by which they
have been manufactured, as applicable. The proper function of such parts in connection with
the function of the other parts of the generator circuit-breaker or generator circuit-breaker
system shall be verified.
7.101.1.3 Characteristics and settings to be recorded before and after the tests
Before and after the tests and in accordance with the provisions of 7.101.2.5, the following
operating characteristics or settings shall be recorded and evaluated:
a) closing time;
b) opening time;
c) maximum difference between closing times and maximum difference between opening times
for units of one pole, if applicable;
d) maximum difference among closing times and maximum difference among opening times
for the poles of a three-pole operated generator circuit-breaker;
e) recharging time of the operating device;
f) power consumption of the control circuit;
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g) power consumption of the tripping devices, possible recording of the current of the releases;
h) duration of opening and closing command impulse;
i) tightness, if applicable;
j) gas densities or pressures, if applicable;
k) resistance of the main circuit;
l) time-travel chart;
m) other important characteristics or settings as specified by the manufacturer.
7.101.1.4 Condition of the generator circuit-breaker during and after the tests
During and after the tests, the generator circuit-breaker shall be in such a condition that it is
capable of operating normally, carrying its rated continuous current, making and breaking its
rated short-circuit current and withstanding the voltage values for 1 min at 80 % of the value in
column (2) of Table 1.
In general, these requirements are fulfilled if:
– during the tests, the generator circuit-breaker operates on command and does not operate
without command;
– the no-load closing operation and the no-load opening operation after the test series,
performed at rated supply voltage and at filling pressure for operation shall be compared
with the corresponding operations before the test series. The requirements of 7.101.1.1
shall be fulfilled;
– during the no-load operations of the generator circuit-breaker, which is a part of a generator
circuit-breaker system, which also contains a main-disconnecting function and/or other
switches mounted on the same frame, the main-disconnecting function is in its closed
position and the other switches are in their open position;
– after the tests, all parts do not show undue wear or if the generator circuit-breaker is one
component of a generator circuit-breaker system, also all other components of the generator
circuit-breaker system do not show undue wear;
– the main contacts shall be in such a condition, in particular with regard to wear, contact
area, pressure and freedom of movement that they are capable of carrying the rated
continuous current without their temperature rise exceeding by more than 10 K the values
specified in Table 14 of IEC 62271-1:2017.
Coated contacts are such that a layer of coating material remains at the contact area. If this is
not the case, the contacts shall be regarded as bare and the test requirements are fulfilled only
if the temperature rise of the contacts during the continuous current test (according to 7.5) does
not exceed the value permitted for bare contacts.
For other than sealed-for-life interrupters, visual inspection is usually sufficient for verification
of the capability of the generator circuit-breaker to carry the rated continuous current.
NOTE Experience shows that an increase of the voltage drop across the generator circuit-breaker cannot alone be
considered as reliable evidence of an increase in temperature rise.
For sealed-for-life generator circuit-breakers, procedures A or B of 7.102.9.1 indent b) apply.
– during and after the tests, any distortion of mechanical parts is not such that it adversely
affects the operation of the generator circuit-breaker or prevents the proper fitting of any
replacement part;
– after the tests the insulating properties of the generator circuit-breaker in the open position
shall be in essentially the same condition as before the tests. Visual inspection of the
generator circuit-breaker after the tests is usually sufficient for verification of the insulating
properties. In the case of generator circuit-breakers with sealed-for-life interrupters, a
voltage test as a condition check in accordance with 7.2.12 shall be performed.
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If interrupters are placed in an insulating fluid with different characteristics, that also might
withstand the test voltages when replacing the original arc extinguishing medium (for example
a vacuum interrupter in an enclosure filled with SF 6 ) the voltage test as a condition check, as
requested in 7.2.12 may not be adequate to verify the integrity of the device. In such cases the
integrity of the device shall be demonstrated by the methods according to 7.102.9.1 item c)
fourth paragraph.
7.101.1.5 Condition of the auxiliary and control equipment during and after the tests
During and after the tests, the following conditions for the auxiliary and control equipment shall
be fulfilled:
– during the tests, care should be taken to prevent undue heating;

– during the tests, a set of contacts (both make and break auxiliary contacts) shall be arranged
to switch the current of the circuits to be controlled (see 6.4);
– during and after the tests, the auxiliary and control equipment shall fulfil its functions,
including the trip-free and anti-pumping functions;
– during and after the tests, capability of the auxiliary circuits of the auxiliary switches and of
the control equipment shall not be impaired. In case of doubt, the tests specified in 8.3.4
shall be performed;
– during and after the tests, the contact resistance of the auxiliary switches shall not be
adversely affected. The temperature rise when carrying the rated continuous current shall
not exceed the specified values (see Table 14 of IEC 62271-1:2017).
7.101.2 Mechanical operation test at ambient air temperature
7.101.2.1 General
The mechanical operation test shall be made at the ambient air temperature of the test location.
The ambient air temperature should be recorded in the test report. Auxiliary equipment forming
part of the operating devices shall be included.
The application of voltage or current in the main circuit is not required for this test.
NOTE A generator circuit-breaker design can be fitted with several variants of auxiliary equipment (shunt releases
and motors) in order to accommodate the various rated control voltages and frequencies as stated in 5.9 and 5.10.
These variants do not need to be tested if they are of similar designs and if the resulting no-load travel curves are
within the reference travel bands of the mechanical characteristics as defined in 7.101.1.1.
7.101.2.2 Condition of the generator circuit-breaker before the test
The generator circuit-breaker for test shall be mounted on its own support and its operating
mechanism shall be operated in the specified manner. It shall be tested according to its type
as follows:
A three-pole operated generator circuit-breaker, or a single-pole operated generator circuit-

breaker with all poles mounted on a common frame, shall be tested as a complete unit.
Tests shall be conducted at the filling pressure/density for insulation and/or making and
breaking.
A single-pole operated generator circuit-breaker with the poles mounted on individual frames
should be tested preferably as a complete three-pole generator circuit-breaker. However, for
convenience, or owing to limitations of the dimensions of the test bay, one single-pole unit of
the generator circuit-breaker may be tested, provided that it is equivalent to, or not in a more
favourable condition than, the complete three-pole generator circuit-breaker over the range of
tests, for example in respect of:
– mechanical characteristics;
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– power, energy and force of closing and opening mechanism;
– rigidity of structure.
If a generator circuit-breaker is one component of a generator circuit-breaker system, the

mechanical operation tests with the generator circuit-breaker shall be performed with the other
components of the generator circuit-breaker system installed.
7.101.2.3 Description of the test on class M1 generator circuit-breakers
The mechanical operation test shall consist of 1 000 operating cycles.
The generator circuit-breaker shall be tested in accordance with Table 13.
7.101.2.4 Description of the test on class M2 and class M3 generator circuit-breakers
The mechanical operation test for M2 shall consist of 3 000 operating cycles.
The mechanical operation test for M3 shall consist of 10 000 operating cycles.
The generator circuit-breaker shall be tested in accordance with Table 13.
Table 13 – Number of operating sequences
Number of operating sequences

Operating Supply at filling pressure for operation
sequence voltage Class M1 generator Class M2 generator Class M3 generator
circuit-breakers a, b circuit-breakers a, c circuit-breakers a, c
C – ta – O – Minimum 250 750 2 500
ta
Rated 250 750 2 500
Maximum 250 750 2 500
CO – t a Rated 250 750 2 500
Key
O opening
C closing
CO a closing operation followed immediately (i.e. without any intentional time-delay) by an opening
operation
ta time between two operations which is necessary to restore the initial conditions and/or to prevent
undue heating of parts of the generator circuit-breaker (this time can be different according to the type
of operation)
It is allowed to test M1, M2, and M3 in a consecutive way. If so, first perform the number of operations
required for M1, then add the number of operations to cover M2, and then add the number of operations to
cover M3. After each 1 000 operating cycles cleaning, tightening, adjusting, lubricating, as recommended by
the manufacturer, is allowed.
a No functional part shall have been replaced prior to completion of the specified number of operations.
b After 500 operating cycles cleaning, tightening, adjusting, lubricating, as recommended by the
manufacturer, is allowed. Any visual inspection, cleaning, tightening, adjusting, and/or lubricating
carried out during the test shall be mentioned in the test report.
c After each 1 000 operating cycles cleaning, tightening, adjusting, lubricating, as recommended by the
manufacturer, is allowed. Any visual inspection, cleaning, tightening, adjusting, and/or lubricating
carried out during the test shall be mentioned in the test report.
7.101.2.5 Acceptance criteria for the mechanical operation tests
The criteria given below apply for mechanical operation tests on class M1, class M2 and class
M3 generator circuit-breakers.
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Before and after the total test programme, the operations specified in Table 14 shall be
performed.
Table 14 – Operations to be performed before and after the test programme
Operating pressure
Minimum Maximum
Filling pressure
if applicable if applicable
1×C 1×C 1×C
Minimum 1×O 1×O 1×O
1 × CO 1 × CO 1 × CO
1×C 1×C 1×C
Supply
Rated 1×O 1×O 1×O
voltage
1 × CO 1 × CO 1 × CO
1×C 1×C 1×C
Maximum 1×O 1×O 1×O
1 × CO 1 × CO 1 × CO
Key
O opening operation
C closing operation
CO a closing operation followed immediately (i.e. without any intentional time-delay) by
an opening operation
During these operations, the operating characteristics (see 7.101.1.3) shall be recorded and
evaluated. After the total test programme the condition of the generator circuit-breaker shall be
in accordance with 7.101.1.4.
7.101.3 Low and high temperature tests
7.101.3.1 General
The two tests need not be performed in succession, and the order in which they are made is of
no importance. If the minimum ambient air temperature of indoor and outdoor generator circuit
breakers is greater than or equal to –5 °C, no low temperature test is required. If the maximum
ambient air temperature of indoor and outdoor circuit breakers is greater than +40 °C, a high
temperature test is required.
For generator circuit-breakers with a common operating device, three-phase tests shall be
made. Generator circuit-breakers with independent poles, testing of only one complete pole is
permitted.
Owing to limitations of the testing facilities, multi-enclosure type generator circuit-breaker

systems may be tested using one or more of the following alternatives provided that the
generator circuit-breaker system in its testing arrangement is not in a more favourable condition
than the normal condition for mechanical operation (see 7.101.2.2):
a) reduced length of phase-to-earth insulation;

b) reduced pole spacing;
c) reduced number of modules.
If heat sources are required, they shall be in operation with the exception of the conditions
identified in item f) of 7.101.3.3.
Liquid or gas supplies for generator circuit-breaker operation shall be at the test air temperature
unless the generator circuit-breaker design requires a heat source for these supplies.
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If a generator circuit-breaker is one component of a generator circuit-breaker system, the low
and high temperature tests with the generator circuit-breaker shall be performed with the other
components of the generator circuit-breaker system installed.
No maintenance, replacement of parts, lubrication or readjustment of the generator circuit-

breaker is permissible during the tests.
NOTE 1 In order to determine the material temperature characteristics, ageing, etc., tests of longer duration than
those specified in 7.101.3.3 and 7.101.3.4 can apply.
The generator circuit-breaker has passed the test if the conditions stated in 7.101.1.4 and
7.101.1.5 are fulfilled. Furthermore, the conditions in 7.101.3.3 and 7.101.3.4 shall be fulfilled
and the leakage rates recorded shall not exceed the limits given in Table 15 of
IEC 62271-1:2017. In the test report the testing conditions and the condition of the generator
circuit-breaker before, during and after the test shall be reported. The recorded quantities shall
be presented in an appropriate way and the graphical record taken shall be shown. To reduce
the number of graphical records in the test report, it is allowed to show a single representative
graphical record of every relevant type of operation under each specified testing condition.
Vacuum generator circuit-breakers are excluded from the tightness verification tests during the
high and low temperature tests. The integrity of the vacuum will be verified by a power-
frequency voltage (or equivalent) test after the high and low temperature tests. However, if the
vacuum generator circuit-breaker system is used in an enclosure filled with an insulating gas,
for example SF 6 , the tightness verification tests during the high and low temperature tests shall
be performed on this enclosure.
NOTE 2 A generator circuit-breaker design can be fitted with several variants of auxiliary equipment (shunt releases
and motors) in order to accommodate the various rated control voltages and frequencies as stated in 5.9 and 5.10.
These variants do not need to be tested if they are of similar designs and if the resulting no-load travel curves are
within the reference travel bands of the mechanical characteristics as defined in 7.101.1.1.
7.101.3.2 Measurement of ambient air temperature
The ambient air temperature in three locations at the distance of 1 m from the generator circuit-
breaker shall be measured and reported:
– at the level of the top of the generator circuit-breaker;

– at half the height of the generator circuit-breaker. This is the ambient temperature to be
reported;
– at the bottom of the generator circuit-breaker but not less than 0,25 m from the floor.
The maximum temperature deviation over the height of the generator circuit-breaker shall not
exceed 5 K.
7.101.3.3 Low temperature test
The diagram of the test sequences and identification of the application points for the tests
specified are given in Figure 15 a).
If the low temperature test is performed immediately after the high temperature test, the low
temperature test can proceed after completion of item u) of the high temperature test. In this
case items a) and b) are omitted.
The test generator circuit-breaker shall be adjusted in accordance with the

manufacturer's instructions.
Characteristics and settings of the generator circuit-breaker shall be recorded in
accordance with 7.101.1.3 and at an ambient air temperature T A of 20 °C ± 5 °C. The
tightness test shall be performed according to 7.8, if gases are used for insulation and/or
making and breaking and/or operation.
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With the generator circuit-breaker in the closed position, the air temperature shall be
decreased to the appropriate, minimum ambient air temperature T L , according to the
value chosen from 4.1.2, 4.1.3 or 4.2.4 of IEC 62271-1:2017. The generator circuit-
breaker shall be kept in the closed position for 24 h after the ambient air temperature
stabilises at T L .
During the 24 h period with the generator circuit-breaker in the closed position at
temperature T L , a tightness test shall be performed if gases are used for insulation
and/or making and breaking and/or operation. An increased leakage rate is acceptable,
provided that it returns to the original value when the generator circuit-breaker is
restored to the ambient air temperature T A and is thermally stable. The increased
temporary leakage rate shall not exceed the permissible temporary leakage rate of
Table 15 of IEC 62271-1:2017. For vacuum generator circuit-breakers no tightness test
is required. However, if the vacuum generator circuit-breaker system is used in an
enclosure filled with an insulating gas, for example SF 6 , the tightness verification tests
shall be performed on this enclosure.
After 24 h at temperature T L , an opening and closing operation at rated supply voltage
and at filling pressure for operation shall be performed and the results of these
operations shall be compared with the results of the corresponding operations before
the low temperature test. The measurements shall comply with the mechanical
characteristics, as defined in 7.101.1.1, for example no-load travel curves are within the
reference travel bands.
The low temperature behaviour of the generator circuit-breaker and its alarms and lock-
out systems shall be verified by disconnecting the supply of all heating devices, including
also the anti-condensation heating elements, for a duration t x . During this interval,
occurrence of the alarm is acceptable but lock-out is not. At the end of the interval t x , an
opening order, at rated values of supply voltage and filling pressure for operation, shall
be given. The generator circuit-breaker shall then open. The opening time shall be
recorded (and the no-load travel curve measured, if feasible) to allow assessment of the
interrupting capability. The manufacturer shall state the value of t x (not less than 2 h) up
to which the generator circuit-breaker is still operable without auxiliary power to the
heaters.
The generator circuit-breaker shall be left in the open position for 24 h.
During the 24 h period with the generator circuit-breaker in the open position at
temperature T L , a tightness test shall be performed according to 7.8, if gases are used
for insulation and/or making and breaking and/or operation. An increased leakage rate
is acceptable, provided that it returns to the original value when the generator circuit-
breaker is restored to the ambient air temperature T A and is thermally stable. The
increased temporary leakage rate shall not exceed the permissible temporary leakage
rate of Table 15 of IEC 62271-1:2017.
At the end of the 24 h period, 50 closing and 50 opening operations shall be made at
rated values of supply voltage and filling pressure for operation with the generator
circuit-breaker at temperature T L . An interval of least a 3 min shall be allowed for each
cycle or sequence. The results of the first closing and opening operation shall be
recorded and compared with the results of the corresponding operation before the low
temperature test. The measurements shall comply with the mechanical characteristics,
as defined in 7.101.1.1, for example no-load travel curves are within the reference travel
bands.
Following the first closing operation C and the first opening operation O three CO
operating cycles (no intentional time delay between the C and O) shall be performed.
The additional operations shall be made by performing C – t a – O – t a operating
sequences (t a is defined in Table 13).
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© IEC/IEEE 2021
After completing the 50 opening and 50 closing operations, the air temperature shall be
increased to ambient air temperature T A at a rate of change of approximately 10 K per
hour. During the temperature transition period the generator circuit-breaker shall be
subjected to alternate C – t a – O – t a – C and O – t a – C – t a – O operating sequences
at rated values of supply voltage and filling pressure for operation. The alternate
operating sequences should be made at 30 min intervals so that the generator circuit-
breaker will be in open and closed positions for 30 min periods between the operating
sequences.
After the generator circuit-breaker has stabilised thermally at ambient air temperature
T A , a recheck shall be made of the generator circuit-breaker settings, operating
characteristics and tightness as in items a) and b) for comparison with the initial
characteristics.
The accumulated leakage during the complete low temperature test sequence from item b) to
item j) shall not be such that lock-out pressure is reached (reaching alarm pressure is allowed).
7.101.3.4 High temperature test
The diagram of the test sequence and identification of the application points for the tests
specified are given in Figure 15 b).
If the high temperature test is performed immediately after the low temperature test, the high
temperature test can proceed after completion of item j) of the low temperature test. In this
case, items l) and m) below are omitted.
The test generator circuit-breaker shall be adjusted in accordance with the

manufacturer's instructions.
Characteristics and settings of the generator circuit-breaker shall be recorded in
accordance with 7.101.1.3 and at an ambient air temperature T A of 20 °C ± 5 °C. The
tightness test shall be performed according to 7.8, if gases are used for insulation and/or
making and breaking and/or operation.
With the generator circuit-breaker in the closed position, the air temperature shall be
increased to the appropriate, maximum ambient air temperature (T H ), according to the
upper limit of ambient air temperature chosen from 4.1.2, 4.1.3 or 4.2.4 of
IEC 62271-1:2017 at a rate of change of approximately 10 K per hour. The generator
circuit-breaker shall be kept in the closed position for 24 h after the ambient air
temperature stabilises at T H .
For applications where the generator circuit-breakers are installed outdoors, the effects
of solar radiation should be considered. Refer to IEEE Std C37.24 TM [3].
During the 24 h period with the generator circuit-breaker in the closed position at the
temperature T H , a tightness test shall be performed if gases are used for insulation
and/or making and breaking and/or operation. An increased leakage rate is acceptable,
provided that it returns to the original value when the generator circuit-breaker is
restored to the ambient air temperature T A and is thermally stable. The increased
temporary leakage rate shall not exceed the permissible temporary leakage rate of
Table 15 of IEC 62271-1:2017. For vacuum generator circuit-breakers no tightness test
is required. However, if the vacuum generator circuit-breaker system is used in an
enclosure filled with an insulating gas, for example SF 6 , the tightness verification tests
shall be performed on this enclosure.
After 24 h at the temperature T H , an opening and closing operation at rated supply
voltage and at filling pressure for operation shall be performed and the results of these
operations shall be compared with the results of the corresponding operations before
the high temperature test. The measurements shall comply with the mechanical
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 101 –
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The generator circuit-breaker shall be opened and left open for 24 h at the temperature
TH.
During the 24 h period with the generator circuit-breaker in the open position at the
temperature T H , a tightness test shall be performed according to 7.8, if gases are used
for insulation and/or making and breaking and/or operation. An increased leakage rate
is acceptable, provided that it returns to the original value when the generator circuit-
breaker is restored to the ambient air temperature T A and is thermally stable. The
increased temporary leakage rate shall not exceed the permissible temporary leakage
rate of Table 15 of IEC 62271-1:2017.
At the end of the 24 h period, 50 closing and 50 opening operations shall be made at
rated values of supply voltage and filling pressure for operation with the generator
circuit-breaker at the temperature T H . An interval of at least 3 min shall be allowed for
each cycle or sequence. The results of the first closing and opening operation shall be
recorded and compared with the results of the corresponding operations before the high
temperature test. The measurements shall comply with the mechanical characteristics,
as defined in 7.101.1.1, for example no-load travel curves are within the reference travel
bands.
Following the first closing operation C and the first opening operation O three CO
operation cycles (no intentional time delay between the C and O) shall be performed.
The additional operations shall be made by performing C – t a – O – t a operating
sequences (t a is defined in Table 13).
After completing the 50 opening and 50 closing operations, the air temperature shall be
decreased to ambient air temperature T A , at a rate of change of approximately 10 K per
hour.
During the temperature transition period, the generator circuit-breaker shall be subjected
to alternate C – t a – O – t a – C and O – t a – C – t a – O operating sequences at rated
values of supply voltage and filling pressure for operation. The alternate operating
sequences should be made at 30 min intervals so that the generator circuit-breaker will
be in the open and closed positions for 30 min periods between the operating
sequences.
After the generator circuit-breaker has stabilised thermally at ambient air temperature
T A , a recheck shall be made of the generator circuit-breaker settings, operating
characteristics and tightness as in items l) and m) for comparison with the initial
characteristics.
The accumulated leakage during the complete high temperature test sequence from item l) to
item t) shall not be such that lock-out pressure is reached (reaching alarm pressure is allowed).
– 102 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
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a) Low temperature test
b) High temperature test
NOTE Letters a to u identify application points of tests specified in 7.101.3.3 and 7.101.3.4.
Figure 15 – Test sequences for low and high temperature tests
7.101.4 Sound level tests
Sound level tests can either be performed under three-phase or single-phase no-load
conditions. The peak instantaneous sound pressure level at any location accessible to
personnel including above and below the generator circuit-breaker shall be measured and
reported.
A sufficient number of measurement locations shall be chosen to identify and monitor the
highest sound level locations. The test should be made at the site, if feasible, rather than in the
laboratory. The tests shall be made taking into account IEC/IEEE 62271-37-082.
7.102 Miscellaneous provisions for making and breaking tests
7.102.1 General
Subclauses 7.102.2 to 7.102.11 are applicable to all making and breaking tests unless
otherwise specified in 7.103, 7.104, 7.105 and 7.106.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 103 –
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Where applicable, prior to the commencement of the tests, the manufacturer shall declare the
values of
– minimum conditions of the operating mechanism guaranteeing the rated operating sequence
(for example the minimum functional pressure for operation in the case of a hydraulic
operating mechanism);
– minimum conditions of the interrupting device guaranteeing the rated operating sequence
(for example the minimum functional pressure for insulation and/or making and breaking).
Generator circuit-breakers shall be capable of making and breaking system-source short-circuit

currents. This is demonstrated by the tests as described in 7.103.
In addition, generator circuit-breakers shall be capable of breaking load currents. This is

demonstrated by the tests as described in 7.104.
Generator circuit-breakers with an assigned generator-source short-circuit current rating shall

be capable of making and breaking generator-source short-circuit currents. This is
demonstrated by the tests as described in 7.105.
Generator circuit-breakers with an assigned out-of-phase current rating shall be capable of

making and breaking out-of-phase currents. This is demonstrated by the tests as described in
7.106.
It is preferred that three-phase making and breaking capabilities be demonstrated on a complete

three-pole generator circuit-breaker in a three-phase test circuit.
If the tests are carried out in a laboratory, the applied voltage, current, transient and power-
frequency recovery voltages may all be obtained from a single power source (direct tests) or
from several sources where all of the current, or a major portion of it, is obtained from one
source, and the transient recovery voltage is obtained wholly or in part from one or more
separate sources (synthetic tests).
If, owing to limitations of the testing facilities, the short-circuit performance of the generator
circuit-breaker cannot be proved in the above way, several methods employing either direct or
synthetic test methods may be used either singly or in combination, depending on the generator
circuit-breaker type:
a) single-phase testing (see 7.102.4.1);

b) unit testing (see 7.102.4.2).
7.102.2 Number of test objects
No limitation on the number of test objects is set for making and breaking tests.
All test objects used for making and breaking tests shall comply with the mechanical
The expendable parts or parts subject to wear may be replaced or refitted between any test-
duty, but no parts can be replaced or refitted within each test-duty.
– 104 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
7.102.3 Arrangement of generator circuit-breaker for tests
7.102.3.1 General
The generator circuit-breaker under test shall be mounted on its own support or on an equivalent
support. A generator circuit-breaker supplied as a component of a generator circuit-breaker
system shall be assembled on its own supporting structure and enclosure, complete with any
disconnecting features, with vent outlets forming part of the unit and, where practicable, with
main connections and busbars.
Capacitors can be installed between the step-up transformer and the generator circuit-breaker,
or between the generator and the generator circuit-breaker, or at both sides, or capacitors can
be part of the generator circuit-breaker assembly. In these cases the tests shall be carried out
with the capacitors connected or if these capacitors are not installed during these tests the
influence of the capacitors on the prospective TRV shall be taken into account and the modified
TRV applied accordingly. For out-of-phase and load current breaking, the parameters of the
prospective TRV modified by these capacitors shall be derived from Annex M and Annex N
respectively. For system-source and generator-source short-circuit current breaking tests,
computer simulations may be necessary to establish the modified TRV.
The interrupting capability demonstrated by these tests is valid only if capacitors of the same
capacitance value as used during the tests are installed in service according to the tested
configuration.
The operating time of some generator circuit-breakers may vary when the supply voltage to the
coils is at the minimum value specified in Table 2, while the operating times are reasonably
constant at their rated supply voltages. Performing a test-duty with correct arcing times can be
difficult to achieve in such a case, especially where steps of 18 electrical degrees need to be
made to prove the arcing window. Additionally, the scattering of the closing time may prevent
the possibility to perform the making test with the rated short-circuit making current.
For generator circuit-breakers where the operation of the coils does not affect the travel curve,
it is permitted to increase the supply voltage of the coils from the minimum value to the
maximum supply voltage. No-load operations performed at the rated and minimum supply
voltage shall be included in the test report to show that the travel curve is not affected by the
increased voltage of the coil.
At least one making and one breaking operation shall be performed at rated system-source
short-circuit current with minimum supply voltage to prove the ability of the circuit-breaker to
operate correctly up to its rated short-circuit current under minimum control voltage conditions.
Operating devices having a minimum operating condition (i.e. pressure, energy, etc.) shall be
operated at the minimum condition for operation at the commencement of the rated operating
sequence.
The close-open time shall remain as close as possible to the minimum close-open time (see
Note of 3.7.132), but it is permissible to delay the circuit-breaker opening such that the degree
of asymmetry at contact separation is within the permissible limits.
Interlocking devices associated with pressure interlocks shall be made inoperative during the
tests, if they interfere with the intent of the test.
It shall be shown that the generator circuit-breaker will operate satisfactorily under the above
conditions at no-load as specified in 7.102.6. The pressure of the compressed gas for insulation
and/or making and breaking, if any, shall be set at its minimum functional value as specified in
3.6.5.5.
The generator circuit-breaker shall be tested according to its type as specified in 7.102.3.2 and
7.102.3.3.
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7.102.3.2 Common enclosure type
A three-pole generator circuit-breaker having all its arcing contacts supported within a common
enclosure shall be tested as a complete three-pole generator circuit-breaker in three-phase
circuits.
The reasons are as follows:
– possibility of disruptive discharge between poles or to earth due to the influence of exhaust
gases;
– possible differences in the conditions of the extinguishing medium (pressures,
temperatures, pollution levels, etc.);
– greater influence between phases due to electrodynamic forces in the case of a three-phase
fault;
– possible different stresses on the operating mechanism.
7.102.3.3 Multi-enclosure type
A three-pole generator circuit-breaker consisting of three independent single-pole switching

devices can be tested single-phase according to 7.102.4.1. The manufacturer shall give testing
evidence to show compliance with 6.101.
A three-pole generator circuit-breaker not having completely independent switching devices

should be tested as a complete three-pole generator circuit-breaker. However, owing to
limitation of available testing facilities, one single-pole of the generator circuit-breaker may be
tested, provided that mechanical and electrical conditions applied during the tests are
equivalent to, or not more favourable than, the complete three-pole generator circuit-breaker
over the range of tests with respect to:
– mechanical behaviour in a making operation (for the evaluation method, see 7.102.4.1);
– mechanical behaviour in a breaking operation (for the evaluation method, see 7.102.4.1);
– availability of arc-extinguishing medium;
– power, energy and force of closing and opening devices;
– rigidity of structure.
7.102.4 General considerations concerning testing methods
7.102.4.1 Single-phase testing of one pole of a generator circuit-breaker with a common

operating mechanism
According to this method, one pole of a generator circuit-breaker with a common operating
mechanism is tested single-phase, applying to the pole the same current and substantially the
same power-frequency voltage which would be impressed upon the most highly stressed pole
during three-phase making and breaking by the complete generator circuit-breaker with a
common operating mechanism under corresponding conditions.
In those cases where the generator circuit-breaker design permits single-phase testing to
simulate three-phase conditions and the generator circuit-breaker is equipped with one
operating mechanism for all poles, a complete three-pole assembly shall be supplied for the
tests.
For short-circuit tests, in order to establish whether the generator circuit-breaker permits single-
phase tests to simulate three-phase conditions, verification tests consisting of a three-phase
making operation and a three-phase symmetrical breaking operation shall be performed.
During the verification tests for making and breaking, the travel curve shall be recorded. The
sensor used for the record of the travel curve shall be mounted at a suitable location, in order
to optimally record the contact travel, either directly or indirectly.
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The type and location of the sensor used for the record of the mechanical characteristics shall
be stated in the test report. The travel curves, which can be measured at any part of the power
kinematic chain, may be recorded continuously or discretely.
The verification tests for making and breaking shall be performed as follows:
a) The verification test for making shall be performed in a three-phase test circuit which can
provide a prospective value of the making current equal to at least I MC .
Owing to limitations of testing facilities, it is not always possible to perform the verification
test for making at rated voltage and rated short-circuit current. The making operation at
reduced voltage with a minimum of not less than 50 % of the rated voltage is permissible if
the pre-arcing time during making at rated voltage in any phase is not more than 1/10 cycle
of power frequency with a tolerance of 20 %.
The pre-arcing time at rated voltage shall be determined by performing making tests at
reduced current. The reduced current shall be low enough to avoid contact erosion.
The verification test for making consists of a three-phase making test at the rated short-
circuit current. Tests performed at 50 Hz are also valid for 60 Hz applications and tests
performed at 60 Hz are also valid for 50 Hz applications, as long as for both cases the test
circuit is such that a prospective value of the making current of at least I MC can be provided.
The three-phase verification test for making is valid independent from the actual closing
angle. As a result the peak current value will be at least 93 % of I MC in one of the three
phases.
The generator circuit-breaker shall reach the fully closed position and the duration of the
current shall last at least until the generator circuit-breaker has reached its fully closed
position.
b) The verification test for breaking consists of a three-phase breaking test at the rated short-
circuit breaking current and with the maximum arcing time in the last-pole-to-clear. The
breaking operation may be performed at any convenient test voltage. Tests performed at
50 Hz are also valid for 60 Hz applications and tests performed at 60 Hz are also valid for
50 Hz applications, as long as for both cases the maximum arcing time in the last-pole-to-
clear of the respective application is covered. The travel curve during the three-phase
breaking test (see Figure 16) shall be used as a reference curve for the following procedure:
– Two envelope curves shall be drawn from the instant of contact separation to the end of
the travel curve. The distance between the two envelopes from the original course shall
be ±5 % of the total travel or ±2 mm whichever is larger evaluated from the three-phase
verification test (see Figure 17).
– During a single-phase test under the same conditions (breaking test at the rated short-
circuit breaking current with the maximum arcing time) the travel curve shall be recorded.
If the travel curve of the single-phase test is within the envelope curves, single-phase
testing to represent three-phase conditions is permitted.
– The envelope curves can be moved in the vertical direction until one of the envelope
curves covers the reference curve. This gives maximum tolerances over the reference
travel curve of –0 % or −0 mm, +10 % or +4 mm and +0 % or +0 mm, –10 % or –4 mm
respectively (see Figure 18 and Figure 19). The displacement of the envelope curves
can be done only once for the complete procedure in order to get a maximum total
deviation from the reference curve of 10 % or 4 mm.
Special attention should be paid to the emission of arc products. If it is considered that such
emission would, for example, be likely to impair the insulation distance to adjacent poles,
then this shall be checked, using earthed metallic screens (see 7.102.8).
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The series of Figure 16 through Figure 19 are idealised, and do not show the variation in
profile caused by the friction effect of the contacts or the end of travel damping. In particular,
it is important to note that the effects of damping are not shown in these diagrams. The
oscillations produced at the end of travel are dependent upon the efficiency of the damping
of the drive system. The shape of these oscillations may be a deliberate function of the
design and may slightly vary from one test object to another. Therefore, it is important that
any variations in the curve at the end of the stroke, which are outside the tolerance margin
given by the envelope, are fully explained and understood before they are rejected or
accepted as showing equivalence with the reference curves. In general, all curves should
fall within the envelopes for acceptance.
Figure 16 – Reference travel curve measured during

the three-phase breaking test (idealised curve)
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(idealised curve) with the specified envelopes centred over the reference travel curve
(idealised curve) with the specified envelopes fully displaced upward from the
reference travel curve
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(idealised curve) with the specified envelopes fully displaced downward from the
reference travel curve
7.102.4.2 Unit testing
7.102.4.2.1 General
Certain generator circuit-breakers are constructed by assembling identical making or breaking

units in series, the voltage distribution between the units of each pole often being improved by
the use of parallel impedances.
This type of design enables the making or breaking performance of a generator circuit-breaker
to be tested by carrying out tests on one or more units.
The requirements of 7.101.1.1, 7.102.3 and 7.102.4.1 also apply for unit testing. Since,
therefore, at least a complete pole assembly has to be made available for the verification tests
on one or more units, the test results relate only to this specific pole design.
The following situations can be distinguished:
a) The generator circuit-breaker pole consists of units (or assemblies of units) which are
separately operated and which have no mutual connections for the arc extinguishing
medium. In this case unit testing is acceptable. However, the mutual influence through the
electrodynamic forces of the current on the units and the arc in the units should be taken
into account (see Figure 20). This may be done by substitution of the second interrupter by
a conductor with equivalent shape.
b) The generator circuit-breaker pole consists of units (or assemblies of units) which are
separately operated but which have a mutual connection for the arc extinguishing medium.
In this case, unit testing is only acceptable if the units not under test arc during the test
(e.g. used as auxiliary circuit-breaker in synthetic tests).
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© IEC/IEEE 2021
c) The generator circuit-breaker pole consists of units (or assemblies of units) which are not
separately operated. In this case, unit testing is only acceptable if the mechanical
characteristics for single-unit testing and full-pole testing are the same. The procedure as
given in 7.102.4.1 for single-phase testing of a three-pole generator circuit-breaker shall be
applied accordingly. Moreover, the influence of electrodynamic forces (see also item a)
above) shall be covered. However, if the units not under test arc during the test (for example,
used as auxiliary circuit-breaker in synthetic tests), the requirements related to the
mechanical characteristics are considered to be covered. In this case, the requirement for
generator circuit-breakers, which have mutual connections for the extinguishing medium
between units (see also item b) above) is covered at the same time.
The mechanical characteristics for single-unit testing and for full-pole testing shall be the same.
The procedure given in 7.102.4.1 for single-phase testing of a three-pole generator circuit-
breaker shall be applied accordingly.
When carrying out unit tests it is essential that the units are identical and that the static voltage
distribution for the type of test is known.
Pole of a generator circuit-breaker with

two separate interrupters in series.
Equivalent testing set-up for unit testing;

the second interrupter is substituted by a
conductor of equivalent shape.
Figure 20 – Equivalent testing set-up for unit testing of generator

circuit-breakers with more than one separate interrupters
7.102.4.2.2 Identical nature of the units
The units of the generator circuit-breaker shall be identical in their shape, in their dimensions
and in their operating conditions; only the devices for controlling the voltage distribution among
units may be different. In particular, the following conditions shall be fulfilled.
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a) Operation of contacts
In making tests the closing of the contacts of one pole shall be such that the time interval
between the closing of the contacts of the first unit to close and the closing of the contacts
of the last unit to close is not more than one-sixth of a cycle of rated frequency. In breaking
tests the opening of the contacts of one pole shall be such that the time interval between
the opening of the contacts of the first unit to open and the opening of the contacts of the
last unit to open is not more than one-eighth of a cycle of rated frequency. Filling pressure
for operation and rated supply voltages shall be used to determine this time interval.
b) Supply of the arc-extinguishing medium
For a generator circuit-breaker using a supply of arc-extinguishing medium from a source
external to the units, the supply to each unit shall, for all practical purposes, be independent
of the supply to the other units, and the arrangement of the supply pipes shall be such as
to ensure that all units are fed essentially together and in an identical manner.
7.102.4.2.3 Voltage distribution
The test voltage is determined by analysing the voltage distribution between the units of the
pole.
The voltage distribution between units of a pole, as affected by the influence of earth, shall be
determined for the relevant test conditions laid down for tests on one pole.
Where the units are not symmetrically arranged, the voltage distribution shall be determined
also with reverse connections.
The voltage distribution is determined either by measurement or by calculation. Values used in

the calculations shall be supported by measurements of the stray capacitances of the generator
circuit-breaker. Such calculations and supporting measurements verifying the assumptions
used in the calculations are the responsibility of the manufacturer.
If the generator circuit-breaker is fitted with parallel resistors, the voltage distribution shall be
calculated or measured statically at the frequency of the TRV.
If only capacitors are used, the voltage distribution may be calculated or measured at power
frequency.
The manufacturing tolerances for resistors and capacitors shall be taken into account. The
manufacturer shall state the value of these tolerances.
NOTE 1 It can be taken into account that the voltage distribution is more favourable during the out-of-phase and
load current breaking tests than during the short-circuit fault tests.
NOTE 2 The influence of pollution is not considered in determining voltage distribution. In some cases, pollution
can affect this voltage distribution.
7.102.4.2.4 Requirements for unit testing
When testing a single unit, the test voltage shall be the voltage of the most highly stressed unit
of the complete pole of the generator circuit-breaker, determined in accordance with
7.102.4.2.3.
When testing a group of units, the voltage appearing at the terminals of the most highly stressed
unit of the group shall be equal to the voltage of the most highly stressed unit of the pole, both
determined in accordance with 7.102.4.2.3.
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© IEC/IEEE 2021
During unit testing, the insulation to earth is not stressed with the full voltage occurring during
a breaking operation of the complete generator circuit-breaker. It is therefore necessary to
prove that the insulation to earth is capable of withstanding this full voltage, after interruption
of the rated short-circuit current in all units with maximum arcing time. The influence of exhaust
gases should also be taken into account.
7.102.5 Synthetic tests
Synthetic testing methods can be applied for making and breaking tests as required in 7.103 to
7.106.
NOTE For synthetic testing techniques and methods IEC 62271-101 can be used as a reference.
7.102.6 No-load operations before tests
Before commencing making and breaking tests, an opening and closing operation at rated
supply voltage and at filling pressure for operation shall be recorded. The measurements shall
comply with the mechanical characteristics, as defined in 7.101.1.1, for example no-load travel
curves are within the reference travel bands.
After a change of contacts or any kind of maintenance, these mechanical characteristics shall
be reconfirmed by repeating these no-load tests.
The pressure of the fluid for insulation and/or making and breaking shall be set at its minimum
functional value as specified in 3.6.5.6. This does not apply to sealed-for-life generator circuit-
breakers.
For electrically or spring-operated generator circuit-breakers, the operations shall be made with
the closing solenoid or shunt closing releases and with the shunt opening release energised at
rated maximum and minimum supply voltages as specified in Table 2.
7.102.7 Alternative operating mechanisms
Subclause 7.107 of this document applies.
7.102.8 Behaviour of generator circuit-breaker during tests
During making and breaking tests, the generator circuit-breaker shall not
– show signs of distress;

– show harmful interaction between poles and to earth;
– show harmful interaction with adjacent laboratory equipment;
– exhibit behaviour which could endanger an operator.
The generator circuit-breaker shall close and latch satisfactorily.
For generator circuit-breakers which are designed to have discharge of interrupting medium to
atmosphere during the making and breaking tests, the above requirements are considered to
have been met, provided
– for oil generator circuit-breakers, there is no outward emission of flame, and the gases
produced, together with the oil carried with the gases, shall be conducted from the generator
circuit-breaker and directed away from all live conductors and locations where persons may
be present;
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– for other types of generator circuit-breakers, such as air blast or air break, there is an
outward emission of flame, gas and/or metallic particles. If such emissions are appreciable,
the tests may be performed with metallic screens placed in the vicinity of the live parts and
separated from them by a safety clearance which the manufacturer shall specify. The
screens shall be insulated from earth but connected thereto by a suitable device to indicate
any significant leakage current to earth. There shall be no indication of significant leakage
currents to the generator circuit-breaker earthed structure, or screens when fitted, during
the tests.
If no other devices are available, the earthed parts, etc. can be connected to earth through a
fuse consisting of a copper wire of 0,1 mm diameter and 5 cm long. No significant leakage is
assumed to have occurred if this fuse wire is intact after the test.
If faults occur which are neither persistent nor due to defect in design, but rather are due to
errors in assembly or maintenance, the faults can be rectified and the test-duty repeated. In
those cases, the test report shall include reference to the invalid tests.
NSDDs may occur during the recovery voltage period following a breaking operation. However,
their occurrence is not a sign of distress of the switching device under test. Therefore, their
number is of no significance to interpreting the performance of the device under test. They shall
be reported in the test report in order to differentiate them from restrikes.
NOTE It is not the intent to require the installation of special measuring circuits to detect NSDDs. They are only
reported when seen on a graphical record.
7.102.9 Condition of generator circuit-breaker after tests
7.102.9.1 General
The generator circuit-breaker may be inspected after any test-duty. Its mechanical parts and
insulators shall be in essentially the same condition as before the test-duty.
After each test-duty the generator circuit-breaker shall be in the following condition:
a) The generator circuit-breaker shall be capable of withstanding a voltage test as a condition

check according to 7.2.12.
b) The main contacts shall be in such a condition, in particular with regard to wear, contact
area, pressure and freedom of movement that they are capable of carrying the rated
continuous current without their temperature rise exceeding the values specified in Table 14
of IEC 62271-1:2017 by more than 10 K.
Contacts shall be considered as "silver-faced" only if there is still a layer of silver at the
contact points after any of the short-circuit test-duties; otherwise, they shall be treated as
"not silver-faced" (see 7.5.6.2, point 6 of IEC 62271-1:2017).
For other than sealed-for-life interrupters, visual inspection is usually sufficient for
verification of the capability of the generator circuit-breaker to carry the rated continuous
current.
NOTE Experience shows that an increase of the voltage drop across the generator circuit-breaker cannot alone
be considered as reliable evidence of an increase in temperature rise.
For generator circuit-breakers with sealed-for-life interrupters either procedure A or B below
applies:
Procedure A
This procedure is applicable, when a continuous current test has been carried out in
accordance with 7.5 and the manufacturer has provided the test results to the testing
laboratory.
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1) The manufacturer shall make available the results of the appropriate continuous current
test together with drawings illustrating the circuit-breaker tested. The drawings shall
show the configuration and dimensions of the conductors and interrupter together with
details and dimensions of the enclosure, if any. The testing laboratory shall ensure that
the circuit-breaker submitted for short-circuit tests is identical in all significant details
likely to affect the continuous current rating of the circuit-breaker on which the
continuous current test was carried out.
2) The resistance across the generator circuit-breaker shall be measured before the
making and breaking tests. Three measurements of resistance shall be made on each
interrupting unit with intervening no-load operations to establish an average value. The
measurements shall be made with DC at any convenient value of current between 100 A
and the rated continuous current.
3) Provided that the average increase of the resistance for each interrupting unit is not
greater than 20 % of the highest resistance value recorded for the interrupting units
submitted to the continuous current test, then the making and breaking tests can
proceed. In the event of the increase of the resistance measurements exceeding the
20 %, then procedure B shall be applied.
4) After the completion of the making and breaking tests the resistance across each
interrupting unit shall be measured again. The measurement procedure shall be identical to
that used for the resistance measurements made prior to the making and breaking tests.
5) The condition of the contacts after completion of the making and breaking tests is
considered to be satisfactory, if the average resistance increase for each interrupting
unit is not greater than 100 % of the maximum value recorded for the interrupting units
submitted to the continuous current tests.
6) In the event of the average value of resistance increase for any interrupting unit
exceeding 100 % of the maximum value recorded for the original continuous current test,
then the testing laboratory shall request a continuous current test to be performed (see
assessment for procedure B).
Procedure B
This procedure is applicable either when a manufacturer has not carried out a continuous
current test on the type of generator circuit-breaker submitted for making and breaking tests,
or alternatively, when the testing laboratory is not satisfied that there is a satisfactory
relationship between the generator circuit-breaker for test and the generator circuit-breaker
on which a continuous current test was performed.
1) A continuous current test shall be performed after the no-load operations completing the
making and breaking tests prior to the replacement of any interrupting units.
2) The condition of the contacts after the making and breaking tests is considered
acceptable if the maximum temperature rise recorded at the terminals of any interrupting
unit does not exceed by more than 10 K the values specified in Table 14 of
IEC 62271-1:2017.
c) The generator circuit-breaker shall be capable of making and breaking load currents
according to 7.104, although its short-circuit making and breaking performance may be
impaired.
For other than sealed-for-life interrupters, visual inspection is usually sufficient for verification
of the capability of the generator circuit-breaker to make and break load currents according to
7.104.
For sealed-for-life generator circuit-breakers verifications according to a) and b) are normally

sufficient for verification of the capability of the generator circuit-breaker to make and break
load currents according to 7.104.
If interrupters are placed in an insulating fluid with different characteristics that also might
withstand the test voltages when replacing the original arc extinguishing medium (for example
a vacuum interrupter in an enclosure filled with SF 6 ), the voltage test as a condition check, as
requested in 7.2.12, may not be adequate to verify the integrity of the device. In such cases the
integrity of the device shall be demonstrated by one of the following:
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– appropriate methods as stated by the manufacturer (for example by removing the interrupter
and testing it in the interrupter factory with the same procedure as for a new interrupter);
– short-circuit current breaking tests in a circuit which supplies at least 10 % of the rated
short-circuit breaking current and at least 50 % of the rated voltage irrespectively of the
TRV. One of the three following tests shall be performed:
1) in a three-phase solidly earthed test circuit, one breaking operation;
2) in a three-phase isolated neutral test circuit, three breaking operations. Each pole shall
be the first to clear once;
3) in a single-phase test circuit, one breaking operation on each pole.
The requirements mentioned above also apply to synthetic tests.
A successful interruption in each pole demonstrates that the interrupter integrity is maintained.
7.102.9.2 No-load operations after a test-duty
After a test-duty no-load operations shall be repeated under the same condition as the
corresponding operations before the test-duty. Additionally, an opening and closing operation
at rated supply voltage and at filling pressure for operation shall be recorded. The
measurements shall comply with the mechanical characteristics, as defined in 7.101.1.1, for
example no-load travel curves are within the reference travel bands. If the test continues on the
same test object without maintenance, then the no-load operations are not required at this stage.
7.102.9.3 No-load operations after a series of tests
After the completion of a test series of making and breaking tests, the no-load operations
performed at the beginning of the test series shall be repeated under the same condition as the
corresponding operations before the test series. Additionally, an opening and closing operation
at rated supply voltage and at filling pressure for operation shall be recorded. The
measurements shall comply with the mechanical characteristics, as defined in 7.101.1.1, for
example no-load travel curves are within the reference travel bands.
7.102.10 Demonstration of the most severe breaking conditions
7.102.10.1 General
The procedures described in 7.102.10 are relevant for the system-source short-circuit current
breaking tests, generator-source short-circuit current breaking test-duty 4, and for the out-of-
phase current breaking tests. Each test-duty is demonstrated with a minimum of two tests on
one test sample.
The current to be interrupted by a generator circuit-breaker shall be determined at the instant

of contact separation in accordance with Figure 10, and shall be stated in terms of the following
two values:
– the RMS value of the AC component averaged over all phases;

– the degree of asymmetry in each phase.
The RMS value of the AC component in any phase shall not vary from the average by more
than 10 %.
Although the breaking current is measured at the instant corresponding to contact separation,
the breaking performance of the generator circuit-breaker is determined, among other factors,
by the current which is finally interrupted in the last loop of arcing. The decrement of the AC
component of the current is therefore very important, particularly when testing those generator
circuit-breakers which arc for several loops of current. To obviate an easement of duty, the
decrement of the AC component of the current should be such that at a time corresponding to
the final extinction of the main arc in the last-pole-to-clear, the AC component of the prospective
current is not less than 90 % of the appropriate value for the test-duty. This shall be proven by
a record of the prospective current before commencing the tests.
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If the characteristics of the generator circuit-breaker are such that it reduces the current value
below the prospective breaking current, or if the graphical record is such that the current wave
envelope cannot be drawn successfully, the average prospective breaking current in all phases
shall be used as the breaking current and shall be measured from the graphical record of
prospective current at a time corresponding to the instant of contact separation.
The instant of contact separation can be determined according to the experience of the test
laboratory and the type of apparatus under test by various methods, for instance, by recording
the contact travel during the test, by recording the arc voltage or by a test on the generator
circuit-breaker at no-load.
7.102.10.2 Three-phase tests
7.102.10.2.1 General
The procedures given below are for direct tests. Where synthetic tests are performed it is
necessary to establish the minimum arcing time for the first-pole-to-clear before starting the
sequences. The method of establishing the minimum arcing time is given in 7.102.10.3.
7.102.10.2.2 Three-phase symmetrical breaking operations
The most severe breaking conditions are considered satisfactory if the following conditions are
met:
a) in one of the two opening operations, where in the first-pole-to-clear arc extinction occurs
at minimum arcing time;
b) in one of the two opening operations, where in the first-pole-to-clear arc extinction occurs
at maximum arcing time;
c) the degree of asymmetry at contact separation during the breaking operations shall not
exceed 20 % in any phase;
d) during synthetic tests the following additional requirements shall be met: the peak short-
circuit current during the last loop prior to interruption shall not deviate by more than 10 %
from the peak value of the AC component of the rated current. In cases, where the applied
voltage from the high current source is at least 50 % of the rated voltage, a higher deviation
of the last current loop is accepted provided that the prospective current loop with the
auxiliary circuit-breaker arcing is within the tolerances specified in Annex A.
The recommended procedure to achieve these two valid operations is as follows.
First it is necessary to establish the minimum arcing time t arc sym min . The minimum arcing time
may be known from experience. However, tests illustrated in Figure 21 are needed to confirm
the minimum and the maximum arcing times. The minimum arcing time t arc sym min is established
when any delay in the contact separation with respect to the current waveform results in
interruption at the next current zero in another phase, resulting in a valid test with maximum
arcing time.
The minimum arcing time is found by changing the setting of the tripping command by steps of
18° (d α ).
A graphical representation of the two valid breaking operations is given in Figure 21.
As an alternative to the above, three CO-operations could be applied where the tripping
command shall be advanced or delayed by 40 electrical degrees (40°) between the three
opening operations.
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a) Minimum arcing time (in phase R)

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b) Maximum arcing time for the first-pole-to-clear (in phase T) and

maximum arcing time for the last-pole-to-clear (in phase S)
Figure 21 – Two valid three-phase symmetrical breaking operations
7.102.10.2.3 Three-phase asymmetrical breaking operations
Since the severity of the tests under asymmetrical breaking conditions can vary widely
depending on the moment of contact separation, a procedure has been developed in order to
prove the most severe breaking conditions.
The following asymmetry criteria shall be fulfilled by the prospective current waveform when
performing test-duty 2 and test-duty OP2:
– last current loop peak;

– last current loop duration;
– DC component at current zero (parameter controlling the di/dt and the resulting TRV
parameters).
The breaking operations are valid if the prospective current, of the pole with maximum
asymmetry, meets the following asymmetry criteria:
– the peak current during the last loop prior to the intended interruption is between 90 % and
110 % of the required value;
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– the duration of the current loop prior to the intended interruption is between 90 % and 110 %
of the required value;
– the product of the peak and the duration of the current during the last loop prior to the
intended interruption is between 90 % and 110 % of the required value.
With the consent of the manufacturer, values of more than 110 % of the above are acceptable.
During synthetic tests the breaking operations are valid if during the test the following additional
requirements are met:
– the peak of the current during the last loop prior to the interruption is between 90 % and
110 % of the required value;
– the duration of the current loop prior to the interruption is between 90 % and 110 % of the
required value;
interruption is between 90 % and 110 % of the required value.
With the consent of the manufacturer, values of more than 110 % of the above are acceptable.
NOTE These conditions apply only provided that the instant of current initiation is within 10° during both the
prospective current calibration and breaking tests.
The intention is to prove the most severe breaking conditions as follows:
a) In one breaking operation arc extinction in the first-pole-to-clear shall occur at the end of a
major current loop with the maximum arcing time and with the required maximum asymmetry
criteria. This operation shall comply with the TRV requirements for the first-pole-to-clear
condition.
b) In one breaking operation arc extinction in one of the last-poles-to-clear shall occur at the
end of a major extended current loop with the maximum arcing time and with the required
maximum asymmetry criteria. This operation shall comply with the TRV requirements for
the last pole-to-clear condition.
Some generator circuit-breakers will not clear at the end of a major loop. Arcing then continues
during the subsequent minor current loop and becomes a last pole-to-clear. However, this test
is considered valid if during a subsequent test it is proven that the maximum arcing time was
achieved.
A test where the circuit-breaker clears at the end of a reduced major current loop or a minor
loop in the phase meeting the asymmetry criteria is invalid with the exception of the situation
described above.
The sequence is of no consequence as long as the tests fulfil the conditions in a) and b).
Between the condition a) and the condition b) tests the initiation of the short-circuit should be
changed by 60° in order to transfer the required asymmetry criteria to another phase and to
equalise the contact erosion of the poles.
The preferred procedure to demonstrate the conditions a) and b) in four operations on one
generator circuit-breaker without reconditioning is as follows:
Demonstration of condition a)
Two breaking operations are required, one according to Figure 22 and one according to
Figure 23.
– Figure 22 shows the contact separation to achieve the minimum arcing time t arc asym min 1
in phase S with intermediate level of asymmetry after a major loop. Parameters for this
intermediate asymmetrical major loop are given in Table 15 for 50 Hz and in Table 16 for
60 Hz.
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– Figure 23 shows the contact separation delayed by d α (18°) with respect to the current
waveform of Figure 22 resulting in a first-pole-to-clear interruption after a major loop in
phase R with the required maximum asymmetry criteria and the maximum arcing time
t arc asym max 1 = t arc asym min 1 – T × d α /360° + ∆t 1 . Parameters for this maximum
asymmetrical major loop and values for the time interval ∆t 1 are given in Table 15 for 50 Hz
and in Table 16 for 60 Hz.
The minimum arcing time may be known from experience. However tests illustrated in
Figure 22 and Figure 23 are needed to confirm the minimum and the maximum arcing times.
Contact separation is set such as to achieve the minimum arcing time in phase S with intermediate level of asymmetry
after a major loop.

phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a major loop (t arc asym min 1 )
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Contact separation is delayed by d α with respect to Figure 22 in order to achieve the maximum arcing time for a first-
pole-to-clear (phase R) at maximum asymmetry criteria after a major loop.
Figure 23 – Three-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Maximum arcing time for a

first-pole-to-clear at maximum asymmetry criteria after a major loop (t arc asym max 1 )
Demonstration of condition b)
Two breaking operations are required, one according to Figure 24 and one according to
Figure 25.
– Figure 24 shows the contact separation such as to achieve the minimum arcing time
t arc asym min 2 in phase S with intermediate level of asymmetry after a minor loop.
Parameters for this intermediate asymmetrical minor loop are given in Table 17 for 50 Hz
and in Table 18 for 60 Hz.
– Figure 25 shows the contact separation delayed by d α (18°) with respect to the current
waveform of Figure 24 resulting in a last-pole-to-clear interruption after a major extended
loop in phase T with the required maximum asymmetry criteria and the maximum arcing time
t arc asym max 2 = t arc asym min 2 – T × d α /360° + ∆t 2 . Parameters for this maximum
asymmetrical major extended loop and values for the time interval ∆t 2 are given in Table 17
for 50 Hz and in Table 18 for 60 Hz.
The minimum arcing time may be known from experience. However tests illustrated in Figure 24
and Figure 25 are needed to confirm the minimum and the maximum arcing times.
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Contact separation is set such as to achieve the minimum arcing time in phase S with intermediate level of asymmetry
after a minor loop.

phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a minor loop (t arc asym min 2 )
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Contact separation is delayed by d α with respect to Figure 24 in order to achieve the maximum arcing time for a last-
pole-to-clear (phase T) at maximum asymmetry criteria after a major extended loop.
Figure 25 – Three-phase asymmetrical breaking operation –

Maximum arcing time for a last-pole-to-clear at maximum asymmetry
criteria after a major extended loop (t arc asym max 2 )
If it is not possible to achieve the requirements a) and b) because of the characteristics of the
generator circuit-breaker, the number of breaking operations shall be extended to prove that,
in this particular case, the most severe test conditions have been achieved. With the consent
of the manufacturer two options to perform additional breaking operations are suggested.
Option 1: Additional breaking operations shall be carried out without reconditioning on the same
generator circuit-breaker:
– If during the first four breaking operations according to the preferred procedure neither
condition a) nor condition b) were achieved, at least two more breaking operations shall be
carried out. The test-duty is fulfilled, if among all the six breaking operations each of the
two conditions a) and b) are met at least once, while taking into account an enlarged
tolerance of ±2 ms to the required arcing times.
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– If during the first four breaking operations according to the preferred procedure only one of
the conditions a) and b) was achieved, at least one more breaking operation shall be carried
out. If during this additional breaking operation the remaining condition is met, the test-duty
is fulfilled. If a second additional breaking operation is necessary to prove the remaining
condition, then, if among all the six breaking operations the remaining condition was met at
least once, while taking into account an enlarged tolerance of ±2 ms to the required arcing
times, the test-duty is fulfilled.
Option 2: The preferred procedure as described above shall be repeated with a reconditioned
or a new generator circuit-breaker:
During repetition of the preferred procedure the required conditions a) and b) shall be fulfilled
taking into account an enlarged tolerance of ±2 ms to the required arcing times.
7.102.10.3 Single-phase tests to substitute for three-phase conditions
7.102.10.3.1 General
This procedure may be used instead of three-phase tests, except where single-phase testing is
not permitted according to 7.102.3.2 or 7.102.3.3.
The procedures given below are partly derived from synthetic test methods. Where direct tests
are performed the procedure for establishing a minimum arcing time might result in a valid test
with maximum arcing time or with an arcing time in excess of the maximum arcing time.
The aim of the following single-phase tests is to satisfy the conditions of the first-pole-to-clear
and the last-pole-to-clear for each test-duty in one test circuit.
It is recognised that single-phase tests in substitution of three-phase conditions are more

severe than three-phase tests because the arcing time of the last-pole-to-clear is used together
with the prospective TRV of the first-pole-to-clear. As an alternative, the manufacturer may
choose to split each test-duty into two separate test series, each test series demonstrating a
successful interruption with the minimum and maximum arcing times for each pole-to-clear with
its associated prospective TRV.
The following procedures are applicable if all operations of the rated operating sequence fulfil
the requirements of 6.101.
7.102.10.3.2 Single-phase symmetrical breaking operations
The intention to achieve the most severe breaking conditions is considered satisfactory if the
following conditions are met:
a) In one of the two opening operations, arc extinction shall occur with the maximum arcing
time and with TRV requirements for the first-pole-to-clear condition. The maximum arcing
time for the first-pole-to-clear condition is determined as follows:
t arc sym max 1 = t arc sym min + T × 42°/360°
where
t arc sym min is the minimum arcing time obtained from one or more additional tests;
T is one period of the power frequency;
42° is the arcing window of the first-pole-to-clear – dα = 60° – 18°
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b) In one of the two open operations, arc extinction shall occur with the maximum arcing time
and with TRV requirements for the last-pole-to-clear condition. The maximum arcing time
for the last-pole-to-clear condition is determined as follows:
t arc sym max 2 = t arc sym min + T × 132°/360°
where
t arc sym min is the minimum arcing time obtained from one or more additional tests;
T is one period of the power frequency;
132° is the arcing window of last-pole-to-clear – dα = (60°+ 90°) – 18°.
c) The degree of asymmetry at contact separation during the breaking operations shall not
exceed 10 %.
During synthetic tests the following additional requirements shall be met:
d) The peak short-circuit current during the last loop prior to interruption shall not deviate by
more than 10 % from the peak value of the AC component of the rated current. In cases
where the applied voltage from the high current source is at least 50 % of the rated voltage,
higher deviations of the last current loop parameters are accepted provided that the
prospective current loop parameters with the auxiliary circuit-breaker arcing are within the
tolerances specified in Annex A.
It is necessary to establish the minimum arcing time t arc sym min before starting the above
sequence. The minimum arcing time may be known from previous testing by using an additional
test object clearly identified as the same type or may be found as part of the test. The minimum
arcing time is established when any extra delay in the contact separation with respect to the
current waveform results in interruption at the next current zero. This minimum arcing time is
found by changing the setting of the tripping command by steps of 18°. In case of synthetic
testing, visual inspection shall show that re-ignition occurred between arcing contacts only.
Thorough inspection of screens, arcing and main contacts, etc. should be made to verify a
correct behaviour. For sealed-for-life generator circuit-breakers without separate arcing and
main contact systems, for example vacuum generator circuit-breakers, 7.102.9.1 indent b)
procedures A or B apply.
7.102.10.3.3 Single-phase asymmetrical breaking operations
The aim of the following single-phase tests is to satisfy the conditions of the first-pole-to-clear
and the last pole-to-clear as per a) and b) in 7.102.10.2.3. The recommended test procedure
for single-phase testing is derived from the three-phase test procedure.
The following asymmetry criteria shall be fulfilled by the prospective current waveform when
performing test-duty 2 and test-duty OP2:
– last current loop peak;

– last current loop duration (for the first-pole-to-clear conditions only);
– DC component at current zero (parameter controlling the di/dt and the resulting TRV
parameters).
The breaking operations are valid if the prospective current meets the following asymmetry
criteria:
– the peak current during the last loop prior to the intended interruption is between 100 % and
110 % of the required value, and
– the duration of the current loop prior to the intended interruption is between 90 % and 110 %
of the required value (for first-pole-to-clear conditions only).
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or if the above tolerances cannot be fulfilled:
intended interruption is between 100 % and 110 % of the required value (for first-pole-to-
clear conditions only).
During synthetic tests the following additional requirements shall be met:
– the peak of the current during the last loop prior to the interruption is between 90 % and
110 % of the required value,
– the duration of the current loop prior to the interruption is between 90 % and 110 % of the
required value (for first-pole-to-clear conditions only), and
interruption is between 90 % and 110 % of the required value (for first-pole-to-clear
conditions only).
– in cases where the applied voltage from the high current source is at least 50 % of the rated
voltage, higher deviations of the last current loop parameters are accepted provided that
the prospective current loop parameters with the auxiliary circuit-breaker arcing are within
the tolerances specified above.
NOTE 1 These conditions apply only provided that the instant of current initiation is within 10° during both the
prospective current calibration and breaking tests.
Before the first valid opening operation it is necessary to establish the minimum arcing time
t arc asym min 1 derived from a phase with intermediate asymmetry level after a major loop in a
three-phase system (Figure 22). Parameters for this intermediate major loop are given in
Table 15 for 50 Hz and in Table 16 for 60 Hz. This minimum arcing time may be known from
previous testing by using an additional test object clearly identified as the same type or may be
found as part of the tests. The minimum arcing time t arc asym min 1 is established when any delay
in the contact separation with respect to the current waveform results in interruption at the next
current zero. This minimum arcing time is found by changing the setting of the tripping command
by steps of 18° (d α ) (Figure 26). In case of synthetic testing, visual inspection shall show that
re-ignition occurred between arcing contacts only. Thorough inspection of screens, arcing and
main contacts, etc., should be made to verify a correct behaviour. For sealed-for-life generator
circuit-breakers without separate arcing and main contact systems, for example vacuum
generator circuit-breakers, 7.102.9.1 indent b) procedures A or B apply.
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Contact separation is set to achieve the minimum arcing time after a major loop with intermediate asymmetry level.

phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a major loop (t arc asym min 1 )
For the first valid opening operation, the initiation of short-circuit and the setting of the control
of the tripping command shall be such that:
– the required asymmetry criteria for the appropriate major loop are obtained (Figure 27);
– arc extinction occurs with the required asymmetry criteria after a major loop with the
maximum arcing time t arc asym max 1 = t arc asym min 1 – T × d α /360° + ∆t 1 , with the time interval
∆t 1 as given in Table 15 for 50 Hz and in Table 16 for 60 Hz, and with the required maximum
asymmetry criteria in order to comply with the TRV requirements for the first-pole-to-clear
condition;
– loop parameters of the prospective current as given in Table 15, columns 6, 7 and 9, for
50 Hz and in Table 16, columns 6, 7 and 9, for 60 Hz are fulfilled;
– interruption occurs after a subsequent minor loop if the generator circuit-breaker failed to
interrupt after the required major loop.
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Contact separation is set to achieve the longest possible arc duration for a first-pole-to-clear at maximum asymmetry
criteria after a major loop.
Figure 27 – Single-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Maximum arcing time for a

first-pole-to-clear at maximum asymmetry criteria after a major loop (t arc asym max 1 )
Before the second valid opening operation it is necessary to establish the minimum arcing time
t arc asym min 2 derived from a phase with intermediate asymmetry level after a minor loop in a
three-phase system (Figure 28). Parameters for this intermediate minor loop are given in
Table 17 for 50 Hz and in Table 18 for 60 Hz. This minimum arcing time may be known from
previous testing by using an additional test object clearly identified as the same type or may be
found as part of the tests. The minimum arcing time t arc asym min 2 is established when any delay
in the contact separation with respect to the current waveform results in interruption at the next
current zero. This minimum arcing time is found by changing the setting of the tripping command
by steps of 18° (d α ) (Figure 28). In case of synthetic testing, visual inspection shall show that
re-ignition occurred between arcing contacts only. Thorough inspection of screens, arcing and
main contacts, etc., should be made to verify a correct behaviour. For sealed-for-life generator
circuit-breakers without separate arcing and main contact systems, for example vacuum
generator circuit-breakers, 7.102.9.1 indent b) procedures A or B apply.
For the second valid opening operation, the initiation of short-circuit and the setting of the
control of the tripping command shall be such that:
– the required asymmetry criteria for the appropriate major loop are obtained (Figure 29);
– arc extinction occurs with the required asymmetry criteria after a major loop with the
maximum arcing time t arc asym max 2 = t arc asym min 2 – T × d α /360° + ∆t 2 , with the time
interval ∆t 2 as given in Table 17 for 50 Hz and in Table 18 for 60 Hz, and with the required
maximum asymmetry criteria in order to comply with the TRV requirements for the last-pole-
to-clear condition;
– loop parameters of the prospective current as given in Table 17, columns 6 and 9, for 50 Hz
and in Table 18, columns 6 and 9, for 60 Hz are fulfilled;
– interruption occurs after a subsequent minor loop if the generator circuit-breaker failed to
interrupt after the required major loop.
NOTE 2 It is recognised that single-phase testing in a direct test circuit to prove the last-pole-to-clear conditions is
more severe than in a three-phase test circuit because the arcing time of the last-pole-to-clear is used together with
the current of the first-pole-to-clear.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 129 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
If it is not possible to achieve the requirements a) and b) in 7.102.10.2.3 because of the
characteristics of the generator circuit-breaker, the number of breaking operations shall be
extended to prove that, in this particular case, the most severe test conditions have been
achieved. There are two options to perform additional breaking operations.
Option 1: With the consent of the manufacturer additional breaking operations shall be carried
out without reconditioning on the same generator circuit-breaker:
– If during the first two breaking operations according to the preferred procedure neither
condition a) nor condition b) were achieved, at least two more breaking operations shall be
carried out. The test-duty is fulfilled if, among all the four breaking operations, each of the
two conditions a) and b) are met at least once, while taking into account an enlarged
tolerance of ±2 ms to the required arcing times.
– If during the first two breaking operations according to the preferred procedure only one of
the conditions a) and b) was achieved, at least one more breaking operation shall be carried
out. If during this additional breaking operation the remaining condition is met, the test-duty
is fulfilled. If a second additional breaking operation is necessary to prove the remaining
condition, then, if among all the four breaking operations the remaining condition was met
at least once, while taking into account an enlarged tolerance of ±2 ms to the required arcing
times, the test-duty is fulfilled.
Option 2: The preferred procedure as described above shall be repeated with a reconditioned
or a new generator circuit-breaker:
During repetition of the preferred procedure the required conditions a) and b) shall be fulfilled
taking into account an enlarged tolerance of ±2 ms to the required arcing times.
– 130 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Contact separation is set to achieve the minimum arcing time after a minor loop with intermediate asymmetry level.

phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a minor loop (t arc asym min 2 )
Contact separation is set to achieve the maximum arcing time for a last-pole-to-clear at maximum asymmetry criteria
after a major loop.
Figure 29 – Single-phase asymmetrical breaking operation –

Maximum arcing time for a last-pole-to-clear at maximum asymmetry
criteria after a major extended loop (t arc asym max 2 )
Table 15 – Test parameters for 50 Hz asymmetrical system-source fault test-duties for the first-pole-to-clear
Intermediate major loop Subsequent major loop in first-pole-to-clear

t1 I peak Loop duration Degree of Corresponding I peak Loop duration Degree of Corresponding
asymmetry at di/dt at current asymmetry at di/dt at current Time interval
current zero zero current zero zero
© IEC/IEEE 2021
∆t ∆t ∆t 1
ms p.u. ms % % p.u. ms % % ms
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
32,8 1,39 12,6 37,4 93,6 1,80 15,9 75,3 67,6 4,8
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
52,6 1,34 12,2 32,3 95,4 1,69 14,9 65,0 77,5 4,5
72,5 1,29 11,9 27,8 96,7 1,59 14,0 56,1 84,1 4,3
92,4 1,25 11,6 23,9 97,7 1,51 13,4 48,4 88,7 4,2
112 1,22 11,4 20,6 98,4 1,44 12,9 41,7 91,9 4,0
132 1,19 11,2 17,7 98,8 1,38 12,5 35,9 94,2 3,9
152 1,16 11,0 15,3 99,2 1,32 12,1 31,0 95,8 3,8
– 131 –
172 1,14 10,9 13,2 99,5 1,28 11,8 26,7 97,0 3,8
Key
t1 earliest possible interruption in a phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a major loop (see 3.7.140)
I peak p.u. value of the peak current related to the peak value of the symmetrical short-circuit current
∆t duration of the applicable loop

∆t1 time interval from current zero in the phase with intermediate degree of asymmetry after a major loop to the subsequent current zero at arc extinction in the appropriate
asymmetrical phase resulting in a first-pole-to-clear and major loop
NOTE The test-duties to demonstrate the system-source short-circuit making and breaking current capability are described in Table 20 and Table 21.
Table 16 – Test parameters for 60 Hz asymmetrical system-source fault test-duties for the first-pole-to-clear
Intermediate major loop Subsequent major loop in first-pole-to-clear

∆t ∆t ∆t 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
27,4 1,41 10,6 39,3 92,8 1,83 13,6 78,9 63,0 4,1
43,9 1,36 10,3 34,7 94,5 1,73 12,7 69,8 73,0 3,9
60,5 1,32 10,1 30,6 95,8 1,65 12,1 61,7 79,9 3,7
77,1 1,28 9,84 27,0 96,8 1,57 11,6 54,5 84,9 3,6
93,6 1,25 9,66 23,9 97,6 1,50 11,1 48,2 88,6 3,5
110 1,22 9,50 21,1 98,2 1,44 10,8 42,6 91,3 3,4
127 1,19 9,36 18,6 98,6 1,39 10,5 37,6 93,4 3,3
– 132 –
143 1,17 9,24 16,4 99,0 1,35 10,2 33,2 95,0 3,3
Key
t1 earliest possible interruption in a phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a major loop (see 3.7.140)

∆t 1 time interval from current zero in the phase with intermediate degree of asymmetry after a major loop to the subsequent current zero at arc extinction in the appropriate
asymmetrical phase resulting in a first-pole-to-clear and major loop
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table 17 – Test parameters for 50 Hz asymmetrical system-source fault test-duties for the last-pole-to-clear
Intermediate minor loop Subsequent major extended loop in last-pole-to-clear

© IEC/IEEE 2021
∆t ∆t ∆t 2
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
26,9 0,56 7,12 42,5 89,5 1,80 17,2 56,8 66,8 12,0
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
47,1 0,64 7,55 36,5 92,2 1,69 16,2 49,0 72,6 11,4
67,2 0,68 7,90 31,4 94,2 1,59 15,4 42,2 76,6 11,0
87,4 0,72 8,20 27,0 95,6 1,51 14,8 36,4 79,5 10,6
108 0,76 8,46 23,2 96,7 1,44 14,4 31,4 81,5 10,3
128 0,79 8,69 19,9 97,5 1,38 14,0 27,0 82,9 10,0
148 0,82 8,87 17,2 98,1 1,32 13,6 23,3 84,0 9,8
– 133 –
168 0,85 9,03 14,7 98,6 1,28 13,4 20,0 84,7 9,5
188 0,87 9,16 12,7 98,9 1,24 13,1 17,3 85,3 9,3
Key
t2 earliest possible interruption in a phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a minor loop (see 3.7.141)

∆t 2 time interval from current zero in the phase with intermediate degree of asymmetry after a minor loop to the subsequent current zero at arc extinction in the appropriate
asymmetrical phase resulting in a last-pole-to-clear and major extended loop
Table 18 – Test parameters for 60 Hz asymmetrical system-source fault test-duties for the last-pole-to-clear
Intermediate minor loop Subsequent major extended loop in last-pole-to-clear

t2 I peak Loop duration Degree of Corresponding I peak Loop duration Degree of Corresponding Time interval
asymmetry at di/dt at current asymmetry at di/dt at current
∆t ∆t ∆t 2
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
22,4 0,55 5,88 43,7 89,1 1,83 14,6 59,4 64,2 10,2
39,2 0,61 6,18 38,5 91,5 1,73 13,8 52,5 69,9 9,7
56,0 0,65 6,45 34,0 93,4 1,65 13,2 46,4 74,0 9,4
72,8 0,69 6,68 29,9 94,8 1,57 12,7 41,0 77,1 9,1
89,5 0,73 6,88 26,4 95,9 1,50 12,3 36,2 79,4 8,8
106 0,76 7,05 23,3 96,8 1,44 12,0 32,0 81,1 8,5
123 0,79 7,21 20,5 97,5 1,39 11,7 28,2 82,4 8,4
– 134 –
140 0,81 7,34 18,1 98,0 1,35 11,5 24,9 83,4 8,2
157 0,84 7,46 16,0 98,4 1,30 11,3 22,0 84,2 8,0
Key
t2 earliest possible interruption in a phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a minor loop (see 3.7.141)

∆t 2 time interval from current zero in the phase with intermediate degree of asymmetry after a minor loop to the subsequent current zero at arc extinction in the appropriate
asymmetrical phase resulting in a last-pole-to-clear and major extended loop
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 135 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
7.102.11 Methods of determining prospective transient recovery voltage waves
Assessing the prospective transient recovery voltage characteristics of the circuit shall be done
as described in Annex D of IEC 62271-100:2021.
7.103 System-source short-circuit making and breaking tests
7.103.1 Power factor of test circuit
There is no requirement for the power factor of test circuit.
7.103.2 Frequency of test circuit
System-source short-circuit breaking tests shall be performed at rated frequency.
System-source short-circuit making tests performed at 60 Hz are valid for 50 Hz and vice versa.
7.103.3 Earthing of test circuit
The connections to earth of the test circuit for system-source short-circuit making and breaking
tests shall be in accordance with the following requirements and shall, in all cases, be indicated
in the diagram of the test circuit included in the test report.
a) Three-phase tests:
The generator circuit-breaker (with its structure earthed as in service) shall be connected in
a test circuit having the neutral point of the supply isolated and the short-circuit point earthed
as shown in Figure 30 a), or vice versa as shown in Figure 30 b), if the test can only be
made in the latter way.
In accordance with Figure 30 a), the neutral of the supply source may be earthed through a
resistor, the resistance of which is as high as possible and, expressed in ohms, in no case
less than U/10, where U is the numerical value in volts of the voltage between lines of the
test circuit.
When a test circuit according to Figure 30 b) is used, it is recognised that in case of an earth
fault at one terminal of the test generator circuit-breaker, the resulting earth current could
be dangerous. It is consequently permitted to connect the supply neutral to earth through
appropriate impedance.
b) Single-phase tests:
The test circuit and the generator circuit-breaker structure shall be connected as in
Figure 31 a), so that the voltage conditions between live parts and the structure after arc
extinction are the same as those which would exist in the first-pole-to-clear of a three-pole
generator circuit-breaker if tested in the test circuit shown in Figure 30 a).
The preferred test circuit is shown in Figure 31 a). Where there are limitations on test
laboratory equipment, the circuit shown in Figure 31 b) may be used if the insulation
between phases and/or to earth is not critical.
– 136 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
a) Preferred circuit b) Alternative circuit
c) Voltage diagram for preferred circuit d) Voltage diagram for alternative circuit
Figure 30 – Earthing of test circuits for three-phase

short-circuit tests, first-pole-to-clear factor 1,5
a) Preferred circuit b) Alternative circuit not applicable for generator

circuit-breakers where the insulation between
phases and/or to earth is critical
Figure 31 – Earthing of test circuits for single-phase

short-circuit tests, first-pole-to-clear factor 1,5
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 137 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
7.103.4 Connection of test circuit to generator circuit-breaker
For testing, the generator circuit-breaker shall be connected to that side which gives the more
severe conditions with respect to voltage to earth, as identified and declared by the
manufacturer, unless the generator circuit-breaker is especially designed for feeding from one
side only.
When the manufacturer does not declare the more severe conditions with respect to voltage to
earth, either of the following applies:
a) if no generator-source short-circuit current rating is assigned, test-duties 1 and 2 shall be

made with opposite connections;
b) if a generator-source short-circuit current rating is assigned, test-duties 1 and 2 can be
made with the connections at the same side. In such a case, the test-duties 3, 4, 5, 6A and
6B shall be made with the opposite connection compared to the connection used during
test-duties 1 and 2.
7.103.5 Applied voltage for system-source short-circuit making tests
The applied voltage, listed in Table 20 and Table 21, shall be as follows:
a) For three-phase tests on a three-pole generator circuit-breaker, the average value of the
applied phase-to-phase voltages shall not be less than the rated voltage U r and shall not
exceed this value by more than 10 % without the consent of the manufacturer. The
differences between the average value and the applied voltages of each pole shall not
exceed 5 %.
b) For single-phase tests on a three-pole generator circuit-breaker, the applied voltage shall
be not less than the phase-to-earth value U r /√3 and shall not exceed this value by more
than 10 % without the consent of the manufacturer.
NOTE With the manufacturer’s consent, for convenience of testing, a voltage equal to the product of the phase-to-
earth voltage and the first-pole-to-clear factor (1,5) of the generator circuit-breaker can be applied.
Owing to limitations of testing facilities, it is not always possible to perform the short circuit
making tests at rated voltage and rated short-circuit current. Making operations at reduced
voltage with a minimum of not less than 50 % of the rated voltage are permissible if the pre-
arcing time during making at rated voltage in any phase is not more than 1/10 cycle of the power
frequency with a tolerance of 20 %.
The pre-arcing time at rated voltage shall be determined by performing two making tests, one
at each polarity, at reduced current. The reduced current shall be low enough to avoid contact
erosion.
7.103.6 System-source short-circuit making and breaking current
Making and breaking tests are required with both symmetrical and asymmetrical currents.
The test quantities are listed in Table 20 and Table 21 with the following additions.
The short-circuit current to be interrupted by a generator circuit-breaker shall be determined at

the instant of contact separation and shall be stated in terms of the following two values:

– the degree of asymmetry in each phase.
a) Symmetrical breaking current
Any breaking test in which the degree of asymmetry of the current in all phases at contact
separation is less than or equal to 20 % is considered a symmetrical test.
– 138 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
b) Asymmetrical breaking current
The test parameters (last current loop parameters as detailed in 7.102.10) used for test-
duty 2 are based on the maximum possible degree of asymmetry, which is determined by
the following equation:
(
− topmin +tr )
τ
Asy
= cs 100% × e
where
Asy cs is the maximum possible degree of asymmetry at the earliest possible contact
separation (this value is given for informative purposes only);
t opmin is the minimum opening time declared by the manufacturer;
tr is the relay time (0,5 cycle; 10 ms for 50 Hz and 8,3 ms for 60 Hz);
τ is the standard DC time constant (133 ms, see Figure 11).
7.103.7 Transient recovery voltage (TRV) for system-source short-circuit breaking tests
The prospective circuit TRV (unmodified by the generator circuit-breaker) shall meet the values
as listed in Table 3.
For direct testing asymmetrical current-interrupting capabilities shall be demonstrated using

test circuits capable of producing the rated TRV envelopes unmodified by the generator circuit-
breaker when a symmetrical current is interrupted.
For synthetic testing refer to IEC 62271-101.
7.103.8 Measurement of transient recovery voltage during test
The actual TRV measured during the test may differ from the prospective TRV of the test circuit
measured before the test without the generator circuit-breaker present. This is because the
generator circuit-breaker itself can influence the TRV due to its resistors and/or capacitors, or
other reasons.
The transient recovery voltage during the test shall be recorded.
7.103.9 Power-frequency recovery voltage
The test quantities listed in Table 20 and Table 21 are the phase-to-earth values.
The power-frequency recovery voltage of the test circuit shall not be less than 95 % of the
specified value and shall be maintained for at least 0,3 s.
For synthetic test circuits, guidance about details and tolerances is given in IEC 62271-101.
During the single-phase tests, the specified value of 1,5U r /√3 shall be maintained for one cycle
of the power frequency and thereafter may be reduced to U r /√3.
7.103.10 System-source short-circuit test operating sequence
The time intervals between individual operations of a test sequence shall be the time intervals
of the rated operating sequence of the generator circuit-breaker, given in 5.106.
With the consent of the manufacturer, it is permissible to reduce the time interval to a shorter
time than 30 min.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 139 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Owing to limitations of the testing facilities, it may not be possible to achieve the time interval
of the rated operating sequence. In such cases the time interval may be extended and the
reason for such a delay shall be recorded in the test report. Prolonged time intervals shall not
be due to faulty operation of the generator circuit-breaker.
7.103.11 System-source short-circuit test-duties
The basic short-circuit test series shall consist of test-duties 1 and 2 as specified in Table 20
and Table 21.
7.103.12 Demonstration of the most severe commutation conditions
This subclause is only applicable for generator circuit-breakers with a separate main and arcing
contact system.
During breaking operations of generator circuit-breakers with a separate main and arcing
contact system, the current shall be fully commutated from the main to the arcing contact system
before separating the arcing contact system. The commutation time typically depends on the
current parameters at the instant of main-contact separation and the time difference between
the main-contact separation and the arcing-contact separation.
During the verification of the short-circuit breaking capability at least one test shall show that
the generator circuit-breaker can successfully commutate asymmetrical currents from the main-
contact system to the arcing-contact system. This test shall fulfil the following conditions:
• The current value at the instant of main-contact separation shall be at least 90 % of the
current value of the first possible peak of a major loop after the earliest possible main-
contact separation during breaking of a current with maximum degree of asymmetry. Current
peak values for different main-contact separation times are given in Table 19.
• The test may be part of one of the two breaking operations of test-duty 2.
• If the successful commutation is not proved during test-duty 2, then the verification of
successful commutation shall be performed as a separate test on the same or a second test
object of the same type. The test shall be a successful breaking operation with correct TRV
parameters to show the verification of a successful commutation.
The verification of a successful commutation at 50 Hz is also valid for 60 Hz applications and

vice versa, as long as the current value at the instant of the main-contact separation is covered
within the given tolerance.
The instant of main-contact separation can be determined by various methods, for instance, by
recording the arc voltage or by a no-load test on the generator circuit-breaker combined with a
resistance measurement across the generator circuit-breaker.
– 140 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table 19 – Test parameters for commutation tests at 50 Hz and 60 Hz
50 Hz 60 Hz
t I peak t I peak
ms p.u. ms p.u.
10,1 to 30,0 1,80 8,4 to 25,0 1,83
30,1 to 50,0 1,69 25,1 to 41,6 1,73
50,1 to 70,0 1,59 41,7 to 58,3 1,65
70,1 to 90,0 1,51 58,4 to 75,0 1,57
90,1 to 110,0 1,44 75,1 to 91,6 1,50
110,1 to 130,0 1,38 91,7 to 108,3 1,44
130,1 to 150,0 1,32 108,4 to 125,0 1,39
150,1 to 170,0 1,28 125,1 to 141,6 1,35
Key
t earliest possible main-contact separation (including 0,5 cycle relay time)

I peak p.u. value of the peak current of the first major loop after the earliest possible main-contact separation
related to the peak value of the symmetrical short-circuit current
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 141 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table 20 – Test-duties to demonstrate the system-source short-circuit making
and breaking current capability for three-phase tests
System-source short-circuit
breaking current at contact Power-
a,b,c Operating Applied Making separation frequency
Test-duty recovery
sequence voltage current
Degree of voltage i
Magnitude
asymmetry
C – 0,25 s – O sym
1 st C: 2,74I sc
1 d,e, f, g 30 min U r /√3 I sc ≤ 20 % U r /√3
CO sym 2 nd C: -
1-A g C + 0,25 s U r /√3 2,74I sc – – –
C no-load O sym
1-B f 30 min U r /√3 – I sc ≤ 20 % U r /√3
CO sym
C no-load O asym
I sc j U r /√3
2 h 30 min – – Asy cs
C no-load O asym
Key
Ur rated voltage of the generator circuit-breaker
I sc RMS value of the AC component of the rated system-source short-circuit current of the generator circuit-
breaker
Asy cs maximum possible degree of asymmetry of the short-circuit current at the earliest possible contact
separation, see Figure 11.
a The test-duty sequence is only a suggested sequence. The test-duties can be performed in any sequence
desired.
b No refitting or replacement of parts to the generator circuit-breaker is permitted during each test-duty.
c If the generator circuit-breaker has an auxiliary resistor chamber and an auxiliary switch, tests should be
performed with the auxiliary resistor and switch in the circuit, or, for convenience of testing, the tests may
be performed on both interrupters separately by using equivalent TRVs.
d The operating sequence can also be reversed to CO sym – 30 min – C – 0,25 s – O sym.
e Test-duty 1 can be replaced by test-duties 1-A and 1-B.
f The making operation shall occur within ±20° of the peak value of the applied voltage in one of the three
phases.
g Higher values can be tested if agreed by the manufacturer.
h To facilitate consistent control of the opening operation, the releases may be supplied at the maximum
operating voltage.
i This value applies after current interruption in the last pole.
j The degree of asymmetry at contact separation is for reference only. The parameters to be met are I peak , ∆t
and di/dt. The required values for these parameters are given in Table 15, Table 16, Table 17 and Table 18.
– 142 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table 21 – Test-duties to demonstrate the system-source short-circuit making
and breaking current capability for single-phase tests
System-source short-circuit
breaking current at contact Power-
a,b,c Applied Making separation frequency
Test-duty Operating sequence recovery
voltage current
Degree of voltage i
Magnitude
Asymmetry
C asym – 0,25 s – O sym

1 st C: 2,74I sc
1 d,e, f, g 30 min U r /√3 I sc ≤ 10 % (1,5)U r /√3
C sym O sym 2 nd C: -
1-A g C asym + 0,25 s U r /√3 2,74I sc – – –
C no-load O sym
1-B f 30 min U r /√3 – I sc ≤ 10 % (1,5)U r /√3
C sym O sym
C no-load O asym
I sc j (1,5)U r /√3
2 h 30 min – – Asy cs
C no-load O asym
Key
I sc RMS value of the AC component of the rated system-source short-circuit current of the generator circuit-
breaker
Asy cs maximum possible degree of asymmetry of the short-circuit current at the earliest possible contact
separation, see Figure 11.
desired.
performed with the auxiliary resistor and switch in the circuit, or, for convenience of testing, the tests may
be performed on both interrupters separately by using equivalent TRVs.
d The operating sequence can also be reversed to C sym O sym – 30 min – C asym – 0,25 s – O sym.
e Test-duty 1 can be replaced by test-duties 1-A and 1-B.
f The making operation shall occur within ±20° of the peak value of the applied voltage.
g Higher values can be tested if agreed by the manufacturer.
operating voltage.
i For first-pole-to-clear conditions the recovery voltage is 1,5U r /√3. For last-pole-to-clear conditions the
recovery voltage is U r /√3.
j The degree of asymmetry at contact separation is for reference only. The parameters to be met are I peak ,
∆t and di/dt. The required values for these parameters are given in Table 15, Table 16, Table 17 and
Table 18.
7.104 Load current breaking tests
7.104.1 General
Tests are made to determine the ability of the generator circuit-breaker to switch load currents
up to the rated continuous current of the generator, such as load currents that may be
encountered in normal service.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 143 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
When disconnecting the generator from the system, both generator circuit-breaker terminals
remain energised. The power-frequency recovery voltage appearing across the generator
circuit-breaker is equal to the sum of voltage drops on the reactances of the generator and
transformer and the corresponding short-circuit reactance of the high-voltage system. Since the
voltage drops are caused by the load current, the recovery voltage will always have a phase
displacement of 90° to the load current and will be independent of the load phase angle of the
generator. When breaking the rated load current, the voltage drops of a generator-transformer
bank generally do not reach 50 % of rated voltage. Therefore, the load breaking capability of a
generator circuit-breaker could be tested using an inductive short-circuit test circuit as
recommended. The test results are valid for any lagging or leading power factors.
7.104.2 Conditions of test severity
Load current breaking tests shall be made under the following conditions:
a) The test current shall be the rated continuous current I r .

b) The test circuit shall be similar to the usual short-circuit test arrangement.
c) Power-frequency and transient recovery test voltages shall be based on the rated voltage,
Ur.
• If three-phase tests are made, they shall be made with phase-to-phase voltage equal to
0,5U r .
• If single-phase tests are made, the test voltage shall be equal to
0,5 × 1,5 × U r / 3 = 0,44U r .
d) The TRV rate of the first-pole-to-clear in three-phase tests and for the case of single-phase
test circuits shall be as specified in Table 5.
e) The normally earthed parts of the generator circuit-breaker shall be earthed.
f) Either three-phase or single-phase tests can be made.
If three-phase tests are made, either the neutral of the supply or the short-circuit point shall
be earthed, but not both. If single-phase tests are made, the test circuit shall be earthed.
g) The degree of asymmetry at contact separation shall be ≤ 20 %.
h) Tests made at 60 Hz are also valid for 50 Hz and vice versa.
i) Tests shall be made at the minimum interrupting and operating medium pressure and
minimum control voltage specified by the manufacturer.
7.104.3 Number of tests
If three-phase tests are made, the test-duty shall comprise three breaking tests with random
uncontrolled times. For single-phase tests, the test-duty shall comprise six breaking tests where
the tripping times are controlled and distributed in steps of approximately 30° with respect to
the current wave.
The time interval between two tests shall take into account thermal limitations of parts such as
resistors.
7.105 Generator-source short-circuit current making and breaking tests
7.105.1 Power factor of test circuit
There is no requirement for the power factor of test circuit.
7.105.2 Frequency of test circuit
Generator-source short-circuit breaking tests shall be performed at rated frequency. However

for test-duties 5, 6A and 6B, tests made at 50 Hz are also valid for 60 Hz but not vice versa.
– 144 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Generator-source short-circuit making tests performed at 60 Hz are valid for 50 Hz and vice
versa.
7.105.3 Earthing of test circuit
The connections to earth of the test circuit for generator-source short-circuit making and
breaking tests shall be in accordance with the following requirements and shall, in all cases, be
indicated in the diagram of the test circuit included in the test report.
a) Three-phase tests:
The generator circuit-breaker (with its structure earthed as in service) shall be connected in
a test circuit having the neutral point of the supply isolated and the short-circuit point earthed
as shown in Figure 30 a), or vice versa as shown in Figure 30 b), if the test can only be
made in the latter way.
In accordance with Figure 30 a), the neutral of the supply source may be earthed through a
resistor, the resistance of which is as high as possible and, expressed in ohms, in no case
less than U/10, where U is the numerical value in volts of the voltage between lines of the
test circuit.
When a test circuit according to Figure 30 b) is used, it is recognised that in case of an earth
fault at one terminal of the test generator circuit-breaker, the resulting earth current could
be dangerous. It is consequently permitted to connect the supply neutral to earth through
appropriate impedance.
b) Single-phase tests:
The test circuit and the generator circuit-breaker structure shall be connected as in
Figure 31 a), so that the voltage conditions between live parts and the structure after arc
extinction are the same as those which would exist in the first-pole-to-clear of a three-pole
generator circuit-breaker if tested in the test circuit shown in Figure 30 a).
The preferred test circuit is shown in Figure 31 a). Where there are limitations on test laboratory
equipment, the circuit shown in Figure 31 b) may be used if the insulation between phases
and/or to earth is not critical.
7.105.4 Connection of the test circuit to the generator circuit-breaker
For testing, the generator circuit-breaker shall be connected to that side which gives the more
severe conditions with respect to voltage to earth, as identified and declared by the
manufacturer, unless the generator circuit-breaker is especially designed for feeding from one
side only.
When the manufacturer does not declare the more severe conditions with respect to voltage to
earth, either of the following shall be made:
a) in case test-duties 1 and 2 according to 7.103 have been made with opposite connections,
any side can be connected to perform the test-duties 3, 4, 5, 6A and 6B according to 7.105;
b) in case test-duties 1 and 2 according to 7.103 have been made with the same connection,
the test-duties 3, 4, 5, 6A and 6B according to 7.105 shall be made with the opposite
connection compared to the connection made during test-duties 1 and 2 according to 7.103.
7.105.5 Applied voltage for generator-source short-circuit making tests
The applied voltage listed in Table 22 and Table 23 shall be as follows:
applied phase-to-phase voltages shall not be less than the rated voltage U r and shall not
exceed this value by more than 10 % without the consent of the manufacturer. The
differences between the average value and the applied voltages of each pole shall not
exceed 5 %.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 145 –
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be not less than the phase-to-earth value U r /√3 and shall not exceed this value by more
NOTE With the manufacturer’s consent, for convenience of testing, a voltage equal to the product of the phase-to-
earth voltage and the first-pole-to-clear factor (1,5) of the generator circuit-breaker can be applied.
Owing to limitations of testing facilities, it is not always possible to perform the short circuit
making tests at rated voltage and rated short-circuit current. Making operations at reduced
voltage with a minimum of not less than 50 % of the rated voltage are permissible if the pre-
arcing time during making at rated voltage in any phase is not more than 1/10 cycle of the power
frequency with a tolerance of 20 %.
The pre-arcing time at rated voltage shall be determined by performing two making tests, one
at each polarity, at reduced current. The reduced current shall be low enough to avoid contact
erosion.
7.105.6 Generator-source short-circuit making current
The test quantities are listed in Table 22 and Table 23.
It is recognised that the peak value of the generator-source short-circuit making current is
usually considerably lower than the peak value of the system-source short-circuit making
current.
If the peak value of the generator-source short-circuit making current is higher than the peak
value of the system-source short-circuit making current then test-duty 3 is required.
7.105.7 Generator-source short-circuit breaking current
7.105.7.1 General
The generator-source short-circuit current to be interrupted by a generator circuit-breaker shall

be determined at the instant of contact separation and shall be stated in terms of the following
two values:

– the percentage value of the maximum degree of asymmetry in any phase.
7.105.7.2 AC component of generator-source short-circuit breaking current
The RMS value of the AC component in any phase shall not vary from the average by more
than 10 %.
7.105.7.3 Degree of asymmetry of generator-source short-circuit breaking current
Breaking tests are required with both symmetrical and asymmetrical currents. Any breaking test
in which the degree of asymmetry of the current in all phases at contact separation is less than
or equal to 20 % is considered a symmetrical test. The arc voltage shall be recorded during the
asymmetrical tests.
NOTE It is generally accepted that the generator circuit-breaker will experience, during its life, short-circuit currents
from the generator-source with delayed current zeros. The capability of the generator circuit-breaker to interrupt the
current with delayed zero crossings is verified by computations that consider the effect of the arc voltage on the
prospective short-circuit current. The arc voltage model is derived from these tests with comparable magnitudes of
current (see 9.103.6.3.6.3).
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7.105.8 Transient recovery voltage (TRV) for generator-source short-circuit breaking
tests
7.105.8.1 General
7.105.8.2 Measurement of transient recovery voltage during test
The actual TRV measured during the test may differ from the prospective TRV of the test circuit
measured before the test without the generator circuit-breaker present. This is because the
generator circuit-breaker itself can influence the TRV due to its resistors and/or capacitors, or
other reasons.
The transient recovery voltage during the test shall be recorded.
7.105.9 Power-frequency recovery voltage
The power-frequency recovery voltage of the test circuit shall not be less than 95 % of the
specified value and shall be maintained for at least 0,3 s.
For synthetic test circuits, guidance about details and tolerances is given in IEC 62271-101.
During the single-phase tests, the specified values shall be maintained for one cycle of the
power frequency and thereafter may be reduced to the equivalent single-phase-to-earth
voltage.
7.105.10 Generator-source short-circuit test operating sequence
The time intervals between individual operations of a test sequence shall be the time intervals
of the rated operating sequence of the generator circuit-breaker, given in 5.106.
Owing to limitations of the testing facilities, it may not be possible to achieve the 30 min time
interval of the rated operating sequence. In such cases the time interval may be extended and
the reason for such a delay shall be recorded in the test report. Prolonged time intervals shall
not be due to faulty operation of the generator circuit-breaker.
7.105.11 Generator-source short-circuit making and breaking test-duties
7.105.11.1 General
The test series shall include test-duties as specified in Table 22 and Table 23.
7.105.11.2 Making test-duty
The making test shall be performed according to test-duty 3. Tests made at 60 Hz are also valid
for 50 Hz and vice versa.
7.105.11.3 Symmetrical current breaking test-duty
The symmetrical current breaking tests shall be performed according to test-duty 4. For testing
purposes 7.102.10 is applicable.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 147 –
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If during system-source fault test-duty 1, the time delay t d of the prospective TRV is equal to or
less than 0,5 µs, then test-duty 4 is covered by test-duty 1 provided that the AC component of
the rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current does not exceed the AC component
of the rated system-source short-circuit breaking current.
7.105.11.4 Asymmetrical current breaking test-duties
The asymmetrical current breaking tests shall be performed according to test-duties 5 and 6A
for class G1 generator circuit-breakers or according to test-duty 6B for G2 class generator
circuit-breakers.
For test-duty 5 the test procedure shall include a prospective test current waveform where the
RMS value of the AC component of this current is I scg and current peaks and relative minimums
until the first current zero crossing shall be recorded. The prospective test current waveform
shall have a minimum of three full cycles before the first current zero occurs in order to show
two relative minimums without zero crossing (see Figure 32).
Figure 32 – Example of a valid prospective test current for test-duty 5
The contact separation shall occur not later than 1,5 cycles before the first current zero of the
prospective current. This setting shall result in the required degree of asymmetry at contact
separation and in an arcing time of at least one full cycle. Figure 33 shows an example of a
valid test and Figure 35 shows an example of an invalid test.
Some generator circuit-breakers will not clear at the end of a major loop. Arcing then continues
during a subsequent minor loop. If the current is interrupted at the end of this subsequent minor
loop and the arcing time is at least 1,25 cycles, then this test is still considered valid. Figure 34
shows an example of a valid test in this case whereas Figure 36 shows an example of an invalid
test.
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Figure 33 – Example of a valid test for test-duty 5
Figure 34 – Example of a valid test with a subsequent minor loop for test-duty 5
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 149 –
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Figure 35 – Example of an invalid test for test-duty 5
Figure 36 – Example of an invalid test with a subsequent minor loop for test-duty 5
In the case of an invalid test as per Figure 35 or Figure 36, contact separation shall be advanced
by 180 electrical degrees. The resulting arcing time shall be at least one full cycle. Figure 37
and Figure 38 show an example of a valid test in this case.
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Figure 37 – Second example of a valid test for test-duty 5
Figure 38 – Second example of a valid test with a subsequent minor loop for test-duty 5
For test-duties 6A and 6B the test procedure shall include a prospective test current waveform
where the RMS value of the AC component of this current is 0,74 I scg for test-duty 6A and I scg
for test-duty 6B respectively and current peaks and relative minimums until the first current zero
crossing shall be recorded. The prospective test current waveform shall have three full cycles
before the first current zero occurs in order to show two relative minimums without zero crossing
(see Figure 39).
NOTE With the manufacturer’s consent the number of full cycles before the first current zero occurs can be
increased.
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For the test the contact separation shall be set 2 ms before the first current peak of the
prospective current. This setting shall result in the required degree of asymmetry at contact
separation and in an arcing time of at least 1,5 cycles. Figure 40 a), Figure 40 b), Figure 41
and Figure 42 show examples of valid tests.
Figure 39 – Example of a valid prospective test current for test-duties 6A and 6B

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a) valid test for test-duties 6A and 6B
b) valid test with a subsequent minor loop for test-duties 6A and 6B
Figure 40 – Example of a valid test for test-duties 6A and 6B

IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 153 –
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Figure 41 – Example of a valid test for test-duties 6A and 6B
Figure 42 – Example of a valid test with a subsequent minor

loop for test-duties 6A and 6B
In the case of an invalid test according to Figure 43 or Figure 44, contact separation shall be
delayed by 54 electrical degrees. The resulting arcing time shall be 1,5 cycles. Figure 45 a)
and Figure 45 b) show an example of a valid test in this case.
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Figure 43 – Example of an invalid test for test-duties 6A and 6B
Figure 44 – Example of an invalid test with a subsequent

minor loop for test-duties 6A and 6B
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a) valid test for test-duties 6A and 6B after adapting the contact separation
compared to Figure 43 or Figure 44
b) valid test for test-duties 6A and 6B with a subsequent minor loop after adapting
the contact separation compared to Figure 43 or Figure 44
Figure 45 – Example of a valid test for test-duties 6A and 6B after adapting

the contact separation compared to Figure 43 or Figure 44
The degree of asymmetry at contact separation shall be recorded.

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Table 22 – Test-duties to demonstrate the generator-source
short-circuit making and breaking current capability for three-phase tests
Generator-source short-
circuit breaking current Power-
a,b,c Operating at contact separation frequency
Test- duty Applied voltage Making current recovery
sequence
Degree of voltage n
Magnitude
asymmetry
3 d C + 0,25 s U r /√3 I MC – – –
C no-load O sym
4 and – – I scg ≤ 20 % U r /√3
C no-load O sym
C no-load O asym I scg e

5 f, h, j, m – – 110 % g U r /√3
C no-load O asym 0,74I scg e

6A f, i, k, m – – 130 % g U r /√3

6B f, h, l, m – – 130 % g U r /√3
Key
I scg RMS value of the AC component of the rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current of the generator
circuit-breaker
desired.
performed with the auxiliary resistor and switch in the circuit, or, for convenience of testing, the tests may be
performed on both interrupters separately by using equivalent TRVs.
d Test-duty 3 is not required if I MC has already been proven in test-duty 1 or 1-A.
e Owing to limitations of testing facilities, it is not always possible to perform the breaking operations at rated
voltage and rated short-circuit current. Breaking operation at reduced recovery voltage with a minimum of not
less than 50 % of the rated voltage is permissible.
f For practical reasons this test is normally performed as a single-phase test.
g This value is determined from the prospective current.
h A prospective test is required at 100 % of I scg .
i A prospective test is required at 74 % of I scg .
j Test-duty 5 is mandatory for class G1 generator circuit-breakers but not mandatory for class G2 generator
circuit-breakers as it is covered by test-duty 6B.
k Test-duty 6A is mandatory only for class G1 generator circuit-breakers.
l Test-duty 6B is mandatory only for class G2 generator circuit-breakers.
m To facilitate consistent control of the opening operation, the releases may be supplied at the maximum
operating voltage.
n This value applies after current interruption in the last pole.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 157 –
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Table 23 – Test-duties to demonstrate the generator-source
short-circuit making and breaking current capability for single-phase tests
Generator-source short-
circuit breaking current Power-
a,b,c at contact separation frequency
Test-duty Operating duty Applied voltage Making current
recovery
Degree of voltage
Magnitude
asymmetry
3 d C + 0,25 s U r /√3 I MC – – –
C no-load O sym
U r /√3 I scg m
4 and – ≤ 10 % (1,5)U r /√3
C no-load O sym

5 g, i, l – – 110 % f U r /√3
C no-load O asym 0,74I scg e

6A h, j, l – – 130 % f U r /√3

6B g, k, l – – 130 % f U r /√3
Key
I scg RMS value of the AC component of the rated generator-source short-circuit current of the generator circuit-
breaker
desired.
d Test-duty 3 is not required if I MC has already been proven in test-duty 1 or 1-A.
e Owing to limitations of testing facilities, it is not always possible to perform the breaking operations at rated
voltage and rated short-circuit current. Breaking operation at reduced recovery voltage with a minimum of not
less than 50 % of the rated voltage is permissible.
f This value is determined from the prospective current.
g A prospective test is required at 100 % of I scg .
h A prospective test is required at 74 % of I scg .
i Test-duty 5 is mandatory for class G1 generator circuit-breakers but not mandatory for class G2 generator
circuit-breakers as it is covered by test-duty 6B.
j Test-duty 6A is mandatory only for class G1 generator circuit-breakers.
k Test-duty 6B is mandatory only for class G2 generator circuit-breakers.
l To facilitate consistent control of the opening operation, the releases may be supplied at the maximum
operating voltage.
m For first-pole-to-clear conditions the recovery voltage is 1,5U r /√3. For last-pole-to-clear conditions the
recovery voltage U r /√3.
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© IEC/IEEE 2021
7.106 Out-of-phase making and breaking tests
7.106.1 General
The out-of-phase conditions are abnormal circuit conditions due to loss or lack of synchronism
between generator and power system at the instant of operation of the generator circuit-breaker.
The phase angle difference between rotating phasors representing the generated voltages on
each side of the generator circuit-breaker may exceed the normal value and may be as much
as 180°. The out-of-phase current resulting from this condition is dependent on this phase angle
and attains its maximum value at 180° (phase opposition). If the sum of the short-circuit
reactances of transformer and network on the transformer side of the circuit-breaker is less
than the generator short-circuit reactance, the out-of-phase current at full phase opposition
would exceed the generator substransient short-circuit current I" d resulting from a terminal
short-circuit. The resulting electrodynamic overstress for the generator windings shall be
prevented from occurring by adequate measures such as preventing incorrect synchronisation.
The majority of generator circuit-breakers are expected to close but not to interrupt under full
phase opposition conditions. Only generator circuit-breakers having full interrupting capability
(to clear short-circuit currents on either side of the circuit-breaker) could have an assigned out-
of-phase current rating. The rating is limited as outlined in Table 24 and Table 25 and as
described in 7.106.2 and 7.106.3.
When out-of-phase current making and breaking is a matter of special importance and the user
specifies the generator circuit-breaker for full-phase opposition capability, a special generator
circuit-breaker may be required with an interrupting rating often exceeding rated short-circuit
current interrupting capability, especially with the following:
a) power-frequency recovery voltage of U r and with transient recovery voltage to be computed

for the first-pole-to-clear;
b) phase opposition current having a magnitude between the system-source short-circuit
current and generator-source short-circuit current. The value shall be computed for each
individual installation.
7.106.2 Out-of-phase current making and breaking capability
Out-of-phase current making and breaking capability is specified in terms of the following:
a) The maximum value of the out-of-phase recovery voltage for the first-pole-to-clear. This
value implicitly defines the maximum out-of-phase angle at which the generator circuit-
breaker shall be capable of breaking under certain specified conditions. If a generator
circuit-breaker has an assigned out-of-phase current rating, it is based on an out-of-phase
angle of 90° at rated voltage.
b) The maximum out-of-phase current that the generator circuit-breaker shall be capable of
making and breaking at the maximum out-of-phase voltage specified. The RMS value of the
assigned out-of-phase current rating shall be 50 % of the symmetrical system-source short-
circuit current. With the consent of the manufacturer higher values of out-of-phase current
can be tested whereby the TRV parameters remain as assigned for the out-of-phase current
rating of 50 % of the symmetrical system-source short-circuit current.
7.106.3 Conditions of test severity
The out-of-phase current making and breaking tests shall be carried out under the following
conditions of severity:
a) opening and closing operations carried out in conformity with the instructions given by the
manufacturer for the operation and proper use of the generator circuit-breaker and its
auxiliary equipment;
b) earthing condition of generator neutral: not effectively earthed, thus, the recovery voltage
for the first-pole-to-clear will be √2 × 1,5 × U r /√3 = 1,22 U r corresponding to an out-of-phase
angle of 90°;
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 159 –
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c) absence of a fault on either side of the generator circuit-breaker;
d) tests performed at 60 Hz are acceptable for 50 Hz, provided the arcing window for 50 Hz is
covered.
e) synthetic tests performed at 50 Hz, but where the injection current of the synthetic circuit
represents 60 Hz, are acceptable for 50 Hz and for 60 Hz applications;
f) tests and further conditions of severity are outlined in Table 24 and Table 25.
Table 24 – Test-duties to demonstrate the out-of-phase current

making and breaking capability for three-phase tests
Out-of-phase breaking current

Power-
at contact separation frequency
a,b,c Operating duty Applied voltage
Test-duty recovery
Degree of
Magnitude voltage h
asymmetry
OP1 d, f CO sym – 30 min – CO sym √2U r /√3 Id ≤ 20 % √2U r /√3
C no-load O asym – 30 min –

OP2 e, g - Id 75 % i √2U r /√3
C no-load O asym
Key
Id RMS value of the AC component of the rated out-of-phase breaking current of the generator circuit-breaker
desired.
b No refitting or replacement of parts to the generator circuit-breaker is permitted during each test-duty. Refitting
or replacement of parts to the generator circuit-breaker is permitted between test-duties 1 and 2.
d Procedure is given in 7.102.10.2.2.
e Procedure is given in 7.102.10.2.3.
f In one of the two operations making shall occur within ±20° of the peak value of the applied voltage in one
phase of the three-phase tests.
g To facilitate consistent control of the opening operation, the releases may be supplied at the maximum
operating voltage.
h This value applies after current interruption in the last pole.
i 75 % is for reference only (see 7.106.8). The parameters to be met are I peak , ∆t and di/dt. The required values
for these parameters are given in the second rows of Table 15, Table 16, Table 17 and Table 18.
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Table 25 – Test-duties to demonstrate the out-of-phase
current making and breaking capability for single-phase tests
Out-of-phase breaking
Power-
current at contact separation
a,b,c frequency
Test-duty Operating duty Applied voltage
recovery
Degree of
Magnitude voltage d
asymmetry
OP1 e, g CO sym – 30 min – CO sym √2U r /√3 Id ≤ 10 % (1,5)√2U r /√3
C no-load O asym – 30 min –

OP2 f, h – Id 75 % i (1,5)√2U r /√3
C no-load O asym
Key
Id RMS value of the AC component of the rated out-of-phase breaking current of the generator circuit-breaker
desired.
or replacement of parts to the generator circuit-breaker is permitted between test-duties 1 and 2.
d For first-pole-to-clear conditions the recovery voltage is 1,5√2U r /√3. For last-pole-to-clear conditions the
recovery voltage √2U r /√3.
e Procedure is given in 7.102.10.3.2.
f Procedure is given in 7.102.10.3.3.
g In one of the two operations making shall occur within ±20° of the peak value of the applied voltage.
operating voltage.
i 75 % is for reference only (see 7.106.8). The parameters to be met are I peak , ∆t and di/dt. The required values
for these parameters are given in the second rows of Table 15, Table 16, Table 17 and Table 18.
7.106.4 Test circuit
Out-of-phase testing is normally performed with a single-phase test circuit.
The following condition shall be satisfied:
For single-phase tests, the test circuit shall be arranged so that approximately one-half of the
applied voltage and the recovery voltage is on each side of the generator circuit-breaker (see
Figure 46).
If it is not feasible to use this circuit in the test laboratory, it is permissible to use either of the
following circuits shown in Figure 47 and Figure 48 at the option of the manufacturer:
1) Two identical voltages separated in phase by 120° instead of 180° may be used provided
that the total voltage across the generator circuit-breaker is as stated in Table 25
(see Figure 47).
2) Tests with one terminal of the generator circuit-breaker earthed may be used
(see Figure 48).
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 161 –
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a The squares represent combinations of capacitances and resistances.
Figure 46 – Test circuit for single-phase out-of-phase tests
a The squares represent combinations of capacitances and resistances.
Figure 47 – Test circuit for out-of-phase tests using two voltages

separated by 120 electrical degrees
a The square represents combinations of capacitances and resistances.
Figure 48 – Test circuit for out-of-phase tests with one terminal of the generator
circuit-breaker earthed (subject to agreement of the manufacturer)
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7.106.5 Applied voltage before out-of-phase making tests
The test quantities are listed in Table 24 and Table 25 where the applied voltage shall be as
follows:
applied voltages phase-to-phase shall not be less than √2 U r and shall not exceed this
value by more than 10 % without the consent of the manufacturer.
not be less than the phase-to-earth value √2 U r /√3 and shall not exceed this value by more
NOTE For convenience of testing the applied voltage can be increased with the agreement of the manufacturer to
1,5 U r √2/√3.
Owing to limitations of testing facilities, it is not always possible to perform the making
operations at appropriate voltage and rated out-of-phase current. Making operations at reduced
applied voltage with a minimum of not less than 50 % of the appropriate voltage are permissible
if the pre-arcing time during making at appropriate voltage in any phase is not more than 1/10
cycle of power frequency with a tolerance of 20 %. The pre-arcing time at appropriate voltage
shall be determined by performing two making tests, one at each polarity, at reduced current.
The reduced current shall be low enough to avoid contact erosion.
7.106.6 Transient recovery voltage (TRV) for out-of-phase breaking tests
7.106.7 Demonstration of the most severe making and breaking conditions during test-
duty OP1
The procedure given in 7.102.10.2.2 (three-phase tests) and in 7.102.10.3.2 (single-phase

tests) is applicable.
7.106.8 Demonstration of the most severe breaking conditions during test-duty OP2
For testing purposes asymmetrical breaking current capability test-duty OP2 is based on a time
constant of 133 ms.
The procedure given in 7.102.10.2.3 (three-phase tests) and in 7.102.10.3.3 (single-phase

tests) is applicable with the following addition:
– the earliest possible interruption is independent from the relay time and the opening time;
– the degree of asymmetry at contact separation is independent from the relay time and the
opening time;
– for testing purposes the earliest possible interruption in a phase with intermediate level of
asymmetry after a major loop is considered as 52,6 ms for 50 Hz and as 43,9 ms for 60 Hz.
The applicable loop parameters are specified in the second row of Table 15 for 50 Hz and
in the second row of Table 16 for 60 Hz;
– for testing purposes the earliest possible interruption in a phase with intermediate level of
asymmetry after a minor loop is considered as 47,1 ms for 50 Hz and as 39,2 ms for 60 Hz.
The applicable loop parameters are specified in the second row of Table 17 for 50 Hz and
in the second row of Table 18 for 60 Hz.
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7.107 Generator circuit-breakers with alternative operating mechanisms
This subclause applies to generator circuit-breakers that are already completely type tested
using an original operating mechanism. Other versions, differing in the operating mechanism
are referred to as generator circuit-breakers with an alternative operating mechanism (see
definition 3.5.123). The alternative operating mechanism(s) of a three-pole operated generator
circuit-breaker may be either three-pole or single-pole operating and the alternative operating
mechanism(s) of a single-pole operated generator circuit-breaker may also be either three-pole
or single-pole operating.
The tests to be performed are limited to the following:
A no-load opening operation and a no-load closing operation at rated supply voltage and at
filling pressure for operation shall be recorded. The measurements shall comply with the
mechanical characteristics, as defined in 7.101.1.1, for example no-load travel curves are
within the reference travel bands.
If the main contact system of the generator circuit-breaker is of the butt type then the tests
according to 7.6 shall be fully repeated on the generator circuit-breaker with an alternative
operating mechanism.
NOTE 1 A butt contact is a contact in which relative movement of the contact pieces is substantially in a direction
perpendicular to the contact surface (IEC 60050-441:2000, 441-15-14).
On the generator circuit-breaker with an alternative operating mechanism all tests according
to 7.101 shall be repeated.
On the generator circuit-breaker with an alternative operating mechanism a verification test
for breaking and a verification test for making, both under short-circuit conditions, shall be
performed. For three-pole operated generator circuit-breakers the verification tests shall be
performed three-phase, for single-pole operated generator circuit-breakers the verification
tests can be performed single-phase.
The three-phase verification test for making shall be performed according to 7.102.4.1 a).
After this making operation a no-load opening operation at rated supply voltage and at filling
pressure for operation shall be recorded. The measurements shall comply with the
mechanical characteristics, as defined in 7.101.1.1,for example no-load travel curves are
within the reference travel bands.
The single-phase verification test for making consists of a single-phase making test at the
rated short-circuit current. The peak current value shall be at least 2,74I sc . The duration of
the current shall be long enough for the generator circuit-breaker to reach its fully closed
position. After this making operation a no-load opening operation at rated supply voltage
and at filling pressure for operation shall be recorded. The measurements shall comply with
the mechanical characteristics, as defined in 7.101.1.1, for example no-load travel curves
are within the reference travel bands.
Both the three-phase and the single-phase verification test for breaking consist of a
symmetrical breaking test at the rated short-circuit current with the maximum arcing time for
the last-pole-to-clear. The breaking operation may be performed at any convenient test
voltage.
Typically, the following procedure applies:
The course of the travel of the completely tested generator circuit-breaker during a breaking
test under the same conditions shall be used as a reference travel curve for the following
procedure:
• Two envelope curves shall be drawn from the instant of contact separation to the end of
the reference travel curve of the completely tested generator circuit-breaker. The
distance between the two envelopes from the original course shall be ±5 % of the total
travel or ±2 mm whichever is larger (see Figure 17).
• The travel curve of the generator circuit-breaker with an alternative operating
mechanism during its verification test for breaking shall be recorded. If the travel curve
during the verification test for breaking is within the envelope curves of the completely
tested generator circuit-breaker, the verification test is a valid operation.
– 164 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
• The envelope curves can be moved in the vertical direction until one of the envelope
curves covers the reference curve. This gives maximum tolerances over the reference
travel curve of –0 % or 0 mm, +10 % or +4 mm and +0 % or +0 mm, –10 % or –4 mm
respectively (see Figure 18 and Figure 19). The displacement of the envelope curves
can be done only once for the complete procedure in order to get a maximum total
deviation from the reference curve of 10 % or 4 mm.
It is recognised that for some designs of generator circuit-breakers, this method may be
unsuitable, as for example for vacuum generator circuit-breakers. In such cases the
manufacturer shall define an appropriate method to verify the proper operation of the
vacuum generator circuit-breaker. The following parameters may be used to characterise
the vacuum generator circuit-breaker:
• stroke, with a maximum tolerance width of 4 mm or 10 %, as assigned by the
manufacturer;
• closing time, with a tolerance assigned by the manufacturer;
• opening time, with a tolerance assigned by the manufacturer;
• momentary closing speed at a certain stroke, with a maximum tolerance of ±10 %, as
assigned by the manufacturer;
• momentary opening speed at a certain stroke, with a maximum tolerance of ±10 %, as
During the verification test of breaking all the parameters shall be within the tolerances as
In the particular case, where the variation in opening times of the alternative operating
mechanism causes the generator circuit-breaker to fall into a different category of earliest
possible interruption (see Table 15, Table 16, Table 17 and Table 18), test-duty 2 of
Table 20 or Table 21 shall be performed on the generator circuit-breaker with an alternative
operating mechanism.
If requirements a) to e) are met, the reference mechanical characteristics of the completely

tested generator circuit-breaker shall apply also for the generator circuit-breakers with
alternative operating mechanisms.
8 Routine tests
8.1 General
Routine tests shall be made on the complete generator circuit-breaker or generator circuit-
breaker system. However, when generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems
are assembled and shipped as separate units, the routine tests shall be performed on site.
The mechanical routine tests with the main-disconnector and the earthing switch shall be
performed according to their applicable standard.
The mechanical routine tests with the starting switch, BTB-switch, braking switch,
Tee-OFF-switch, ET-switch and motor operated short-circuiting connections shall be performed
according to the standard applicable for disconnectors.
8.2 Dielectric test on the main circuit
The test voltage shall be the one specified in column (2) of Table 1 of this document.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 165 –
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For generator circuit-breakers having interrupters with one interrupting medium, enclosed in a
different insulating fluid, the power-frequency withstand voltage test alone may be insufficient
to show whether or not either interrupting medium or the insulating medium, has been
compromised by a leak that may have developed in the enclosure of the interrupter.
For example, suppose a generator circuit-breaker system has vacuum interrupters that are
enclosed in an SF 6 filled enclosure. If a leak were to develop allowing SF 6 gas to enter the
vacuum interrupter chamber, it could be possible for the interrupters to withstand a power-
frequency withstand voltage test, but still be unable to clear the rated short-circuit current. In
this case, the manufacturer shall advise the user what would be an appropriate way to verify
that integrity of the vacuum chamber has not been compromised.
If the generator circuit-breaker or generator circuit-breaker system is equipped with resistors,

capacitors, surge arresters or instrument transformers, then those components can be
disconnected or removed prior to the dielectric test, provided that these components have been
routine tested separately in accordance with their standards.
8.3 Tests on auxiliary and control circuits
8.3.1 Inspection of auxiliary and control circuits, and verification of conformity to the
circuit diagrams and wiring diagrams
All resistors and heaters shall be checked either by operation or resistance measurements. All
closing, tripping, control valve, and relay coils shall be checked by resistance measurement
and shall be within specified manufacturing limits.
8.3.2 Functional tests
The tests shall be performed with the maximum, minimum and rated values of the supply voltage
defined in Table 2.
8.3.3 Verification of protection against electrical shock
8.3.4 Dielectric tests
All secondary wiring of conventional instrument transformers shall receive a power-frequency

withstand voltage test of 2 500 V for 1 min. All other wiring shall receive a power-frequency
withstand voltage test of 1 500 V for 1 min.
If the control circuit of a generator circuit-breaker or any other component of a generator circuit-
breaker system includes a motor, the motor may be disconnected during dielectric tests on the
control circuit and subsequently tested, in place, at its specified dielectric withstand voltage,
but at not less than 900 V.
The test voltage of other devices such as electronic equipment used in the auxiliary and control
circuits shall be the same as the test voltage of those circuits. If such apparatus has already
been tested in accordance with the appropriate specification, it may be disconnected for these
tests.
– 166 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
8.4 Measurement of the resistance of the main circuit
Subclause 8.4 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is not applicable and is replaced with the following:
The DC resistance of the current-carrying circuit from terminal to terminal of each pole unit in
the closed position shall be measured with at least 100 A flowing in the circuit and shall not
exceed the limit set for the rating of the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker
system by the manufacturer.
8.5 Tightness test
8.5.1 General
8.5.2 Controlled pressure systems for gas
8.5.3 Closed pressure systems for gas
The purpose of tightness tests is to demonstrate that the absolute leakage rate F does not
exceed the specified value of the permissible leakage rate F p (refer to 6.16).
The tightness tests shall be performed with the same fluid or with helium and under the same
conditions as used in service. Where possible, the tests should be performed on a complete
system at the filling pressure (density) for insulation and/or making and breaking. If this is not
practical, the tests may be performed on subassemblies. In such cases, the leakage rate of the
total system shall be determined by summation of the subassemblies leakage rates. The
possible leakages between subassemblies of different pressures shall also be taken into
account.
Only cumulative leakage measurements allow calculation of leakage rates. For this reason,
sniffing is not acceptable because it is not cumulative.
The routine test report should include such information as:
– an indication of the calibration of the meters used to detect leakage rates;

– the results of the measurements;
– the test gas.
In general, for the application of an adequate test method, reference is made to

IEC 60068-2-17[4].
8.5.4 Sealed pressure systems
8.5.5 Liquid tightness tests

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8.6 Design and visual checks
The generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system shall be checked to verify
its compliance with the order specification.
For example the following items shall be checked if applicable:
– the language and data on the nameplates;

– the values of the resistors and capacitors connected to the main circuit;
– identification of any auxiliary equipment;
– the colour and quality of paint and corrosion protection of metallic surfaces.
8.101 Mechanical operating tests of generator circuit-breakers
Mechanical operating tests shall be performed at filling pressure for insulation and/or making
and breaking and shall include the following:
a) at maximum supply voltage of operating devices and of auxiliary and control circuits and
maximum functional pressure for operation of the mechanism (if applicable):
– five closing operations;
– five opening operations.
b) at minimum supply voltage of operating devices and of auxiliary and control circuits and
minimum functional pressure for operation of the mechanism (if applicable):
– five closing operations;
– five opening operations.
c) at rated supply voltage of operating devices and of auxiliary and control circuits and filling
pressure for operation of the mechanism (if applicable):
– five close-open operating cycles with the opening mechanism energised by the closing
of the main contacts; during these tests, the close control switch shall be held to maintain
the close signal to demonstrate that both the anti-pumping and the (electrically) trip-free
functions of the control circuit of the generator circuit-breaker are working properly.
Mechanical operating tests shall be made on the complete generator circuit-breaker. However,
when generator circuit-breakers are assembled and shipped as separate units, routine tests
may be performed on subassemblies according to 7.101.1.2. In such cases, the routine
mechanical operating tests shall be performed on site to confirm the compatibility of such
separate units and subassemblies when assembled as a complete generator circuit-breaker.
For all required operating sequences the following values shall be measured and recorded:
– closing time of each pole, the time spread of the poles (see 6.101) and when possible time
spread of the breaking units or groups of units of each pole;
– opening time of each pole, time spread of the poles (see 6.101) and when possible time
spread of the breaking units or groups of units of each pole;
– where applicable, measurement of fluid consumption during opening and closing operations,
for example pressure difference;
– when the circuit-breaker is provided with resistor closing or opening units, the resistor
insertion times shall be recorded.
In the case of multiple trip coils, one additional opening operation shall be performed and the
time recorded for each.
Proof shall be given that the mechanical behaviour conforms to that of the test object used for
type testing. This shall be done by confirming the mechanical characteristics as described in
7.101.1.1 at the end of the routine tests.
– 168 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
The measurement of additional parameters, like momentary speed at a certain stroke, may also
be part of the routine tests.
Tolerances on the opening time, closing time, and additional parameters like momentary speed
shall be given by the manufacturer.
After completion of the required operating sequences, the following tests and inspections shall
be performed (if applicable):
– connections shall be checked;

– the control and/or auxiliary switches shall correctly indicate the open and closed positions
of the generator circuit-breaker;
– all auxiliary equipment shall operate correctly at the limits of supply voltage of operating
devices and of auxiliary and control circuits and/or pressures for operation.
Furthermore, the following tests and inspections shall be made (if applicable):
– measurement of the resistance of heaters (if fitted) and of the control coils;
– inspections of the wiring of the control, heater and auxiliary equipment circuits and checking
of the number of auxiliary contacts, in accordance with the order specification;
– inspection of control cubicle (electrical, mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic systems);
– recharging duration(s);
– functional performance of pressure relief valve;
NOTE A valve is not a rupture disc, but is resettable, so this is not a destructive test.
– operation of electrical, mechanical, pneumatic or hydraulic interlocks and signalling devices;
– where applicable, on rising pressure for insulation and/or making and breaking:
disappearance of the low-pressure or low-density alarm;
– where applicable, on dropping pressure for insulation and/or making and breaking:
appearance of low-pressure or low-density alarm;
– operation of anti-pumping device;
– general performance of equipment within the required tolerance of the supply voltage;
– inspection of earthing terminals of the generator circuit-breaker.
If adjustments are required during the mechanical operating tests, the complete test sequence
shall be repeated following the adjustments.
8.102 Dielectric tests on the enclosure of generator circuit-breaker systems
In the case where the enclosure is insulated from the pole frame, it shall be subjected to a
power-frequency withstand voltage test of 1 500 V for 1 min.
9 Guide to the selection of switchgear and controlgear
Clause 9 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is replaced by the following:
9.101 General
Clause 9 is intended for general use as a guide in the application of AC high-voltage generator
circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems. Familiarity with other standards applying
to generator circuit-breakers or other components of generator circuit-breaker systems is
assumed, and provisions of those standards are indicated herein only when necessary for clarity
in describing application requirements. A typical application example is presented in Annex D.
More information on application in pumped-storage power plants are given in Annex O.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 169 –
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The complete list of rated characteristics is given in Clause 5. The following individual ratings
are dealt with in this clause.
Type of rating and characteristic Subclause

Rated voltage 9.103.2
Rated insulation level 9.103.3
Rated frequency 9.103.4
Rated continuous current 9.103.5
Short-circuit current rating 9.103.6
TRV rating for system-source and generator-source short-circuits 9.103.7
Rated load breaking current 9.103.8
Rated out-of-phase making and breaking current 9.103.9
Excitation breaking current 9.103.10
Capacitive making and breaking current 9.103.11
For rated characteristics not dealt with in Clause 9, reference should, if applicable, be made to
Clause 5.
When selecting a generator circuit-breaker or a generator circuit-breaker system, due allowance

should be made for the likely future development of the system as a whole, so that the generator
circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system may be suitable not merely for immediate
needs but also for the requirements of the future.
9.102 General application conditions
9.102.1 Normal service conditions
9.102.1.1 General
Normal service conditions for generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems

are defined in 4.1.
9.102.1.2 Provisions for system growth
Power system facilities can be increased from time to time to serve larger loads. Although the
generator is unlikely to be replaced with a larger generator, system growth usually results in
higher values of short-circuit current. Therefore, liberal allowance in the system-source short-
circuit current rating of the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system for
possible future increases is advisable.
9.102.1.3 System design
Methods for limiting the magnitude of short-circuit currents or reducing the probability of high-
current short-circuits by system design are outside the scope of this document. Such methods
should be considered where short-circuit currents approach the maximum capability of the
generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system.
9.102.2 Special service conditions
9.102.2.1 General
Special service conditions are listed in 4.2. Special specification, installation, operation, and
maintenance provisions should be considered where these conditions are encountered, and
should be called to the attention of the manufacturer as necessary.
– 170 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
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9.102.2.2 Application at abnormal temperatures
The use of apparatus in ambient temperatures outside the limits of those specified in 4.1 is
considered special. In most applications, the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-
breaker system is installed as an integral part of the isolated phase bus. Under these conditions,
the isolated phase bus cooling directly affects the temperature inside of the enclosed generator
circuit-breaker or the enclosed generator circuit-breaker system. The ambient temperature and
the thermal time-constant of the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker
system govern the continuous current application described in 5.5.
9.102.2.3 Application at altitudes above 1 000 m
The normal service conditions specified in 4.1 are intended for use at altitudes not exceeding
1 000 m.
For installation at altitudes above 1 000 m, 4.2.2 is applicable.
The rated short-circuit breaking current at rated voltage, related required capabilities and the
three-phase break-time are not affected by altitude. The rated continuous current may have to
be corrected and the manufacturer should be consulted.
9.102.2.4 Exposure to damaging fumes or vapours, steam, salt spray, oil spray,
excessive moisture, dripping water, and other similar conditions
Equipment subject to such conditions may require the following special construction or
protective features:
a) provisions to avoid condensation on all electrical insulation and current-carrying parts;

b) bushings with extra creepage distance;
c) special maintenance, including insulator cleaning in cases where particulate exposure
represents a hazard to insulation integrity;
d) the use of materials resistant to fungus growth.
9.102.2.5 Exposure to excessive or abrasive, magnetic or metallic dust
Equipment subject to such conditions may require the following special construction or
protective features:
a) totally enclosed equipment or compartments and provision for conditioned ventilating air;
b) derating where current-carrying equipment designed for ventilated operation is enclosed in
a non-ventilated compartment.
9.102.2.6 Exposure to explosive mixtures of dust or gases
Generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems are not designed for use in
explosive atmospheres. For this type of service, special consideration should be given so that
acceptable equipment is selected.
9.102.2.7 Exposure to abnormal vibration, shock or tilting
Generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems are designed for mounting on

substantially level structures free from excessive vibration, shock or tilting. Where any of these
abnormal conditions exist, recommendations for the particular application should be obtained
from the manufacturer.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 171 –
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9.102.2.8 Seasonal or infrequent use
Equipment stored or de-energised for long periods, such as during generator maintenance,
should be protected against accelerated deterioration. Before energising for service, operating
performance and insulation integrity should be checked.
9.102.2.9 Application of unusual forces
During normal operation, the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system
may be subjected to abnormal thermal and seismic forces, in addition to normal short-circuit
current and thermal forces.
Abnormal thermal forces are due to the thermal cycling of connections to the generator circuit-
breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system. The application of a generator circuit-breaker
or a generator circuit-breaker system, as part of a long rigid bus system, may produce severe
compression and tensile forces on the connections of the generator circuit-breaker or the
generator circuit-breaker system. Consult the manufacturer for this application.
Applications where seismic forces exceed 0,5 g should be checked with the manufacturer.
9.102.2.10 Application effects of magnetic fields
Occasionally, the busbars in power plants are not enclosed and in general, effects of magnetic
fields for generator normal (continuous) current below 6 300 A is usually of no concern.
However, the magnetic field in the vicinity of the bus between generator and transformer may
have adverse effects on equipment and building steel if the bus current exceeds 6 300 A. For
such a case, the manufacturer should be consulted for values of magnetic fields outside of the
housing of the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system because
induced voltages and currents could produce undesired heating effects. For this reason, and to
avoid electromagnetic forces between the current-carrying busbars, isolated-phase bus is
usually used.
Precautions need to be observed for the following conditions:
a) The difference in the return current through the enclosure of the generator circuit-breaker
system and the current flow in the busbar is above 6 300 A .
b) The magnetic field outside the enclosure of the generator circuit-breaker system plus the
magnetic field caused by the difference in current flowing through the enclosure and the
active part of the generator circuit-breaker system is higher than the magnetic field of a
6 300 A current.
These precautions include avoidance of metal connections and/or the placement of metal
support structures adjacent to and between the poles of a generator circuit-breaker or a
generator circuit-breaker system and bus phases.
9.103 Application consideration
9.103.1 General
In usual applications, the principal function of the generator circuit-breaker is to carry the
generator rated load current and provide means for the interruption of the short-circuit currents
from the generator as well as from the power system. However, the generator circuit-breaker
can also be used for load, transformer excitation, or out-of-phase current making and breaking.
In some cases, these requirements may be the determining factor in the selection of a generator
circuit-breaker rather than the short-circuit current interruption requirements. Generator circuit-
breaker systems include additional functions which are provided by the components as listed
in 3.3.101.
– 172 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
9.103.2 Rated voltage
The maximum operating voltage of the generator cannot exceed the rated voltage of the
generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system since this is the generator
circuit-breaker’s or the generator circuit-breaker system’s upper limit for operation.
NOTE The operating voltages of generators with ratings of 200 MVA to 1 500 MVA vary widely, from approximately
10 kV to 27 kV. Consequently, when defining short-circuit duties, the rated voltage is the maximum operating voltage
of the generator to which the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system is connected.
9.103.3 Rated insulation level
The preferred withstand voltage levels for generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-
breaker systems are specified in Table 1. The dielectric performance is required down to the
minimum functional pressure for insulation and/or making and breaking.
In the event of pressure loss of the insulating medium, the loss of dielectric withstand is
progressive. If the insulating medium is a gas other than compressed air, the inner parts of the
generator circuit-breaker may remain filled with the gas at atmospheric pressure that has higher
dielectric properties than the ambient atmospheric air. For a certain time under this
circumstance, the generator circuit-breaker is able to withstand more than the operating
voltage, even in phase opposition conditions. This time should be used to remove the generator
circuit-breaker from service by complete electrical isolation, preferably by automatic means,
before any ingress of humidity, dust, or both, has taken place. This electrical isolation should
be completed within 1 h of the loss of insulation medium pressure.
Unusual circumstances may exist where, due to operational conditions, a time longer than 1 h
is desirable before the generator circuit-breaker is isolated from the source. If such a situation
exists, the generator circuit-breaker should be prevented from operating. To provide for this
unusual circumstance, the following data should be requested from the manufacturer:
a) withstand voltage-to-earth and across contacts with the insulating medium at atmospheric
pressure;
b) the current-carrying capability of the generator circuit-breaker with the insulating medium
at atmospheric pressure.
9.103.4 Rated frequency
The rated frequency for generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems is 50 Hz

or 60 Hz, depending on the system power frequency in which the generator circuit-breaker is
installed.
9.103.5 Rated continuous current
9.103.5.1 Application considerations for normal operation
Generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems are usually designed as an

integral part of the bus between the generator and transformer. The generator circuit-breaker
or the generator circuit-breaker system shall be able to carry the rated continuous current of
the generator. The metal enclosed bus is usually phase-isolated. In many cases, the generator
circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system is equipped with a cooling system using
air or water.
Current-carrying capabilities of generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems

under various conditions of ambient temperature and load vary from other high-voltage circuit-
breakers. Generator circuit-breaker systems have two current-carrying parts that have to be
considered, i.e. the active part with the interrupting device, and the metal enclosure.
Various parts of the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system and the
connected bus have different temperature limits that are detailed in 7.5.6.
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9.103.5.2 Continuous load current-carrying capability based on actual ambient and
connected bus temperature
Both the ambient temperature and the temperature of the connected bus influence the
continuous current-carrying capability of the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-
breaker system. As a result, the continuous current-carrying capability may be different to the
one recorded during the type tests according to 7.5. For power plant-specific applications, the
temperature rise limits laid down in 7.5 may be exceeded provided that the absolute
temperature limit is not exceeded.
Consult the manufacturer to determine the maximum value of continuous current-carrying

capability under the specific ambient conditions.
9.103.5.3 Emergency conditions
Following the loss of cooling systems, the temperature of the parts of the generator circuit-
breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system will increase. For generator circuit-breakers or
generator circuit-breaker systems, 5.5.101 establishes the parameters involved. In 7.5.101 the
tests for such emergency conditions are explained.
In case of cooling system failure, the current shall be reduced to the lowest allowable
continuous current of the IPB, generator circuit-breaker system and other components without
cooling.
9.103.6 Short-circuit current rating
9.103.6.1 Background of short-circuit current rating
The short-circuit current, which a generator circuit-breaker or a generator circuit-breaker system

can experience, is explained by Figure 49, a general diagram of a power plant, with a short-
circuit shown in the following different locations:
– the system-source short-circuit current (location a, Figure 49);

– the generator-source short-circuit current (locations b and c, Figure 49);
Location b has a higher short-circuit current than location c; therefore, location c is disregarded.
Figure 49 – General circuit diagram of a power plant
In most applications, the AC component of the system-source short-circuit current is higher than
that of the generator-source case because the sum of the short-circuit reactance of the
transformer and the system is lower than the subtransient and transient reactances of the
generator.
For special power plant layouts where two (or more) generators are connected to one two-
winding step-up transformer the maximum short-circuit current, which a generator circuit-
breaker or a generator circuit-breaker system can experience, shall be determined as the sum
of the generator-source and system-source short-circuit current when the fault is located near
one of the generators.
– 174 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
The determination of the AC component and the degree of asymmetry of the total short-circuit
current and its dependency on the fault locations is described in Annex D.
9.103.6.2 Short-circuit current rating
The definition for short-circuit current rating given in 5.101.1 states that it is the RMS value of
the AC component of the three-phase short-circuit current to which all required short-circuit
capabilities are related.
It is to be noted that, if the short-circuit performance capability of a generator circuit-breaker or

a generator circuit-breaker system has been demonstrated for a certain generator-source fault
rating, or for a certain system-source fault rating, then that proven short-circuit performance
capability also serves to demonstrate the capability for less severe generator-source faults, or
for less severe system-source faults. However, it is important to remember that parameters for
generator circuit faults include short-time current withstand, transient recovery voltage (TRV),
making current, degree of asymmetry and most severe making and breaking conditions, as well
as the symmetrical current, for both system-source faults and generator-source faults. Proven
capabilities for all of these parameters shall be demonstrated to meet or exceed the respective
requirements for the intended application.
9.103.6.3 Related capabilities
9.103.6.3.1 General
The following are related capabilities concerning the short-circuit current:
a) System-source short-circuit currents:

– symmetrical breaking current;
– asymmetrical breaking current;
– short-time current-carrying capability.
b) Generator-source short-circuit currents:
– symmetrical breaking current;
– asymmetrical breaking current;
– asymmetrical breaking current for maximum degree of asymmetry.
c) Generator-source or system-source: making capability.
9.103.6.3.2 Symmetrical breaking current for three-phase system-source faults
This capability is based on the RMS value of the AC component of the rated system-source
short-circuit breaking current.
9.103.6.3.3 Asymmetrical breaking current for three-phase system-source faults
This capability is based on the rated system-source short-circuit breaking current. Its DC
component decays with a time constant of 133 ms and depends on the instant contact
separation occurs, which is the sum of 1/2 cycle tripping delay plus the minimum opening time
of the generator circuit-breaker. It is calculated with the equation below and illustrated by
Figure 10. The numerical values are shown in Figure 11.
The degree of asymmetry Asy cs at the time t cs is determined by the following equation:
IDCcs
Asycs = is the degree of asymmetry at contact separation (usually expressed in per cent)
I ACcs
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 175 –
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where
I ACcs is the peak value of the AC component of the rated system-source short-circuit
breaking current at contact separation;
I DCcs is the DC component of the system-source short-circuit breaking current at contact
separation and can be calculated as follows:
IDCcs = I ACcs e−tcs τ
where
τ is 133 ms.
The asymmetrical breaking current is calculated as follows:
( )
2
( )
2
Iasym cs = 2
I sc 2
+ IDCcs = 2
I sc + I ACcs × e−tcs τ
= 2
I sc + I sc × Asycs × 2 = I sc 1+ 2 Asycs2
This formula is not used for testing purposes but for the evaluation of the suitability of generator
circuit-breakers for plant-specific applications. In order to assess the capability of the generator
circuit-breaker to interrupt a plant-specific short-circuit current, provided that the making current
does not exceed the rated making current capability, any combination of plant-specific AC and
DC components (due to e.g. DC time constants different from 133 ms or relay times different
from 0,5 cycle) is permissible provided that the following conditions are met at the instant of
contact separation:
a) the project-specific AC component does not exceed the tested AC component of the rated
system-source short-circuit breaking current;
b) the project-specific asymmetrical short-circuit current does not exceed the value
2
 − tcs 
I ACcs 0 ,5 +  e τ  where I ACcs is the peak value of the AC component of the rated
 
 
system-source short-circuit breaking current at contact separation, t cs is the time of contact
separation equal to the sum of relay time of 0,5 cycle and minimum opening time of the
generator circuit-breaker; τ is the DC time constant of the rated system-source short-circuit
breaking current equal to 133 ms;
c) the project-specific degree of asymmetry does not exceed 100 %.
9.103.6.3.4 Symmetrical breaking current for three-phase generator-source faults
The AC component of the generator-source short-circuit breaking current can be significantly

lower than the system-source short-circuit breaking current. Its value is measured from the
envelope of the current excursion at the moment of contact separation when the source of the
current is entirely from a generator without transformation. This envelope shall be calculated
from a full-load rated power factor condition taking the generator constants into account. It shall
be recognised that the AC component of this short-circuit current decays with the subtransient
and transient time constants of the generator and is illustrated by Figure 50.
– 176 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
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Key
I" scg subtransient component of the generator-source short-circuit
I' scg transient component of the generator-source short-circuit
I sscg steady state component of the generator-source short-circuit
T" d subtransient time constant of the generator
T' d transient time constant of the generator
Figure 50 – Generator-source short-circuit current
9.103.6.3.5 Asymmetrical breaking current for three-phase generator-source faults
The AC component of the short-circuit current, when the source is from a generator without
transformation, may decay faster than the DC component. The decay of the AC component is
governed by the subtransient and transient time constants τ ' d , τ " d , τ ' q , τ " q of the generator and
the decay of the DC component by the short-circuit time constant, τ a = X" d /ωR a , where X" d is
the direct axis subtransient reactance and R a represents the armature DC resistance. As a
consequence, the DC component at contact separation can be higher than the peak value of
the AC component. A survey of many generators with different ratings revealed that at full load
and with the generator operating in the overexcited mode with a lagging power factor the degree
of asymmetry could be even higher than 110 %. This value varies very little within a practical
range of contact separation times.
In order to assess the capability of the generator circuit-breaker to interrupt a project-specific

short-circuit current, provided that the making current does not exceed the rated making current
capability, any combination of project-specific AC and DC components is permissible provided
that the following conditions are met at the instant of contact separation:
a) the project-specific AC component does not exceed the tested AC component of the rated
generator-source short-circuit breaking current;
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 177 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
b) the project-specific asymmetrical short-circuit current does not exceed the tested
asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit breaking current;
c) the project-specific degree of asymmetry from the generator-source might exceed 100 %
provided that it is shown with calculations that the generator circuit-breaker by means of its
arc voltage is capable of forcing the current to zero within its maximum tested arcing time.
The capability of the generator circuit-breaker to force current to zero shall be ascertained by
calculations in accordance with 9.103.6.3.6.3.
9.103.6.3.6 Asymmetrical breaking current for three-phase generator-source faults for

maximum degree of asymmetry
9.103.6.3.6.1 General
The highest value of asymmetry occurs when, prior to the fault, the generator is operating in
the underexcited mode with a leading power factor. Under this condition, the DC component
may be higher than the peak value of the AC component of the short-circuit current and may
lead to delayed current zeros. This principle is illustrated in Figure 51 and explained in
9.103.6.3.6.2 to 9.103.6.3.6.4.
Figure 51 – Generator-source short-circuit current in the case of generator

delivering power with lagging or leading power factor prior to fault initiation
When a short-circuit occurs, but prior to the fault the generator is carrying load with lagging
power factor, the short-circuit current excursion is similar to the dashed curve, whereas for a
leading power factor its excursion follows the solid curve in Figure 51.
– 178 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
The analysis of a large number of generators resulted in a degree of asymmetry in the order of
130 %. The AC component of the short-circuit current for this case is only 74 % of the assigned
AC component of the rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current. It is recognised that
the degree of asymmetry in some cases can reach very high values and exceed 130 %.
9.103.6.3.6.2 Origin of high asymmetries with delayed current zeros
A short-circuit current will flow if the generator circuit-breaker is closed into a short-circuit or as
a consequence of a flashover in at least two phases to earth or between phases. If a short-
circuit is initiated at voltage zero in one phase, this implies that the current in the corresponding
phase exhibits the maximum degree of asymmetry.
The AC component of the short-circuit current will decrease exponentially in time with the short-
circuit subtransient and transient time constants τ ' d , τ " d , τ ' q , τ " q of the generator, depending on
the specific case (often only the open circuit time constants τ ' d0 , τ " d0 , τ ' q0 , τ " q0 are known. For
computation of the short-circuit currents, the short-circuit time constants τ ' d , τ " d , τ ' q , τ " q can be
calculated using relatively simple equations). The DC component of the short-circuit current
decays exponentially in time, with the short-circuit time constant τ a = X" d /(2πf × R a ). Depending
on the value of these time constants, which may vary in a relatively wide range for different
sizes and designs of generators, the AC component of the short-circuit current may decrease
faster than the DC component, leading to delayed current zeros for a certain period of time.
Typical values for time constants mentioned in the preceding paragraph are τ " d and τ " q = 25 ms
to 45 ms, τ ' d = 0,8 s to 1,5 s, τ ' q = 250 ms to 400 ms, τ a = 150 ms to 400 ms.
Figure 52 shows an example of a calculation of short-circuit current for a generator-source fault.
Figure 52 – Short-circuit current for generator-source fault

IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 179 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
As described in 9.103.6.3.6, the highest value of asymmetry occurs when, prior to the fault, the
generator is operating in the underexcited mode with a leading power factor. Under such a
condition, the AC component of short-circuit current is lower than the assigned AC component
of the rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current. In the case where the generator is
carrying load with a lagging power factor prior to the fault, the asymmetry will be lower but the
AC component will be higher.
Also circuits with doubly-fed induction machines can produce delayed current zeros and
requirements for this case are given in Annex K. Wind farm applications can also produce
similar requirements as given in Annex L.
9.103.6.3.6.3 Interruption of short-circuit currents with delayed current zeros
Additional resistance in series with the armature resistance, R a = X" d /(2πf τ a ), forces the DC
component of the short-circuit current to decay faster. If R add is the additional resistance, the
DC component decreases more quickly with the time constant τ a = X" d /[2πf × (R a + R add )]. Such
additional resistance may be the connection from the generator to the fault location, but
especially the arc resistance of the fault and the circuit-breaker arc resistance after contact
separation. If there is an arc at the fault location, this arc resistance further reduces the time
constant of the DC component from the beginning of the fault and the generator circuit-breaker
arc resistance after contact separation. The values of these additional series resistances are
normally high enough to force a fast decay of the DC component of the short-circuit current so
that current zeros are produced.
Figure 53 shows the effect of the arc voltage on the current from the example shown in
Figure 52, in the phase with the highest asymmetry. At the moment of contact separation, the
decay of the DC component changes suddenly due to the influence of the arc voltage of the
generator circuit-breaker. The DC component of the current does not decrease exponentially
because arc resistance due to arc voltage is not constant. Arc resistance at the fault location
was not taken into account in this example. However, within one cycle after contact separation,
current zeros occur.
– 180 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure 53 – Short-circuit current with circuit-breaker arc voltage

after contact separation
9.103.6.3.6.4 Proof of the capability of the generator circuit-breaker
The capability of a generator circuit-breaker to interrupt short-circuit currents with delayed

current zero crossings occurring in actual service conditions, may be difficult to demonstrate in
high power test laboratories.
If, in some cases, three-phase tests in power test laboratories are possible, the conditions
described in 7.105 shall be observed.
When the current exhibits delayed current zeros (i.e. degree of asymmetry > 100 %) the
capability of the generator circuit-breaker to force current zeros shall be demonstrated by
means of a calculation considering the effect of the arc voltage of the generator circuit-breaker
on the prospective current. The arc voltage versus current characteristic of the generator circuit-
breaker can be derived from test-duties 5, 6A and 6B. The developed model can be improved
taking into account the test results (current, arc-voltage) measured during other tests like for
example test-duty 4, system-source short-circuit and out-of-phase current breaking tests. The
arc voltage versus current characteristic can be used as described in [5] to model the generator
circuit-breaker. To be able to investigate the behaviour of the circuit-breaker during the
interruption of currents with delayed current zeros the arc voltage characteristic shall be
transferred into a mathematical model. From the arc voltage u arc (i,t) and the current i(t) the arc
resistance R arc (i,t) can be obtained. In order to model the behaviour of the generator circuit-
breaker a non-linear time-varying resistance of the value R arc (i,t) shall be inserted into the
simulation at the time of the separation of the contacts of the generator circuit-breaker.
Typically, every generator circuit-breaker type is represented by its own model for the purpose
of these studies.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 181 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
The following two typical situations shall be considered for a particular generator-source short-
circuit current for a three-phase fault:
1) Fault initiation at voltage zero in one phase which implies that the current in the
corresponding phase exhibits the maximum degree of asymmetry.
2) Fault initiation at voltage maximum in one phase which implies that the current in the
corresponding phase is symmetrical.
For each of the situations 1 and 2 the following two cases shall be investigated:
a) Generator at no-load with the generator circuit-breaker closing into a three-phase fault. In
the computation, the arc voltage of the generator circuit-breaker after contact separation
shall be taken into account.
b) Generator in service with leading power factor. An arcing fault is assumed in at least two
phases. For the computation, arc voltage at the fault location starting at the initiation of the
fault, and the arc voltage of the generator circuit-breaker starting at contact separation shall
be taken into account.
The technical data of the actual generator shall be used for these computations.
The capability of a generator circuit-breaker to interrupt a given current which shows delayed
current zeros can be considered as being demonstrated if the generator circuit-breaker is
capable of forcing the current to zero within the time interval in which it is able to interrupt a
current (i.e. within the maximum tested arcing time).
9.103.6.3.7 Guide for the selection of the class of the generator circuit-breaker
9.103.6.3.7.1 General
In order to select the class of the generator circuit-breaker which is required for a specific
application, the following steps shall be followed and the requirements laid down in
9.103.6.3.7.2, 9.103.6.3.7.3 and 9.103.6.3.7.4 shall be met simultaneously.
The asymmetrical breaking current is calculated in the same manner as for the system-source
short-circuit current, see formula in 9.103.6.3.3. In case of generator-source short-circuit
breaking currents, this formula is used with degrees of asymmetry which could exceed 100 %.
This formula is not used for testing purposes but for the evaluation of the suitability of generator
circuit-breakers for plant-specific applications.
9.103.6.3.7.2 Case of generator delivering power with lagging power factor prior to fault
Calculate the RMS value of the AC component of the prospective generator-source short-circuit
current I scg_lagg and the asymmetrical current in the case of a three-phase fault occurring
between the generator-circuit-breaker and the associated step-up transformer with the
generator delivering power with lagging power factor prior to fault. Fault initiation shall be
assumed at voltage zero in one phase which implies that the current in the corresponding phase
exhibits the maximum degree of asymmetry. These two values shall be calculated at the instant
of intended contact separation in the phase exhibiting the maximum degree of asymmetry.
Select a generator circuit-breaker class G1 or G2 with the RMS value of the AC component of
the rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current I scg not less than I scg_lagg .
a) For a generator circuit-breaker class G1 the asymmetrical short-circuit current calculated at

the instant of intended contact separation shall not exceed the asymmetrical
generator-source short-circuit breaking current of the generator circuit-breaker equal to
2
I scg 1+ 2 × (11
, ) .
– 182 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
b) For a generator circuit-breaker class G2 the asymmetrical short-circuit current calculated at
the instant of intended contact separation shall not exceed the asymmetrical
generator-source short-circuit breaking current of the generator circuit-breaker equal to
2
I scg 1+ 2 × (1,3 ) .
9.103.6.7.7.3 Case of generator unloaded prior to fault
Calculate the RMS value of the AC component I scg_unl and the degree of asymmetry of the
prospective generator-source short-circuit current in the case of a three-phase fault occurring
generator unloaded prior to fault. No fault arc voltage shall be taken into consideration for the
calculations. Fault initiation shall be assumed at voltage zero in one phase which implies that
the current in the corresponding phase exhibits the maximum degree of asymmetry. The RMS
value of the AC component and the degree of asymmetry of this prospective generator-source
short-circuit current shall be calculated at the instant of intended contact separation in the
phase exhibiting the maximum degree of asymmetry.
• If the calculated degree of asymmetry does not exceed 110 %, a generator circuit-breaker
having I scg not less than I scg_unl with either class G1 or class G2 is adequate for the
application provided that it is shown with calculations that the generator circuit-breaker by
means of its arc voltage is capable of forcing the current to zero within its maximum tested
arcing time. The following two situations shall be considered for a particular generator-
source short-circuit current for a three-phase fault:
– fault initiation at voltage zero in one phase which implies that the current in the
corresponding phase exhibits the maximum degree of asymmetry;
– fault initiation at voltage maximum in one phase which implies that the current in the
In the computation, the arc voltage of the generator circuit-breaker after contact separation
shall be taken into account. No fault arc voltage shall be taken into account.
The capability of a generator circuit-breaker to interrupt a given short-circuit current which
shows delayed current zeros can be considered as being demonstrated if the generator
circuit-breaker is capable of forcing the current to zero within the time interval in which it is
able to interrupt a current (i.e. within the maximum tested arcing time).
• If the calculated degree of asymmetry is between 110 % and 130 %, one of the following
conditions shall be met:
1) Select a generator circuit-breaker class G1 with the RMS value of the AC component of
the rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current I scg not less than I scg_unl
provided that the following conditions are met:
i) The asymmetrical short-circuit current calculated at the instant of intended contact
separation does not exceed the asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit
breaking current of the generator circuit-breaker.
ii) It is shown with calculations that the generator circuit-breaker by means of its arc
voltage is capable of forcing the current to zero within its maximum tested arcing
time. The following two typical situations shall be considered for a particular
generator-source short-circuit current for a three-phase fault:
– fault initiation at voltage maximum in one phase which implies that the current in
the corresponding phase is symmetrical.
In the computation, the arc voltage of the generator circuit-breaker after contact
separation shall be taken into account. No fault arc voltage shall be taken into account.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 183 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
The capability of a generator circuit-breaker to interrupt a given short-circuit current
which shows delayed current zeros can be considered as being demonstrated if the
generator circuit-breaker is capable of forcing the current to zero within the time interval
in which it is able to interrupt a current (i.e. within the maximum tested arcing time).
2) Select a generator circuit-breaker class G1 with 0,74 I scg not less than I scg_unl provided
that it is shown with calculations that the generator circuit-breaker by means of its arc
voltage is capable of forcing the current to zero within its maximum tested arcing time.
The following two typical situations shall be considered for a particular generator-source
short-circuit current for a three-phase fault:
3) Select a generator circuit-breaker with class G2 and I scg not less than I scg_unl provided
• If the calculated degree of asymmetry exceeds 130 %, one of the following conditions shall
be met:
the rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current I scg higher than I scg_unl
– 184 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
separation shall be taken into account. No fault arc voltage shall be taken into
account.
generator circuit-breaker is capable of forcing the current to zero within the time
interval in which it is able to interrupt a current (i.e. within the maximum tested arcing
time).
2) Select a generator circuit-breaker class G1 with 0,74 I scg higher than I scg_unl provided
that the following conditions are met:
2
separation does not exceed 0 ,74 × I scg 1+ 2 × (1,3 ) .
account.
time).
3) Select a generator circuit-breaker with class G2 and I scg higher than I scg_unl so that the
account.
time).
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 185 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
9.103.6.7.7.4 Case of generator delivering power with leading power factor prior to fault
Calculate the RMS value of the AC component I scg_lead and the degree of asymmetry of the
prospective generator-source short-circuit current in the case of a three-phase fault occurring
generator loaded with leading power factor prior to fault. Fault initiation shall be assumed at
voltage zero in one phase which implies that the current in the corresponding phase exhibits
the maximum degree of asymmetry. The RMS value of the AC component and the degree of
asymmetry of this prospective generator-source short-circuit current shall be calculated at the
instant of intended contact separation in the phase exhibiting the maximum degree of
asymmetry.
• If the calculated degree of asymmetry does not exceed 110 %, a generator circuit-breaker
having I scg not less than I scg_lead with either class G1 or class G2 is adequate for the
application provided that it is shown with calculations that the generator circuit-breaker by
means of its arc voltage is capable of forcing the current to zero within its maximum tested
arcing time. The following two situations shall be considered for a particular generator-
source short-circuit current for a three-phase fault:
In the computation an arcing fault is assumed in at least two phases. For the
computation, arc voltage at the fault location starting at the initiation of the fault, and the
arc voltage of the generator circuit-breaker starting at contact separation shall be taken
into account.
• If the calculated degree of asymmetry is between 110 % and 130 %, one of the following
conditions shall be met:
the rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current I scg not less than I scg_lead
computation, arc voltage at the fault location starting at the initiation of the fault,
and the arc voltage of the generator circuit-breaker starting at contact separation
– 186 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
The capability of a generator circuit-breaker to interrupt a given short-circuit
current which shows delayed current zeros can be considered as being
demonstrated if the generator circuit-breaker is capable of forcing the current to
zero within the time interval in which it is able to interrupt a current (i.e. within
the maximum tested arcing time).
2) Select a generator circuit-breaker class G1 with 0,74 I scg not less than I scg_lead provided
computation, arc voltage at the fault location starting at the initiation of the fault, and
the arc voltage of the generator circuit-breaker starting at contact separation shall
time).
3) Select a generator circuit-breaker with class G2 and I scg not less than I scg_lead provided
computation, arc voltage at the fault location starting at the initiation of the fault, and
the arc voltage of the generator circuit-breaker starting at contact separation shall
time).
• If the calculated degree of asymmetry exceeds 130 %, one of the following conditions shall
be met:
the rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current I scg higher than I scg_lead
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 187 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
2) select a generator circuit-breaker class G1 with 0,74 I scg higher than I scg_lead provided
that the following conditions are met:
2
separation does not exceed 0 ,74 × I scg 1+ 2 × (1,3 ) .
3) Select a generator circuit-breaker with class G2 and I scg higher than I scg_lead so that the
separation does not exceed the asymmetrical interrupting capability of the generator
circuit-breaker.
– 188 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
9.103.6.7.7.5 Case of synchronous compensators
Subclauses 9.103.6.3.7.2, 9.103.6.3.7.3 and 9.103.6.3.7.4 are applicable with the following
modifications: for the cases of machine delivering power prior to fault, a power factor equal to
0 shall be taken into account for the computations. Special attention shall be paid to these
cases because the degree of asymmetry of the fault current might attain values higher than
those observed in conventional generator applications.
9.103.6.7.8 Making current capability
The short-circuit current into which the generator circuit-breaker shall close is determined by
the higher value of either the system-source short-circuit current or the generator-source short-
circuit current. In the majority of applications the system-source short-circuit current is higher
than the generator-source short-circuit current.
The ratio of the peak value of the short-circuit current to the RMS value of the AC component
of the rated system-source short-circuit breaking current of the generator circuit-breaker is
determined by the following equation:
Imc  − t 
= 2  e 133
= + 1 2,74
I sc  
 
where t is approximately 1/2 cycle in ms.
In cases where the generator-source short-circuit current might be higher than the system-
source short-circuit current special considerations are necessary. The required generator-
source symmetrical breaking current at contact separation depends on the decay of the AC
current with the generator time constants τ ' d , τ " d , τ ' q , and τ " q varies from one application to
another. The required making current shall be established by calculation. The equation in D.4.2
could be used for an estimation.
9.103.6.7.9 Faults in the case of three-winding step-up transformers
When two generators are connected to the high-voltage system by means of a three-winding
step-up transformer, special attention should be paid to the system-source short-circuit current.
In the case of a three-phase earthed fault occurring at location F in Figure 54, both the AC
component and the degree of asymmetry of the system-source short-circuit current which
should be interrupted by the Generator circuit-breaker #1 can attain very high values because
of the additional contribution to the current of the Generator #2.
Because the AC component of the fault current fed by the Generator #2 is not constant, the
ratio of the peak value of the short-circuit current seen by Generator circuit-breaker #1 to the
RMS value of the AC component of the short-circuit breaking current (at contact separation of
Generator circuit-breaker #1) could exceed the standard value of 2,74 (refer to Annex I).
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 189 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure 54 – Single-line diagram of a power plant with two generators connected to

the high-voltage system by means of a three-winding step-up transformer
In addition the fault current fed by Generator #2 in the case of a fault occurring at location F
generally features a relatively small magnitude and a very high degree of asymmetry and it
often exhibits several cycles without natural zero crossing (refer to Annex I). These delayed
current zeros have totally different causes and are extremely dissimilar in comparison with the
currents associated with generator terminal faults and out-of-phase synchronising. The
waveform of this current is obtained as the superposition of two contributions, i.e. one oscillating
at power frequency and a transient one whose course is dictated by the time constants of the
circuit. The transient component consists of two decaying exponential functions: this waveform
is over-damped as the damping contribution prevails over the oscillating one. If the Generator
circuit-breaker #2 has to interrupt this current, the capability of the generator circuit-breaker to
force current zeros shall be demonstrated by means of calculations considering the effect of
the arc voltage of the generator circuit-breaker on the prospective short-circuit current.

shows delayed current zeros can be considered as being demonstrated if the generator circuit-
breaker is capable of forcing the current to zero within the time interval in which it is able to
interrupt a current (i.e. within the maximum tested arcing time).
9.103.7 TRV rating for system-source and generator-source short-circuits
9.103.7.1 Background
The principles in IEEE Std C37.011 TM are applicable when TRV problems are considered during
the interruption process of short-circuit currents by a generator circuit-breaker. An exception is
that the short-line fault rating does not apply.
– 190 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
The generator circuit-breaker is a special application because it is installed between a generator
and step-up transformer, the characteristics of which largely dictate the waveshape of the
prospective TRV for various duties. Therefore, the TRV ratings are defined for the generator-
source and the system-source faults, depending on the generator or transformer ratings (see
Table 3 and Table 4). These ratings are determined for the first-pole-to-clear and for
symmetrical current interruption in case of three-phase earthed faults. Rated TRVs are
prospective values assuming an ideal generator circuit-breaker. These values may be modified
by the generator circuit-breaker characteristics or by the asymmetry of the current.
A system with a TRV that exceeds the rated values shall be modified in such a way as to
mitigate the TRV. This is achieved by placing a low ohmic resistor in parallel with the main
interrupting device of the generator circuit-breaker or by connecting capacitors to its terminals.
or between the generator and the generator circuit-breaker, or at both sides, or capacitors can
be part of the generator circuit-breaker assembly. The interrupting capability demonstrated by
relevant type tests is valid only if capacitors of the same capacitance value as taken into
account during the tests are installed according to the tested configuration. An interrupting
capability different than that tested cannot be confirmed for the generator circuit-breaker with a
different capacitance value of the capacitors used to mitigate the TRV.
9.103.7.2 Basis of standardised TRV parameters for the interrupting of short-circuit

currents
9.103.7.2.1 General
Several cases should be considered based on the following:
a) system-source faults where the short-circuit is located on the generator side of the
generator circuit-breaker;
b) generator-source faults where the short-circuit is located on the transformer side of the
The neutral of the generator is not-effectively earthed, thus the single-phase to earth fault
current is not significant. A three-phase fault is the most severe case and gives the maximum
short-circuit current and the maximum TRV rate.
9.103.7.2.2 Influence of the power plant configuration
9.103.7.2.2.1 General
The most commonly used power plant single-line configuration is shown in Figure 55, where
the generator and the step-up transformer have essentially the same rating. Other
arrangements having the same total rating as in Figure 55 are shown in Figure 56 and
Figure 57. In each case, the auxiliary transformer is a minor source of short-circuit current and
can be neglected.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 191 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure 55 – Single-line diagram of unit generator system
Figure 56 – Single-line diagram of half-sized transformer unit system

– 192 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure 57 – Single-line diagram of system with half-sized generators
9.103.7.2.2.2 System-source faults
For a system-source fault at A1 in Figure 55, the short-circuit current is determined by the sum
of the transformer short-circuit reactance, X T and the high-voltage (HV) system reactance, X S .
The maximum value of short-circuit current is obtained for a given transformer when X S is
minimum or assumed to be zero.
The natural frequency of the transformer is much higher than the natural frequency of the HV
system. Therefore, the TRV first oscillates at the value of voltage drop in the transformer,
I sc × X T √2 to the prospective value of 1,5 I sc × X T √2, where I sc is the RMS value of the available
symmetrical short-circuit current.
The voltage drop in the transformer is equal to the total power-frequency recovery voltage for
X S = 0. Therefore, the TRV rate is maximum when the short-circuit current is maximum. This is
contrary to what is observed in HV systems, where the TRV rate increases when the short-
circuit current decreases.
Practically, the maximum observed TRV rate is 75 % to 90 % of the theoretical value determined
from the natural frequency of the step-up transformer, taking into account the capacitance of
the low-voltage side, including the auxiliary transformer.
A larger reduction in TRV rate is observed if capacitors are installed on the low voltage side of
the step-up transformer. The TRV rate is reduced from 6 kV/µs to a value of 4 kV/µs with the
addition of 0,1 µF to 0,2 µF of capacitance per phase. The standardised values of TRV rate do
not take into account this capacitance.
For a system-source fault at A2 in Figure 56, the situation is the same as for a fault at A1 in
Figure 55, except that the short-circuit current and the TRV parameters seen by the individual
circuit-breakers are related to a step-up transformer of lower rating.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 193 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
For a system-source fault at A3 in Figure 57, the short-circuit current is higher because the fault
is also fed by the generator, G2. However, the TRV rate is lower because of the capacitance of
the G2 generator windings. If the generator G2 is out of service, the situation is the same as
for a fault at A1 in Figure 55, except that the generator G1 is approximately half the rating.
In the special case where the generator circuit-breaker is connected to the step-up transformer
by shielded cables, the additional capacitance of the cables modifies the prospective TRV, as
illustrated in Annex F.
9.103.7.2.2.3 Generator-source faults
For a generator-source fault at B1 in Figure 55, the short-circuit current is usually lower than
for the system-source fault at A1, because of the higher reactance of the generator windings.
Although the short-circuit current and TRV rate are lower for generator-source faults than for
system-source faults, generator-source faults cannot be ignored because of the high degree of
asymmetry of the short-circuit current (see 9.103.6.3.5), thus the corresponding TRV
parameters shall be specified.
For a generator-source fault at C1 in Figure 55, on the HV side of the transformer, the short-
circuit current is lower when compared to a fault at B1. This fault location can usually be ignored
because the resulting stresses on the generator circuit-breaker are much lower than for faults
at A1 and B1.
The TRV results from transformer and generator voltage oscillations. The magnitude of each
oscillation is approximately proportional to the transformer and generator reactances,
respectively.
For a generator-source fault at B2 in Figure 56, if the transformer TR2 is out of service, the
oscillation is the same as for a fault at B1 in Figure 55 with the short-circuit current and TRV
parameters determined by the rating of the generator. If the transformer TR2 is in service and
the generator circuit-breaker GCB1 is the first to open, the short-circuit current is higher than
for a fault at B1 in Figure 55, and TRV parameters are intermediate in value, between TRV
parameters for the full-sized generator and TRV parameters for the half-sized transformer. This
case needs special consideration to determine the required TRV parameters.
An example of how to apply generator circuit-breakers in power stations with multiple

generators is given in Annex E.
9.103.7.2.2.4 Faults in the presence of current limiting reactors
Owing to the very small inherent capacitance of a number of current limiting reactors, the natural
frequency of transients involving these reactors can be very high. A generator circuit-breaker
installed immediately in series with such type of reactor will face a high frequency TRV when
clearing a terminal fault (reactor at supply side of generator circuit-breaker) or clearing a fault
behind the reactor (reactor at load side of generator circuit-breaker). The resulting TRV
frequency can exceed the standardised TRV values.
In these cases, it is necessary to take mitigation measures, such as the application of capacitors
in parallel to the reactors or connected to earth. The available mitigation measures are very
effective and cost efficient. It is strongly recommended to use them, unless it can be
demonstrated by tests that a generator circuit-breaker can successfully clear faults with the
required high frequency TRV.
The mitigation method should be such that the rate-of-rise of TRV for the fault current, as limited
by the series reactor, is reduced to a value lower than the standard values, depending on the
generator circuit-breaker ratings.
– 194 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Based on the preceding considerations, no rated values of TRV and no special test-duty are
specified for this fault case.
9.103.7.3 Rated prospective transient recovery voltage
The rated voltages of generators and associated step-up transformers are not standardised.
The short-circuit currents therefore will vary widely.
After reviewing available equipment data, TRV parameters were standardised based on the
power rating of the step-up transformer and generator, respectively.
Table 3 gives the parameters of the rated TRV applicable when the fault is located on the
generator side of the generator circuit-breaker and the source of the short-circuit current is the
power system through a step-up transformer. The values are applicable to the interrupting
operation of the AC component of rated system-source short-circuit breaking current according
to 5.101.2 and symmetrical interrupting capability for three-phase faults according to
9.103.6.3.2. For the asymmetrical interrupting capability for three-phase faults according to
9.103.6.3.3, the same prospective TRV parameters shall be used but the actual TRV will be
less severe due to the asymmetry. At the instant of current interruption at current zero, the
power-frequency recovery voltage is shifted in phase due to the DC component of the current
and the TRV oscillates around a lower instantaneous power-frequency recovery voltage value
than for the symmetrical case.
Table 4 gives the parameters of the rated TRV applicable when the fault is located on the
transformer side of the generator circuit-breaker and the source of the short-circuit current is
the generator. The values are applicable to the interrupting operation of the AC component of
rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current according to 5.101.3 and generator-
source symmetrical interrupting capability for three-phase faults according to 9.103.6.3.4. For
the generator-source asymmetrical interrupting capability for three-phase faults according to
9.103.6.3.5, and the generator-source asymmetrical interrupting capability for maximum degree
of asymmetry according to 9.103.6.3.6, the same prospective TRV parameters are to be used
but the actual TRV will be less severe due to the asymmetry for the same reason stated above.
At the interruption of the short-circuit current with maximum asymmetry, the transient oscillation
of the recovery voltage will be very small or even non-existent since at the moment of short-
circuit current interruption, the power-frequency voltage value may be very small or zero.
TRV parameters listed in Table 3 and Table 4 apply to the first-pole-to-clear for a three-phase
earthed fault, with a first-pole-to-clear factor equal to 1,5. The TRV oscillates as shown in
Figure 13.
If the generator circuit-breaker requires that the prospective TRV be modified by the addition
of capacitors, then the amount of equivalent capacitance required shall be given in the test
report and on the nameplate. It is recognised that connecting a shielded cable or a cable bus
between the generator and the circuit-breaker may provide this capacitance.
The curve rises to the crest value, u c equal to 1,84U r where U r is the RMS value of the rated
voltage in kV and the value 1,84 is equal to
2
× 1,5 (= first-pole-to-clear factor) × 1,5 (= amplitude factor)
3
The rising part of the TRV curve is bounded by two lines. One line goes through the origin and
tangent to the TRV curve with a slope equal to the rate-of-rise of the TRV (RRRV). The other
line has the same slope and goes through the point t d , time delay.
For more information about symbols and terminology related to TRV waveforms, see Table G.2
and Figure G.1 in Annex G.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 195 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
The reference lines for the prospective transient recovery voltage wave of the test circuit shall
at no time be below the specified reference lines required for the application.
The manufacturer shall approve the extent by which the TRV envelope of the test circuit
exceeds the specified reference line.
9.103.7.4 First-pole-to-clear factor
The first-pole-to-clear factor is 1,5 and corresponds to the worst condition of a three-phase
earthed fault on a non-effectively earthed system.
9.103.7.5 Amplitude factor
Analysis of the available data gives 1,5 as a realistic value, with no capacitance connected to
the terminals of the generator circuit-breaker.
9.103.8 Rated load breaking current
9.103.8.1 General
During normal service of the generator, the load current is reduced to zero before an opening
operation of the generator circuit-breaker is initiated. However, the interruption of full load
current may be required occasionally for emergency circumstances. Prospective transient
recovery voltages are shown in Table 5 for this situation.
9.103.8.2 Power-frequency recovery voltage
The single-line diagram, Figure 58, and the equivalent circuit, Figure 59, show a generator
supplying a load having an impedance Z L through a transformer T with a reactance, X t and a
transmission line with a reactance X L . The generator is synchronised with the rest of the system
symbolised by a single generator E" Gn , a single transformer X tn , and a single load, Z n .
In comparison with the sum of reactances from the generator G1 to the load Z L , the short-circuit
reactance of the HV network is small and can be neglected. Thus, when I L is interrupted and
the network only serves the load Z L , there is no voltage drop in the HV network.
The magnitude of the load current I L determines voltage drops through the reactances of
generator G1 and transformer T.
These voltage drops have a phase shift of 90° leading, to the current I L , irrespective of the load
phase angle φ , as shown on the vector diagrams of Figure 60 and Figure 61, the latter
corresponding to an almost pure resistive load.
After the interruption of I L , these voltage drops are zero. The voltage on the transformer side
of the generator circuit-breaker decreases from U p to U np , with the natural frequency of the
transformer side circuit. The voltage on the generator side of the generator circuit-breaker
increases from U p to E" G1 with the natural frequency of the generator side circuit. The amplitude
of the voltage across the transformer, which was √2I L X t before interruption of I L , drops to zero.
For rapid changes in load conditions of the generator, the subtransient reactance X" d shall be
taken into account and the amplitude of the voltage drop U s is equal to √2I L X" d .
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© IEC/IEEE 2021
The power-frequency recovery voltage appearing across the generator circuit-breaker terminals
(see Figure 62) consists of the sum of the voltage variations on each side of the generator
circuit-breaker, following load interruption, i.e., I L (X" d + X t ), in kV RMS, and for the first-pole-
to-clear in a three-phase system the voltage is equal to 1,5I L (X" d + X t ). The power-frequency
recovery voltage across the generator circuit-breaker terminals expressed in p.u. (per unit) of
the rated voltage is equal to
1,5
ur
3
(
× x " d + xt )
where
ur is the rated voltage in p.u.;
x'' d is the per unit reactance value of the generator;
xt is the per unit reactance value of the transformer.
In practice, even for the larger units, the sum of x" d + x t does not exceed 0,5 p.u., therefore the
recovery voltage across the generator circuit-breaker during a full load interruption will not
exceed 50 % of the recovery voltage value which appears after a short-circuit interruption and
consequently is standardised at
Ur
1,5 × 0,5 =
0,43U r
3
for interruption of the rated normal current of the generator.
Figure 58 – Single-line diagram of power system
Figure 59 – Equivalent circuit of power system

IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 197 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure 60 – Voltage
diagram for lagging
power factor load
Figure 61 – Voltage
diagram for unity power
factor load
Figure 62 – Recovery
voltage across the
The following Key applies to Figure 58, Figure 59, Figure 60, Figure 61 and Figure 62
CG capacitance on generator side Xn HV system short-circuit reactance = X" dn +
X tn + X Ln
C ot capacitance on transformer side Xt transformer reactance
E" G1 (e" G1 ) generator voltage at the generator circuit- ZL load impedance

breaker terminals after time t o
I L (i L ) load current G1 generator (load current I L )
U np system voltage (at the load terminals) GCB generator circuit-breaker
U p (u p ) operating voltage at the circuit-breaker T transformer

terminals before time t o
U rp (u rp ) recovery voltage across the switch ψ phase angle at the generator circuit-breaker
location
X" d subtransient generator reactance φ load phase angle
XL line reactance (from transformer to load) ω angular system frequency

– 198 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
9.103.8.3 Prospective transient recovery voltage
The TRV across the first-pole-to-clear for load current breaking is normally a dual frequency
oscillatory curve, as shown in Figure 63; the natural frequency of the transformer being higher
than the natural frequency of the generator. Also, the first peak of the transformer side voltage
is smaller than the first peak of the generator side voltage because X t is always smaller than
X" d .
Figure 63 – TRV curve for the first-pole-to-clear
Theoretical calculations prove to be difficult and yield pessimistic results. Measurements at the
site by injecting current at low voltage with the high-voltage side of the transformer short-
circuited (representing a fault on the high-voltage side by neglecting the HV system reactances)
are preferable.
Standardised TRV rate values have been selected by reviewing available results of
measurements. Standardised values do not consider the use of capacitors, which would reduce
the TRV rate.
The interrupting capability of the generator circuit-breaker demonstrated by relevant type tests
is valid only if capacitors of the same capacitance value as used during the tests are installed
according to the tested configuration. An interrupting capability different than that tested cannot
be confirmed for the generator circuit-breaker equipped with a different capacitance value of
the capacitors used to mitigate the TRV.
9.103.8.4 Endurance capability
The endurance capability can also be referred to as service capability. It gives the user some
guidance for the servicing and maintenance of generator circuit-breakers. Several subclauses
in this document deal with service and endurance capability (see 5.107, 7.101.2.3 and
7.101.2.4).
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 199 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
The endurance capability consists of the following two types of requirements:
a) Electrical endurance that essentially is a measure of contact wear and gives guidance as
to when to replace arcing contacts or other parts of the generator circuit-breaker, which are
exposed to the arc or stressed electrically during making and breaking.
b) Mechanical endurance, to ensure that the minimum number of operations can be performed
without the need for servicing or overhaul. The number of operations is specified in 5.107.
If a greater number is desired, it is subject to agreement between the user and the
manufacturer.
9.103.9 Rated out-of-phase making and breaking current
9.103.9.1 Out-of-phase current
During out-of-phase conditions with the generator operating at rated voltage, the RMS value of
the AC component of the out-of-phase current (I oph ) through the generator, the generator
circuit-breaker, the transformer, and the HV system at t = 0, i.e., at the moment of initiation of
the out-of-phase condition, can be calculated using the following equation, provided that the
single-line diagram of the power plant is as shown in Figure 55 and Figure 56.
1 U oph 1 δ × U oG
I oph = × = ×
3 '' 3 ''
Xd + Xt + Xs Xd + Xt + Xs
where
U oph is the out-of-phase voltage;
U oG is the generator line-to-line operating voltage;
δ is √2 for a 90° out-of-phase angle, and 2 for a 180° out-of-phase angle;
X" d is the subtransient reactance of the generator in Ω;
Xt is the transformer short-circuit reactance in Ω;
Xs is the short-circuit system reactance in Ω.
The ultimate out-of-phase current is lower than the initial out-of-phase current at t = 0 because
it decreases based on the time constants of the generator, the transformer and the system. The
calculation of the current excursion shall be performed by computer programs that simulate the
generator behaviour correctly. The current resulting from out-of-phase synchronising might
show delayed current zeros whose causes are totally different compared to generator terminal
faults [6]. The rapid movement of the rotor from initial out-of-phase angle φ 0 to φ = 0 results in
a very small AC component of the fault current and a dominant DC component when the
condition of φ = 0 is reached. The current resulting from out-of-phase synchronising shall be
assessed by the aid of computer simulations which allow modelling power plant equipment with
a high level of accuracy, especially the synchronous machine. The moment of inertia of the
turbine, the rotor and excitation equipment of the generator is of special importance. This is
because the instant when the φ = 0 condition is reached is determined by the angular velocity
of the rotor.
In case the fault current shows delayed current zeros the capability of the generator circuit-
breaker to force current zeros shall be demonstrated by means of a calculation considering the
effect of arc voltage. The procedure described in 9.103.6.3.6.3 applies.
The following two typical situations shall be considered for a particular out-of-phase current for
a three-phase fault:
a) initiation of the out-of-phase condition at voltage zero across the open contacts of the
generator circuit-breaker in one phase which implies that the current in the corresponding
phase exhibits the maximum degree of asymmetry;
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© IEC/IEEE 2021
b) initiation of the out-of-phase condition at voltage maximum across the open contacts of the
generator circuit-breaker in one phase which implies that the current in the corresponding
phase is symmetrical.
For each of the above situations a) and b) the following two cases shall be investigated:
1) Generator at no-load with the generator circuit-breaker closing with the phase angle
difference between phasors representing the voltages on each side of the generator circuit-
breaker. The case of generator voltage leading the system voltage referred to the LV-side
of the step-up transformer shall be investigated. In the computation, the arc voltage of the
generator circuit-breaker after contact separation shall be taken into account. Contact
separation occurs at the minimum opening time of the generator circuit-breaker after
initiation of the out-of-phase condition plus tripping delay of the protection system. The
tripping delay is generally equal to 0,5 cycles at power frequency.
3) Generator at no-load with the generator circuit-breaker closing with the phase angle
difference between phasors representing the voltages on each side of the generator circuit-
breaker. The case of generator voltage lagging the system voltage referred to the LV-side
of the step-up transformer shall be investigated. In the computation, the arc voltage of the
generator circuit-breaker after contact separation shall be taken into account. Contact
separation occurs at the minimum opening time of the generator circuit-breaker after
initiation of the out-of-phase condition plus tripping delay of the protection system. The
tripping delay is generally equal to 0,5 cycles at power frequency.

If the generator is connected to the system in full phase opposition, δ = 2, I oph will in general
exceed the generator terminal short-circuit current, which is not acceptable for the safety of the
generator. Therefore, to avoid this situation automatic synchronisation or other precautions
should be taken.
A generator circuit-breaker is not required to interrupt the full phase opposition current with a
recovery voltage twice the maximum operating voltage, thus the assigned out-of-phase current
rating will not exceed 50 % of the rated short-circuit current of the generator circuit-breaker,
which corresponds to a maximum out-of-phase angle of 90°.
9.103.9.2 TRV parameters
Circuits involved in out-of-phase current breaking have the same configuration as for load
current breaking. Therefore, the TRV is standardised in the same manner according to
9.103.8.2 taking into account a power-frequency recovery voltage equal to √2 times the
maximum operating voltage of the generator. The TRV parameters are given in Table 6.
The interrupting capability of the generator circuit-breaker demonstrated by relevant type tests
is valid only if capacitors of the same capacitance value as used during the tests are installed
according to the tested configuration. An interrupting capability different than that tested cannot
be confirmed for the generator circuit-breaker equipped with a different capacitance value of
the capacitors used to mitigate the TRV.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 201 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
9.103.10 Excitation breaking current
During routine operation, a generator step-up transformer is seldom switched in an unloaded

condition. However, consideration should be given to breaking of transformer excitation current.
The excitation current is typically 10 A to 50 A, depending on the rating and no-load
characteristics of the transformer. Excitation current breaking is not so much a matter of the
generator circuit-breaker capability, but a question of whether overvoltages are produced due
to current chopping.
The value of chopped current, and consequently the overvoltages produced, are dependent on
the generator circuit-breaker, system configuration, and also the various system parameters.
Modern transformers have a low no-load current value compared to older designs, and their
magnetic characteristics are such that a relatively low amount of energy is released when
current chopping occurs during breaking, leading to moderate chopping overvoltages.
Furthermore, the transformer LV side is usually protected by additional capacitance and by
surge arresters.
Chopping overvoltages are produced only on the transformer side of the generator circuit-
breaker. No overvoltages occur on the generator side because the inductance of the generator
is much lower than the magnetising impedance of the transformer, and the energy content is
low and not of sufficient magnitude to produce overvoltages.
Air-blast generator circuit-breakers are usually shunted by low-ohmic damping resistors in

series with an auxiliary interrupter. This auxiliary interrupter interrupts these small inductive
currents, thus, current chopping levels are in the order of those of air-blast distribution circuit-
breakers. Some air-blast generator circuit-breakers may be equipped with voltage-dependent
resistors connected across the magnetising current interrupter.
Experience indicates that the current chopping level of SF 6 self-blast generator circuit-breakers
is low and should not produce overvoltages of concern.
In general, no difficulties should be expected due to making and breaking of excitation currents.
If tests and/or calculations are to be carried out for a specific application, they should be
performed based on agreement between the user and the manufacturer.
Therefore, a detailed test procedure for breaking unloaded transformers, i.e. breaking
transformer excitation currents, is not considered in this document. The reasons for this are as
follows:
a) Owing to the non-linearity of the transformer core, it is not possible to correctly model the
breaking of the transformer excitation current by using linear components in a test
laboratory. Tests conducted using an available transformer, such as a test transformer, will
only be valid for the transformer tested and cannot be representative for other transformers.
b) As detailed in IEC TR 62271-306, the characteristics of this duty are usually less severe
than any other inductive current breaking duty. It should be noted that such a duty may
produce severe overvoltages within the transformer winding(s) depending on the circuit-
breaker re-ignition behaviour and transformer winding resonance frequencies.
9.103.11 Capacitive making and breaking current
The generator circuit-breaker is not normally called on to make and break capacitive currents.
Therefore, capacitive making and breaking is considered a special application and is not
addressed in this document. And if the generator circuit-breaker is required to have a capacitive
current making and breaking capability, the manufacturer should be consulted.
NOTE In case a surge capacitor is connected to the circuit, its capacitance value is usually in the order of 200 nF.
The resulting current is less than 4 A and generator circuit-breakers are capable of making and breaking such
capacitive currents.
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© IEC/IEEE 2021
10 Information to be given with enquiries, tenders and orders (informative)
10.1 General
The intention of Clause 10 is to define information, which is necessary to enable the user to
make an appropriate enquiry for equipment and to enable the supplier to give an adequate
tender.
Furthermore, it enables the user to make a comparison and evaluation of offers from different
suppliers.
NOTE The supplier can either be a manufacturer or a contractor.
When enquiring about or ordering an installation of a generator circuit-breaker or a generator

circuit-breaker system the following information as a minimum should be supplied by the
enquirer.
10.2 Information with enquiries and orders
The following information listed below, if applicable, should be given by the enquirer or user.
a) Particulars of systems:
1) single-line diagram of the power plant;
2) rated, minimum and maximum operating voltages;
3) rated frequency;
4) generator data (ratings, decrement curve, reactances, time constants, armature
resistance, moment of inertia and operating capability curve showing MW and MVAr
limits);
5) earthing method of the generator;
6) power transformers’ data (ratings, reactances, resistances or time constant);
7) power transformers’ tap changer steps, if any, and change of impedance with tap-
changer operation;
8) maximum system short-circuit current on high-voltage side of main transformer
(including future requirements);
9) high-voltage system DC time constant;
10) value of surge capacitors, if any.
b) Application:
1) type of power plant (e.g. fossil, hydro, nuclear, base-load, or peaking power plant);
2) service conditions including minimum and maximum ambient air temperatures, altitude
if over 1 000 m and any special conditions likely to exist or arise, for example unusual
exposure to water vapour, moisture, fumes, explosive gases, excessive dust or salt air
(see 8.102.2);
3) indoor or outdoor installation of the generator circuit-breaker;
4) limiting dimensions at generator circuit-breaker location;
5) minimum and maximum phase spacings;
6) interlocks and key coordination system;
7) type of bus between generator and generator step-up transformer (e.g. isolated phase
bus, segregated phase bus, cable bus, cables). Note that if cables are used, the type
of cable construction should be given;
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 203 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
8) bus conductor temperatures at the terminals of generator circuit-breakers and bus
conductor and enclosure temperatures at the terminals of generator circuit-breaker
systems;
9) cooling of bus (if forced air cooling, air flow rate and inlet air temperature at each pole
of the generator circuit-breaker);
10) overpressure of air for enclosed buses;
11) expected frequency of operations.
c) Required characteristics of generator circuit-breaker:
1) operating voltage;
2) insulation level;
3) power frequency;
4) continuous current;
5) short-time withstand current;
6) peak withstand current;
7) duration of short-circuit;
8) short-circuit making current;
9) system-source short-circuit breaking current (RMS value of the AC component and
time constant);
10) if applicable, generator-source short-circuit breaking current (RMS value of the AC
component and degree of asymmetry);
11) load breaking current;
12) if applicable, out-of-phase making and breaking conditions;
13) transient recovery voltages (TRV) for the breaking conditions according to items 9),
10), 11) and 12) above;
14) mechanical operation endurance capability;
15) number of allowed load current making and breaking operations.
d) Characteristics of the operating mechanism of generator circuit-breaker and associated
equipment, in particular:
1) number and type of spare auxiliary switches;
2) rated supply voltage and rated supply frequency;
3) number of releases for tripping, if more than one;
4) number of releases for closing, if more than one.
e) Requirements or restrictions concerning the use of compressed gas and requirements
for design and tests of pressure vessels.
f) Requirements for any other component of a generator circuit-breaker system as listed in
3.3.101.
g) Information of any special conditions not included above, that might influence the tender or
order (see also Clause 9).
10.3 Information with tenders
The following information listed below, if applicable, should be given by the manufacturer with
descriptive material and drawings.
Rated values and characteristics of the generator circuit-breaker or of the generator circuit-
breaker system:
1) voltage;
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© IEC/IEEE 2021
2) insulation level;
3) power frequency;
4) continuous current;
5) short-time withstand current;
6) peak withstand current;
7) duration of short-circuit;
8) short-circuit making current;
9) system-source short-circuit breaking current (RMS value of the AC component and
time constant or degree of asymmetry at contact separation);
10) generator-source short-circuit breaking current (RMS value of the AC component and
degree of asymmetry at contact separation);
11) load breaking current;
12) out-of-phase making and breaking conditions;
13) transient recovery voltages (TRV) for the breaking conditions according to items 9),
10), 11) and 12) above;
14) operating times;
15) type of gas for insulation and/or making and breaking;
16) specified filling pressure for insulation and/or making and breaking;
17) minimum functional pressure for insulation and/or making and breaking;
18) specified filling pressure for operation;
19) minimum functional pressure for operation;
20) mechanical operation endurance capability.
Particulars of the installation:
1) minimum and maximum phase spacings;
2) cooling of the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system (if
forced air cooling, air flow rate and inlet air temperature at each pole of the generator
circuit-breaker);
3) rated values of components (e.g. for VTs, CTs or SAs in an assembly, for individual
functional units of an assembly) and means of protection (e.g. VTs with fuses);
4) degree of protection for the enclosure and partitions;
Characteristics of the operating mechanisms of components of the generator circuit-breaker
system and associated equipment, where applicable:
1) type of operating devices;
2) number and type of spare auxiliary switches;
3) rated supply voltage and rated supply frequency;
4) number of releases for tripping;
5) number of releases for closing;
Overall dimensions and other information:
1) dimensions of the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system
and details necessary for the design of the foundation;
2) seismic qualification level.
General information regarding installation of the generator circuit-breaker or of the
generator circuit-breaker system and its connections should be given.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 205 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
11 Transport, storage, installation, operating instructions and maintenance
11.1 General
It is essential that the transport, storage and installation of generator circuit-breakers or

generator circuit-breaker systems, as well as their operation and maintenance in service, be
performed in accordance with instructions given by the manufacturer.
In addition, commissioning tests shall be performed as part of the installation according to

11.3.101 taking into consideration the routine tests to be performed after final assembly.
Consequently, the manufacturer should provide the appropriate version of the instruction
manual for the transport, storage, installation including any routine tests to be performed during
commissioning as well as for the operation and maintenance of the generator circuit-breaker or
the generator circuit-breaker system. The instructions for the transport and storage should be
given at a convenient time before delivery, and the instructions for the installation,
commissioning, operation and maintenance should be given by the time of delivery at the latest.
It is preferable that the operation manual be a separate document from the installation,
commissioning and maintenance manual.
It is impossible, here, to cover in detail the complete rules for the installation, commissioning,
operation and maintenance of each one of the different types of generator circuit-breakers or
generator circuit-breaker systems manufactured; however, the following information is given
relative to the most important points to be considered for the instructions provided by the
manufacturer.
NOTE Refer also to IEEE Std C37.12.1 TM [7].
11.2 Conditions during transport, storage and installation
A special agreement should be made between manufacturer and user if the service conditions
of temperature and humidity defined in the order cannot be guaranteed during transport, storage
and installation.
Protection of insulation during transport, storage and installation, and prior to energising, to
prevent moisture absorption due, for instance, to rain, snow or condensation shall be
considered. Appropriate instructions should be given.
Vibrations during transport shall be considered. Shock recorders with the appropriate
measuring characteristics should be installed during the shipment. Appropriate instructions
should be given.
11.3 Installation
11.3.1 General
11.3.2 Unpacking and lifting

– 206 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Each complete equipment shall be provided with adequate lifting facilities and labelled
(externally) to show the correct method of lifting. The equipment shall be labelled (externally)
to indicate its shipping mass in kg or in "kg and [weight lb]", when fully equipped. Special lifting
devices shall be capable of lifting the mass of each transport unit and special precautions shall
be detailed in the installation manual (for example lifting brackets or bolts that are intended to
be used only temporarily shall be removed at site).
Required information for unpacking should be given.
11.3.3 Assembly
When the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system is not fully
assembled for transport, all transport units should be clearly marked. Drawings showing
assembly of these parts should be provided with the generator circuit-breaker or the generator
circuit-breaker system.
11.3.4 Mounting
Instructions for the mounting of the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker
system, the operating device(s) and the auxiliary equipment should include sufficient details of
locations and foundations to enable site preparation to be completed.
These instructions should also indicate
– the total mass of the apparatus inclusive of extinguishing or insulating fluids;

– the mass of extinguishing or insulating fluids;
– the mass of the heaviest part of the apparatus to be lifted separately if it exceeds 100 kg
[weighs more than 220 lb].
11.3.5 Connections
Subclause 11.3.5 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is replaced by the following.
Instructions should include information on
a) connection of conductors, comprising the necessary advice to prevent overheating and

unnecessary strain on the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system
and to provide adequate clearance;
b) connection of auxiliary circuits;
c) connection of liquid or gas systems, if any, including size and arrangement of piping;
d) connection for earthing.
11.3.6 Information about gas and gas mixtures for controlled and closed pressure
systems
11.3.7 Final installation inspection
Instructions should be provided for inspection and tests which should be made after the
generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system has been installed and all
connections have been completed.
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These instructions should include
– a schedule of recommended site tests to establish correct operation;

– procedures for carrying out any adjustment that may be necessary to obtain correct
operation;
– recommendations for any relevant measurements that should be made and recorded to help
with future maintenance decisions;
– instructions for final inspection and putting into service.
11.3.8 Basic input data by the user
a) specific pressure vessel rules and procedures that may apply during installation and
commissioning tests;
b) interface requirements for high-voltage cables and transformers;
c) in-service conditions or operating restrictions that shall be respected;
d) safety regulations that shall be adhered to;
NOTE The following information is rarely provided in the instructions relating to the generator circuit-breaker
or the generator circuit-breaker system; however, it is usually given as part of the work plan for the site.
e) access limitations to the local site;
f) local working conditions and any restrictions that may apply (for example, safety equipment,
normal working hours, union requirements for supervisor, manufacturer's and local
installation crew);
g) availability and capacity of lifting and handling equipment;
h) availability, number and experience of local personnel.
11.3.9 Basic input data by the manufacturer
a) space necessary for installation and assembly;

b) size and mass [weight] of components and testing equipment;
c) site conditions regarding cleanliness and temperature for clean installation and preparation
area;
d) number and experience of local personnel required for installation;
e) time and activity schedules for installation and commissioning;
f) electric power, lighting, water and other needs for installation and commissioning;
g) proposed training of installation and service personnel;
h) in case of extension to existing generator circuit-breaker
• out-of-service requirements of existing components related to the installation schedule;
• safety precautions.
11.3.101 Commissioning tests
After a generator circuit-breaker or a generator circuit-breaker system has been installed and
all connections have been completed, commissioning tests shall be performed.
The purpose of commissioning tests is for confirmation of
– absence of damage, due to transport and storage;

– compatibility of separate units;
– correct assembly;
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– correct performance of the assembled generator circuit-breaker.
The manufacturer shall specify a programme of site commissioning checks and tests.
When generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems are shipped as complete

units the commissioning tests shall include, but are not limited to, the programme given in
11.3.102. The results of the tests shall be recorded in a test report. Repetition of the full
programme of routine tests, already performed in the factory, shall be avoided.
When generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems are assembled and

shipped as separate units, the commissioning tests shall additionally include the full set of
routine tests as given in Clause 8. Possible exceptions according to 11.3.102.5.3 shall be
regarded.
11.3.102 Commissioning checks and test programme
11.3.102.1 General checks
The following general checks shall be performed:
– assembly conforms to manufacturer's drawings and instructions;

– tightness of the generator circuit-breaker or, if applicable, any other component of a
generator circuit-breaker system, their fastenings, fluid systems and control devices ;
– external insulation and, where applicable, internal insulation are undamaged and clean;
– paint and other corrosion protection are sound;
– operating devices, especially operating releases, are free from contamination;
– adequacy and integrity of the earth connection up to and including the interface with the
substation earthing system;
and, where applicable:
– record the number on the operations counter(s) at delivery;

– record the number on the operations counter(s) at completion of all site testing.
11.3.102.2 Checks of electrical circuits
The following electrical circuits checks shall be performed:
– conformity to the wiring diagram;

– correct operation of signalling (position, alarms, lockouts, etc.);
– correct operation of heating and lighting.
11.3.102.3 Checks of the insulation and/or making and breaking fluid(s)
The following checks shall be performed as applicable:
– oil type;
– oil dielectric strength (IEC 60296);
– oil level.
– filling pressure (density) for insulation and/or making and breaking;
– gas quality checks, to confirm the manufacturer's acceptance levels.
The quality checks are not required on sealed generator circuit-breakers or sealed components
of generator circuit-breaker systems or if generator circuit-breakers or the components of
generator circuit-breaker systems are filled on site by using new gas from sealed bottles.
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11.3.102.4 Checks on operating fluid(s), where filled or added on site
The following checks shall be performed as applicable:
– hydraulic oil level;

– unless otherwise agreed, confirmation that the moisture content of the hydraulic oil is
sufficiently low to prevent internal corrosion or other damage to the hydraulic system;
– gas filling pressure;
– gas purity (for example oxygen free or 1 % tracer gas).
11.3.102.5 Mechanical tests and measurements
11.3.102.5.1 Measurements of the characteristic insulating and/or making and breaking

fluid pressures (where applicable)
11.3.102.5.1.1 General
The following measurements shall be taken in order to compare them with the values both
recorded during the routine tests and guaranteed by the manufacturer. These values serve as
the reference for future maintenance and other checks and will enable any drift in operating
characteristics to be detected.
These measurements involve a check of the operation of the alarm and lockout devices
(pressure switches, relays, transducers, etc.) where applicable.
11.3.102.5.1.2 Verifications of alarm function
Where applicable, on rising pressure: disappearance of the low-pressure or low-density alarm.
11.3.102.5.2 Measurements of characteristic operating fluid pressures (if applicable)
11.3.102.5.2.1 General
The following measurements (list to be adapted as necessary) shall be taken, in order to

compare them with the values both recorded during routine tests and guaranteed by the
manufacturer. These values may serve as a reference during later checks (maintenance) and
will enable any drift in operating characteristics to be detected.
The measurements involve a check of the operation of the lockout or alarm devices (pressure
switches, relays, etc.).
11.3.102.5.2.2 Verifications
The following verifications shall be made as applicable:
a) On a rise in pressure with the pumping device (pump, compressor, controlled valve, etc.) in
service:
– disappearance of the low-pressure alarm;
– cut-off of the pumping device;
– opening of the safety valve (if applicable).
NOTE The measurements can be combined with the measurements of the recharging time of the operating
mechanism (see 11.3.102.5.2.4).
b) On a drop in pressure with the pumping device switched off:

– closing of the safety valve (if applicable);
– starting of the pumping device;
– appearance of the low-pressure alarm.
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11.3.102.5.2.3 Verification of the rated operating sequence of the generator circuit-
breaker
The mechanical ability of the generator circuit-breaker to perform its rated operating sequence
should be verified under de-energised conditions. The tests should be performed with the
recharging device in service, with site supply voltage.
The site supply voltage is the on-load voltage available at the generator circuit-breaker from
the normal site supply and should be compatible with the rated supply voltage of auxiliary and
control circuits.
11.3.102.5.2.4 Verification of recharging time of the operating mechanism of the

The following recharging time shall be verified as applicable:
a) Fluid-operated mechanism
The operation time of the pumping device (pump, compressor, control valve, etc.) should be
measured:
– between minimum and maximum pressure (cut-in and cut-off of the pumping device);
– during the following operations or operating sequence, starting each time with minimum
pressure (cut-in of the pumping device):
– C three-pole;
– O three-pole;
– CO three-pole.
b) Other mechanisms
The recharging time after a closing operation and, if applicable, after an opening operation
and after a close-open operation should be measured at the site supply voltage.
11.3.102.5.2.5 Record of travel curve of the generator circuit-breaker
If the generator circuit-breaker has been assembled as a complete generator circuit-breaker for
the first time on site or where all or part of the routine tests are performed on site, then proof
shall be given that the mechanical behaviour conforms to that of the test object used for type
testing. This shall be done by confirming the mechanical characteristics as defined in 7.101.1.1,
for example no-load travel curves are within the reference travel bands.
If the generator circuit-breaker has been assembled as a complete circuit-breaker at the factory
and the travel curve recorded and confirmed according to 8.101 no further record on site is
required.
11.3.102.5.2.6 Simulation of fault-making operation and check of anti-pumping device

of the generator circuit-breaker
A CO operation shall be performed with the trip circuit energised by the closing of the auxiliary
contact. The closing command shall be maintained for at least 1 s in order that the anti-pumping
device can be checked for effective operation.
The test also verifies the proper function during the rapid application of the opening command.
NOTE A simplified anti-pumping test can also be executed, using the local control. In this case, a closing command
is applied and maintained, while a consecutive opening command is applied.
11.3.102.5.2.7 Mechanical tests and measurements with any other component of a

generator circuit-breaker system
The main-disconnector and the earthing switch shall be tested according to their applicable
standard.
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The starting switch, BTB-switch, Tee-OFF-switch, ET-switch and motor operated short-
circuiting connections shall be tested according to the standard applicable for disconnectors.
11.3.102.5.3 Electrical tests and measurements
11.3.102.5.3.1 Dielectric tests
Power-frequency withstand voltage tests on the main circuits according to 8.2 are required only
if the interrupting units have been assembled on site.
If the generator circuit-breaker or generator circuit-breaker system is equipped with resistors,

capacitors, surge arresters or instrument transformers, then those components can be
disconnected or removed prior to the dielectric test, provided that these components have been
routine tested separately in accordance with their standards.
11.3.102.5.3.2 Measurement of the resistance of the main circuit
Measurements of the resistance of the main circuits need only be made if the interrupting units
and any other component within the main circuit have been assembled on site. The
measurement shall be made with a direct current in accordance with 8.4.
11.4 Operating instructions
The instructions given by the manufacturer should contain the following information:
– a general description of the equipment with particular attention to the technical description
of its characteristics and operation so that the user has an adequate understanding of the
main principles involved;
– a description of the safety features of the equipment and the operation of the interlocks and
padlocking facilities;
– as relevant, a description of the action to be taken to manipulate the equipment for operation
isolation, earthing, maintenance, and testing;
– as relevant, measures against corrosion should be given.
11.5 Maintenance
11.5.1 General
The effectiveness of maintenance depends mainly on the way instructions are prepared by the
manufacturer and implemented by the user.
11.5.2 Information about fluids and gas to be included in maintenance manual
Where applicable, the following information shall be provided by the manufacturer:
a) type and required quantity and quality of liquid to be used in generator circuit-breaker or
generator circuit-breaker system;
b) type and required quantity and quality of gas to be used in generator circuit-breaker or
generator circuit-breaker system.
11.5.3 Recommendations for the manufacturer

a) The manufacturer’s maintenance manual should include the following information.
1) Extent and frequency of maintenance. For this purpose the following factors should be
considered:
– number of making and breaking operations as a function of current;
– total number of operations;
– time in service (periodic intervals);
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– environmental conditions;
– measurements and diagnostic tests, (if any).
2) Detailed description of the maintenance work:
– recommended place for the maintenance work (indoor, outdoor, in factory, on site,
etc.);
– procedures for inspection, diagnostic tests, examination, overhaul;
– reference to drawings;
– reference to part numbers;
– use of special equipment or tools;
– precautions to be observed (for example cleanliness and possible effects of harmful
arcing by-products);
– lubrication procedures.
3) Comprehensive drawings of the details of the generator circuit-breaker or the generator
circuit-breaker system that are important for maintenance, with clear identification (part
number and description) of assemblies, subassemblies and significant parts.
NOTE Expanded detail drawings which indicate the relative position of components in assemblies and
subassemblies are a recommended illustration method.
4) Limits of values and tolerances which, when exceeded, make corrective action
necessary, for example,
– pressures, density levels, gas mixtures tolerance;
– resistors and capacitors (of the main circuit);
– operating times;
– resistance of the main circuits;
– insulating liquid or gas characteristics;
– quantities and quality of liquid or gas (see IEC 60480 for SF 6 and IEC 62271-4 [8]);
– dew point inside gas-filled switchgear compartment according to 11.3.6;
– permissible erosion of parts subject to wear;
– torques;
– important dimensions.
5) Specifications for auxiliary maintenance materials, including warning of known non-
compatibility of materials:
– grease;
– oil;
– fluid;
– cleaning and degreasing agents.
6) List of special tools, lifting and access equipment.
7) Tests after the maintenance work.
8) List of the recommended spare parts (description, reference number, quantities) and
advice for storage.
9) Estimate of active scheduled maintenance time.
10) How to proceed with the equipment at the end of its operating life, taking into
consideration environmental requirements.
b) The manufacturer should inform the purchasers of a particular type of generator circuit-
breaker or generator circuit-breaker system about corrective actions required by systematic
defects and failures detected in service.
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c) Availability of spares:
The manufacturer should be responsible for ensuring the continued availability of spare parts
required for maintenance for a period of not less than 10 years from the date of final
manufacture of the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system.
11.5.4 Recommendations for the user

a) The user should prepare maintenance plans based on the maintenance manual of the
manufacturer.
b) The user should record the following information:
– the serial number and the type of generator circuit-breaker or generator circuit-breaker
system;
– the date when the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system is
put in service;
– the results of all measurements and tests including diagnostic tests carried out during
the life of the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system;
– dates and extent of the maintenance work carried out;
– the history of service, periodical records of the operation counters and other indications
(for example short-circuit operations);
– references to any failure report.
c) In the case of failure and defects, the user should make a failure report and should inform
the manufacturer by stating the special circumstances and measures taken. Depending
upon the nature of the failure, an analysis of the failure should be made in collaboration
with the manufacturer.
11.5.5 Failure report

NOTE Refer also to IEEE Std C37.10 TM -2011 [9].
The purpose of the failure report is to standardise the recording of the failures of the generator
circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system with the following objectives:
– to describe the failure using a common terminology;

– to provide data for the user statistics;
– to provide a meaningful feedback to the manufacturer.
The following gives guidance on how to make a failure report.
A failure report should include
a) identification of the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system which

failed:
– power plant name;
– identification of the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system
(manufacturer, type, serial number, ratings);
– generator circuit-breaker family (air blast, minimum oil, SF 6 , vacuum);
– location (indoor, outdoor);
– enclosure;
– operating mechanism, if applicable (hydraulic, pneumatic, spring, motor).
b) history of the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system:
– date of commissioning of the equipment;
– date of failure or defect;
– total number of operating cycles, if applicable;
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– date of last maintenance;
– details of any changes made to the equipment since manufacture;
– total number of operating cycles since last maintenance;
– condition of the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system when
the failure or defect was discovered (in service, maintenance, etc.).
c) identification of the subassembly or component responsible for the primary failure or defect
– high-voltage stressed components;
– electrical control and auxiliary circuits;
– operating mechanism, if applicable;
– other components.
d) stresses presumed to contribute to the failure or defect:
– environmental conditions (temperature, wind, rain, snow, ice, pollution, lightning, etc.).
e) classification of the failure or defect:
– major failure;
– minor failure;
– defect.
f) origin and cause of the failure or defect:
– origin (mechanical, electrical, tightness if applicable);
– cause (design, manufacture, inadequate instructions, incorrect mounting, incorrect
maintenance, stresses beyond those specified, etc.).
g) consequences of the failure or defect:
– generator circuit-breaker (system) down-time;
– time consumption for repair;
– labour cost;
– cost of spare parts.
A failure report may include the following information:
– drawings, sketches;
– photographs of defective components;
– single-line power plant diagram;
– operation and timing sequences;
– records or plots;
– references to maintenance or operating manuals.
12 Safety
12.1 General
Generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems can be considered safe when

installed in accordance with the relevant installation rules including those provided by the
manufacturers and used and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions
(see Clause 11).
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A generator circuit-breaker or a generator circuit-breaker system is normally only accessible by
qualified persons. It shall be operated and maintained by skilled persons. When unrestricted
access is available to the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker system,
additional safety features may be required.
Generator circuit-breakers or generator circuit-breaker systems in accordance with this

document offer a high level of safety with regard to external effects that might harm personnel.
Nevertheless, high power equipment can present some potential risks, some examples are:
– the enclosures, if any, may be pressurised with gas;

– opening of pressure-relief devices due to an internal arc, originated by exceptional
conditions. In extreme circumstances, the arc can burn through the enclosures. Both result
in the sudden release of hot gas;
– sudden events, which are in themselves with low risk to humans, may alarm personnel and
lead to accidents (for example, a fall);
– commissioning, maintenance and extension activities may require special attention due to
the complexity of the equipment and its internal parts which are mostly not visible.
Experience has shown that human error is a factor that shall be considered (for example, closing
an earthing switch on an energised conductor).
12.2 Precautions by manufacturers
The following list provides examples of precautions that may be taken by manufacturers.
– Design and test of pressurised enclosures, pressure relief devices and relevant elements to
international electrical standards such as IEC, ASME, CENELEC, and JIS.
– Provide adequate and easy means to check interlocking systems (the most reasonable way
to avoid human error).
– Explain safe operation of the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker
system clearly in instruction manuals. Explain precautions to prevent improper operation
and the consequences of improper operation.
– Provide the user and/or contractor with appropriate information related to the design of the
surrounding area. In the case of a gas insulated generator circuit-breaker or generator
circuit-breaker system, which is installed in a building, provide the user and/or contractor
with appropriate information needed for ventilation and gas detection, to minimise personnel
risks in case a failure occurs.
12.3 Precautions by users
The following list provides examples of precautions that may be taken by users.
– Limit access to the installation to people who are trained and authorised.
– Keep operators and other personnel instructed regarding risks and safety requirements
including local regulations.
– Keep generator circuit-breaker maintained and up to date in terms of technical standards,
especially interlocking and protection devices.
– Use remote control and have the interlocking system working as intended.
– Select equipment that minimises the risk to personnel from improper operation (for example,
fast acting earthing switches on lines, motor operators to allow remote operation).
– Coordinate the protection system with product properties (for example, do not reclose on
internal faults).
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– Prepare earthing procedures considering the difficulty of referring to and understanding the
complex arrangement and operation of the generator circuit-breaker or generator circuit-
breaker system.
– Label equipment clearly for easy identification of individual devices and gas compartments.
Especially during maintenance, repair or extension work:
– Ensure that maintenance, repair and extension work is carried out only by qualified and
trained personnel.
– Prepare a safety and protection plan for the work. Indicate who is responsible for planning,
implementing and enforcing safety and protection measures.
– Check interlocking and protection devices before starting.
– Pay special attention to manual operations, especially when the generator circuit-breaker
or the generator circuit-breaker system is energised.
– Inform personnel who may be near the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-
breaker system before operating the equipment (for example, a horn or flashing light).
– Mark emergency exits and keep passages clear of obstructions.
– Instruct the people involved on how to work safely in a generator circuit-breaker or generator
circuit-breaker system environment and what to do in an emergency.
13 Influence of the product on the environment
Clause 13 of IEC 62271-1:2017 is replaced by the following:
The manufacturer shall be prepared to provide on request, the following relevant information
about the environmental impact of the generator circuit-breaker or the generator circuit-breaker
system.
When fluids are used in the generator circuit-breaker or generator circuit-breaker system, as
far as is practicable, instructions should be provided in order to allow the user to
– minimise the leakage rate;

– control the handling of the new and used fluids.
The manufacturer shall give guidance on request, concerning disassembly and end-of-life
procedures for the different materials of the equipment and indicate the possibility to recycle.
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Annex A
(normative)
Tolerances on test quantities during type tests
During type tests, the following types of tolerances may normally be distinguished:
– tolerances on test quantities which directly determine the stress of the test object;
– tolerances concerning features or the behaviour of the test object before and after the test;
– tolerances on test conditions;
– tolerances concerning parameters of measurement devices to be applied.
In the following Table A.1, only tolerances on test quantities are considered.
A tolerance is defined as the range of the test value specified in this document within which the
measured test value should lie for a test to be valid.
Any deviation of the measured test value and the true test value caused by the uncertainty of
the measurement are not taken into account in this respect.
The basic rules for application of tolerances on test quantities during type tests are as follows:
Test laboratories shall aim wherever possible for the test values specified.
The tolerances on test quantities specified shall be observed by the test laboratory. Higher
stresses of the circuit-breaker exceeding those tolerances are permitted only with the
consent of the manufacturer. Lower stresses render the test invalid.
Where, for any test quantity, no tolerance is given within this document, or the standard to
be applied, the type test shall be performed at values not less severe than specified. The
upper stress limits are subject to the consent of the manufacturer.
If, for any test quantity, only one limit is given, the other limit shall be considered to be as
close as possible to the specified value.
Table A.1 – Tolerances on test quantities for type tests
Subclause Designation of the test Test quantity Specified test value Test tolerances/limits of test Reference to
values
7.2 Dielectric tests
7.2.7.2 Power-frequency withstand Test voltage (RMS value) Rated short-duration power- ±1 % lEC 62271-1,
voltage tests frequency withstand voltage lEC 60060-1
Frequency – 45 Hz to 65 Hz lEC 60060-1
Wave shape Peak value / RMS value = √2 ±5 %
7.2.7.3 Lightning impulse voltage test Peak value Rated lightning impulse voltage ±3 % for procedure B
–0 % to +3 % for procedure C
Front time 1,2 µs ±30 %
Time to half-value 50 µs ±20 %
7.4.4.1 Resistance measurement test DC test current I DC – 100 A ≤ I DC ≤ rated continuous lEC 62271-1
procedure current
7.5 Continuous current tests Ambient air velocity – ≤ 0,5 m/s IEC 62271-1
Test current frequency Rated frequency ±2 %
– 218 –
Test current Rated continuous current +2 % / 0 %

Test tolerances and limits shall be
applied only for the last two hours
of the testing period.
Temperature rises of IPB conductor see Table 12 ±5 K
and enclosure
Test tolerances and limits shall be
applied only for the last two hours
of the testing period.
Ambient air temperature T – +10 °C < T < 40 °C
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values
7.6 Short-time withstand current and Test frequency Rated frequency ±10 % except as provided in 7.6.3 IEC 62271-1
peak withstand current tests
Peak current (in one of the outer Rated peak withstand current +5 % / 0 %
phases)
Average of AC component of three- Rated short-time withstand See tolerances for I 2 t in 7.6.3
© IEC/IEEE 2021
phase test current current

The ratio of the AC component of 1 ± 10 %
test current in any phase to the
average
Duration of short-circuit Rated duration of short-circuit See tolerances for I 2 t in 7.6.3
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
Value of I 2 t Rated value I 2 t +10 % / 0 %
7.101.3 Low and high temperature tests Variation in ambient air temperature – ≤5K
Ambient air temperature for 20 °C ±5 K
recording characteristics before test
Minimum and maximum ambient air According to class of generator ±3 K
temperature during tests circuit-breaker (see Clause 4)
7.102.10 Demonstration of the most severe Maximum arcing time to be Specified test value ±1 ms
breaking conditions, valid for controlled
– 219 –
• system-source short-circuit
current
• generator-source short-circuit
current (symmetrical breaking
operations only)
• out-of-phase current
7.102.10.1 System-source short-circuit Average of the AC components of Specified breaking current for 0 % / +10 %
breaking current the prospective current of all the relevant test-duty
phases at the intended contact
Generator-source short-circuit separation
breaking current
AC component of the prospective 1 ±10 %
Out-of-phase breaking current current of any phase / average of
the AC components of the
prospective current of all phases
AC component of the prospective Specified breaking current for ≥ 90 %
current at intended final arc the relevant test-duty
extinction in last-pole-to-clear
values
7.102.10.2.2 Three-phase or single-phase Degree of asymmetry at contact For three-phase tests: ≤ 20 %
symmetrical breaking operations, separation during the breaking
or valid for: operations of symmetrical currents For single-phase tests: ≤ 10 %
7.102.10.3.2 in any phase
current
current
7.102.10.2.2 Additional requirements for Deviation of the peak of the short-circuit ±10 %
symmetrical breaking operations current during the last loop prior to the
or during synthetic tests, valid for interruption from the peak of the
7.102.10.3.2 prospective current
current
current
7.102.10.2.3 Three-phase asymmetrical Peak of the prospective current See Table 15 to Table 18 ±10 %
breaking operations, valid for during the last loop prior to the
– 220 –
intended interruption of the phase

• system-source short-circuit with the maximum asymmetry
current
Duration of the last loop of the See Table 15 to Table 18 ±10 %
• out-of-phase current prospective current prior to the
with the maximum asymmetry
Or if the above tolerances cannot ±10 %
be fulfilled: product of the peak and
the duration of the prospective
current during the last loop prior to
the intended interruption of the
phase with the maximum asymmetry
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values
7.102.10.3.3 Single-phase asymmetrical Peak of the prospective current See Table 15 to Table 18 0 % / +10 %
breaking operations, valid for during the last loop prior to the
• system-source short-circuit with the maximum asymmetry
current
Duration of the last loop of the See Table 15 to Table 18 ±10 %
© IEC/IEEE 2021
• out-of-phase current prospective current prior to the

with the maximum asymmetry (for
first-pole-to-clear conditions only)
Or if the above tolerances cannot 0 % / +10 %
be fulfilled: product of the peak and
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
the duration of the prospective

current during the last loop prior to
the intended interruption of the
phase with the maximum asymmetry
(for first-pole-to-clear conditions
only)
7.102.10.2.3. Additional requirements for Peak of the short-circuit current See Table 15 to Table 18 ±10 %
asymmetrical breaking operations during the last loop prior to the
or during synthetic tests, valid for interruption
7.102.10.3.3 •
– 221 –
system-source short-circuit Duration of the short-circuit current See Table 15 to Table 18 ±10 %
current loop prior to the interruption
• out-of-phase current Product of the peak and the ±10 %
duration of the short-circuit current
during the last loop prior to the
interruption
7.103.2 Frequency of test circuit Frequency Rated frequency –2 % to +5 %
7.103.5 Applied voltage before system- Applied voltage See 7.103.5 +10 % / 0 %
source short-circuit making tests
Applied phase voltage / average 1 ±5 %
(three-phase)
System-source short-circuit Making current See Table 20 and Table 21 0 % / +10 %
7.103.6
making current
7.103.7 Transient recovery voltage (TRV) Peak value of TRV: See Table 3 +10 % / 0 %
for system-source short-circuit
breaking tests Rate of rise of TRV: See Table 3 +15 % / 0 %
Time delay See Table 3 ±20 %
7.103.9 Power-frequency recovery voltage Power-frequency recovery voltage See Table 20 and Table 21 ±5 %
values
7.104 Load current breaking tests Peak value of TRV: See Table 5 +10 % / 0 %
Peak value of TRV: According to calculations in +10 % / 0 %
Annex N
Rate of rise of TRV: See Table 5 +15 % / 0 %
Rate of rise of TRV: According to calculations in +15 % / 0 %
Annex N
Time delay According to calculations in ±30 %
Annex N
7.105.2 Frequency of test circuit Frequency Rated frequency –2 % to +5 %
7.105.5 Applied voltage before generator- Applied voltage See 7.105.5 0 % / +10 %
source short-circuit making tests
Applied phase voltage / average 1 ±5 %
(three-phase)
7.105.6 Generator-source short-circuit Making current See Table 22 and Table 23 0 % to +10 %
making current
7.105.8 Transient recovery voltage (TRV) Peak value of TRV: See Table 4 +10 % / 0 %
– 222 –
for generator-source short-circuit

breaking tests
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
values
7.105.9 Power-frequency recovery voltage Power-frequency recovery voltage See Table 22 and Table 23 ±5 %
7.105.11.4 Asymmetrical current breaking Arcing time for test-duty 5 ≥ 1 cycle ≥ 1 cycle – 2 ms
test-duties
7.105.11.4 Asymmetrical current breaking Arcing time for test-duties 6A and ≥ 1,5 cycles ≥ 1,5 cycles – 4 ms
© IEC/IEEE 2021
test-duties 6B
7.105.11.4 Asymmetrical current breaking Degree of asymmetry for test-duty 5 110 % ≥ 110 %
test-duties
7.105.11.4 Asymmetrical current breaking Degree of asymmetry for test-duties 130 % ≥ 130 % – 5 %
test-duties 6A and 6B
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
7.106 Out-of-phase making and breaking Frequency Rated frequency –2 % to +5 %

tests
Applied voltage and power- See Table 24 and Table 25 ±5 %
frequency recovery voltage
Peak value of TRV: See Table 6 +10 % / 0 %
Peak value of TRV: According to calculations in +10 % / 0 %
Annex M
– 223 –
Rate of rise of TRV: According to calculations in +15 % / 0 %

Annex M
Time delay According to calculations in ±30 %
Annex M
Instant of closing in one of the At crest of applied voltage in ±20°
operations of test-duty OP1 one pole
– 224 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Annex B
(normative)
Records and reports of type tests specified in

7.6, 7.103, 7.104, 7.105 and 7.106
B.1 Information and results to be recorded
All relevant information and results of type tests shall be included in the type test report.
Graphical records according to Clause B.2 shall be made of all operations.
The type test report shall include a statement concerning the uncertainty of the measurement
systems used for the tests. This statement shall refer to internal procedures of the laboratory
through which traceability of the measuring uncertainty is established.
The type test report shall include a statement of the performance of the generator circuit-
breaker during each test-duty and of the condition of the generator circuit-breaker after each
test-duty, in so far as an examination is made, and at the end of the series of test-duties. The
statement shall include the following particulars:
condition of generator circuit-breaker or generator circuit-breaker systems, giving details of

any replacements or adjustments made and condition of contacts, oil (including any quantity
lost), statement of any damage to arc shields, enclosures, insulators and bushings;
description of performance during test-duty, including observations regarding emission of
oil, gas or flame.
B.2 Information to be included in type test reports
B.2.1 General
The following information shall be included in the type test reports:
a) date of tests;
reference of report number;
test numbers;
graphical record numbers.
B.2.2 Apparatus tested
Subclause 7.1.3 and Clause A.3 of IEC 62271-1:2017 are applicable with the following
additions:
Reference drawing numbers given in the test report shall indicate the manufacturer's reference
number, revision number and corresponding contents.
The mechanical characteristic, if applicable, shall be included or reference shall be made in the
test report by the use of a drawing number or in an equivalent way.
B.2.3 Rated characteristics of generator circuit-breaker, including its operating

devices and auxiliary equipment
The values of rated characteristics specified in Clause 5 and the minimum opening time shall
be given by the manufacturer.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 225 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
B.2.4 Test conditions (for each series of tests)
a) number of poles;
b) frequency, in Hz;
c) generator neutral (earthed or isolated);
d) transformer neutral (earthed or isolated);
e) short-circuit point or load side neutral (earthed or isolated);
f) diagram of test circuit including connection(s) to earth;
g) details of connection of generator circuit-breaker to the test circuit (e.g. orientation);
h) pressure of fluid for insulation and/or making and breaking;
i) pressure of fluid for operation.
B.2.5 Short-circuit making and breaking tests
a) operating sequence and time intervals;

b) applied voltage, in kV;
c) making current (peak value), in kA;
d) prospective current for test-duties 2, 5, 6A and 6B:
1) RMS value of AC component in kA for each phase and average;
2) degree of asymmetry at intended contact separation (applicable to test-duties 5, 6A and
6B);
3) peak current in the expected last current loop (applicable only to test-duty 2 for the
phase having the highest degree of asymmetry);
4) loop duration of the expected last current loop (applicable only to test-duty 2 for the
phase having the highest degree of asymmetry and first-pole-to-clear);
5) the number of current peaks and relative minimums until the first current zero crossing
(applicable to test-duties 5, 6A and 6B only);
e) breaking current:
2) degree of asymmetry at contact separation;
3) peak current in the last current loop;
4) loop duration of the last current loop;
f) power-frequency recovery voltage, in kV;
g) transient recovery voltage:
1) prospective transient recovery voltage in accordance with requirements of 7.103.8 and
7.105.8;
2) transient recovery voltage during the actual test;
h) arc parameters:
1) arcing time, in ms;
i) opening time, in ms;
j) break-time, in ms;
where applicable, break-times up to the instant of extinction of the main arc and up to the
instant of the breaking of resistor current shall be given.
k) closing time, in ms;
– 226 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
l) make time, in ms;
m) behaviour of generator circuit-breaker during tests, including, where applicable, emission
of flame, gas, oil, etc.; the occurrence of NSDDs shall be noted;
n) condition after tests;
o) parts renewed or reconditioned during the tests.
B.2.6 Short-time withstand current test
a) current
1) RMS value, in kA;
2) value of the first major peak, in kA;
b) duration in s;
c) equivalent duration in s based on the specified short-time current;
d) behaviour of generator circuit-breaker during tests;
e) condition after tests;
f) resistance of the main circuit before and after tests, in µΩ.
B.2.7 No-load operation
a) before making and breaking tests (see 7.102.6);

b) after making and breaking tests (see 7.102.9.2 and 7.102.9.3).
B.2.8 Out-of-phase making and breaking tests
a) prospective current for test-duties OP1 and OP2:

2) peak current in the expected last current loop (applicable only to test-duty OP2 for the
phase having the highest degree of asymmetry);
3) loop duration of the expected last current loop (applicable only to test-duty OP2 for the
phase having the highest degree of asymmetry and first-pole-to-clear).
b) applied voltage, in kV;
c) making current (peak value), in kA;
d) breaking current:
2) degree of asymmetry at contact separation;
3) peak current in the last current loop;
4) loop duration of the last current loop;
e) power-frequency recovery voltage, in kV;
f) transient recovery voltage:
1) prospective transient recovery voltage in accordance with requirements of 7.106.6;
g) arcing time, in ms;
h) opening time, in ms;
i) break-time, in ms;
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 227 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
j) closing time, in ms;
k) make-time, in ms;
l) duration of resistor current (where applicable), in ms;
m) behaviour of generator circuit-breaker during tests, including, where applicable, emission
n) condition after tests;
o) parts renewed or reconditioned during the tests.
B.2.9 Load current breaking tests
a) RMS value of AC component of the breaking current in A for each phase and average;
b) power-frequency recovery voltage, in kV;
c) transient recovery voltage:
1) prospective transient recovery voltage according to requirements of 7.104.2;
d) arcing time, in ms;
e) opening time, in ms;
f) break-time, in ms;
g) behaviour of generator circuit-breaker during tests, including, where applicable, emission
h) condition after tests;
i) parts renewed or reconditioned during the tests.
B.2.10 Graphical records
Graphical records shall include all quantities listed in a) through h) below, as applicable,
recorded as a function of time for all tests, including prospective pre-tests. Certain quantities
can be recorded separately, as well as in various groupings and records can be made using
several different time scales to show all required results.
The following quantities shall be recorded as applicable:
a) applied voltage(s);
b) current in each pole;
c) recovery voltage(s);
d) arc voltage (applicable to test-duties 5, 6A and 6B only);
e) current and/or voltage in closing release circuit;
f) current and/or voltage in opening release circuit;
g) amplitude scales and timing scales appropriate for the required accuracy;
h) mechanical travel characteristics (where applicable).
All cases in which the requirements of this document are not strictly complied with and all
deviations shall be explicitly mentioned at the beginning of the test report.
– 228 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Annex C
(normative)
Method for determining the reference travel band closing and the
reference travel band opening of the mechanical characteristics
C.1 General
The mechanical characteristics shall be available at the beginning of the type tests. They can
be either defined during a separate test before the beginning of the type tests or as part of the
first type test being either a mechanical type test or a making or breaking type test. Here below
a method is described on how the typical mechanical characteristics, consisting of a reference
travel band closing and a reference travel band opening, can be defined.
C.2 Reference travel band closing
First, a no-load travel curve during a closing operation at rated supply voltage of operating
devices and of auxiliary and control circuits and at filling pressure for operation, insulation
and/or making and breaking or, for convenience of testing, at the minimum functional pressure
for insulation and/or making and breaking shall be recorded. The type and location of the sensor
used for the record of the travel curve can be positioned at any part of the power kinematic
chain with the following addition: in case the power kinematic chain comprises an intentionally
deformable element, for example spring, or mechanical gap, the sensor shall be located between
the operating device and the deformable element or mechanical gap. The travel curve may be
recorded continuously or discretely. In the case of discrete measurement, at least 20 discrete
values should be measured for the complete stroke.
In a second step two envelope curves from the beginning of contact travel to the instant of
contact touch, being parallel to the no-load curve shall be drawn. The distance between the two
envelope curves shall be 10 % of the total stroke of the travel curve or 4 mm in case the total
stroke is below 40 mm. The area between the two envelope curves is called reference travel
band closing.
Figure C.1 shows an example of a typical no-load curve during a closing operation (bold red
curve), its two envelope curves (bold black curves) and the reference travel band closing (area
between the two bold black curves).
C.3 Reference travel band opening
First, a no-load travel curve during an opening operation at rated supply voltage of operating
devices and of auxiliary and control circuits and at filling pressure for operation, insulation
and/or making and breaking or, for convenience of testing, at the minimum functional pressure
for insulation and/or making and breaking shall be recorded. The type and location of the sensor
used for the record of the travel curve can be positioned at any part of the power kinematic
chain with the following addition: in case the power kinematic chain comprises an intentionally
deformable element, for example spring, or mechanical gap, the sensor shall be located between
the operating device and the deformable element or mechanical gap. The travel curve may be
recorded continuously or discretely. In the case of discrete measurement, at least 20 discrete
values should be measured for the complete stroke.
In a second step two envelope curves from the instant of contact separation to the end of
contact travel, being parallel to the no-load curve shall be drawn. The distance between the two
envelope curves shall be 10 % of the total stroke of the travel curve or 4 mm in case the total
stroke is below 40 mm. The area between the two envelope curves is called reference travel
band opening.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 229 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure C.2 shows an example of a typical no-load curve during an opening operation, its two
envelope curves and the reference travel band opening.
Figure C.1 – Reference travel band closing
Figure C.2 – Reference travel band opening

– 230 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Annex D
(informative)
Example of the application of a generator circuit-breaker
D.1 General
The application guide given in Clause 9 was used in developing this example.
When requesting proposals for AC generator circuit-breakers, it is important that the purchaser
provide the manufacturer with a specification containing the information outlined in Clause 10.
This information alerts the manufacturer to the application conditions in 9.102 and 9.103.
Figure D.1 – Single-line power plant diagram
The example given in Clause D.2 describes an actual indoor generator circuit-breaker
application for a 588 MVA, coal-fired, continuous-load power plant. The generator circuit-
breaker is forced-air-cooled.
D.2 System characteristics
System characteristics are described in Table D.1.

IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 231 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table D.1 – System characteristics
Item Corresponding IEC Value

(IEEE) Symbol
a) Single-line diagram See Figure D.1
b) Maximum generator line-to-line voltage (kV) U mG 22,05
c) Rated frequency (Hz) fr 60
d) Generator data (rated values):

1) Rated power (MVA) S rG 588
2) Rated voltage (kV) U rG (in IEEE called V nG ) 21
3) Reactance values in p.u.: At rated voltage (saturated)

i) Synchronous direct axis xd sat (in IEEE called X dv ) 2,0
ii) Transient direct axis x' d sat (in IEEE called X' dv ) 0,31
iii) Subtransient direct axis x" d sat (in IEEE called X"dv ) 0,24
iv) Synchronous quadrature axis xq sat (in IEEE called X qv ) 2,04
v) Transient quadrature axis x’ q sat (in IEEE called X' qv ) 0,5
vi) Subtransient quadrature axis x" q sat (in IEEE called X" qv ) 0,25
vii) Negative sequence x2 sat (in IEEE called X 2v ) 0,24
viii) Zero sequence x0 sat (in IEEE called X 0v ) 0,1
4) Time constants in seconds:

i) Transient open-circuit τ ' do (in IEEE called T' do ) 5,63
ii) Transient short-circuit τ ' d (in IEEE called T' d ) 0,84
iii) Subtransient open-circuit τ " do (in IEEE called T" d0 ) 0,034
iv) Subtransient short-circuit τ " d (in IEEE called T" d ) 0,025
v) Transient open-circuit quadrature τ ' qo (in IEEE called T' q0 ) –
vi) Transient short-circuit quadrature τ ' q (in IEEE called T' q ) 0,255
vii) Subtransient open-circuit quadrature τ " qo (in IEEE called T" q0 ) –
viii) Subtransient short-circuit quadrature τ " q (in IEEE called T" q ) 0,025
ix) Armature short-circuit τ a (in IEEE called T a ) 0,31
5) Generator earthing Earthed with high resistance

through distribution
transformer
6) Moment of inertia (kgm 2 ) J 28 300
7) Capacitance of armature winding-to-earth 0,9

(all phases tied together) (µF)
e) Generator step-up transformer data (rated
values):
1) Rated voltage (kV) U rTHV /U rTLV 550/21
2) Rated power (MVA) S rT 3 × 200
3) Connection Wye Star effectively

earthed/delta
4) Short-circuit reactance at rated voltage u krT 0,14
(p.u.)
– 232 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Item Corresponding IEC Value
(IEEE) Symbol
5) Tap changer range on HV side (1,25 % –10 % /+5 %
steps)
Change in short-circuit reactance –5 % /+2,5 %
6) Time constant X/ωR (ms) τT 160
f) System-source initial symmetrical short-circuit I" k sys 40

current on high-voltage side of generator step-
up transformer (future requirement) (kA)
g) Time constant X/ωR of the high-voltage system τ sys 45
(ms)
h) Maximum service voltage of the high-voltage Um sys 577,5
system (kV)
i) Unit auxiliary transformer data (rated values):
1) Rated voltage (kV) Ur aux transf HV /U r aux transf LV 21/6,3
2) Rated power (MVA) Sr aux transf 35
3) Short-circuit reactance at rated voltage u kr aux transf 0,08

(p.u.)
4) Time constant X/ωR (ms) τ aux transf 100
D.3 System-source short-circuit current
D.3.1 AC component of the system-source short-circuit breaking current
The following example is based on a fault at location "a" (see Figure D.1).
The RMS value of the AC component of the system-source short-circuit breaking current is the
highest RMS value of the symmetrical component of the polyphase short-circuit current that the
generator circuit-breaker has to interrupt at rated voltage and rated duty cycle.
For a 40 kA system-source short-circuit current contribution on the 550 kV side, the required
system short-circuit reactance seen from the 21 kV low-voltage side is as follows:
2
550  21 
X sys ≅ 11,57 × 10−3 Ω
 550  =
40 3  
The short-circuit reactance of the main transformer with a rated power of 600 MVA and a short-
circuit reactance of 0,14 p.u. yields a reactance of the following:
21 2
X t ≅ 0 ,14 × = 102,9 × 10−3 Ω
600
The calculation of the system-source short-circuit breaking current shall be based on the
maximum service voltage of the high-voltage system. Therefore, the short-circuit contribution
from the system side is as follows:
22,05
=I sc sys+t = 111, 21kA
(
3 (11,57 + 102,9 ) × 10−3 )
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 233 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
The contribution to the short-circuit current from the auxiliary system motors is a small fraction
of the current from the high-voltage system. It can be determined as follows if the motors are
connected through two auxiliary transformers each rated 35 MVA, 0,08 p.u. short-circuit
reactance, and with a time constant of 100 ms (X/R ratio of 37,7). The maximum rating of all
motors combined is 60 MVA with the conservative assumption that all are in service at the same
time. The rated voltage of the motors U rM in this example is assumed to be equal to the rated
voltage of the LV-winding of the unit auxiliary transformer.
The motor short-circuit impedance is as follows:
2 2
I U 2  U r aux transfHV  6 ,32  21 
ZM = rM × rM ×   =0 ,2 × ≅ X M =1, 47 Ω
ILR SsM  U r aux transfLV 
 60  6 ,3 
with I rM /I LR being the ratio of rated motor current to the locked rotor motor current and equal to
approximately 0,2 in the given example.
212
X aux transf ≅ 0 ,08 × 0 ,504 Ω
=
70
The initial symmetrical RMS short-circuit current contribution from the auxiliary system is as
follows:
22,05
I "k aux sys × 6 , 45 kA
=
3 (1, 47 + 0 ,504 )
This initial current decays and the current interrupted at a contact separation time of 40 ms to
80 ms can be estimated as being equal to 0,7 to 0,85 times the initial current I" k aux sys . If the
factor is 0,8, which is based on the selected generator circuit-breaker having a 58,3 ms (opening
time 50 ms plus a tripping delay of 0,5 cycles) contact separation time, the contribution from
the auxiliary system to the RMS value of the AC component of the system-source short-circuit
breaking current will be 5,16 kA.
The RMS value of the AC component of the total system-source short-circuit breaking current
seen by the generator circuit-breaker is as follows:
I sc tot cs = 111,21 + 5,16 = 116,37 kA
D.3.2 Asymmetrical system-source short-circuit breaking current
The following example is based on a fault at location "a" (see Figure D.1), and on the
calculations in D.3.1. The DC component of the system-source short-circuit current is equal to
the following:
IDC = ( )
2 Ik" e
−t
τ
– 234 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
where
I" k is the system-source initial symmetrical short-circuit current. Assuming that the RMS value
of the AC component of the system-source short-circuit current is constant with time I" k is
equal to the RMS value of the AC component of the system-source short-circuit breaking
current I sc sys + t that was determined to be 111,21 kA through the step-up transformer for
a 40 kA system short-circuit current contribution on the high-voltage side of the step-up
transformer;
I DC is the DC component of the system-source short-circuit current;
1 X
τ is  ×  ;
ω R 
X is the short-circuit reactance of system elements;

R is the resistance of system elements;
ω is the angular frequency corresponding to the rated frequency.
As for the AC component of the system-source short-circuit current the DC component is

composed of the contribution from the high-voltage system through the step-up transformer and
the DC component of the auxiliary system. It shall be determined at contact separation.
The high-voltage system time constant is 45 ms, and its short-circuit reactance is determined
as follows: X sys = 11,57 × 10 −3 Ω (see D.3.1).
It follows that:
11,57 × 10−3
Rsys
= = 0 , 682 × 10−3 Ω
377 × 45 × 10−3
The time constant of the generator step-up transformer is 160 ms and the transformer short-
circuit reactance was calculated to be X t = 102,9 × 10 −3 Ω.
This leads to the following step-up transformer resistance:
102,9 × 10−3
Rt
= = 1,706 × 10−3 Ω
377 × 160 × 10−3
The total reactance and resistance which have to be considered for the calculation of the high-
voltage system contribution to the system-source short-circuit current through the step-up
transformer are:
X sys+t = X sys + X t = 11,57 × 10 −3 = 114,47 × 10 −3 Ω
R sys+t = R sys + R t = 0,682 × 10 −3 + 1,706 × 10 −3 = 2,39 × 10 −3 Ω
Therefore, the time constant τ sys+t of the decay of the DC component of the short-circuit current
from the high-voltage system through the step-up transformer is as follows:
114 , 47 × 10 −3
=τ sys+t = 127 ,04 ms
377 × 2,39 × 10−3
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 235 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
The auxiliary system transformer’s short-circuit reactance was evaluated to be 0,504 Ω and is
assumed to have a time constant of 100 ms [(X/R) aux transf = 37,7]. Therefore, the resistance is
as follows:
Raux transf = 0,013 4 Ω
For the motors a reactance of X M = 1,47 Ω was calculated. The resistance R M for motors greater
than 1 MW rated power is approximately 0,1 times X M . Therefore,
RM = 0,147 Ω
The time constant of the decrement of the DC component from the auxiliary system is as follows:
X aux transf + X M 0 ,504 + 1, 47

=τaux sys = = 32,64 ms
(
ω × Raux transf + RM )
377 × ( 0,0134 + 0,147 )
The DC component of the total system-source short-circuit current (including the DC component
of the auxiliary system contribution), at a contact separation of the generator circuit-breaker of
58,3 ms (opening time 50 ms plus a tripping delay of 0,5 cycles), is the sum of the contribution
from the high-voltage system through the step-up transformer and the auxiliary system
contribution.
I DC sys + t cs = 111,21 × √2 × e –58,3/127,04 = 99,39 kA
I DC aux sys cs = 6,45 × √2 × e –58,3/32,64 = 1,53 kA
I DC tot cs = 99,39 + 1,53 = 100,92 kA
The degree of asymmetry at contact separation is therefore 61,3 %.
The asymmetrical short-circuit breaking current can be calculated using the equation described
in 9.103.6.3.3 thus resulting in
I scasymtotcs = I sctotcs2 + IDCtotcs2 = 154 ,04 kA
D.4 Generator-source short-circuit current
D.4.1 AC component of the generator-source short-circuit breaking current
This current is measured from the envelope of the current excursion at the moment of contact
separation when the source of the short-circuit current is entirely from a generator without
transformation.
As mentioned in 9.103.6.3.4 this envelope shall be calculated from a full-load rated power factor
condition taking the generator constants into account. Calculations are generally complex and
are often performed with computer simulations.
Consequently, the equations displayed below shall not be considered as exhaustive but they
can be used to estimate the magnitude of the fault current when the generator is unloaded prior
to fault.
– 236 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
The RMS value of the AC component of the generator-source short-circuit breaking current as
a function of time t can be calculated using the following equation for no-load conditions:
U mG SrG  1 1  −t τ "  1 1  −t τ "d 1 

I gen sym
=  − e d + − e + 
2  "   x' xd 
3 U rG  x d x 'd   d xd 

where
U mG is the maximum generator line-to-line voltage;
S rG is the rated power of the generator;
U rG is the rated voltage of the generator;
x" d is the saturated value of the direct axis subtransient reactance in p.u.;
x' d is the saturated value of the direct axis transient reactance in p.u.;
τ" d is the direct axis subtransient short-circuit time constant;
τ' d is the direct axis transient short-circuit time constant.
Using the data given for the generator in this example, the RMS value of the AC component of
the generator-source short-circuit breaking current at a contact separation equal to 58,3 ms
results in the following when the generator is unloaded prior to fault:
Iscg cs = 53,2 kA.
D.4.2 Asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit breaking current
The asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit current as a function of time t for the phase
with the highest asymmetry, the generator being in the no-load mode, can be calculated by the
following equation:
 
2 U mG SrG   1 1  −t τ "  1 1  − t τ 'd 1  
I gen asym
=   − e d + − e +  cos ( ωt ) 
2  " '   ' 
3 U rG   x d x d   x d xd  xd 
 
2 U mG SrG  1  1 1  −t τa 1  1 1  −t τa

−  + e + − e cos ( ωt ) 
3 U rG2  2  x"d x'q  2  x"d x"q 
 

 
where
U mG is the maximum generator line-to-line voltage;
S rG is the rated power of the generator;
U rG is the rated voltage of the generator;
x" d is the saturated value of the direct axis subtransient reactance in p.u.;
x" q is the saturated value of the quadrature axis subtransient reactance in p.u.;
x' d is the saturated value of the direct axis transient reactance in p.u.;
τ" d is the direct axis subtransient short-circuit time constant;
τ' d is the direct axis transient short-circuit time constant;
τa is the armature time constant.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 237 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Since x" d is approximately equal to x" q for turbo generators, the equation can be written as
follows:
  1  −t τ 
2 U mG SrG   1 1  −t τ "d  1 1  − t τ 'd 1 
I gen asym
=    −  e +  −  e +  cos ( ωt ) −  e a 
3 U rG2   x"d x'd   x'
 d
xd  xd 

 x" 
 d  

Figure D.2 shows the three-phase asymmetrical short-circuit current for the example in this
annex obtained by calculation, assuming that the pre-fault voltage is the generator rated voltage
and the fault occurs with the generator in the no-load mode. This case may occur when the
generator circuit-breaker is closed into a bolted fault such as a closed earthing switch. At the
location of the fault therefore, no arcing is taken into account. The asymmetry at the contact
separation of the generator circuit-breaker is 110,1 %.
The asymmetrical short-circuit breaking current can be calculated using the equation described
in 9.103.6.3.3 thus resulting in 98,5 kA.
Figure D.3 exhibits for comparison the calculated asymmetrical three-phase short-circuit
current but with the assumption of an arc at the fault location influencing the asymmetry of the
short-circuit current. Owing to the arc voltage, the asymmetry is reduced to 68 % in comparison
to Figure D.2 with an asymmetry of 110,1 %.
A free-burning arc in air has an arc voltage of 10 V/cm, which means that the arc voltage of a
fault in the bus is at least 300 V. In the case of a failure occurring in a transformer, an arc would
burn in oil with a considerably higher arc voltage.
The influence of the generator circuit-breaker arc on the phase with the maximum asymmetry
is illustrated in the computer calculation in Figure 53.
The asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit current is normally calculated by using

appropriate computer programs. For the generator-source short-circuit current with maximum
degree of asymmetry and with the generator in an underexcited or overexcited mode, no
approximate equation can be given so the short-circuit current is calculated using appropriate
computer programs.
– 238 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure D.2 – Asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit current

with no arc at the fault location
Figure D.3 – Asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit current

with arc at the fault location
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 239 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
D.5 Transient recovery voltage
The prospective TRV for the system-source fault can be determined in the same manner as a
transformer fed fault. The natural frequency of the transformer in the short-circuit mode has to
be known. This frequency can be measured by means of a low-voltage injection method. When
capacitors are used, they shall be accounted for in the actual TRV.
The TRV parameters given in this document are the result of data from a large number of
transformers and generators, normally from measurements, and they cover the most severe
cases. See [10] and [11].
A calculation of the TRV for the system-source fault, as well as for the generator-source fault,
may be inaccurate because the appropriate modelling is complicated and the necessary
accurate data, which are partially frequency dependent, may not be available.
D.6 Out-of-phase conditions
An out-of-phase condition can occur under the following two conditions:
a) Instability in a high-voltage transmission system where the high-voltage circuit-breakers are

tripped by the relevant protective scheme before a maximum 180° phase opposition is
reached. This case can be disregarded for generator circuit-breakers.
b) Synchronising with the generator circuit-breaker, if performed incorrectly, can result in an
out-of-phase condition if the generator circuit-breaker has to be tripped.
The RMS value of the AC component of the out-of-phase current (I oph ) for the latter case at the
moment of current initiation (t = 0), can be estimated using the following expressions:
1 U oph 1 δ × U oG
Ioph = × = ×
''
3 Xd + Xt + Xs ''
3 Xd + Xt + Xs
where
U oph is the out-of-phase voltage;
U oG is the generator line-to-line operating voltage prior to synchronisation;
δ is √2 for a 90° out-of-phase angle, and 2 for a 180° out-of-phase angle;
X" d is the subtransient reactance of the generator in Ω;
Xt is the transformer short-circuit reactance in Ω;
Xs is the short-circuit system reactance in Ω.
NOTE The synchronisation is generally performed with the generator voltage at its rated value.
This equation is valid for system diagrams such as Figure 55 or schematic diagram, Figure D.4,
with generator and generator step-up transformer in series.
The ultimate out-of-phase current is lower than the initial out-of-phase current at t = 0 because
it decreases based on the time constants of the generator, the transformer and the system.
As a better approach, for power plant single-line diagrams such as Figure 55, the out-of-phase
current as a function of time t can be approximately calculated using the following equation
when the generator is in a no-load situation prior to the out-of-phase condition (see Figure D.4).
– 240 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure D.4 – Schematic diagram of power plant

(single-line diagram as in Figure 55)
2 U oph SrG   1 1  −t τ "  1 1  −t τ ' 1  


Ioph
=  − e  − e +  cos ( ωt ) 
2   " '   x' + x + x x x 
3 U rG + s + xt x + xs + xt 
  x d + xs + xt x d + xs + xt   d s t d  d 
2 U oph SrG  1  −t τ
−  e
2  " 
3 U rG  x d + xs + xt 
where
 x" + x + x   x' x" + xs + xt   x' 
=τ " τ "d0  d = s t 
τ "d  d × d  because τ "d0 ≅ τ "d  d 
 '   x" '   x" 
 x d + xs + xt   d x d + xs + xt   d 
 x' + x + x  '  x x' + x + xt   x 

=τ ' τ 'd0  d s= t 
τd d × d s  because τ 'd0 ≅ τ 'd  d 
   x'   x' 
 xd + xs + xt   d xd + xs + xt   d 
x"d + xs + xt x"d + xs + xt
=τ =
x"d xs xt x"d ω ω
+ + + xs × + xt ×
τa τs τt τa ( X R )s ( X R )t
U oph is the out-of-phase voltage which is equal to δ × generator operating voltage prior to
synchronisation;
δ is the out-of-phase factor and it is the ratio of the RMS value of the voltage across the open
contacts of the generator circuit-breaker and the relating generator operating voltage prior to
synchronisation;
the reactances x" d , x' d , x d , x t , and x s are p.u. values on generator MVA base;
τs = (X/R) s /ω is the time constant of the high-voltage system;

τt = (X/R) t /ω is the time constant of the step-up transformer.
For a 180° out-of-phase condition, δ is equal to 2. Under this condition for the phase with full
asymmetry one-half cycle after current initiation, the peak current is 234 kA plus some
percentage contribution from the auxiliary system. This current peak is considerably higher than
the generator terminal fault peak short-circuit current of 190 kA (calculated according to D.4.2).
Such a high out-of-phase short-circuit current would damage the generator, taking into account
that the mechanical forces increase as the square of the current. Consequently, the 180° out-
of-phase condition shall be avoided by appropriate relay protection.
The contribution of the auxiliary system to the out-of-phase making and breaking current should
be taken into consideration depending upon power plant operation.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 241 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
For the 90° out-of-phase condition, δ is equal to √2; the out-of-phase asymmetrical peak current
after one-half cycle is 166 kA, which is lower than the generator terminal fault peak short-circuit
current.
The calculated out-of-phase current at the contact separation for this example is 51 kA.
For the out-of-phase TRV calculation, the same considerations apply as in Clause D.5. The
TRV requirements are given in Table 6.
The calculation of the out-of-phase current waveshape shall be performed by computer

programs that simulate the generator behaviour more completely. The current resulting from
out-of-phase synchronising can result in delayed current zeros whose causes are totally
different compared to generator terminal faults (see 9.103.9.1). The rapid movement of the rotor
from initial out-of-phase angle φ 0 to φ = 0 results in a very small AC component of the fault
current and a dominant DC component when the condition of φ = 0 is reached. The current
resulting from out-of-phase synchronising shall include an accurate description of the behaviour
of the synchronous machine. The instant when the φ = 0 condition is reached is determined by
the movement of the rotor. Therefore, the moment of inertia of turbine, rotor and excitation
equipment of the generator are of special importance. Figure D.5 shows a computer simulation
of the fault current resulting from synchronising under out-of-phase conditions. In this example
the synchronisation occurs when the voltage across the open contacts of pole A (U A ) of the
generator circuit-breaker is zero. From Figure D.5 it is evident that at the time when φ = 0 (about
150 ms after synchronisation) the fault current is dominated by a DC component.
In case the out-of-phase current shows delayed current zeros the capability of the generator
circuit-breaker to force current zeros shall be demonstrated by means of a calculation
considering the effect of arc voltage. The procedure described in 9.103.9.1 applies.
Out-of-phase angle φ 0 = 90°
Fault initiation at U A = 0
Figure D.5 – Prospective fault current considering the moment of inertia of the
synchronous machine and resulting from synchronising under out-of-phase conditions
– 242 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
D.7 Continuous current application
The rated continuous current of the generator at the rated voltage of 21 kV is as follows:
588 MVA / (21 √3 kV) = 16 200 A
Assuming a minimum operating voltage of 19,95 kV (i.e. 0,95 × 21 kV) the maximum RMS value
of the current which shall be carried continuously by the generator circuit-breaker is as follows:
588 MVA / (0,95 × 21 × √3 kV) = 17 020 A
The generator circuit-breaker in this example is forced-air-cooled. Figure D.6 illustrates the
procedure for calculating the continuous current rating of the generator circuit-breaker when
the forced-air-cooling fails.
With the forced-air-cooling in operation, the generator circuit-breaker can carry the rated current
of the generator. If a failure occurs in the cooling system, the current shall be reduced, starting
after the time t, with a decreasing rate R in kA/min, in order that the temperature of the circuit-
breaker does not exceed the allowable hottest spot total temperature, θ max . The allowable total
temperature is limited by the materials used in the generator circuit-breaker (see Table 14 of
IEC 62271-1:2017) so that there is no deterioration of any parts of the generator circuit-breaker.
The temperature decreases due to the lower current, tending toward the allowable hottest spot
temperature, θ n . The cooling is restored at a time t 1 , and the current is increased to the rated
current of the generator. Consequently, the temperature decreases to the allowable hottest spot
temperature, θ n . This emergency procedure shall be established with the manufacturer.
A similar procedure is used when the cooling system is more complicated (e.g. the generator
circuit-breaker is water-cooled and the bus is forced-air-cooled). The emergency schedule
contains, in such a case, the procedure for a failure in each of the cooling systems as indicated
in Figure 9.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 243 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Key
θ max allowable hottest spot total temperature
θn allowable hottest spot temperature at generator rated current
t allowable time without reduction of current and without exceeding θ max
I1 rated current of the generator
I2 allowable current with failure of coolant flow
Figure D.6 – Generator circuit-breaker temperature

and load current with loss of coolant
D.8 Generator circuit-breaker electrical characteristics
The following are minimum electrical characteristics to be specified for the generator circuit-
breaker in the example:
Rated voltage 22,05 kV

Rated insulation level:
Rated power-frequency withstand voltage (RMS value) 60 kV
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage (peak value) 125 kV
Rated continuous current 17 020 A
Rated making current 321 kA
Rated system-source short-circuit breaking current
RMS value of the AC component 116,4 kA
degree of asymmetry 61,3 %
The following electrical characteristics have been estimated by using the equations in
Clauses D.4 and D.6.
Generator-source short-circuit breaking current

– 244 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
In order to select the proper generator circuit-breaker for the application the calculations shall
be performed by computer programs that simulate the generator behaviour correctly. The
results of the last simulation in Clause D.6 (see Figure D.5) take into account the moment of
inertia of the synchronous machine and show the following:
Generator terminal voltage lagging system voltage referred to the LV-side of the step-up
transformer
Generator terminal voltage leading system voltage referred to the LV-side of the step-up
transformer
From the above results it is evident the decrement of the AC component of the out-of-phase
fault current which in turns leads to a degree of asymmetry at contact separation higher than
100 % and hence to delayed current zeros. Specifically, the AC component of the fault current
is higher for a generator terminal voltage lagging the system voltage than for a generator
terminal voltage leading the system voltage. On the other hand, the degree of asymmetry is
higher for a generator terminal voltage leading the system voltage than for a generator terminal
voltage lagging the system voltage.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 245 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Annex E
(informative)
Example of the application of a generator

circuit-breaker with multiple generators
E.1 General
The application guide appearing in Clause 9 also introduced power plant layouts different from
Figure D.1. The purpose of this example is to provide guidance on how to select an appropriate
generator circuit-breaker for power plant layouts employing several generators connected to
one two-winding step-up transformer by following the guidelines of Annex D.
Figure E.1 – Single-line power plant diagram with two generators
The example given in Figure E.1 illustrates a power plant layout consisting of two generators
connected to one two-winding step-up transformer. It indicates the two fault locations where the
maximum short-circuit current will occur. Based on the type of power plant, the generator
combinations can be as follows:
a) The capacity of generator G1 is equal to the capacity of generator G2.

b) The capacity of generator G1 differs from the capacity of generator G2.
This guideline strictly follows the equations and calculations described in Clauses D.3 and D.4.
– 246 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
E.2 System-source short-circuit current with additional generator contribution
E.2.1 General
The calculation of the short-circuit current for a power plant layout with two or more generators
requires the inclusion of additional short-circuit current contribution, which is fed from the
adjacent generators towards the fault location. This additional current contribution results in a
higher RMS value of the AC component of the system-source short-circuit current and an
increased degree of asymmetry.
E.2.2 AC component of the system-source short-circuit breaking current
The following example is based on a fault at location "d" (see Figure E.1).
The calculation of the system-source short-circuit breaking current arises from the system and
the generator G2 contributions. The RMS value of the AC component of the short-circuit
breaking current fed by HV grid is calculated according to D.3.1 and the RMS value of the AC
component of the short-circuit breaking current fed by the generator is calculated according to
D.4.1.
The calculation of the RMS value of the total symmetrical component of the short-circuit
breaking current is equal to the sum of the RMS value of the AC component of the short-circuit
breaking current fed by the HV grid and the RMS value of the AC component of the short-circuit
breaking current fed by generator G2.
E.2.3 Asymmetrical system-source short-circuit breaking current
The following example is based on a fault at location "d" (see Figure E.1) and on the calculations
in E.2.2.
The DC component of the short-circuit breaking current fed by the HV grid is calculated
according to D.3.2 and the DC component of the short-circuit breaking current fed by the
generator is calculated according to D.4.2.
The calculation of the DC component of the total asymmetrical short-circuit breaking current is
equal to the sum of the DC component of the short-circuit breaking current fed by the HV grid
and the DC component of the short-circuit breaking current fed by generator G2.
The total asymmetrical short-circuit current seen by the generator circuit-breaker GCB1 is
calculated as the square root of the sum of the squares of:
• the RMS value of the AC component of the system-source short-circuit breaking current;
• the DC component of the system-source short-circuit breaking current.
E.3 Generator-source short-circuit current
The following example is based on a fault at location "e" (see Figure E.1).
The calculation of the RMS values of the AC component of the generator-source short-circuit
breaking current and the generator-source asymmetrical short-circuit current can be done
according to D.4.1 and D.4.2 respectively. This approach is valid for both generators, G1 and
G2.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 247 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
E.4 Calculation based on power plant layout
E.4.1 System-source short-circuit current with additional generator contribution
Reference is made to Figure E.1.
The corresponding short-circuit current is calculated as follows:
• Fault location "d": The generator circuit-breaker GCB1 will experience the total short-circuit
breaking current contribution fed by the HV grid and the generator G2. The calculation shall
be done according to Clause E.2.
• Fault location "f": The generator circuit-breaker GCB2 will experience the total short-circuit
breaking current contribution fed by the HV grid and the generator G1. The calculation shall
be done according to Clause E.2.
E.4.2 Generator-source short-circuit current
Each generator circuit-breaker GCB1 or GCB2 will experience the short-circuit breaking current
contribution from generator G1 or G2 respectively. The calculation shall be done according to
Clause E.3.
E.5 Power plant layout with additional generator circuit-breaker connected at

the generator voltage terminals of the step-up transformer
E.5.1 General
As the configuration of power plant layouts may differ in various power plants this example
modifies the power plant layout given in Figure E.1 by adding an additional generator
circuit-breaker (GCB3) at the generator voltage terminals of the step-up transformer.
Figure E.2 – Single-line power plant diagram with two generators and three GCBs
– 248 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
The example given in Figure E.2 indicates two fault locations with the maximum short-circuit
current, which can be experienced by the generator circuit-breaker GCB3:
a) short-circuit fault at the generator voltage terminals of the step-up transformer (fault location
"g"), which is fed by generator G1 and generator G2 simultaneously;
b) short-circuit fault on the busbar connecting both generators (fault location "h"), which is fed
by the HV grid.
E.5.2 System-source short-circuit breaking current
The system-source short-circuit breaking current is calculated according to Clause D.3.
E.5.3 Multiple generator-source short-circuit breaking current
The AC component of the short-circuit breaking current fed by each generator is calculated
according to D.4.1.
The AC component of the total short-circuit breaking current is the sum of the AC component
of the short-circuit breaking current fed by each generator.
The DC component of the short-circuit breaking current fed by each generator is calculated
according to D.4.2.
The DC component of the total short-circuit breaking current is the sum of the DC component
of the short-circuit breaking current fed by each generator.
The total asymmetrical short-circuit breaking current fed by all the generators is calculated as
the square root of the sum of the squares of:
• the RMS value of the AC component of the total short-circuit breaking current,
• the DC component of the total short-circuit breaking current.
E.6 Transient recovery voltage
The transient recovery voltage shall be calculated taking into account plant-specific equipment
parameters and operating conditions. For further information, refer to 9.103.7.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 249 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Annex F
(informative)
Effects on TRV requirements due to the capacitance added when shielded

cables connect generator circuit-breakers to the step-up transformer
The prospective transient recovery voltage (TRV) requirements for generator circuit-breakers
under system-source fault conditions are listed in Table 3. They are based on the assumption
that the step-up transformer will be connected to the generator circuit-breaker by bus. Although
this assumption is true for many applications, several smaller installations also exist where the
connection is made with shielded cables. One way of determining the effects of the capacitance
added by shielded cables on the TRV that the generator circuit-breaker would experience while
trying to clear a three-phase fault current, fed from a non-effectively earthed source, has been
described by Dufournet and Montillet [12]. This method illustrates that the added capacitance
of shielded cables used to connect the transformer to the generator circuit-breaker can have
two significant effects on the TRV, as follows:
a) The rate of rise of the recovery voltage (RRRV), or "TRV rate," is reduced.
b) The TRV peak (called u c in Figure F.2 and in Figure F.4) is increased.
The significance of these effects can be illustrated in the following four figures:
– Figure F.1 shows the effect on the TRV rate-of-rise, associated with breaking faulted
transformers rated in the range of 65,5 MVA to 100 MVA.
– Figure F.2 shows the effect on the TRV peak, u c , associated with breaking faulted
transformers rated in the range of 65,5 MVA to 100 MVA.
– Figure F.3 shows the effect on the TRV rate-of-rise, associated with breaking faulted
transformers rated in the range of 10 MVA to 50 MVA.
– Figure F.4 shows the effect on the TRV peak, u c , associated with breaking faulted
transformers rated in the range of 10 MVA to 50 MVA.
These calculations are illustrative of a method to evaluate the effects of capacitance associated
with cable connections. Certain other assumptions, such as the transformer short-circuit
impedance of 14 %, although consistent with the other illustrative calculations in this document,
are not intended to be completely representative of all applications. The user should carefully
consider all the parameters of the particular circuit and determine the appropriate TRV values
based on the actual parameters of the circuit under consideration.
– 250 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure F.1 – TRV rate-of-rise for system-source faults: transformers

rated from 65,5 MVA to 100 MVA
Figure F.2 – TRV peak (u c ) multipliers for system-source faults:

transformers rated from 65,5 MVA to 100 MVA
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 251 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure F.3 – TRV rate-of-rise for system-source faults:

transformers rated from 10 MVA to 50 MVA
Figure F.4 – TRV peak (u c ) multipliers for system-source faults:

transformers rated from 10 MVA to 50 MVA
– 252 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Annex G
(informative)
Symbols and related terminology
G.1 Comparison of IEEE and IEC electrical terms and symbols
Table G.1 provides a listing of the most common terms and their respective abbreviations as
used in IEEE and IEC.
NOTE Some of the terms are very similar but have slightly different definitions between IEEE and IEC.
Table G.1 – Comparison of IEEE and IEC electrical terms and symbols
Abbreviation Definition Customary Appearing

units first in
IEEE IEC
V Ur Rated maximum voltage (IEEE); V RMS 5.2
Rated voltage (IEC)
None Up Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage V peak 5.3
None Ir Rated continuous current A RMS 5.5
None Not used Rated momentary withstand current kA Not used

asymmetrical
None Ip Rated peak withstand current kA peak 5.7
None Ik Rated short-time withstand current kA symmetrical 5.6
None tk Rated duration of short circuit s 5.8
None Ua Rated supply voltage of auxiliary circuits V RMS 5.9
None Ud Rated power-frequency withstand voltage V RMS 5.3
Grounded Effectively System neutral is effectively connected 3.1.112

earthed to ground or earth
Ungrounded Non- System neutral is not connected to 3.1.113
effectively ground or earth, that is, the neutral is
earthed isolated or connected to ground or earth
through a high impedance
Rated dielectric strength (IEEE) 5.3
Rated insulation level (IEC)
None fr Rated power-frequency (IEEE) Hz 5.4
Rated frequency (IEC)
Rated short-circuit current duty cycle 5.106
(IEEE)
Rated operating sequence (IEC)
V nG U rG Rated voltage of the generator kV Clause D.2
X dv xd sat Synchronous reactance direct axis – per unit (p.u.) Clause D.2
saturated value
X' dv x' d sat
Transient reactance direct axis – per unit (p.u.) Clause D.2
saturated value
X" dv x" d sat Subtransient reactance direct axis – per unit (p.u.) Clause D.2
saturated value
X qv xq sat Synchronous reactance quadrature axis – per unit (p.u.) Clause D.2
saturated value
X' qv x' q sat Transient reactance quadrature axis – per unit (p.u.) Clause D.2
saturated value
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 253 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Abbreviation Definition Customary Appearing
units first in
IEEE IEC
X" qv x" q sat Subtransient reactance quadrature axis – per unit (p.u.) Clause D.2
saturated value
X 2v x2 sat Negative sequence reactance – saturated per unit (p.u.) Clause D.2
value
X 0v x0 sat Zero sequence reactance – saturated per unit (p.u.) Clause D.2
value
T' do τ' do Transient open-circuit time constant s Clause D.2
direct axis
T' d τ' d Transient short-circuit time constant s Clause D.2
direct axis
T" do τ" do Subtransient open-circuit time constant s Clause D.2
direct axis
T" d τ" d Subtransient short-circuit time constant s Clause D.2
direct axis
T' qo τ' qo Transient open-circuit time constant s Clause D.2
quadrature axis
T' q τ' q Transient short-circuit time constant s Clause D.2
quadrature axis
T" do τ" qo Subtransient open-circuit time constant s Clause D.2
quadrature axis
T" d τ" q Subtransient short-circuit time constant s Clause D.2
quadrature axis
Ta τa Armature short-circuit time constant s Clause D.2
I MC Closing, latching and carry current 5.102

(IEEE)
Short-circuit making current (IEC)
Out-of-phase switching current (IEEE) 5.104
Out-of-phase making and breaking
current (IEC)
Rated Interrupting time (IEEE) 3.7.142
Three-phase break-time (IEC)
Usual service condition (IEEE) 4.1
Normal service condition (IEC)
Unusual service condition (IEEE) 4.2
Special service condition (IEC)
Design test (IEEE) Clause 7
Type test (IEC)
Production test (IEEE) Clause 8
Routine test (IEC)
Phase – A, B, C (IEEE) Figure 6
Phase – R, S, T (IEC)
G.2 Comparison between TRV terminology and symbols
Table G.2 and Figure G.1 provide a comparison between the TRV terminology and symbols
used in this document and those used in older IEEE/ANSI standards.
– 254 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table G.2 – Comparison between the TRV terminology and symbols used
in this document and those used in older IEEE/ANSI standards
No. Terms Symbol per this Symbol per

document older IEEE/ANSI
standards
1 Rated maximum voltage (IEEE); Ur V
Rated voltage (IEC)
2 Voltages, general – some are uppercase and some are u v, e or u
lowercase
3 Times, general – some are upper case and some are lower t t
case
4 Rate of rise of recovery voltage u/t or RRRV R or RRRV
5 u c = TRV peak uc E2
6 T2 = time to reach the peak voltage of the 1-cosine TRV T2

curve, E2
NOTE For the two-parameter construction lines, the line
from the origin to point u c , t 3 , and the horizontal line at u c , is
tangent to the ANSI/IEEE undamped 1-cosine TRV, and then
T2 = 1,138 × t 3 or t 3 = 0,88 × T2 (see Figure G.1)
7 first-pole-to-clear factor (k pp ) k pp kf
8 amplitude factor (k af ) [the term "transient amplitude factor k af ka

(k a )" is replaced by amplitude factor (k af )]
9 Time delay t d td td
10 Delay line, a line from 0, t d to u', t' that is parallel to the line Delay line
from 0,0 to u c , t 3 (see Figure G.1).
Provides a lower limit to TRV.

11 Rated TRV wave shape Two-parameter 1-cosine
reference line envelope
12 t 3 , time to reach u c for two-parameter TRVs. Time t 3 is t3
derived from u c and the specified value of the rate of rise
u c /t 3 .
Figure G.1 – Two-parameter TRV envelope representation of 1-cosine

TRV when interrupting three-phase symmetrical fault currents
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 255 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Annex H
(informative)
Determination of the degree of asymmetry for

generator-source short-circuit breaking tests
The degree of asymmetry of a current is defined as the ratio of the DC component to the peak
value of the AC component determined from the envelope of the current wave at that time
(see 3.7.136). The AC component of the generator-source short-circuit current may decay faster
than the DC component. The decay of the AC component is governed by the subtransient and
transient time constants of the generator and the decay of the DC component by the armature
time constant. As a consequence, the DC component at contact separation can be higher than
the peak value of the AC component. In such a case the degree of asymmetry of the fault
current is higher than 100 %, thus leading to delayed current zeros. In addition, the magnitude
of the AC component of the generator-source short-circuit current and its degree of asymmetry
can vary if the generator is unloaded or delivering power with lagging or leading power factor
prior to fault. If fault initiation takes place when the voltage in one phase passes through zero
the resulting fault current in that phase exhibits the maximum degree of asymmetry. A survey
of many generators with different ratings revealed that the degree of asymmetry can be very
high and exceed 130 %.
A typical wave shape of generator-source short-circuit current in the case of fault initiation at
voltage zero is shown in Figure H.1. The degree of asymmetry initially increases due to the
rapid decay of the AC component, it reaches a value of approximately 148 % and it
subsequently decays when the AC component is approaching its steady state.
Reproducing such a current wave shape and especially the decay of the AC component can be
very difficult in high power test laboratories. In addition, depending on the pre-loading of the
generator in a power plant the degree of asymmetry may be far higher than the one being
adjustable in a laboratory. Therefore, in order to reproduce interrupting conditions which are
similar to the ones observed in power plant applications, the test requirement for the degree of
asymmetry is set to a constant value irrespectively of the instant of contact separation. The
dotted line in Figure H.1 represents a degree of asymmetry of 130 % which is set as a
requirement for test-duties 6A and 6B (see Table 23 and Table 24).
Considering that various designs of generators behave differently, it may not be possible to
simulate the required current shape in the test laboratory. Therefore the capability of a
generator circuit-breaker to interrupt a short-circuit current with delayed current zero crossings
shall be ascertained by calculations (see 9.103.6.3.6.3) taking into account results derived from
a limited number of appropriate tests (see 7.105).
– 256 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure H.1 – Prospective generator-source short-circuit current

(fault initiation at voltage zero)
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 257 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Annex I
(informative)
Faults in circuits with a three-winding step-up transformer
When two generators are connected to the high-voltage system by means of a three-winding
step-up transformer, special attention should be paid to the system-source short-circuit current.
In the case of a three-phase earthed fault occurring at location F in Figure I.1, both the AC
component and the degree of asymmetry of the system-source short-circuit current which
should be interrupted by Generator circuit-breaker #1 can attain very high values because of
the additional contribution to the current of Generator #2.
Because the AC component of the fault current fed by Generator #2 is not constant, the ratio of
the peak value of the short-circuit current seen by Generator circuit-breaker #1 to the RMS
value of the AC component of the short-circuit breaking current (at contact separation of
Generator circuit-breaker #1) could exceed the standard value of 2,74.
Figure I.1 – Single-line diagram of a power plant with two generators connected to
the high-voltage system by means of a three-winding step-up transformer
The system-source short-circuit in the case of a three-phase earthed fault occurring at location
F in Figure I.1, has been calculated considering Generator circuit-breaker #2 either open or
closed. In the latter case the contribution of Generator #2 to the fault current to be interrupted
by Generator circuit-breaker #1 has been taken into account. It has been assumed that fault
initiation occurs at voltage zero in one phase. The resulting short-circuit current waveform is
depicted in Figure I.2. Only the current in the phase with the highest degree of asymmetry is
shown. The upper and the lower curves refer to the case of Generator circuit-breaker #2 closed
and open respectively. The results are summarised in Table I.1.
– 258 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Three-phase earthed fault occurring at location F in Figure I.1 (only the current in the phase with the highest degree
of asymmetry is shown – fault initiation at voltage = 0)
Figure I.2 – Prospective fault current to be interrupted by Generator circuit-breaker #1
Table I.1 – Comparison between prospective system-source short-circuit currents

to be interrupted by Generator circuit-breaker #1 in the case of a three-phase earthed
fault occurring at location F in Figure I.1
Generator Generator
Terms circuit-breaker circuit-breaker
#2 opened #2 closed
Making current (kA) 62,1 70,8
RMS value of the AC component of the system-source short-circuit
22,7 25,5
current at intended contact separation (kA)
Degree of asymmetry of the system-source short-circuit current at
68,5 % 73,6 %
intended contact separation
Ratio of making current to RMS value of the AC component of the
2,74 2,78
system-source short-circuit current at intended contact separation
The case of Generator circuit-breaker #2 closed leads to higher current magnitudes because of
the additional contribution of Generator #2. The fault current fed by Generator #2 features a
relatively small magnitude and a very high degree of asymmetry and it exhibits several cycles
without natural zero crossing. These delayed current zeros have totally different causes and
are extremely dissimilar in comparison with the currents associated with generator terminal
faults and out-of-phase synchronising. The waveform of this current is obtained as the
superposition of two contributions, i.e. one oscillating at power frequency and a transient one
whose course is dictated by the time constants of the circuit. The transient component consists
of two decaying exponential functions: this waveform is over-damped as the damping
contribution prevails over the oscillating one as it can be seen in Figure I.3. If the Generator
circuit-breaker #2 has to interrupt this current, the capability to force current to zero shall be
demonstrated by means of calculations considering the effect of the arc voltage of the generator
circuit-breaker on the prospective short-circuit current.

IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 259 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Three-phase earthed fault occurring at location F in Figure I.1 (only the current in the phase with the highest degree
of asymmetry is shown – fault initiation at voltage = 0)
Figure I.3 – Prospective fault current to be interrupted by Generator circuit-breaker #2

– 260 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Annex J
(normative)
Requirements for testing and application of Tee-OFF generator

circuit-breakers in power plant layouts
Power plant layouts can be equipped with a generator circuit-breaker (Tee-OFF generator
circuit-breaker) installed at the higher voltage side of the unit auxiliary transformer
(see Figure J.1).
NOTE At the Tee-OFF location, sometimes switches, which only need to handle short-time withstand and peak
withstand currents, are used. This annex describes Tee-OFF generator circuit-breakers also having a short-circuit
breaking capability.
Owing to its installation location, a Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker has to handle currents of
very high magnitude which can also exhibit delayed zero crossings. Moreover, these currents
are associated to very steep transient recovery voltages which often exceed the tested
capability of conventional general purpose circuit-breakers. Moreover, because of the
simultaneous contribution of the HV grid and of the generator, the requirements for the
application of Tee-OFF generator circuit-breakers can exceed those of the associated generator
circuit-breakers.
Figure J.1 – Single-line diagram of a power plant with Tee-OFF generator

circuit-breaker and generator circuit-breaker
In order to set the requirements for the application of the Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker,
short-circuit current and transient recovery voltage shall be thoroughly assessed.
For this purpose, two fault locations shall be considered, namely F1 and F2 depicted in
Figure J.2. Three-phase grounded faults have been investigated. The current to be interrupted
by the Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker in the case of a fault in F2 is normally fed by
asynchronous motors and its magnitude is much smaller than that associated to faults in F1.
Therefore, this case can be disregarded in the analysis. On the other hand, the current to be
interrupted in the case of faults in F1 is fed by both the HV grid and by the generator.
Assuming that both the HVCB and the generator circuit-breaker remain in the closed position,
the current to be interrupted by the Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker would have both high
magnitude and high degree of asymmetry.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 261 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure J.2 – Power plant electrical layout with Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker – fault
locations considered for setting the requirements for the application of the Tee-OFF
The short-circuit requirements for the application shown in Figure J.2 shall be assessed by
means of studies.
For short-circuit current studies, the generator shall be modelled with armature time constant,
direct-axis and quadrature-axis subtransient and transient short-circuit time constants and
direct-axis and quadrature-axis subtransient, transient and synchronous inductances. The
inertia constant of the rotating mass shall be taken into account as well.
The power transformers shall be modelled with winding resistance and series inductance. The
equivalent winding parameters shall be obtained from the short-circuit impedances. The
windings of each power transformer shall be connected according to the vector group of the
machine.
The HV grid can be modelled as equivalent voltage source and sequence impedances. The
equivalent impedance is determined by the maximum short-circuit power of the HV grid.
The Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker short-circuit current is related to the requirements

imposed on the generator circuit-breaker: it is the sum of the system-source and of the
generator-source short-circuit currents of the generator circuit-breaker, with the HVCB and the
generator circuit-breaker being in the closed position. The current to be handled by the Tee-
OFF generator circuit-breaker can therefore be described by the following expressions:
ISCsys_gen = ISCsys × (1 + ISCgen/ISCsys)
DOAsys_gen = (DOAsys × ISCsys + DOAgen × ISCgen)/(ISCsys + ISCgen) =
= [DOAsys + DOAgen × (ISCgen/ISCsys)]/(1 + (ISCgen/ISCsys)
IPsys_gen = IPsys + IPgen = ISCsys × (IPsys/ISCsys) × (1 + IPgen/IPsys)

– 262 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
where:
I SCsys is the AC component of the system-source short-circuit breaking current of the
generator circuit-breaker;
I SCgen is the AC component of the generator-source short-circuit breaking current of
the generator circuit-breaker;
I Psys is the peak value of the system-source short-circuit current of the generator
circuit-breaker;
I Pgen is the peak value of the generator-source short-circuit current of the generator
circuit-breaker;
DOA sys is the degree of asymmetry of the system-source short-circuit current of the
generator circuit-breaker at contact separation;
DOA gen is the degree of asymmetry of the generator-source short-circuit current of the
I SCsys_gen is the AC component of the current to be handled by the Tee-OFF generator
circuit-breaker at contact separation;
DOA sys_gen is the degree of asymmetry of the current to be handled by the Tee-OFF
I Psys_gen is the peak value of the current to be handled by the Tee-OFF generator circuit-
breaker.
Taking into consideration the above equations, the ratings for the Tee-OFF generator circuit-
breaker can be obtained.
The degree of asymmetry can be higher than 100 %, which means that delayed current zeros
can be expected. When the current exhibits delayed zeros, the capability of the Tee-OFF
generator circuit-breaker to force current zeros shall be demonstrated by means of a calculation
considering the effect of the arc-voltage of the circuit-breaker on the prospective current.
The following two situations shall be considered for a three-phase short-circuit current:
• fault initiation at voltage zero in one phase, which implies that the current in the
• fault initiation at voltage maximum in one phase, which implies that the current in the
The capability of a Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker to interrupt a given current which shows
delayed zeros can be considered as being demonstrated if the Tee-OFF generator circuit-
interrupt a current (i.e. within the maximum tested arcing time). Subclauses 9.103.6.3.6 and
9.103.6.3.7 apply.
The transient recovery voltage requirements for the application shall be derived by the
parameters laid down in Table 3 and Table 4 of this document. For this assessment the
generator circuit-breaker and the Tee-OFF generator circuit-breakers have been modelled as
ideal circuit-breakers (i.e. neither the arc-voltage nor the wave-slowing capacitors have been
taken into account). The prospective TRV (i.e. the TRV not influenced by the arc-voltage and
the capacitors of the circuit-breakers) appearing across the contacts of the Tee-OFF generator
circuit-breaker immediately after the interruption of the fault current has been calculated. The
TRV is determined for the first-pole-to-clear in the case of a three-phase current. The TRV
resulting from interruption of a symmetrical current has been calculated.
The resulting TRV is displayed in Table J.1.

IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 263 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table J.1 – TRV parameters related to the breaking of the Tee-OFF generator
circuit-breaker short-circuit current
Prospective TRV
Generator rating
MVA µs kV kV/µs
10 to 50 0,81 U r 1,7 U r 2,1
51 to 100 0,77 U r 1,7 U r 2,2
101 to 200 0,68 U r 1,7 U r 2,5
201 to 400 0,65 U r 1,7 U r 2,6
401 to 800 0,59 U r 1,7 U r 2,9
801 to 1 000 0,55 U r 1,7 U r 3,1
above 1 001 0,53 U r 1,7 U r 3,2
The time delay t d shall be equal to 0,6 µs. In case the associated generator circuit-
breaker is equipped with capacitors of at least 100 nF/phase installed phase-to-
ground, the time delay t d will be longer than 1,0 µs.
The ratings and required capabilities of a Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker are the designated
limits of operating characteristics based on definite conditions and shall include the following
items, where applicable:
rated voltage;
rated insulation level;
rated frequency;
rated continuous current;
rated short-time withstand current;
rated peak withstand current;
rated duration of short-circuit;
rated supply voltage of auxiliary and control circuits;
rated supply frequency of auxiliary and control circuits;
filling pressures of compressed gas supply and/or of hydraulic supply for operation,
insulation and/or making and breaking, as applicable;
rated system-source short-circuit breaking current;
rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current;
rated Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker short-circuit breaking current;
rated Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker short-circuit making current;
rated load breaking current;
rated transient recovery voltage (TRV);
rated operating sequence;
rated time quantities.
For items a), b), c), k), l) and q), the ratings and the testing procedure of the Tee-OFF generator
circuit-breaker shall be the same as for the associated generator circuit-breaker.
– 264 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
For items d) and o) the magnitude of the current is typically lower than that of the associated
generator circuit-breaker and it is dictated by the load connected to the secondary side of the
unit auxiliary transformer. The testing procedure of the Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker shall
be the same as for the associated generator circuit-breaker.
For items e), f), m) and n) the magnitude of the current shall be the sum of the generator-source
and system-source short-circuit currents of the associated generator circuit-breaker. The
testing procedure of the Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker shall be the same as for the
associated generator circuit-breaker.
For items g), h), i), j) and r) 5.8, 5.9, 5.10, 5.11 and 5.107 apply respectively.
For item p), the parameters of the rated TRV are given in Table 3, Table 4, Table 5 and
Table J.1.
The testing procedure of the Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker shall be the same as for the
associated generator circuit-breaker.
Special requirements, for example out-of-phase making and breaking capability, are not
covered in this document and, when required, shall be agreed by the user and manufacturer.
The nameplate of a Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker and its operating devices shall include
the items listed in Table J.2 below.
The nameplate shall be visible when the Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker is in the position of
normal service and installation.
number.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 265 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table J.2 – Nameplate information for Tee-OFF generator circuit-breakers
Information to be Condition: Abbreviation Unit Tee-OFF Operating

listed on nameplates Marking only generator device
required if circuit-breaker
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Manufacturer X X
Type designation and serial
X X
number
Rated lightning impulse Up kV X

withstand voltage
external forced
Rated continuous current cooling is not Ir A Y
required
external forced
Rated continuous current with I r,
cooling is efc A Y
required
Rated short-time withstand Ik kA X
current
Rated Tee-OFF generator

circuit-breaker short-circuit I MC kA X
making current
RMS value of the AC
component of the rated Tee- I SC kA X
OFF generator circuit-breaker
short-circuit breaking current
RRRV kV/µs X
voltage
(X)
20 °C absolute
Kind and mass of fluid for sealed tank kg

Y
insulation and/or interruption contains fluid [weight lb]
Filling pressure for insulation
p re MPa [psi]
and/or making and breaking at (X)
absolute
20 °C
V (X)
circuits
Hz (X)
control circuits
Rated supply voltage of Ua V (X)
auxiliary circuits
Hz (X)
auxiliary circuits
kg
Mass (including fluids) M X X
[weight lb]
– 266 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Information to be Condition: Abbreviation Unit Tee-OFF Operating
listed on nameplates Marking only generator device
required if circuit-breaker
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
phase at the generator step-up non zero nF Y
transformer side
different from
Capacitance value per phase
required
provided at the generator step- nF Y
capacitance
up transformer side
value
equipped with
opening
resistor in
Opening resistor value Ω Y
parallel to the
interrupting
chamber
Year of manufacture X X
Minimum and maximum
°C X
ambient air temperature
Instruction book number X X
Relevant standard with date of
X X
issue
Key
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 267 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Annex K
(normative)
Requirements for doubly-fed induction machines (DFIMs) applications
K.1 General
Variable-speed machines have gained increasing importance in pumped-storage power plant

and in wind farm applications. For the former application variable-speed machines are of
particular interest as they present big advantages compared to the classical topology with a
synchronous generator, such as the possibility to vary the power absorbed in pumping mode
over a certain range by means of the speed of the pump and the ability to respond much more
dynamically to changes in power set point values. Within the variable speed-solutions, the one
employing a doubly-fed induction machine (DFIM) has become the preferred solution for large
installations since it provides the advantages of variable-speed operation and four-quadrant
active and reactive power capabilities using converters rated only a small fraction (ca. 20 % to
−30 %) of the rated power.
The characteristics of the current fed by a DFIM after a three-phase short-circuit at its terminals
is of utmost importance to define the requirements of the generator circuit-breaker installed
between the generator and the step-up transformer. In the case of terminal faults, since the
main flux-linkage cannot follow sudden supply voltage variations, a three-phase fault at the
DFIM’s stator terminals induces very large currents in the rotor windings. To protect the rotor-
side converter, the rotor is short-circuited via crowbar resistors once the maximum current
permissible by the converter is exceeded. Large rotor currents flow through the crowbar instead
of the converter and the thermal breakdown of the power electronic converter is avoided. The
different operating parameters of the machine (such as rotor’s slip, pre-fault loading of the
generator and crowbar resistance value) have a considerable impact on the current waveform.
For more detailed information on the application of generator circuit-breakers in conjunction

with DFIMs, refer to [13] and [14].
K.2 Transient stator and rotor currents
The transient stator and rotor current can be derived from the equivalent circuit of a DFIM as
shown in Figure K.1 and can be expressed as a function of the fluxes. The parameters are
referred to the stator side.
Figure K.1 – Equivalent circuit of a DFIM

– 268 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
K.3 Stator currents in case of a three-phase fault
Since the main flux-linkage cannot follow sudden supply voltage variations, a three-phase fault
at the DFIM’s stator terminals induces very large currents in the rotor windings. To protect the
rotor-side converter, the rotor is short-circuited via crowbar resistors once the maximum current
permissible by the converter is exceeded. Since this operation occurs immediately after the
fault, it can be assumed, without any loss of generality, that both stator and rotor are short-
circuited at t = 0. Large rotor currents flow through the crowbar instead of the converter and the
thermal breakdown of the power electronic converter is avoided.
Under steady-state operation the stator flux rotates with synchronous speed, and thus is
constant in a synchronously rotating reference frame.
In a fixed reference frame this flux does not rotate (DC flux), and decays exponentially with a
time constant dictated by the DFIM’s stator parameters, given by:
L's
T 's =
Rs
The rotor flux is fixed to the rotor windings, and decays exponentially with a time constant
dictated by the DFIM’s rotor parameters, given by:
L'r
T 'r =
Rr
From a fixed reference frame, this flux will rotate with the rotor mechanical angular velocity,
ω m (t). For a short period of time mechanical transients can be neglected, therefore the
mechanical angular velocity can be considered constant: ω m (t) = ω m0 = ω m .
The analytical expression for the stator three-phase short-circuit current can be obtained as
follows:
 −
t t
 υs0 T 's k  −
=is e − r ψr0 × e T 'r × e− jωmt
jωs L 's L 's
K.4 DC component of the short-circuit current
The initial DC component of the short-circuit current depends only upon the magnitude of the
stator flux at the moment the short-circuit occurs, and then decays exponentially with the time
constant given by the machine technical parameters. For a DFIM, the initial value of the DC
component will be maximum when the short-circuit occurs at voltage zero in one phase, and
will be independent of the specific operating point of the DFIM prior to the fault.
K.5 AC component of the short-circuit current
The magnitude of the AC component of the short-circuit current depends only upon the
magnitude of the rotor flux at the moment the short-circuit occurs. The rotor flux will depend
only upon the power output and power factor of the DFIM prior to the fault. Specifically, the
higher the reactive power generated by the DFIM, the higher the magnitude of the AC
component of the short-circuit current; on the other hand the higher the reactive power
absorbed, the lower the magnitude of the AC component of the short-circuit current.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 269 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
K.6 Influence of rotor’s slip
The higher the positive slip, the lower the frequency of the current; the higher the negative slip,
the higher the frequency of the current.
K.7 Influence of the crowbar resistor
The crowbar resistance R cb has only an impact on the time constant of the AC component since
it adds to the rotor’s resistance R r (both values of R r and R cb are referred to the stator side):
L 'r
T 'r =
Rr + Rcb
With a higher crowbar resistance, the AC component decays faster and hence the short-circuit
current becomes more asymmetrical. For typical applications, the symmetrical component of
the short-circuit current decays to zero within two to three cycles, thus leading to a current
which is almost purely DC.
K.8 Influence of pre-fault loading conditions
In accordance with what is stated in Clause K.4, the higher the reactive power generated by
the DFIM, the higher the magnitude of the AC component of the short-circuit current; on the
other hand the higher the reactive power absorbed, the lower the magnitude of the AC
component of the short-circuit current.
The initial DC component of the short-circuit current depends only upon the magnitude of the
stator voltage at the moment the short-circuit occurs; the initial value of the DC component will
be maximum when the short-circuit occurs at voltage zero in one phase, and will be independent
of the specific pre-fault loading condition.
K.9 Specific requirements for the application of generator circuit-breakers
The requirements laid down in Clause 9 apply.
As the crowbar resistor decreases the time constant of the decay of the AC component of the
short-circuit current, upon insertion of the crowbar the symmetrical component of the current
will therefore decay faster, and depending on the crowbar’s resistance value, can decay much
faster than the DC component. When this occurs, the resulting current waveform can exhibit
delayed current zeros. Furthermore, typical values of crowbar resistance can lead to a very
small symmetrical component within a few milliseconds, thus leading to a short-circuit current
which is almost purely DC (see Figure K.2).
Under these circumstances the current has no natural zero crossing for several hundred
milliseconds. These conditions shall be thoroughly investigated when assessing the suitability
of a generator circuit-breaker for a given application.
When the current exhibits delayed current zeros (i.e. degree of asymmetry > 100 %) the
capability of the generator circuit-breaker to force current zeros shall be demonstrated by
means of a calculation considering the effect on the prospective current of the crowbar resistor
and of the arc voltage of the generator circuit-breaker. The requirements and conditions laid
down in 9.103.6.3.6.4 apply.
– 270 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Subclauses 9.103.6.3.6.4, 9.103.6.3.7.2, 9.103.6.3.7.3 and 9.103.6.3.7.4 are applicable with
the following addition: the short-circuit currents shall be calculated assuming that the crowbar
resistor is inserted and summed up to the rotor’s resistance to reduce the time constant of
decay of the AC component. Special attention shall be paid to these cases because the degree
of asymmetry of the fault current might attain values much higher than those observed in
conventional synchronous generator applications.
Figure K.2 – Example of influence of crowbar resistor

on generator-source short-circuit current
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 271 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Annex L
(normative)
Requirements for wind farm applications
L.1 General
Wind farms can employ generators with or without power electronic converters. In case power
electronic converters are used, they can be either full-scale converters connected at the stator
of the generator or partial-scale converters connected at the rotor of the generator. The
requirements imposed on generator circuit-breakers by the various types of generators used in
wind farms are covered in Clauses L.2 to L.4.
L.2 Generators without power electronic converters
A typical wind tower layout consists in the following components connected in series: generator,
generator circuit-breaker, and step-up transformer. These applications are considered as
conventional generator circuit-breaker applications. In order to assess the requirements
imposed on the generator circuit-breaker Clause 9 applies.
L.3 Generators with full-scale power electronic converters connected at the

stator of the generator
first generator circuit-breaker, full-scale converter, second generator circuit-breaker, and step-
up transformer.
In order to assess the requirements imposed on the generator circuit-breaker installed between
the full-scale converter and the step-up transformer (second generator circuit-breaker) Clause 9
applies. The generator-source short-circuit current shall be assessed taking into consideration
the effect of the full-scale converter in case of a three-phase earth fault between generator
circuit-breaker and step-up transformer. The system-source short-circuit current shall be
assessed considering a three-phase earth fault between full-scale converter and generator
circuit-breaker.
In order to assess the requirements imposed on the generator circuit-breaker installed between
the generator and the full-scale converter (first generator circuit-breaker), Clause 9 applies.
The system-source short-circuit current shall be assessed taking into consideration the effect
of the full-scale converter in case of a three-phase earth fault between generator and generator
circuit-breaker. The generator-source short-circuit current shall be assessed considering a
three-phase earth fault between generator circuit-breaker and full-scale converter.
In this case all the requirements laid down in Clause 9 for generator-source short-circuit current
apply with the addition that all the calculations shall be performed also for the minimum and for
the maximum frequency of the current which can be attained by the generator. In the case of
high frequency, in the current interruption process the time derivative of the current (di/dt) at
the last current zero is of special concern. The generator circuit-breaker can be considered as
suitable for the application if it can extinguish the arc at the current zero crossing and withstand
the subsequent transient recovery voltage. Test evidence shall be provided for the capability of
the generator circuit-breaker to handle the last current loop parameters (time, peak and di/dt at
current zero) required for the project-specific application.
– 272 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
In the case of lower frequency, the arcing time can be very long. A longer arcing time means
higher arc-energy input. The generator-circuit breaker shall withstand the resulting arc-energy
and extinguish the arc at the current zero crossing. The generator circuit-breaker can be
considered as suitable for the application if it can extinguish the arc at the current zero crossing
and withstand the subsequent transient recovery voltage. Test evidence shall be provided for
the capability of the generator circuit-breaker to withstand the arc energy and extinguish the
arc after the long arcing time required for the project-specific application.
L.4 Generators with partial-scale power electronic converters connected at

the rotor of the generator
generator circuit-breaker, and step-up transformer. In order to assess the requirements
imposed on the generator circuit-breaker Annex K applies.
L.5 Breaking tests
L.5.1 General
Assigning low frequency or high frequency breaking capability to the generator circuit-breaker
is not mandatory, but if such a capability is assigned by the manufacturer, then the following
test requirements shall be met. The generator circuit-breaker might need to break short-circuit
currents at frequencies lower or higher than the rated one. Such short-circuit currents are fed
by the generator and are based on the generator ratings of the wind farm. Short-circuit currents
are possible at any frequency between 0 Hz and up to possibly three times the rated frequency
of the wind farm.
L.5.2 Low frequency breaking tests
If required, low frequency breaking tests shall be made under the following conditions:
The test current shall be the rated generator-source short-circuit current I scg .
The test circuit shall be similar to the usual short-circuit test arrangement (see 7.105);
The tests shall be performed at a power frequency of 20 Hz ± 3 Hz.
For testing purposes, the asymmetrical current breaking capability is based on a time
constant of 350 ms.
Either three-phase or single-phase tests can be made. If three-phase tests are made, either
the neutral of the supply or the short-circuit point shall be earthed, but not both. If single-
phase tests are made, the test circuit shall be earthed.
The test voltages shall be based on the rated voltage, U r and a rated frequency of 50 Hz.
• If three-phase tests are made, they shall be made with phase-to-phase voltage equal to
U test = 20 Hz / 50 Hz × U r = 0,4 U r .
• If single-phase tests are made, the test voltage shall be equal to
U test = 20 Hz / 50 Hz × k pp × U r / √3 = 0,346 U r .
The TRV parameters of the first-pole-to-clear in three-phase tests and for the case of single-
phase test circuits shall be as specified in Table L.1.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 273 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table L.1 – TRV parameters for low frequency generator-source faults
Prospective TRV
Generator rating
MVA µs kV kV/µs
10 to 50 1,23 U r 0,73 U r 0,60
51 to 100 1,15 U r 0,73 U r 0,64
101 to 400 1,02 U r 0,73 U r 0,72
401 to 800 0,92 U r 0,73 U r 0,80
801 or more 0,84 U r 0,73 U r 0,88
The time delay t d shall be equal to 0,5 µs.
The normally earthed parts of the generator circuit-breaker shall be earthed.

Tests shall be made at the minimum functional pressure for insulation and/or making and
breaking and at the minimum functional pressure for operating. To facilitate consistent
control of the opening operation, the shunt opening releases may be supplied at the
maximum operating voltage.
Symmetrical breaking operations shall show the breaking behaviour after maximum arcing
times under first-pole-to-clear and last-pole-to-clear conditions. In order to achieve this, the
minimum arcing time t arc sym min LF shall be established. The same procedure as given in
7.102.10.2.2 for three-phase tests and 7.102.10.3.2 for single-phase tests shall apply.
Asymmetrical breaking operations shall show the behaviour after the second major loop of
the phase with maximum asymmetry. The last loop parameters of the prospective current of
the phase with maximum asymmetry shall be based on a time constant of 350 ms. The
maximum arcing times under first-pole-to-clear and last-pole-to-clear conditions shall be
tested. For simplicity and contrary to the procedure described in 7.102.10.2.3 t arc sym min LF
instead of t arc asym min 1 LF and t arc asym min 2 LF may also be used to calculate the maximum
arcing times for asymmetrical breaking operations.
Tests and further conditions of severity are outlined in Table L.2 and Table L.3.
The arcing times given in Table L.2 and Table L.3 are prospective values for an exact power
frequency of 20 Hz and a perfect setting of the trip-signal. The arcing time during the test
may be modified by the tolerance of the power frequency, the tolerance of the trip-signal
and the behaviour of the test object. Therefore, a tolerance on the setting of the contact
separation is given and shall be within ±18° of its theoretical position, calculated during a
prospective test.
– 274 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table L.2 – Test-duties to demonstrate the low frequency
breaking capability for three-phase tests
Last loop parameters of prospective current (20 Hz)

Power-
Test- Operating Applied Current Duration Corresponding di/dt Arcing time frequency
I
duty duty voltage magnitude peak of loop at current zero set to recovery
voltage
p.u. ms % ms
a,b,c d
O sym t arc sym + 5,8

1,00 25,0 100 min LF
LF1
30 min 0,4 Ur/√3 I scg 0,4 Ur/√3
e
O sym 1,00 29,2 86,6 t arc sym min LF + 18,3
O asym t arc sym + 9,6

1,81 40,1 66,3 min LF
LF2
30 min 0,4 Ur/√3 I scg 0,4 Ur/√3
e
O asym 1,81 43,1 66,0 t arc sym min LF + 27,5
Key
circuit-breaker
desired.
or replacement of parts to the generator circuit-breaker is permitted between test-duties LF1 and LF2.
d 100 % corresponds to a symmetrical current with a power frequency of 20 Hz.
e The upper line corresponds to first-pole-to-clear conditions, the lower line corresponds to last-pole-to-clear
conditions.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 275 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table L.3 – Test-duties to demonstrate the low frequency
breaking capability for single-phase tests
Last loop parameters of prospective current (20 Hz)

Power-
Test- Operating Applied Current Duration Corresponding di/dt Arcing time frequency
I
duty duty voltage magnitude peak of loop at current zero set to recovery
voltage
p.u. ms % ms
a,b,c d
O sym t arc sym min +

1,00 25,0 100 LF 1,5 (0,4 Ur/√3)
5,8
LF1 30 min 0,4 Ur/√3 I scg
t arc sym min +
O sym 1,00 25,0 86,6 LF 0,4 Ur/√3
18,3
O asym t arc sym min +
1,81 40,1 66,3 LF 1,5 (0,4 Ur/√3)
9,6
LF2 30 min 0,4 Ur/√3 I scg
t arc sym min +
O asym 1,81 40,1 66,0 LF 0,4 Ur/√3
27,5
Key
circuit-breaker
desired.
or replacement of parts to the generator circuit-breaker is permitted between test-duties LF1 and LF2.
d 100 % corresponds to a symmetrical current with a power frequency of 20 Hz.
L.5.3 High frequency breaking tests
If required, high frequency symmetrical breaking tests shall be made under the following
conditions:
The test current shall be the rated generator-source short-circuit current I scg .
The test circuit shall be similar to the usual short-circuit test arrangement (see 7.105).
The tests shall be performed at the maximum frequency f max ±10 %. Synthetic tests with a
current circuit at any other power frequency are valid provided that di/dt fulfils the required
value for maximum frequency f max .
Either three-phase or single-phase tests can be made. If three-phase tests are made, either
the neutral of the supply or the short-circuit point shall be earthed, but not both. If single-
phase tests are made, the test circuit shall be earthed.
The test voltages shall be based on the rated voltage, U r and a rated frequency of 50 Hz.
If three-phase tests are made, they shall be made with phase-to-phase voltage equal to
U test = f max / 50 × U r , where f max is expressed in Hz.
If single-phase tests are made, the test voltage shall be equal to
f max / 50 x k pp × U r / √3, where f max is expressed in Hz.
The TRV parameters of the first-pole-to-clear in three-phase tests and for the case of single-
phase test circuits shall be as specified in Table L.4.
– 276 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table L.4 – TRV parameters for high frequency generator-source faults
Prospective TRV
Time t 3 TRV peak value u c RRRV Time delay t d
µs kV kV/µs µs
1,23 U r f max / 50 × 1,84 U r f max / 50 × 1,5 0,5
The normally earthed parts of the generator circuit-breaker shall be earthed.

Tests shall be made at the minimum functional pressure for insulation and/or making and
breaking and at the minimum functional pressure for operation. To facilitate consistent
control of the opening operation, the shunt opening releases may be supplied at the
maximum operating voltage.
The breaking operations shall show the behaviour after maximum arcing times under first-
pole-to-clear and last-pole-to-clear conditions. In order to achieve this, the minimum arcing
time t arc sym min HF shall be established. The same procedure as given in 7.102.10.2.2 for
three-phase tests and 7.102.10.3.2 for single-phase tests shall apply.
Tests and further conditions of severity are outlined in Table L.5 and Table L.6.
The arcing times given in Table L.5 and Table L.6 are prospective values for an exact power
frequency of f max and a perfect setting of the trip-signal. The arcing time during the test may
be modified by the tolerance of the power frequency, the tolerance of the trip-signal and the
behaviour of the test object. Therefore, a tolerance on the setting of the contact separation
is given and shall be within ±18 ° of its theoretical position, calculated during a prospective
test.
High frequency asymmetrical breaking tests are not required. They are covered by system-
source and generator-source short-circuit asymmetrical breaking current tests (see 7.103 and
7.105) and the di/dt is covered by the high-frequency symmetrical breaking tests.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 277 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table L.5 – Test-duties to demonstrate the high frequency
breaking capability for three-phase tests
Last loop parameters of prospective current (f max )
Test- Operating Applied Current Corresponding Arcing time Power-frequency

Duration
duty duty voltage magnitude I peak of loop di/dt at current set to recovery voltage
zero
p.u. ms
ms
%
a,b c
t arc sym min HF +

O sym 1,00 500/f max 100
117/f max
HF d 30 min f max /50 × U r /√3 I scg f max /50 × U r /√3
t arc sym min HF +
O sym 1,00 583/f max 86,6
367/f max
Key
circuit-breaker
In this table f max is already accounted for in Hz; the user only needs to use the number in the formulas in the table.
a No refitting or replacement of parts to the generator circuit-breaker is permitted during the test-duty.
b If the generator circuit-breaker has an auxiliary resistor chamber and an auxiliary switch, tests should be performed with
the auxiliary resistor and switch in the circuit, or, for convenience of testing, the tests may be performed on both
interrupters separately by using equivalent TRVs.
c 100 % corresponds to a symmetrical current with a power frequency of f max .
d The upper line corresponds to first-pole-to-clear conditions, the lower line corresponds to last-pole-to-clear conditions.
– 278 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table L.6 – Test-duties to demonstrate the high frequency
breaking capability for single-phase tests
Last loop parameters of prospective current (f max )

Power-
Test- Operating Applied Current Corresponding Arcing time frequency
Duration
duty duty voltage magnitude I peak of loop
di/dt at current set to recovery
zero voltage
p.u. ms
ms
%
a,b c
t arc sym min HF + 1,5 (f max / 50 ×

O sym 1,00 500/ f max 100
117/ f max U r /√3)
f max / 50
HF d 30 min I scg
× U r /√3
t arc sym min HF +
O sym 1,00 500/ f max 86,6 f max / 50 × U r /√3
367/ f max
Key
circuit-breaker
In this table f max is already accounted for in Hz; the user only needs to use the number in the formulas in the table.
a No refitting or replacement of parts to the generator circuit-breaker is permitted during the test-duty.
b If the generator circuit-breaker has an auxiliary resistor chamber and an auxiliary switch, tests should be
c 100 % corresponds to a symmetrical current with a power frequency of f max .
d The upper line corresponds to first-pole-to-clear conditions, the lower line corresponds to last-pole-to-clear
conditions.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 279 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Annex M
(normative)
Assessment of TRV test parameters for out-of-phase current breaking in

the case of generator circuit-breakers equipped with capacitors
or between the generator and the generator circuit-breaker, or both, or capacitors can be part
of the generator circuit-breaker. If the test circuit comprises one voltage source only (with the
other side of the generator circuit-breaker being earthed), then the tests shall be carried out
without these capacitors installed. The influence of the capacitors on the prospective TRV shall
be taken into account by using the "GenCB TRV calculator" tool to determine the values for the
modified TRV parameters to be used as the TRV requirements for the out-of-phase current
breaking.
This tool is included as a downloadable part of this document.
The modified prospective TRV parameters given by the "GenCB TRV calculator" tool are
derived using the following formulas:
u=
cm KE2 × U r
m RRRV0 + KRRRV-U × (U r − U class ) + KRRRV-1 × ( I sc − I class )

RRRV=
tdm = td0 + K td-U × (U r − U class ) + K td-1 ( I sc − Iclass )
where
u cm [kV], RRRV m [kV/µs], and t dm [µs] are respectively the peak value, the rate-of-rise and
the time delay of the prospective TRV for
out-of-phase current breaking modified by the
capacitors of the generator circuit-breaker;
Ur is the rated voltage of the generator circuit-breaker
expressed in kV;
I sc is the RMS value of the AC component of the
system-source short-circuit breaking current
expressed in kA;
U class [kV] and I class [kA] are parameters depending on the classes listed in
Table M.1.
– 280 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Table M.1 – Reference values for MVA classes
MVA class Generator rating

MVA
1 10 to 50
2 51 to 100
3 101 to 200
4 201 to 400
5 401 to 600
6 601 to 800
7 801 to 1 000
8 ≥ 1 001
NOTE The generator rating has been split into more

classes compared to Table 5 and Table 6 in order to
coordinate the generator ratings according to Table 4 with
the step-up transformer ratings according to Table 3.
The values for the parameters K E2 , RRRV 0 [kV/µs], K RRRV-U [1/µs], K RRRV-I [kV/µs × 1/kA], t d0
[µs], K td-U [µs/kV], K td-I [µs/kA] are calculated by the GenCB TRV calculator tool. They depend
on the value of the capacitors at the generator side (C g ) and at the transformer side (C s ) of the
generator circuit-breaker, where K E2 is used to calculate the value of the TRV first peak.
The prospective TRV modified by the capacitors of the generator circuit-breaker has been
assessed in accordance with the approach described below for a three-phase circuit consisting
of generator, step-up transformer and HV grid.
• The value of the equivalent reactance of the step-up transformer and the HV grid has been
derived from the RMS values of the rated voltage and AC component of the rated system-
source short-circuit breaking current of the generator circuit-breaker.
• The value of the equivalent reactance of the step-up transformer, the HV grid, and the
generator has been derived from the RMS value of the rated voltage of the generator circuit-
breaker multiplied by √2 and the AC component of the rated out-of-phase breaking current
of the generator circuit-breaker (see 5.104).
• The value of the equivalent reactance of the generator has been calculated by subtracting
the value of the equivalent reactance of the step-up transformer and the HV grid from the
value of the equivalent reactance of the step-up transformer, the HV grid, and the generator.
NOTE The value of the equivalent reactance of the generator model calculated as described above is not
related to the rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current.
• The value of the parameters used to control the TRV (resistors in parallel with the
reactances, capacitors phase-to-ground and capacitors between the primary winding and
the secondary winding of the step-up transformer) have been calculated so that the three-
phase circuit of the step-up transformer, the HV grid, and the generator provides the
prospective TRV parameters defined in Table 6 in case of 90° out-of-phase breaking current
conditions. This part of the calculation has been performed by means of electromagnetic
transient simulations.
• To the circuit obtained, capacitors connected phase-to-ground have been added in each
phase at the transformer-side or at both the generator-side and transformer-side of the
• Calculations of the TRV have been repeated with the modified circuit to obtain the
parameters of the prospective TRV modified by the additional capacitors.
The modified TRV parameters form the TRV requirements for out-of-phase current breaking
tests of the generator-circuit breaker including its capacitors.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 281 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Annex N
(normative)
Assessment of TRV test parameters for load current breaking

in the case of generator circuit-breakers equipped with capacitors
or between the generator and the generator circuit-breaker, or both, or capacitors can be part
of the generator circuit-breaker. If the test circuit comprises one voltage source only (with the
other side of the generator circuit-breaker being earthed), then the tests shall be carried out
without these capacitors installed. The influence of the capacitors on the prospective TRV shall
be taken into account by using the "GenCB TRV calculator" tool to determine the values for the
modified TRV parameters to be used as the TRV requirements for the load current breaking.
This tool is included as a downloadable part of this document.
The modified prospective TRV parameters given by the "GenCB TRV calculator" tool are
derived using the following formulas:
u=
cm KE2 × U r
m RRRV0 + KRRRV-U × (U r − U class ) + KRRRV-1 × ( I sc − I class ) , if I load /I sc × 5,656 854 < 1

RRRV=
RRRV0 + KRRRV-U × (U r − U class ) + KRRRV-1 × ( I sc − I class )

RRRVm = , if I load /I sc × 5,656 854 ≥ 1
Iload
× 5, 656854 − 1
I
1- sc
3
tdm = td0 + K td-U × (U r − U class ) + K td-1 ( I sc − Iclass ) , if I load /I sc × 5,656854 < 1
  I load  
tdm = ( td0 + K td-U × (U r − U class ) + K td-1 ( I sc − Iclass ) ) ×  1-  × 5,656854-1 × 0,383  , if
 I sc 
   
I load /I sc × 5,656 854 ≥ 1
where
u cm [kV], RRRV m [kV/µs], and t dm [µs] are respectively the peak value, the rate-of-rise and
the time delay of the prospective TRV for load current
breaking modified by the capacitors of the generator
circuit-breaker;
Ur is the rated voltage of the generator circuit-breaker
expressed in kV;
I sc is the RMS value of the AC component of the
system-source short-circuit breaking current
expressed in kA;
I load is the RMS value of the AC component of the load
breaking current expressed in kA;
U class [kV] and I class [kA] are parameters depending on the classes listed in
Table M.1.
– 282 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
The values for the parameters K E2 , RRRV 0 [kV/µs], K RRRV-U [1/µs], K RRRV-I [kV/µs × 1/kA], t d0
[µs], K td-U [µs/kV], K td-I [µs/kA] are calculated by the GenCB TRV calculator tool. They depend
on the value of the capacitors at the generator side (C g ) and at the transformer side (C s ) of the
generator circuit-breaker, where K E2 is used to calculate the value of the TRV first peak.
The prospective TRV modified by the capacitors of the generator circuit-breaker has been
assessed according to the approach described below for a three-phase circuit consisting of
generator, step-up transformer and HV grid.
• The value of the equivalent reactance of the step-up transformer and the HV grid has been
derived from the RMS values of the rated voltage and AC component of the rated system-
source short-circuit breaking current of the generator circuit-breaker.
• The value of the equivalent reactance of the step-up transformer, the HV grid, and the
generator has been derived from the RMS value of the rated voltage of the generator circuit-
breaker multiplied by 0,5 and the AC component of the rated load breaking current of the
generator circuit-breaker (see 5.103, 7.104.1 and 9.103.8.2).
• The value of the equivalent reactance of the generator has been calculated by subtracting
the value of the equivalent reactance of the step-up transformer and the HV grid from the
value of the equivalent reactance of the step-up transformer, the HV grid, and the generator.
NOTE The value of the equivalent reactance of the generator model calculated as described above is not
related to the rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current.
• The values of the parameters used to control the TRV (resistors in parallel with the
reactances, capacitors phase-to-ground and capacitors between the primary winding and
the secondary winding of the step-up transformer) have been calculated so that the three-
phase circuit of the step-up transformer, the HV grid, and the generator provides the
prospective TRV parameters defined in Table 5 in case of load breaking current conditions.
This part of the calculation has been performed by means of electromagnetic transient
simulations.
• To the circuit obtained, capacitors connected phase-to-ground have been added in each
phase at the transformer-side or at both the generator-side and transformer-side of the
• Calculations of the TRV have been repeated with the modified circuit to obtain the
parameters of the prospective TRV modified by the additional capacitors.
The modified TRV parameters form the TRV requirements for load current breaking tests of the
generator-circuit breaker including its capacitors.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 283 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Annex O
(normative)
Requirements for pumped-storage applications
O.1 General
Pumped-storage applications are considered special applications, and their requirements are
not completely covered by this document. Nevertheless, a detailed description on the functions
of a pumped-storage generator circuit-breaker system and low frequency test requirements and
procedures are specifically covered in this annex.
Pumped-storage power plants are of great importance for the economical operation of a power
system as they make use of electrical energy during off-peak hours to pump water from a lower
reservoir to a higher reservoir for use in the generation of electrical energy during system peak
periods. Generator circuit-breakers are widely used in pumped-storage power plants because
the use of such circuit-breakers allows the electrical scheme (Figure O.1) to be greatly
simplified, which provides operational advantages and increased power plant reliability.
Pumped-storage power plants employ specific components dedicated to allow the unit to
operate in turbine, pumping, and intermediate modes. These components are also used in the
transition phase between two operating modes.
The most common specific components are:
• phase-reversal-disconnector;
• starting switches and BTB-switches;
• braking switch.
For layout reasons, these components may be located in separates enclosures.
A typical single line diagram is given in Figure O.1.

– 284 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure O.1 – Pumped-storage power plant – Typical single line diagram
When a machine is started-up in the motor mode, it has to be accelerated to its rated speed
before it can be connected to the system (unless asynchronous starting is used). The two most
common methods used for starting-up machines in the motor mode are the static frequency
converter (SFC) and the "back-to-back" starting arrangements. Both are synchronous starting
modes. In the SFC starting arrangement the machine is connected to a converter which
provides at the machine side voltage and frequency of variable magnitude; by increasing the
frequency and voltage of the converter the machine is accelerated [15]. At about 95 % of the
synchronous speed, the synchronising equipment will take over control of the SFC and after
reaching the conditions necessary for synchronisation it will give a closing command to the
generator circuit-breaker and block the SFC impulses. Therefore there is no current flow caused
by the SFC after synchronisation. When the generator circuit-breaker has been closed, the SFC
will be disconnected.
In the "back-to-back" starting arrangement another machine in the station, acting as a

generator, is employed. The generator and the motor to be started-up are connected together
electrically. The wicket gate of the generator turbine is opened and both machines are
accelerated to synchronous speed.
In asynchronous starting, the unexcited machine is connected to full or reduced voltage at

system frequency and is acting as an asynchronous motor during the starting period.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 285 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Another important issue in all hydro power plants and therefore also in pumped-storage power
plants, is the braking of the machine after it has been disconnected from the system. Electrical
braking by short-circuiting the stator and re-excitation of the rotor is attractive because it assists
hydraulic braking at lower speed and allows to substantially reduce the wear of the mechanical
braking system and hence to increase the maintenance intervals and to decrease the
associated costs [16]. The current used for the electrical braking is typically in the range of 1,0
to 1,3 times the rated current of the machine. The current will remain at this value nearly to full
standstill of the unit, because both the voltage and the reactance decrease proportionally with
the speed of the unit.
The high number of transitions between the generator and motor operating modes in a pumped-
storage power plant typically require increased mechanical and electrical endurance of
generator circuit-breakers. Also, these generator circuit-breakers could experience additional
operations from a failed starting procedure or perform breaking of short-circuit currents at off
nominal frequencies.
O.2 Phase-reversal-disconnector
A phase-reversal-disconnector consists of at least five poles, operated by groups, to serve the

purpose of:
• isolating the unit from the system;

• interchanging two phases to reverse the rotation of the machine to use it alternatively in
generator mode or motor mode, corresponding respectively to the turbine mode and the
pumping mode of the unit.
The electrical ratings of a phase-reversal-disconnector are those of a main-disconnector of a

generator circuit-breaker system, as described in this document.
The phase-reversal-disconnector shall have capacitive current interruption capability when

capacitors are installed between the generator circuit-breaker and the phase-reversal-
disconnector.
O.3 Starting switch and BTB-switch
Starting and BTB-switches are used during the starting process of rotating machines in pumping
mode, when generators or static frequency converters are used to provide power with voltage
at variable amplitude and frequency from 0 Hz to power frequency.
Starting switches are typically connected to the main busbar at a point situated between
generator and generator circuit -breaker, while BTB-switches are connected at a point between
generator circuit-breaker and phase-reversal-disconnector.
The insulation levels shall be the same as for the generator circuit-breaker, as specified in
Table 1.
Current carrying capability is defined by the manufacturer as described in 7.1.1.
Rated short-time withstand current and peak withstand current are defined in 5.6 and 5.7.
Mechanical endurance classes M1, M2, M3 defined in 5.107 are applicable.
O.4 Braking switch
The braking switch is typically mounted in a cubicle, and is typically connected to the generator
main busbar between the terminals of the generator and the generator circuit-breaker.
– 286 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
The braking switch shall withstand the insulation levels of the generator circuit-breaker system
when the contacts are open. In addition, the braking switch shall have a making capability and
a temporary current carrying capability, as described in 7.1.1, and in accordance with the
required braking process.
For practical reasons, making capability shall be demonstrated at 50 Hz or 60 Hz.
Short-time withstand current and peak withstand current capabilities as defined in 5.6 and 5.7
do not apply.
A braking switch is not intended for protection purposes, therefore, no interrupting capability is
required.
Mechanical endurance classes M1, M2, M3 defined in 5.107 are applicable.
With reference to Figure O.2, the insulation levels of the braking switch are as follows:
• the common values of Table 1 are applicable between A, B, C and e;

• where the short-circuiting bar D is at a floating potential by design, the insulation level D-e
shall be at least 1 500 V. The short-circuiting bar shall be subjected to a power-frequency
withstand voltage test of 1 500 V for 1 min.
Figure O.2 – Braking switch single line diagram
Typically, the enclosure e is electrically isolated from the enclosures a, b and c to avoid return
currents through the enclosure e. The earthing concept of the plant shall be respected.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 287 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
O.5 Breaking tests
O.5.1 General
Assigning low frequency breaking capability to the generator circuit-breaker is not mandatory,
but if such a capability is assigned by the manufacturer, then the following test requirements
shall be met. During start-up procedures the generator circuit-breaker might need to break
short-circuit currents at low frequencies. Such short-circuit currents are fed by the generator
and are based on the generator ratings of the pumped storage power plant. Short-circuit
currents are possible at any frequency between 0 Hz and the rated frequency of the pumped
storage power plant. Typically, the time spent operating within the frequency range of 0 Hz to
20 Hz is limited. Therefore, the tests should be performed at a power frequency of 20 Hz.
O.5.2 Low frequency breaking tests
Subclause L.5.2 is applicable.

– 288 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Annex P
(informative)
Derivation of the humidity exponent w
According to 4.3.4.2 of IEC 60060-1:2010 no humidity correction can be specified for rated
voltages below 72,5 kV. This is equivalent to k 2 = 1 or w = 0.
On the other hand, 6.2.1 of IEC 60694:1996 4, introduced a step function for the humidity
exponent, being w = 0 for an absolute humidity h > 11 g/m 3 and w = 1 for an absolute humidity
h < 11 g/m 3 . No value for w is given for h = 11 g/m 3 .
This step function is still found in the latest edition of IEC 62271-1 from 2017.
This step function leads to a discontinuous behaviour of the humidity correction factor k 2 . To
avoid the discontinuous behaviour around a humidity value of 11 g/m 3 , the following
mathematical approximation has been introduced:
=w 0,5-tan-1 ( ( h − 11× δ )100 ) π
Figure P.1 shows a graph of the function w for two different ambient air conditions and – as
comparison – for the step function according to IEC 62271-1.
_____________
4 Withdrawn.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 289 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure P.1 – Humidity exponent w
Figure P.2 and Figure P.3 show the respective humidity correction factors for the same ambient
air conditions as in Figure P.1 and – as comparison – calculated according to IEC 62271-1,
where an unnatural discontinuous behaviour appears at a humidity of 11 g/m 3 .
– 290 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure P.2 – Humidity correction factor k 2 (example 1)

IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 291 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Figure P.3 – Humidity correction factor k 2 (example 2)

– 292 – IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021
© IEC/IEEE 2021
Bibliography
[1] IEC 60059, IEC standard current ratings
[2] IEC 60137, Insulated bushings for alternating voltages above 1 000 V
[3] IEEE Std C37.24 TM , IEEE Guide for Evaluating the Effect of Solar Radiation on Outdoor
Metal-Enclosed Switchgear
[4] IEC 60068-2-17, Basic environmental testing procedures – Part 2-17: Tests – Test Q:
Sealing
[5] CIGRE Technical Brochure 39, Guidelines for representation of network elements when
calculating transients
[6] I. M. Canay, D. Braun, G. S. Köppl; Delayed current zeros due to out-of-phase

synchronizing. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 13, no. 2, June 1998
[7] IEEE Std C37.12.1 TM , IEEE Guide for High-Voltage (>1 000 V) Circuit Breaker
Instruction Manual Content
[8] IEC 62271-4:2013, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 4: Handling

procedures for sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) and its mixtures
[9] IEEE Std C37.10 TM -2011, IEEE Guide for Investigation, Analysis, and Reporting of
Power Circuit Breaker Failures
[10] CIGRE Electra 113, 1987, pp.43-50, Generator circuit-breaker: Transient recovery
voltages in most severe short-circuit conditions
[11] CIGRE Electra 126, 1989, pp.55-63, Generator circuit-breaker: Transient recovery
voltages under load current and out-of-phase conditions
[12] Dufournet, D. and Montillet, G. F., Transient Recovery Voltage Requirements for
System-Source Fault Interrupting by Small Generator Circuit Breakers. IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 474–478, April 2002
[13] A. Marmolejo, M. Palazzo, M. Delfanti, Challenges for Generator Circuit-Breakers

Connected with Doubly-Fed Induction Generators. IEEE Conference on Energy
Conversion (CENCON), October 2014
[14] A. Marmolejo, M. Palazzo, M. Delfanti, Short-Circuit Current of a Doubly-Fed Induction

Generator: Analytical Solution and Insights. IEEE Conference on Energy Conversion
(CENCON), October 2014
[15] Terens, L.; Neudörfler, W., "Application Aspects of the Static Frequency Converter
System in Pumped Storage Power Plants", Waterpower ’95, Proceedings of the
International Conference on Hydropower, San Francisco, July 25-28, 1995
[16] Trnka, R., "Die elektrische Bremsung grosser Maschinensätze", Elin-Zeitschrift, 1979,
pp 2…9.
[17] IEC 62271-200, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 200: AC metal-enclosed
switchgear and controlgear for rated voltages above 1 kV and up to and including 52 kV
[18] IEEE C37.20.2, IEEE Standard for Metal-Clad Switchgear

IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2021 – 293 –
© IEC/IEEE 2021
[19] IEEE C37.20.3, IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Interrupter Switchgear (1 kV – 38 kV)
[20] IEC 60694:1996 5, Common specifications for high-voltage switchgear and controlgear
standards
IEC 60694:1996/AMD1:2000
IEC 60694:1996/AMD2:2001
[21] IEC 60050-614, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) -–Part 614: Generation,
transmission and distribution of electricity – Operation (available at
http://www.electropedia.org)
___________
_____________
5 IEC 60694:1996, IEC 60694:1996/AMD1:2000 and IEC 60694:1996/AMD2:2001: withdrawn.
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High-voltage switchgear and controlgear –

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High-voltage switchgear and controlgear –

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® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission

Figure 1 – Example of a graphical record of a three-phase short-circuit make-break test ...... 40

Table 1 – Rated insulation levels for generator circuit-breakers and generator

HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR –

Part 37-013: Alternating current generator circuit-breakers

This document is published as an IEC/IEEE Dual Logo standard.

FDIS Report on voting

Part 37-013: Alternating current generator circuit-breakers

This part of IEC 62271 is applicable to three-phase AC high-voltage generator circuit-breakers,

IEC 60050-441, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Part 441: Switchgear,

IEC 60071-1:2019, Insulation co-ordination – Part 1: Definition, principles and rules

IEC 60071-2:2018, Insulation co-ordination – Part 2: Application guidelines

IEC 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)

3 Terms and definitions

• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/

3.1 General terms and definitions

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-11-01]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-11-07]

SEE: Figure 1 n and p.

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-614:2016, 614-03-02, modified – replacement of "atmospheric air" by

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-45]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-46]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-614:2016, 614-03-03]

3.2 Assemblies of switchgear and controlgear

3.3 Parts of assemblies

3.4 Switching devices

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-14-01]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-14-02]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-14-20]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-14-28]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-14-29 modified – Addition of "generator" before circuit-

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-14-30]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-14-32]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-14-05]

3.5 Parts of switchgear and controlgear

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-01]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-02]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-03]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-04]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-05]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-07]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-08]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-09]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-10]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-11]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-12]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-13]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-15-17]

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-13-01, modified – "part of an assembly" has been

Note 1 to entry: Mechanical characteristics are defined in 7.101.1.1.

3.6 Operational characteristics of switchgear and controlgear