f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh hkq

o;a; ilia lr f;dr;=re njg m;a lsÍug;a" tajd yqjudre lr .ekSug;a

;dlaIKh úúOdldrfhka fhdod .ekSu f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh kï
fõ'

o;a; yd f;dr;=re
l%udkql+,j ilik ,o o;a; ñka woyiafõ
^w¾:j;a wdldrfhka ilik ,o o;a;&
lsisÿ wdldrhl ilia lsÍulg Ndckh fkdjQ ixLHd rEm wl=re Ñ;% fyda ñKqï
wdosh o;a; kï fõ

o;a; fjka fjka jYfhka .;a l, w¾:hla §ug fkdyels wxl" jpk iy i,l=Kq
o;a; (Data) f,i ye¢kafõ'

f;dr;=re

o;a; f.dkq lsÍfuka iy ilia lsÍfuka w¾:j;a f;dr;=re (Information) ,nd

.; yels fõ'f;dr;=re" ;SrK .ekSu i|yd wmg WmldÍ fõ'
o;a; ilia lsÍug fhduq lsÍu wdodkh (Input) f,i;a ilia jQ f;dr;=re
,nd .ekSu m%;sodkh (Output) f,i;a ye¢kafõ' fï ish,af,a tl;=j moaO;shla
f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'

moaO;shl m%Odk ld¾hh

o;a; ,nd .ekSu tajd ilia lsÍu iq/lSu wjYH jQ úg wjYH
f;dr;=re ,nd §u'

Exam Tip:-
idudkH cSú;fhaoS oelsh yels my; moaO;s j, wdodk m%;sodk iq/lSï lrk
wjia:d yd ieliqï wjia:d fjk fjku olajkak

nexl= moaO;sfhys fhdod .kakd iajhxl%Sh fg,¾ hka;%h (ATM)

meñKSï jd¾;d lsÍu i|yd wdh;kj, Ndú; flfrk weÕs,s i,l=Kq

hka;%h
mqj;am;aj, iy iÕrdj, Ndú; jk lsõ wd¾ fla;h (QR Code)

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.=Kd;aul f;dr;=rl oelsh yels ,laIK

wod< nj
wx. iïmQ¾K
ksrjoH;dj
ld,Sk nj
msßjeh wju

f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha fhojqï Ndú; jk lafIa;%

l¾udka;
wOHdmksl
fi!LHh
jHdmdrsl
úfkdaodiajdoh
lDIs l¾udka;h
ld¾ñl
B - rdcHh

b-rdcHfha fhojqï (e - Government)

rchla" f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fhdod .ksñka ;u rfgys

mqrjeishka" iud.ï" rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iy fjk;a rgj, rdcHhka
iu. iïnkaO;d meje;aùu b-rdcHh (e - Government) f,i oelaúh yels h'
WodyrK-
www.gov.lk

wOHdmk lafIa;%fha fhojqï

ÿria: wOHdmkh i|yd E-Learning iy E – Education

fjí wdOdrl b.ekaùu (Web Based Teaching)

mß.Kl wdOdrl b.ekaùu (Computer Based Teaching)

mdi,a mßmd,k lghq;= i|yd School Managements Systems

Ndú;h

b.ekaùu i|yd .=rejrhdg wdOdrlhla ùu

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Exam Tip:-
bf.kqï l<ukdlrK moaO;shla u.ska YsIHhdg yd l<ukdlrK wxYhg ,efnk jdis
.ek igykla ilikak

ÿria: wOHdmkfha my; .;s ,laIK oelsh yel'

ffoksl ld, igyka ke;s w;r myiq ia:dkhl isg wOHdmkh

yeoEÍug we;s yelshdj

mdGud,d ,shdmÈxÑfha § ,nd fok wxls; mqia;ld, iïnkaO;dj

ud¾..; (online) mejreï iy m%Yakdj,s

ud¾..; .=rejrfhl= yd iïnkaO ùfï myiqlï

WmfoaYk fiajd myiqlï ,nd .ekSug we;s yelshdj

fi!LH lafIa;%fha fhojqï

CT Scanner , MRI , ECG, EEG, E-Channeling, Tele Medicine, ÿria:

ffY,Hl¾u"reêr mSvkh uksk hka;%h
ÿria: fi!LH /ljrKh (Telemedicine) ys oelsh yels uQ,sl ,laIK

ÿria: fi!LH Wjgeka (Remote Clinical Care)ksid ffjorjrhd

fj; hdug wjYH fkdùu'

ksjfia isg wëlaIKh

Wmfoia ,nd .ekSu ud¾..;j l< yels ùu

ÿria: Y,Hl¾u

fi!LH fiajfha fhoS isák fiajl msßia yd ld¾huKav, i|yd

ÿria: mqyqKqj ,ndosh yels ùu'

lDIs l¾udka;fha fhojqï

mß.Kl.; Wmdx. f,i my; tajd lDIs l¾udka;fha Ndú; fõ

ld,.=K ñKqï hka;%

iajhxl%Sh l=reñ‚ md,k hka;%h

j.d ìfuys ;;a;ajh

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 uksk hka;%h

iajhxl%Sh c, iemhqu (Drip irrigation)

iajhxl%Sh j,a me< bj;alrK Wmdx.

frdfnda ;dlaIKfhka me< isgqùu

frdfnda ;dlaIKfhka wiajkq fk<Su

yß;d.dr (Greenhouses)j, mß.Kl.; WIaK;aj md,l moaO;s

i;a;aj f.dúfmd< i|yd fhojqï

i;=ka isák ia:dkh yd isák .Kk y÷kd .ekSug Ndú; jk

.=jka úÿ,s ix{d ye÷kqï WmlrKh

lsß yd i;a;aj ksIamdok j, ;;a;aj md,kh mj;ajd .ekSug Ndú;

jk mß.Kl .; moaO;s

fkd/yeka ^wireless& ;dlaIKh u.ska iïnkaO lr we;s CCTV

leurd moaO;s yryd wdrlaId j ,ndoSu

f.dúm, l<ukdlrK lghq;= i|yd mß.Kl Ndú;h

frdfnda hka;% fhdod .ekSfï we;s jdis

24 mefhys u fiajh" fjfyi fkdùu" ld¾hlaIu nj" ksrjoH;dj iy
msßisÿ nj

nexl= " l¾udka; iy jHdmdr i|yd fhojqï

ùäfhda iïuka;%K

udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh^ fï i|yd fiajl meñKSu yd

wkkH;dj msßlaik weÕs,s i,l=Kqiqmsßlailh ^Finger Print
Scanner&iy ldâ m;a lshjkh ^Card Reader& Ndú;h isÿfõ'

frdfnda hka;% Ndú;h

mß.Kl cd,lrKh u.ska nexl= lghq;= myiqùuATM hka;%

Ndú;h

wka;¾cd,h yryd fldgia fj<|fmd< lghq;= j, ksr; ùu

Tele Banking

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 E-Commerce yryd NdKav yd fiajd úlsKSu yd ,nd .ekSu

Mobile Banking

Net Banking

ud¾. .; idmamq ijdß

Kh jrm;a Ndú; lrñka NdKav yd fiajd i|yd f.ùu'

ud¾..; idmamq ijdß j, oelsh yels ,laIK

´kE u rgl" wka;¾cd,fha we;s fjf<| wdh;khla f;dard

.ekSug yels h'

24 mefhys u újD; j ;sîu'

myiq ia:dkhl isg NdKav ksÍlaIKh lr weKjqï lsÍfï

yelshdj'

yr ldâ m;a u.ska uqo,a f.ùfï myiqj'

NdKavh fyda fiajdj ksjig u ,nd .ekSfï myiqj' tneúka .uka

úvdj"ld,h hkdÈh b;sß lr .ekSug yelsùu'

Exam Tip:-
ud¾..; idmamq ijdß wdY%s; .eg¨ fudkjdoehs fidhkak
.ukd.ukh i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Ndú; jk wjia:d

mshejQ mßm: rEmjdyskSleurd (Closed CircuitTV (CCTV)) yryd

yosis wk;=re fukau wdrlaIdjg wod, f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu'

GPS moaO;s Ndú;h

iajhxl%Sh j l%shd;aul jk moaO;sh úÿ,s ix{d ,dïmq Ndú;h

(Traffic Light Control System)

mß.Kl .; ye÷kqï ixfla; l%u Ndú;h

f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha wksis m%;sM,

mrs.Kl l%Svd yd wka;¾cd, Ndú;hg weíneysùu -

iudccd, ;=<ska fkd.e<fmk ñ;=rkaf.a weiqrg

m;aùu'wka;¾cd,h úêu;a f,i Ndú; fkdlSÍfuka mß.Kl
ffjri ksid mß.Kl moaO;s j,g ydks meñKSu'

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 wka;¾cd,fha fkd.e<fmk fjí msgq yd iïnkaO ùu ksid
udkisl úlD;s;d we;s ùfuka ;udg o iudchg o wjevla isÿ ùu'

fm!oa.,sl;ajhg ydks jk f,i msx;+r iy ùäfhda mg úlD;s lr

ksmoùu

mß.Klfha w;S; l;dj

wenlih - Abacus (The First Calculator – m<uq .Kl hka;%h&

1617 - we;ao< ;Sre 'Napier's Bones' fcdaka fkamsh¾ - ,>q.Kl isoaOdka;h

Ndú; úh

1632 § muK § i¾mK rE, (Slide Rule) fcdaka fkamSh¾f.a ,>q.Kl

ixl,am Ndú; úh'

1642 § wdl,k hka;%h - m%:u hdka;%sh .Kl hka;%h (Adding Machine)

Pascaline íf,aia meial,a Blaise Pascal
myiqfjka tl;= lsÍu iy wvq lsÍu isÿ lsÍu

1674 § Step Reckoner f.dâ*%Sâ ú,afy,aï Gottfried Wilhelm íf,aia

meial,af.a fuu wdl,k hka;%h fn§ï iy .=K
lsÍï i|yd ;jÿrg;a jeä ÈhqKq lrk ,È'

1801 § muK hdka;%sl frÈ úhk hka;%h fcdaYma cel=jdâ -Joseph

Jacquard&

1822 Difference Engine pd,aia nefíÊ Charles Babbage&

1833 § wek,sál,a hka;%h ^Analytical Engine& pd,aia nefíÊ

wevd T.iagd f,dõf,aia f,dalfha m%:u mß.Kl l%uf,aLk Ys,amsksh

First computer Programmer

1890 § IBM (International Business Machines) wdh;kh y¾uka

fydf,aß;a ^Herman Hollerith&

1906 oS f*driaÜ úiska bf,lafg%daksl jE,ajh fidhd .ekSu kQ;k

mß.Kl ;dlaIKh i|yd uq,a., ;eîula úh'

1937 iy 1942 Atanasoff Berry Computer - ABC mß.Klh fcdaka

úkaikaÜ wgdkdfidõ (John Vincent Atanasoff) úiska
la,s*¾â fnÍ (Clifford Berry)

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1945 § fcdaka fjdka kshQudka (Jhon Von Neumann ^Stored-program&
wdY%fhka tla mß.Klhla u.ska úúOdldrfha jQ
jev lghq;= lr .ekSug yels ùu hk kj ixl,amh y÷kajd fok ,È'

1946 § ENIAC f,dj m%:u úoHq;a ixLHdxl mß.Klh ^Electronic Digital

Computer&

1950 § UNIVAC - I (Universal Automatic Calculator - I) m%:u fj<|

mrs.Klh

1956 g%dkaisiagrh -Transistor- ú,shï fIdlaf,a William Shockley&" fcdaka

ndãka ^John Bardeen& iy fjda,ag¾ n%dfÜ%ka
^Walter Brarttain )

mrs.Kl j¾.SlrKh -Computer Classification

mrïmrdj wkqj (Generation)

m<uq mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl (First Generation Computers)- ßla;l k<

(Vacuum tubes)
fojk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl (Second Generation Computers-g%dkaisiga ¾
(Transistors)
;=kajk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl (Third Generation Computers)-
ifudaOdks;$wkql,s; mßm: Integerated Circuits
y;rjk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl (Fourth Generation Computers)- laIqø
mßm: ^uhsfl%dfm%dfii¾ - Microprocessors )
miajk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl (Fifth Generation Computers) -lD;%su
nqoaêh (Artificial Intelligence)

m%udKh wkqj (Size)

iqmsrs mß.Klh (super computers)

uyd mß.Klh (Mainframe Computers)
uOH mß.Klh (Mini Computers)
laIqø mß.Klh (Micro Computers)

ld¾h wkqj (Purpose)

idudkH lghq;= i|yd Ndú; lrk mß.Kl -General Purpose
Computers
úfYaI ld¾h i|yd Ndú; lrk mß.Kl -special Purpose Computers

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ks¾udK ;dlaIKh wkqj (Design Technology)

ixLHdxl$wxlsl mß.Kl (Digital Computers)

m%;siu mß.Kl (Analog Computers)
ñY% fyda fouqyqï mß.Kl (Hybrid Computers)

mß.Kl moaO;sh - Computer System

o;a; iïfm%aIKh ioyd uq,sl wjYH;d

o;a; m%Njh (Source/Sender)

o;a; iïfm%aYK udOHh (Data Communication Media )
o;a; .%dylh (Receiver/Sink)

o;a; iïfm%AIK úê Data transmission modes

tAlm: ^Simplex&
w¾O oaùm: ^Half-Duplex&
mQ¾K oaùm: ^Duplex&

o;a; iïfma%IK udOH fldgia follg fnfoa

1- kshuq udOH$fN!;sl udOH (Guided Media) ^flan,a j¾. ñka woyia

fõ'

2- kshuq fkdjk udOH (Unguided Media) ^úlsrK udOH& wm weig

fkdfmfkk udOH ñka woyia fõ'

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kshuq udOH

idudkH wdldr jhr (Twisted Wire Pair)

idudkH ÿrl:k /yeka flan,a óg WodyrKhkah

idulaI fhd;a (Co-axil Cable)

;U lïìhla jgd f.d;k ,o ;U oe,lska iukaú; jhr ^rEmjdyskS
wekagkd i|yd Ndú;d jk flan,a& ñka woyia fõ'

m%ldY ;ka;= (Fiber Optics)

fõ.j;au o;a; iïfma%IK flan,a j¾.hs'

o;a; ydksh b;d wjuh'

kshuq fkdjk udOH

1- .=jka úÿ,s ;rx.

2- wfOdarla; lsrK (Infrared) /yeka rys; h;=re mqjre uQisl iïnkaO

lsÍug rEmjdyskS ÿria: md,l j, o;a; iïfma%IKh i|yd;a Ndú;d fõ'

3- CIqø ;rx. - jeä ÿrl o;a; iïfma%IKhg fhdod .; yelsh'

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mß.Kl cd,

cd, ia:, úoHdj ^Network Topology&

Bus topology
Star topology
Ring topology
Mesh topology
Tree topology

m%Odk mß.Kl cd, wdldr

Main types of computer
network

1' ia:dkSh m%foaY cd, ^Local

Area Networks - LAN&

2' mq¿,a m%foaY cd, ^Wide

Area Networks -WAN&

3' mqrjr m%foaY cd,

^Metropolitan Area Networks
- MAN&

cd,.; Wmdx.

fudvuh Modem
yí ^kdNsh&
cd,lrK iaúph ^Network Switch)
cd,lrK w;=re uqyK
q ;a ldâm; Network Interface Card - NIC
fiajd fhdacl mß.Klh ^Server Compurter)
fiajd,dNS mß.Klh ^Client Computer)

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 HUB MODEM SWITCH

Network Interface Card

wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO ùug wjYH oE

1' mß.Klhla ^A computer&

2' ikaksfõok uDÿldx.hla ^A communication software&
3' ÿrl:k iïnkaO;djla ^A telephone connection&
4' fudvï hka;%hla ^A MODEM or dongle)
5' wka;¾cd, fiajd imhk wdh;khla ^An Internet Service Provider
[ISP])
Internet Service Provider

fufyhqï moaO;shl ld¾h Ndrh

1 u;l l<ukdlrKh Memory Management

2 l%shdj,s l<ukdlrKh Process Management
3 Wmdx. l<ukdlrKh Device Management
4 f.dkq l<ukdlrKh File Management
5 wdrlaIK l<ukdlrKh Security Management
mß.Klh n, .ekaùu - Booting the Computer
(Hard disk tfla isg mß.Klfha m%Odk u;lhg tys fufyhqï
moaO;shu (os) fyda fldgila msfrñka ieliSfï
l%h
s dj,hs " mß.Klh boot ùu f,i kï lrhs&

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mßYS,l w;=re uqyqK;a - User Interface

úOdk f¾Ld w;=re uqyqK;a -(CLI Command Line Interface)

MS DOS, Unix Linux

rEml mßYS,l w;=re uqyqK;a -(GUI Graphical User Interface)

Windows 98 , 2000, ME, XP, 7, 8 Ubuntu , Kubuntu , Gnome, KDE3,
Knoppix KDE4, XFCE4,
Enlightenment Fedora

újD; uQ,dY% fufyhqï moaO;s (open source)

kS;Hdkql+, whs;shlg ysñlï fkdlshk uDÿldx. fuu .Khg whs;s fõ'

fuu uDÿldx. Ndú; lsÍug" fnod yeÍug fyda
fjkia lsÍug fyda wjia:dj uq¿ukskau fyda hï m%udKhlg fyda kS;suh
jYfhka wjir § we;' fuu uDÿldx.
ksoyia uDÿldx. f,i o y÷kajhs
Ubuntu, Linux, Unix, Minix , Red-hat

ysñlï wdY%s; fufyhqï moaO;s

hï md¾Yajhlg ks;Hdkql+,j whs;shla we;s fufyhqï moaO;s fuu

.Khg whs;s fõ' fuu uDÿldx. yd kS;suh mokula
ne£ mj;S'
Mac OS, Windows XP, ME, Vista, 7, 8

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 ixLHd moaO;s
Number Systems

ixLHd moaO;sh mdohl w.h Ndú;d lrk b,lalï yd wldrdoS

(Number System) (Base Value) wkq ,laIK
(Numbers and Alphabetic Characters
Used)
oaùuh 2 0,1
wIaguh 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
oYuh 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Iâ oYuh 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

ixLHd moaO;s mrsj¾:kh

oYuh ixLHdjla fjk;a mdohkla njg mrsj¾:kfhaoS

 mrsj¾:kh l, hq;= mdofhka ,íêh Y=Kh jk ;=re fnokak

 fnoSfuos b;srs .Kk fYaIhla f,I ol=Kq mi ,shd olajkak
 fYaIhka w. isg uq,g ,shkak
 ms<s;=r wjidkfha mrsj¾:kh l, mdofha w.h ,shd olajkak

oYuh ixLHdjla oajuh ixLHdjla njg mrsj¾:kh

2
21
2 10 - 1
25-0 101012
22-1
2 1 - 0 fYaIh
0 - 1 w. isg uq,g ,shkak
,íêh

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 oYuh ixLHdjla wIaguh ixLHdjla njg mrsj¾:kh

8
21
2 2-5 fYaIh
0-2 w. isg uq,g ,shkak
,íêh

258

oYuh ixLHdjla Iâ oYuh ixLHdjla njg mrsj¾:kh

16 21
16 1 - 5 fYaIh
0-1 w. isg uq,g ,shkak
,íêh

1516

16 60
16 3 - 12- C fYaIh
0-3 w. isg uq,g ,shkak
,íêh

3C16

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oajuh"wIaguh"Iâ oYuh ixLHd oYuh ixLHdjla njg mrsj¾:kh
fuysoS mrsj¾:kh l< hq;= ixLHdj mj;sk mdofha n,hkaf.a
.=Kdldrhla f,i ,shd tjdf.a tl;=j ,nd.; hq;=h
 110112

1 1 0 1 1

24 23 22 21 20

(16x1) + (8x1) + (4x0) + (2x1) + (1x1)

16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1

27

110112 = 27

 1468

1 4 6

82 81 80

(64x1) + (8x4) + (1x6)

64 + 32 + 6

102

1468 = 102

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  4F16

4 F

161 160

(16x4) + (1xF)

64 + (1x 15)

64 + 15

79

4F16 = 79
oajuh ixLHd wIaguh ixLHdjla njg mrsj¾:kh
wIaguh ixLHd oaùuh ixLHd njg mrsj¾:kfhaos

 uq,skau oaùuh ixLHdj jï mi fl,jf¾ isg ìgq 3 ne.ska(8 = 23) fjka

lr.; hq;=h

 wjidkfha ìgq 3 iïmQ¾K fkdfõkï wvq w.hka fjkqjg “0” fhdod

iïmQ¾K lrkak
 Bg wod, wIaguh ixLHdj ,shkak

wIaguh oaùuh ixLHd

11011112
0 000
1 101 111
1 001
001 101 111
2 010
3 011 1 5 7
4 100 1578
5 101
6 110
7 111

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 oajuh ixLHd IâoYu ixLHdjla njg mrsj¾:kh
wIaguh ixLHd oaùuh ixLHd njg mrsj¾:kfhaos

 uq,skau oaùuh ixLHdj jï mi fl,jf¾ isg ìgq 4 ne.ska(16 = 24) fjka

lr.; hq;=h

 wjidkfha ìgq 4 iïmQ¾K fkdfõkï wvq w.hka fjkqjg “0” fhdod

iïmQ¾K lrkak
 Bg wod, IâoYu ixLHdj ,shkak

IâoYu ixLHd oaùuh ixLHd

11011011112
0 0000
11 0110 1111
1 0001
1111 0110 1111
2 0010
3 0011 C 5 7
4 0100 1578
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
A 1010
B 1011
C 1100
D 1101
E 1110
F 1111

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 ;d¾lsl oajdr
LOGIC GATE

ද්වීමය සංඛ්‍යා ුසාසාෙනය ය ය ය ය ය ්ක ත ්ත්ත්ග න න ංවංවීම්ත් ඒ ුසාග

තීෙණගල් එළඹීම්ත් හවකි, පරිපථ නික මාණය සඳහා ්ාක කිත ද්ගාෙ භාවි්ා
තෙසා ලවනේ.
ta wkqj m%Odk ;d¾lsl oajdr 3ls

AND ;d¾lsl oajdrh (AND GATE)

OR ;d¾lsl oajdrh (OR GATE)
NOT ;d¾lsl oajdrh (NOT GATE)

by; m%Odk ;d¾lsl oajdr 03 ys odhl;ajfhka ;j;a oajr folla

ks¾udKh fõ'

NAND ;d¾lsl oajdrh (NAND GATE)

NOR ;d¾lsl oajdrh (NOR GATE)

AND ;d¾lsl oajdrh (AND GATE)

A
A.B

B ixfla; igyk
A B
A B A.B
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
1 1 1

i;Hh;d j.=j
mrsm: igyk

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AND ;d¾lsl oajdrhg ,ndfok wdodkhka .=K lsrSulg ,lafldg m%;sodkh
lrkq ,nhs
wdodkhka folu tl jQ úg muKla m%;sodkh 1 fjhs

OR ;d¾lsl oajdrh (OR GATE)

A
A+B

B ixfla; igyk

A B A+B
1 0 1
B 0 1 1
0 0 0
1 1 1

mrsm: igyk i;Hh;d j.=j

OR ;d¾lsl oajdrhg ,ndfok wdodkhka tl;= lsrSulg ,lafldg m%;sodkh lrkq

,nhs
wdodkhka foflka tlla fyda tl jQ úg muKla m%;sodkh 1 fjhs

NOT ;d¾lsl oajdrh (NOT GATE)

A A
A A 1 0
0 1
ixfla; igyk
i;Hh;d j.=j

A NOT ;d¾lsl oajdrhg

,ndfok wdodkhka tys
wkqmQrl njg ,lafldg
mrsm: igyk m%;sodkh lrkq ,nhs

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i;Hh;d j.=j
 NAND ;d¾lsl oajdrh (NAND GATE)

A A.B
A B A.B A.B
B 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
ixfla; igyk 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 0

i;Hh;d j.=j

NAND ;d¾lsl oajdrhg ,ndfok wdodkhka uq,ska .=K lsrSulg ,;afldg miqj
,efnk ms,s;=frys wkqmQrlh m%;sodkh lrkq ,nhs

NOR ;d¾lsl oajdrh (NOR GATE)

A A+B
A B A+B A+B
B 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
ixfla; igyk 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 0

i;Hh;d j.=j

NOR ;d¾lsl oajdrhg ,ndfok wdodkhka uq,ska tl;= lsrSulg ,;afldg miqj
,efnk ms,s;=frys wkqmQrlh m%;sodkh lrkq ,nhs

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