CWTS Module 5 Updated

CHAPTER 6
PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
AND IMPLEMENTATION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. identify the importance of participatory planning and implementation;
2. discuss the different concepts of participatory planning; and
3. apply the steps in participatory planning.
OVERVIEW
This chapter deals with participatory planning and implementation. Specifically, it discusses the
meaning, principles, and levels of planning, as well as a brief historical development of
participatory planning.
LECTURE
Planning means to direct and guide the people who are involved in a certain project.
1. Social planning includes the areas of health, education, housing, and social welfare. It aims to
improve the quality of life and the standard of living of a particular minority group in a
community, e.g., the poor, women, children, disabled, and indigenous people.
2. Assessment means to gauge the impact of a community project on the social development of a
community.
PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
Participatory planning is the process of laying out the course of actions needed to attain a
set of socio-economic goals. It resolves community issues or problems by giving concerned
community members the chance to identify problems and propose solutions.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
In the 1970s, professional development workers became aware of the mismatch between
the reality they constructed and the reality others experienced, dissatisfied with the short rural
visits of development technocrats only to drop by the offices of, or talk to, local male leaders;
and disillusioned with qUesti0nnaire surveys and their results. They also acknowledged that
people from the Provinces themselves knew more about their situations and communities as
Compared to those from the cities (Chamber, 1997). Thus, these workers developed new
methods and approaches in social planning as an alternative to centralized, top-down planning.
PRINCIPLES OF PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
1. Development should be seen more as a change from the bottom-up than from the top-down.
2. The development process should be managed naturally rather than mechanically, i.e., unduly
focused on plans, goals, objectives, targets, and schedules. This implies that the aforementioned
variables may change and that, therefore, they should be made flexible.
3. The development process should also strengthen local organizations and local government
bureaucracies. A community program should be chosen according to its ability to enhance local
development. It should start with a few schemes to solve immediate local problems, build
confidence, and earn experience.
4. The development process should be supported by local institutions with the villages, primary
cooperatives, religious and youth groups, and community-based and self-help associations
playing a major role. This is a case in point. According to Rina Jimenez-David, former
Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) Secretary Jessie Robredo's legacy is the
empowerment of his constituents. When he was the mayor of Naga City from 1988 to 2010, he
laid down a clear and comprehensive framework that allowed his constituents to take an active
part in governance. Naguenios were able to voice their concerns and suggestions to the city hall
and act in various project stages from procurement to budgeting. They also scuttled a plan to set
up a golf course. As a result' 193 non-governmental and people's organizations now work with
the local government through the Naga City People's Council.
5. The development process must be based primarily on confidence-building and learning rather
than on expertise and training. It is more important for the people who will make decisions at the
local level to have the full trust of the people they represent rather than to be trained experts.
This implies that the technical staff of central government departments should work in tandem
with local interest groups rather than just sit idly and dismiss the plans
LEVELS OF PARTICIPATION
Typology Results
1. Passive People are told of what will happen or is taking place.
2. Information-based People answer a survey team's questionnaire (no follow-

up).
3. Consultation-based People answer a questionnaire defined or designed by

"outsiders," i.e., non-community members.
4. Incentives-based People work for cash, food, or other incentives.
5. Functional participation Decisions by "outsiders" and interest groups are

synthesized to meet objectives.
6. Interactive Joint analyses, decisions, and action plans are made,

implemented, and monitored by interest groups.
7. Self-mobilization Initiatives are taken independently from official

institutions.
A project is described in the Webster's Dictionary as a planned undertaking. The initial

step is to identify the specific acts that must be taken to meet a set of objectives. The next is to
lay down the project as reflected in the acts to be taken. A project's common elements include the
following:
1. Objectives — this element describes what the project aims to do and what the project is for.
2. Boundaries — this element specifies the scope and limitations of the project.
3. Location — this element identifies where the project will be implemented.
4. Target beneficiaries - This element states who will benefit from the implementation of the
project.
5. Duration — this element determines the schedule of the project, i.e., when the project will be
implemented and when it will end.
6. Budget - This element itemizes the expected expenses that the project will incur upon its
implementation.
7. Methodology - This element indicates the approach or manner by which the project will be
implemented.
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT CYCLE
Projects may vary according to their objectives, boundaries, locations, target

beneficiaries, duration, and methodology. However, all projects undergo a process called the
project development cycle consisting of these stages:
Identification Preparation Implementation Evaluation
Although the phases may appear sequentially separated, they are, in fact, circular, i.e., the phases
continually interface with each other both back and forth.
1. Identification - In this stage, a potential project design is organized after adequate

consultations with the different stakeholders of the community.
2. Preparation - In this stage, the planners determine how and when a chosen project will
be implemented.
3. Implementation - In this stage, the project is carried out by the planners and the local
community members based on an agreed-upon timetable
4. Evaluation - In this stage, the planners and the community members determine whether
or not the project objectives have been met.
CONCLUSION
Successful participatory planning will help identify and transform community

weaknesses into strengths. With the support of the local government, community members may
contribute in the planning of projects that can solve the problems that beset them. Since
participatory planning creates a sense of urgency among the members of the community, it
should be followed by the implementation Of the project which has incorporated their ideas.

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CHAPTER 6

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PARTICIPATORY PLANNING

PRINCIPLES OF PARTICIPATORY PLANNING

1. Passive People are told of what will happen or is taking place.

2. Information-based People answer a survey team's questionnaire (no follow-

3. Consultation-based People answer a questionnaire defined or designed by

4. Incentives-based People work for cash, food, or other incentives.

5. Functional participation Decisions by "outsiders" and interest groups are

6. Interactive Joint analyses, decisions, and action plans are made,

7. Self-mobilization Initiatives are taken independently from official

A project is described in the Webster's Dictionary as a planned undertaking. The initial

3. Location — this element identifies where the project will be implemented.

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT CYCLE

Projects may vary according to their objectives, boundaries, locations, target

Identification Preparation Implementation Evaluation

1. Identification - In this stage, a potential project design is organized after adequate

Successful participatory planning will help identify and transform community

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