Vitamin C-Lipid Metabolites: Uptake and Retention and Effect On Plasma C-Reactive Protein and Oxidized LDL Levels in Healthy Volunteers

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© Med Sci Monit, 2008; 14(11): CR547-551 WWW. M ED S CI M ONIT.

COM
PMID: 18971870 Clinical Research

Received: 2008.01.25
Accepted: 2008.03.11 Vitamin C-lipid metabolites: Uptake and retention and CR
Published: 2008.11.01
effect on plasma C-reactive protein and oxidized LDL
levels in healthy volunteers
Authors’ Contribution:
A Study Design Dario Pancorbo1 ABCDEFG, Carlos Vazquez1 ABDEF, Mary Ann Fletcher2 BDEF
B Data Collection
C Statistical Analysis 1
Comprehensive HealthCare of Miami, LLC, Miami, FL, U.S.A.
D Data Interpretation 2
Director of Clinical Immunology Laboratory University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, U.S.A.
E Manuscript Preparation
F Literature Search Source of support: Departmental sources
G Funds Collection

Summary
Background: Previously, a novel formulation of vitamin C-lipid metabolites (PureWay-C®) was shown to be more
rapidly taken-up by human T-lymphocytes and more rapidly stimulate neurite outgrowth, fibro-
blast adhesion and inhibition of xenobiotic-induced T-cell hyperactivation. Here, PureWay-C® se-
rum levels were measured in healthy volunteers after oral supplementation. Plasma C-reactive pro-
tein and oxidized low density lipoprotein levels (LDL) were also measured.
Material/Methods: Healthy volunteers maintained a low vitamin C diet for 14 days and, following an overnight fast,
received a single oral dose of (vitamin C) 1000 mg of either ascorbic acid (AA), calcium ascorbate
(CaA), vitamin C-lipid metabolites (PureWay-C®), or calcium ascorbate-calcium threonate-dehy-
droascorbate (Ester-C®). Blood samples were collected immediately prior to the oral dose admin-
istration and at various times post ingestion. Twenty-four-hour urine collections were saved for ox-
alate and uric acid assays.
Results: PureWay-C® supplementation leads to the highest absolute serum vitamin C levels when com-
pared to AA, CaA and Ester-C®. PureWay-C® provides a statistically significant greater serum level
than calcium ascorbate at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours post oral supplementation whereas Ester-C® shows a
less but slightly statistically significant increase at only 1 and 4 hours. Oral supplementation with
PureWay-C® also led to a greater reduction in plasma C-reactive protein and oxidized LDL levels
compared to the other vitamin C formulations.
Conclusions: PureWay-C® is more rapidly absorbed and leads to higher serum vitamin C levels and greater re-
duction of plasma levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers than other forms of vitamin
C, including Ester-C®.

key words: vitamin C • lipid metabolites • absorption • serum levels • inflammation • oxidative stress

Full-text PDF: http://www.medscimonit.com/abstract/index/idArt/869441


Word count: 2211
Tables: 1
Figures: 3
References: 23

Author’s address: Dario Pancorbo, Comprehensive HealthCare of Miami, LLC, 7650 W. Flagler St., Miami, FL 33174, U.S.A.,
e-mail: Innteam@aol.com

Current Contents/Clinical Medicine • IF(2007)=1.607 • Index Medicus/MEDLINE • EMBASE/Excerpta Medica • Chemical Abstracts CR547
Clinical Research Med Sci Monit, 2008; 14(11): CR547-551

Background by Nature’s Value, Coram, NY, from their respective suppli-


ers, and were dissolved in 118 ml of apple juice containing
Vitamin C is a vital dietary component which is required for no significant vitamin C.
normal and healthy physiological and metabolic activities in-
cluding neurite outgrowth, neuronal survival, wound healing Study design and volunteers
events, and control of inflammation, [1–10]. These benefits
of vitamin C in healthy physiological events have had obvi- This study was a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial
ous implications for a therapeutic value of vitamin C in the studying four different vitamin C formulations on post-supple-
management of oxidative stress, management of inflamma- mentation concentrations in serum as well as the effect on plas-
tory conditions, and recovery from stroke and tissue damage ma biochemical markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.
[11–17]. Recent research has attributed much of the benefi- Forty healthy patients were randomly assigned into equal treat-
cial effects of vitamin C supplementation on the reduction of ment groups (n=10), and received verbal and written informa-
circulating levels of inflammatory mediators and markers in- tion about how to reduce dietary vitamin C intake (a vitamin
cluding C-reactive protein and oxidized low density lipopro- C-restricted diet) for a period of 14 days; on the night of the
tein (LDL) [11–13,15–17]. Therefore, improved vitamin C ab- 14th day, the patients then fasted until the morning of the 15th
sorption rates and enhanced bioavailability of vitamin C in the day. A zero-hour blood sample was taken followed by the oral
body may have important clinical and life-style implications. administration of a single test dose of 1000 mg of vitamin C
Along these lines, a calcium ascorbate preparation with small (as ascorbic acid contained in the test product): PureWay-C®
amounts of dehydroascorbate, calcium threonate, xylonate (10 patients); Ascorbic acid (10 patients); Calcium ascorbate
and lyxonate, has been shown to lead to the increased cellu- (10 patients); and Ester-C® (10 patients). Then, post-treatment
lar uptake of vitamin C [9,10], to provide increased protection blood samples were taken at one, two, four, six and twenty-four
from vitamin C deficiency in rats [18], and to improve uptake hours. urine samples were taken and tested twenty-four hours
and circulating levels of vitamin C in humans [19]. past the oral treatment administration. All blood and urine
samples were analyzed at the University of Miami School of
In 2003, PureWay-C®, a proprietary formulation of vitamin Medicine (Miami, FL) and Esoterix Clinical Trial Services, a
C-lipid metabolites, was developed by Pedro Perez, Ph.D. at LabCorp Company (Research Triangle Park, NC).
Innovation Laboratories, Inc. Recently, PureWay-C® has been
shown to have strong antioxidant activity and to be more rap- Forty randomized healthy volunteers between the ages of
idly taken up by human T-lymphocytes than ascorbic acid, cal- 21 and 50 were recruited from the community and internal
cium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate-calcium threonate-de- medicine outpatient clinics, and all provided informed con-
hydroascorbate (Ester-C®) [20]. Further, the increased rate of sent prior to randomization. Volunteers were equally ran-
cellular absorption of PureWay-C® is associated with improved domized in a blinded fashion to one of the four treatment
biological activity compared to ascorbic acid, calcium ascorbate groups. After the 14 days of a vitamin C-restricted diet fol-
and calcium ascorbate-calcium threonate-dehydroascorbate lowed by an overnight fasting, each patient was provided
[1]. For example, PureWay-C® has been shown to most rapid- with the appropriate test product.
ly stimulate neurite formation, fibroblast adhesion and to pro-
vide protection to cell of the immune system from xenobiotic- The inclusion criteria for the volunteers were as follows: Men
induced hyperactivation [1]. The ability of PureWay-C® to more or women between the ages of 21 and 50; adequate venous
rapidly gain entry to cells and exert greater beneficial effects access; a normal history, a physical examination, laboratory
than ascorbic acid, calcium ascorbate, and calcium ascorbate- tests, and a dental examination were required. The exclusion
calcium threonate-dehydroascorbate may have great value to criteria were: congestive heart failure, uncontrolled arrhyth-
human health if this activity is also associated with an increased mias, myocardial infarction, coronary bypass surgery, coro-
rate of absorption by the body after oral supplementation­. nary angioplasty, or severe peripheral artery disease within
the past 6 months, unstable angina pectoris, cigarette smok-
Here, healthy volunteers maintained a low vitamin C diet for ing, history of kidney stone, glucose-6-phosphate dehydro-
14 days; then, following an overnight fast, received a single oral genase deficiency, bleeding disorders, or family history of
dose of (vitamin C) 1000 mg of either ascorbic acid (AA), cal- iron overload/hemochromatosis, inflammatory disease or
cium ascorbate (CaA), vitamin C-lipid metabolites (PureWay- taking anti-inflammatory drugs, uncontrolled endocrine or
C®), or calcium ascorbate-calcium threonate-dehydroascor- metabolic disorders known to influence serum lipids or lipo-
bate (Ester-C®). Blood samples were collected immediately proteins, active or chronic hepatobiliary disease, ALT, AST
prior to and after vitamin C intake and serum vitamin C lev- >2.0 times the upper limit of normal, a baseline serum cre-
els were measured to determine if PureWay-C® was more rap- atinine >2.5 mg/dL, fasting blood sugar >200 mg/d, poorly
idly taken-up in the body. In order to examine benefits of sup- controlled (HbA1c >9%) or newly diagnosed diabetes mel-
plementation on circulating markers of inflammation, plasma litus, CK >2.0 times the upper limit of normal, diabetics re-
C-reactive protein and oxidized LDL levels were also measured. cently started on oral hypoglycemic therapy (<4weeks from
Urine uric acid and oxalate were also measured to determine randomization), baseline TSH level of >10mU/L, breast-
if there were any adverse effects. feeding or pregnancy, childbearing age women without an
effective method of contraception, cancer other than basal
Material and Methods cell carcinoma within the past 5 years, and postmenopaus-
al women on hormone replacement therapy.
Materials
All eligible, consenting volunteers were randomized at base-
Formulations and certificates of analysis of ascorbic acid, line and followed for 14 days of reduced dietary vitamin
calcium ascorbate, Ester-C® and PureWay-C® were provided C intake (a vitamin C-restricted diet). The following data

CR548
Med Sci Monit, 2008; 14(11): CR547-551 Pancorbo1 D et al – Vitamin C-lipid metabolites: Uptake and retention and effect…

Results
AA The rate of vitamin C absorption in serum after oral admin-
2.0 CaA istration was compared between several different vitamin C
Serum VItamin C (mg/dl)

PWC
EC formulations. We found significantly different rates of up-
take depending on the formulation of vitamin C. Prior to
vitamin C supplementation the groups of ten healthy vol-
CR
unteers did not show a significant difference in serum vita-
1.0 min C levels between or within groups. One hour after vi-
tamin C administration, PureWay-C® showed the greatest
serum absorption levels with a mean mg/dl concentration
of 1.3 while Ester C showed a mean of 1.22 mg/dl and cal-
0.0 cium ascorbate showed a mean of only 0.88 mg/dl (Figure
0 6 12 18 24 1). For both PureWay-C and Ester-C, this difference was
Hours statistically significant with p values of 0.0026 and 0.497 re-
spectively. Two hours post administration, PureWay-C® again
Figure 1. Serum vitamin C levels at various times post-supplementation. showed the highest absorption into serum at 2.17 mg/dl,
Volunteers were placed in groups of ten and supplemented which was statistically significantly higher than ascorbic acid
with ascorbic acid (AA), calcium ascorbate (CaA), PureWay-C (AA) at 1.64 mg/dl (p=0.05) and calcium ascorbate (CaA) at
(PWC) or Ester-C (EC) and serum vitamin C concentrations were 1.12 mg/dl (p=0.009). PureWay-C® also showed statistically
determined immediately prior (0 hours) and at hours 1, 2, 4, significantly higher levels than CaA at four hours (p=0.028)
6 and 24 post-supplementation as described in the materials and six hours (p=0.047). Indeed, PureWay-C® demonstrated
and methods section. The data represent the mean + the the highest serum vitamin C absorption levels at all times
S.E.M. Statistically different results were obtained between tested throughout the 24 hour period, including the 24 time
PWC and CaA at hours, 1, 2, 4, and 6 with p values of 0.0026, point (Figure 1, Table1). In contrast, Ester-C failed to show
0.0009, 0.0278 and 0.0470 respectively. EC also showed a statistically significant increase in absorption when com-
statistically significant differences from CaA at hours 1 and 4 pared to all vitamin C formulation, with the exception of
with p values 0.049 and 0.0477 respectively. Confidence of CaA at one hour (p=0.049) and four hours (p=0.047). All vi-
statistical significance was determined using the paired T-test. tamin C formulations showed peak absorption levels at two
hours post administration with only slightly elevated levels
twenty-four hours post administration. However, it is worth
were collected at baseline, 0 hr (before-treatment), 1 hr, 2 noting that PureWay-C® maintains the highest serum level
hr, 4 hr, 6 hr and 24 hr (after-treatment): medical history, of 0.85 mg/dl vitamin C at 24 hours post treatment, which
brief physical, weight, body mass index (BMI) and blood is nearly statistically significant compared to the 0.59 mg/ml
pressure, patient symptom checklist, fasting C-reactive pro- observed with CaA at 24 hours (p=0.057). To a statistically
tein, CBC, basic metabolic panel, TSH and b-HCG (baseline significant extent, these data demonstrate that PureWay-C™
only); and for safety reasons, also creatinine, AST/ALT, CK is better absorbed by the human body than Ascorbic Acid
and blood glucose, oxidized low-density lipoproteins, serum and Calcium Ascorbate, and that this increased absorption
levels of ascorbic acid, plasma levels of C-reactive protein is greater than that observed with Ester-C.
and oxidized low density lipoprotein, urine uric acid (at 24
hr only), and urine oxalate (at 24 hr only). In addition to the greatest absorption rates, PureWay-C®
supplementation lead to the greatest drop in volunteer
Measurement of serum, plasma and urine markers plasma C-reactive protein levels. While the drop in plasma
C-reactive protein of 22.7 ng/ml was greater than that for
Serum vitamin C levels were determined as previously de- AA (12 ng/ml), CaA (8.3 ng/ml) and Ester-C (20.6 ng/ml),
scribed [21]. Briefly, blood was drawn in a chilled tube and the differences between these formulations was not statis-
immediately centrifuged to collect serum. The serum sam- tically significant (Figure 2, Table1). Plasma oxidized low
ples were frozen and protected from light. Vitamin C levels density lipoprotein levels (oxLDL) were also most greatly
were then determined by high pressure liquid chromatogra- reduced by PureWay-C® compared to AA, CaA and Ester-
phy (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (EC). C (Figure 3). PureWay-C® supplementation resulted in a
3.8U/ml drop in oxLDL which is a statistically significant-
Plasma C-reactive protein levels were measured according ly greater drop than that observed with AA (p=0.045) and
to the manufacturer’s guidelines by instant ELISA from again a greater and more beneficial effect that what was ob-
Bender MedSystems, Vienna, Austria. served with CaA and Ester C.

Plasma levels of oxidized LDL was measured according to Taken together, these data show that PureWay-C® is ab-
manufacturer’s guidelines, using a solid phase two site oxi- sorbed into the human body after oral supplementation to
dized LDL ELISA kit from Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden, which a greater extent than is Ester-C and that, once absorbed, it
is designed for use in measuring plasma oxidized LDL in ar- persists longer in the body, providing better health bene-
bitrary units (presented as U/ml in the results section. fits with regard to circulating inflammatory markers. Urine
uric acid and oxalate levels were not significantly elevated
Urine uric acid was measured by uricase as previously de- during this study, demonstrating that the increase activity
scribed [22] and urine oxalate levels were measured enzymat- of PureWay-C® is not associated with any of the adverse ef-
ically using the Cobas Fara as previously described [23]. fects associated with mega doses of vitamin C.

CR549
Clinical Research Med Sci Monit, 2008; 14(11): CR547-551

AA 80 AA
Plasma C-reactive protein (ng/ml)
CaA CaA
PWC PWC

1.7
200 EC EC

2.9
3.8
8.3
20.6

3.3
40

22.7
12
100

0 0
0 24 0 24
Hours Hours
Figure 2. Plasma C-reactive protein levels before and after Figure 3. Plasma oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) levels
vitamin C supplementation. Volunteers were placed before and after vitamin C supplementation. Volunteers
in groups of ten and supplemented with ascorbic acid were placed in groups of ten and supplemented with
(AA), calcium ascorbate (CaA), PureWay-C (PWC) or ascorbic acid (AA), calcium ascorbate (CaA), PureWay-
Ester-C (EC) and plasma C-reactive protein levels were C (PWC) or Ester-C (EC) and plasma oxLDL levels were
determined immediately prior (0 hours) and 24 hour post- determined immediately prior (0 hours) and 24 hour
supplementation as described in the materials and methods post-supplementation as described in the materials and
section. The numbers in the bars at 24 hours are the change methods section. The numbers in the bars at 24 hours are
(decrease) in plasma C-reactive protein levels after vitamin the change (decrease) in plasma oxLDL levels after vitamin
C supplementation. These are the same data shown in Table C supplementation. These are the same data shown in Table
1, although the numbers shown for the change in C-reactive 1, although the numbers shown for the change oxLDL were
protein were rounded-off here to fit in the bar space. rounded-off here to fit in the bar space.

Table 1. Summary of the clinical data showing serum vitamin C levels, plasma C-reactive protein and oxidized LDL levels and urine uric acid and
oxalate levels.

Serum Vitamin C Levels (mg/dl)


Hrs Post-Admin
0 1 2 4 6 24
Vitamin C Form
Ascorbic Acid 0.56±0.06 1.2±0.10 1.64±0.18 1.51±0.22 1.46±0.13 0.80±0.09
Calcium Ascorbate 0.50±0.05 0.88±0.10 1.12±0.17 1.03±0.13 1.0±0.13 0.59±0.09
PureWay-C 0.56±0.09 1.3±0.08* 2.17±0.19* 1.54±0.14* 1.51±0.19* 0.85±0.08
Ester-C 0.60±0.08 1.22±0.11* 1.69±0.27 1.52±0.16* 1.17±0.12 0.73±0.07
Plasma C-Reactive Protein (ng/ml) Plasma OxLDL (U/ml) Urine Markers (mg/dl)
0 24 Change 0 24 Change Uric Acid Oxalate
Ascorbic Acid 129.75±26 117.00±33 12.75 68.78±6 67.89±5 0.89 50.85±8.8 18.8±2.7
Calcium Ascorbate 189.17±41 180.83±43 8.34 60.56±5 57.67±6 3.78 39.75±10.5 17.8±2.6
PureWay-C 152.30±19 128.60±19 23.7 62.56±5 57.30±4 5.26** 48.73±7.1 13.7±1.5
Ester-C 200.63±38 180.00±52 20.63 50.51±4 48.20±4 2.31 40.96±7.0 17.9±1.9
* Statistically significant deference compared to Calcium Ascorbate. At one hour p=0.0026 for PureWay-C and p=0.049 for Ester-C. At two hours,
p=0.0009. At four hours p=0.0278 for PureWay-C and 0.0477 for Ester C. At six hours, p=0.0470; ** Statistically significant difference from
Ascorbic Acid (p=0.045). Note that the reductions in oxLDL were not significantly different for any vitamin C supplementation with a before-and-
after comparison; however, the drop observed with PureWay-C was significantly greater than the drop observed with Ascorbic Acid; All statistically
significant differences are noted. Data are presented as the mean + S.E.M. All 0 time points were immediately prior to oral administration of the
vitamin C as described in the materials and methods section. These data are the same as those shown in Figures 1–3.

Discussion vous system [1,2], prevention of neurodegenerative diseas-


es [3,4], wound healing [5,6], and immune system function
Vitamin C is important in many physiological and meta- [1,7,8]. For these reasons, vitamin C supplementation has
bolic activities such as the development of a healthy ner- been recommended and people have sought forms of vita-

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Med Sci Monit, 2008; 14(11): CR547-551 Pancorbo1 D et al – Vitamin C-lipid metabolites: Uptake and retention and effect…

min C which lead to the fastest absorption into the blood References:
and greatest health benefits.
1. Weeks BS, Perez PP: A novel vitamin C preparation enhances neurite
Recently studies have suggested that vitamin C supplemen- formation and fibroblast adhesion and reduces xenobiotic-induced T-
cell hyperactivation. Med Sci Monit, 2007; 13(3): BR51–58
tation can reduce circulating levels of C-reactive protein and
oxidized low density lipoproteins [11,12,15,17]. Oxidized
LDLs and C-reactive proteins are produced and increased
2. Zhou X, Tai A, Yamamoto I: Enhancement of neurite outgrowth in PC12
cells stimulated with cyclic AMP and NGF by 6-acylated ascorbic acid
2-O-alpha-glucosides (6-Acyl-AA-2G), novel lipophilic ascorbate deriv-
CR
in the circulation during oxidative stress and have a subse- atives. Biol Pharm Bull, 2003; 26(3): 341–46
quent role in the causation of inflammatory disease, athero- 3. Boothby LA, Doering PL: Vitamin C and vitamin E for Alzheimer’s dis-
sclerosis and cardiovascular damage [13,14,16]. Therefore, ease. Ann Pharmacother, 2005; 39(12): 2073–80
reduction of plasma C-reactive protein and oxidized LDL 4. Landmark K: Could intake of vitamins C and E inhibit development of
Alzheimer dementia?. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen, 2006; 126(2): 159–61
is not only an indicator of protection, but also will direct-
5. Marionnet C, Vioux-Chagnoleau C, Pierrard C et al: Morphogenesis of
ly reduce risk for inflammatory damage and cardiovascu- dermal-epidermal junction in a model of reconstructed skin: beneficial
lar disease. effects of vitamin C. Exp Dermatol, 2006; 15(8): 625–33
6. Kaplan B, Gonul B, Dincer S et al: Relationships between tensile strength,
First developed and submitted for patent approval in 2003, ascorbic acid, hydroxyproline, and zinc levels of rabbit full-thickness in-
cision wound healing. Surg Today, 2004; 34(9): 747–51
2006 and 2007 by Pedro Perez Ph.D, PureWay-C® has been
7. Lehr HA, Frei B, Arfors KE: Vitamin C prevents cigarette smoke-induced
shown to be absorbed more rapidly by human cells than leukocyte aggregation and adhesion to endothelium in vivo. Proc Natl
any other vitamin C formulation tested, including Ester- Acad Sci USA, 1994; 91(16): 7688–92
C. Further, the more rapid absorption of PureWay-C® 8. Weber C, Erl W, Weber K, Weber PC: Increased adhesiveness of isolated
leads to a greater cellular activity in neurons, fibroblast monocytes to endothelium is prevented by vitamin C intake in smok-
and T-cells. The observations presented here show that ers. Circulation, 1996; 93(8): 1488–92
PureWay-C® is also better absorbed into the human body 9. Fay MJ, Verlangieri AJ: Stimulatory action of calcium L-threonate on
ascorbic acid uptake by a human T-lymphoma cell line. Life Sci, 1991;
after oral supplementation and results in higher serum vi- 49(19): 1377–81
tamin C levels when compared to ascorbic acid, calcium 10. Fay MJ, Bush MJ, Verlangieri AJ: Effect of aldonic acids on the uptake of
ascorbate, and Ester-C. Further, PureWay-C® has a greater ascorbic acid by 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and human T lymphoma cells.
effect on circulating levels of C-reactive protein and oxi- Gen Pharmacol, 1994; 25(7): 1465–69
dized LDL and while these data were not statistically sig- 11. Concepcion S-M, Cano MP, de Ancos B et al: Consumption of high-pres-
surized vegetable soup increases plasma vitamin C and decreases oxi-
nificant, usually longer supplementation times of up to 2 dative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in healthy humans. J Nutr,
months have been required to show significant drops in 2004; 134: 3021–25
these oxidative stress markers [15–17]. Lastly, Pureway-C 12. Hagfors L, Leanderson P, Skoldstam L et al: Antioxidant intake, plas-
shows no adverse effects as judged by urine uric acid and ma antioxidants and oxidative stress in a randomized, controlled, par-
oxalate levels. allel, Mediterranean dietary intervention study on patients with rheu-
matoid arthritis. Nutr J, 2003; 2: 5–16
13. Sánchez-Moreno C, Dashe JF, Scott T et al: Decreased levels of plasma
Conclusions vitamin C and increased concentrations of inflammatory and oxidative
stress markers after stroke. Stroke, 2004; 1: 163–68
Taken together, the data of this study show that PureWay-C® 14. Gottsauner-Wolf M, Zasmeta G, Hornykewycz S et al: Plasma levels of
is statistically significantly better absorbed by the human C-reactive protein after coronary stent implantation,Eur Heart J, 2000;
14: 1152–58
body than ascorbic acid and calcium ascorbate at times
15. Fumeron C, Nguyen-Khoa T, Saltiel C et al: Effects of oral vitamin C
(2 and 6 hours) post-supplementation which are times supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammation status in hae-
at which Ester-C shows no significant improved absorp- modialysis patients, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2005; 9: 1874–79
tion. Further, PureWay-C shows a numerically better ab- 16. Block G, Jensen C, Dietrich M et al: Plasma C-reactive protein concen-
sorption mean that Ester-C at all time points, and al- trations in active and passive smokers: influence of antioxidant supple-
mentation, J Am Coll Nutr, 2004; 2: 141–47
though the difference is not highly statistically significant,
the 2 hour and 6 hour increase of Pureway-C compared 17. Wen Y, Cooke T, Feely J: The effect of pharmacological supplemen-
tation with vitamin C on low-density lipoprotein oxidation, Br J Clin
to Ester-C has p values of 0.137 and 0.162 respectively. Pharmacol, 1997; 1: 94–97
Further, PureWay-C™ is the only Vitamin C formulation 18. Verlangieri AJ, Fay MJ, Bannon AW: Comparison of the anti-scorbutic activity
to show statistically significantly greater impact than ascor- of L-ascorbic acid and Ester C in the non-ascorbate synthesizing Osteogenic
bic acid on circulating oxidized LDL levels. PureWay-C® Disorder Shionogi (ODS) rat. Life Sci, 1991; 48(23): 2275–81
supplementation also leads to the greatest reduction in 19. Wright JV, Suen RM, Kirk FR: Comparative studies of “Ester C” ver-
sus L-ascorbic acid. International Clinical Nutrition Review, 1990; 10:
circulating C-reactive protein. These results suggest that 267–70
PureWay-C® is the best vitamin C formulation for supple- 20. Weeks BS, Perez PP: Absorption rates and free radical scavenging val-
mentation with regard to cellular uptake and absorption ues of vitamin C-lipid metabolites in human lymphoblastic cells. Med
into the human body. Future studies are needed with an Sci Monit, 2007; 13(10): BR205–10
increased population size and a longer supplementation 21. McCoy LF, Bowen MB, Xu M et al: Improved HPLC assay for measur-
regimen to examine if PureWay-C™ has improved effects ing serum vitamin C with 1-methyluric acid used as an electrochemi-
cally active internal standard. Clin Chem, 2005; 6: 1062–64
on circulating C-reactive protein and oxidized LDL lev-
22. Pesce MA, Bodourian SH, Nicholson JF: Automated enzymatic micro-
els and to more clearly establish that PureWay-C® has im- method for determination of uric acid in serum and urine with a cen-
proved health benefits when compared to other vitamin trifugal analyzer. Clin Chem, 1974; 9: 1231–33
C formulations. 23. Allen LC, Kadijevic L, Romaschin AD: An enzymatic method for oxa-
late automated with the Cobas Fara centrifugal analyzer. Clin Chem,
1989; 10: 2098–100

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