Philipp. J. Vet. Anim. Sci.

, 2000, 26: 41-50 41

FEEDING VALUE OF PROTEIN-ENRICHED SWEET POTATO PULP

FOR BROILERS

Rodolfo A. Demo-os, Ma . Teresa SJ . Valdez and Mariano C. Mapili , Jr.1

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to develop a feed product from sweet potato
pulp through the adoption of protein enrichment technology modified to suit farm
level conditions. Specifically, the most appropriate degree of wetness ofthe pulp,
fungal culture used in fermentation, non-protein nitrogen source/s for the nutrient
mixture and technique of sterilizing the fermentation substrate to produce a
protein-rich broiler feed from sweet potato pulp were investigated.
Sweet potato pulp (fiber), a solid waste from starch processing, was
gathered from two commercial plants in the towns of Calasiao and Rosales, in
Pangasinan. Protein-enriched sweet potato pulp was produced using three non-
protein nitrogen sources (urea, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate) in the
preparation of nutrient mixture for the substrate; three fungal cultures
(Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oJigosporus) for substrate
fermentation; two degrees of wetness (low-moisture vs. high-moisture) of the
pulp; and two substrate sterilization techniques (aseptic vs. semi-aseptic). The
protein-rich feed products resulting from various treatments were sampled for
determination of proximate composition and test-fed to broilers through feeding
trials.
There were 17 to 20-fold increases in the crude protein content of sweet
potato pulp after protein enrichment, compared to the original material. High-
moisture sweet potato pulp contained higher percentage of crude protein than
low-moisture pulp. T. harzianum-fermented sweet potato pulp contained 7-9%
more crude protein than protein-enriched sweet potato pulp fermented by R.
oJigosporus or A. niger.
Feeding trial results showed 0.7-3.8% improvement in gain in weight and
6.4-15.8% improvement in feed conversion when protein-enriched sweet potato
pulp was incorporated in the finisher ration. Cost efficiency analysis revealed
that savings on feed cost range from PhP2.54-3.81 per bird (finishing stage)
and PhPO.49-3.06 per bird (growing-finishing stage).

Key words: broiler, feed, pulp, sweet potato

INTRODUCTION

The present trends in animal production call for the use of high nutrient density
rations in order to sustain the requirements of genetically improved strains of farm
animals. Therefore, research efforts must be focused on developing feed materials
that could ensure optimum growth and production , cost efficiency as well as sustainability.

1 Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture , Tarlac College of Agriculture, Camiling ,

Tarlac, Philippines
42 Demo-os et al.

The use of microbial fermentation to produce high-protein feed is becoming

increasingly important as a means of backstopping the high cost and seasonal availability
of conventional feed ingredients. Moreover, this biological process has the great
advantage of being able to use raw materials that are very cheap and represent.
processing residues that would otherwise pose environmental hazards when disposed
improperly. Taking advantage of the simplicity, practicability and efficiency of this process,
recovery of nutrients from and enrichment of low quality residues could provide the
feed industry in particular, and the animal industry in general, solution to the perennial
problems of inadequate high quality feeds and high feed costs.
Sweet potato pulp, the high-moisture fibrous residue resulting from processing
of sweet potato tuber into starch, is highly fermentable and, therefore, causes pollution
when appropriate solid waste management procedures are not immediately employed.
Microbial fermentation can convert the residual carbohydrate compounds in this waste
into valuable protein and at the same time get rid of the offensive odor that is hazardous
to public health.
Fermentation has been one of the most developed methods for the production
of single cell protein feeds due to the fact that microorganisms grow very fast and
have a high rate of reproduction (Schulz and Oslage, 1977). Microbes, as an organized
system of enzymes, can efficiently aid in resource recovery and reuse (NAS, 1979).
These include a number of fungi that exhibit cellulolytic activity (Gaden et al., 1976).
Among the fungal strains tested by Pham et al. (1991), Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus
terreus were found to have high ability of converting carbohydrate in cassava pulp and
cassava tuber into protein while Trichoderma harzianum had better conversion ability
for banana meat. For cassava peeling, the highest protein content was obtained using
Trichoderma reesei and T. harzianum. The Aspergillus strains had low bioconversion of
cassava peeling. Raimbault et al. (1977) and Baldensperger et al. (1985) obtained
fermented products with a 16-20 % protein content and 25-35 % residual sugars using
cassava, banana, potato and other starchy wastes.
The present work was conducted to evaluate the feeding value of protein-
enriched sweet potato pulp as affected by several factors namely: the degree of wetness
of the substrate, the kind of non-protein nitrogen used, the species of fungi and the
technique of sterilizing the substrate.

MATERIALS AND Mf;'-HODS

Processing of the Pulp Prior to Fermentation

Dried and fresh sweet potato pulp was obtained from Phil-Kor Starch Processing
Plant in Bakit-bakit, Rosales and Pan-Kor Sweet Potato Starch Plant in Macabito,
Calasiao, both in Pangasinan, respectively. The fresh pulp from Pan-Kor Plant was
dripping wet, hence it was pressed to remove some of the moisture content. Dried pulp
from Phil-Kor Plant is in the form of lumps so it was reduced to feed particle size using
a motorized grinder.

Preparation of Nutrient Solution

A standard nutrient solution based on that used by Pham et al. (1993), with
 Feeding value of sweet-potato pulp 43

some modifications, was prepared. This consisted of 35 g urea, 45.35 g ammonium

phosphate [(NH4)3P04] ' 15.0 g ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]' 10 g sucrose (sugar),
and 3 tablespoons of vinegar dissolved in 1 I of water.

Fungal Culture Sourcing and Propagation

Pure cultures of Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus
oligosporus were obtained from the National Pure Culture Collection Laboratory of the
National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines
Los Banos. These were propagated in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The
microorganisms were maintained in PDA at room condition .

Substrate Preparation, Sterilization, Inoculation and Fermentation

The nutrient solution was gradually added to the sweet potato pulp. This was
mixed manually until a uniform mixture was obtained. The fermentable substrate was
packed in polypropylene bags, fitted with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) necks, and covered
with cotton plugs and clean paper secured with rubber bands. The bagged substrates
were sterilized at 20 psi for 30 min after which they were allowed to cool. Inoculation
of substrate with fungal culture followed. This was done aseptically to make sure that
no contamination occurs. The bags were arranged in shelves inside the fermentation
room. As soon as fungal multiplication was visible, the substrates were regularly mixed
to loosen the lumps and to ensure fast, successful and complete fermentation for a
period of two weeks.

Harvesting of Protein-Enriched Sweet Potato Pulp (PESPP)

The protein-enriched sweet potato pulp (PESPP) was harvested after 2 wks of
fermentation. The PESPP was dried under the sun to remove the odorous gaseous
metabolites. After drying, the fermented pulp was sieved to obtain feed particle-sized
materials. Big PESPP lumps were ground to smaller particles.

Experimental Variables
Several experiments were conducted to test different variables. The effect of
some factors or conditions on the feeding value of the fermented sweet potato pulp
were evaluated. These are as follows:
Effect of Degree of Pulp Wetness. High-moisture (fresh) and low-moisture (33
% water) pulps were compared .
Effect of Substrate Sterilization Technique. The aseptic and semi-aseptic ways
of sterilizing the substrates were compared. The aseptic method was done by pressure
sterilization at 20 psi for 30 min. The semi-aseptic technique was performed by steaming
the substrates in covered drums for at least 3 hrs.
Effect of Fungal Species. Three species of fungi were used as inoculants and
their efficiency were compared. These were Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger,
and Rhizopus oligosporus.
Effect of Non-Protein Nitrogen Source. Three non-protein nitrogen sources were
used separately as part of the nutrient solution and compared. These were urea,
ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphate.
44 Demo-os et a/.

Determination of Nutrient Composition

The nutrient composition of PESPP produced from various methods were
subjected to proximate analysis at the Animal Nutrition Analytical Service Laboratory,
Institute of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los
Banos.

Feeding Trials
Four feeding trials were conducted . Experimental treatments in each feeding
trial were replicated three times following the Completely Randomized Design with 10
broiler chicks per replication. Standard management practices were employed uniformly
to all experimental birds. PESPP was used as partial replacement for commercial broiler
rations. Growth, feed intake, feed efficiency and feed costs were evaluated . These
data were analyzed using analysis of variance and treatment means were compared
using Duncan's Multiple Range Test.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Nutrient Composition
Fresh sweet potato pulp, a solid waste resulting from the production of starch
from sweet potato is almost devoid of nutritive value as it contained 87.59% water with
no detectable quantity of protein (Table 1). Drying this solid waste to 90% dry matter
still resulted in very low crude protein (CP) value of only 1.79%. However, the nitrogen-
free extract (NFE), which represents the soluble sugars and starches, was high at
72.14%.
In general, fermentation of sweet potato pulp increased the CP content of the
product by 4-17 times. This was brought about by the conversion of carbohydrate
materials present in the pulp into amino acids by microbial synthesis in the presence of
sufficient amounts of nitrogen and minerals, particularly sulfur and phosphorus. After
fermentation, PESPP is a combination of microbial biomass and residual substrate
materials. The latter contained soluble soluble sugars which had not undergone
fermentation, hence, the NFE of the product was still relatively high. Likewise, fungal
fermentation caused increases in ether extract (EE), ash and gross energy (GE) values.

Table 1. Nutrient composition of wet and dry sweet potato pulp before and after protein
enrichment.
Type % % % % % % % % Kcal
DM CP EE CF NFE Ash Ca P GE
Fresh 12.41 NO 0.25 2.82 8.87 0.47
Dry 90.06 1.79 0.25 13.26 72.14 2.62 0.64 0.03 3323
PELM 89.96 6.27 0.61 13.29 64.63 5.16 0.59 0.15 3396
PEHM 87.73 30.20 1.20 10.69 38.47 7.17 0.24 0.16 3627
*PELM: protein-enriched low moisture; PEHM: protein-enriched high moisture; nd: not
detected
 Feeding value of sweet-potato pulp 45

Schulz and Oslage (1977) also reported increases in crude fat and total fat after bacterial
fermentation of starchy materials and increases in phosphorus, magnesium, iron and
zinc contents after fermentation by yeast.

Effect of Degree of Pulp Wetness. Results of the experiment on the use of two
degrees of pulp wetness showed that protein enrichment by fermentation was more
effective when high-moisture (65% moisture content) pulp was used as substrate than
when low-moisture (33% moisture content) pulp was used. The average CP content of
PESPP from high-moisture substrate was 30.20% compared to the 6.27% average CP
content of PESPP from low-moisture pulp (Table 1). The higher amount of moisture in
the substrate during fermentation provided ideal conditions for fungal growth and
multiplication. Hence, the fermentation process was efficient, producing more fungal
biomass that contributed to the higher CP content of the fermented feed. Similar results
were obtained by Pham et al. (1992a and 1992b) using cassava as substrate. A
maximum protein content of 31 % was obtained when cassava substrate contained
60% initial moisture, and as the initial moisture was decreased to 50%, 40% and 30%,
the protein content of the fermented products was proportionately reduced to 26%,
15% and 7 .7% protein, respectively.
In terms of the other feed components, higher percentages of ash, EE and GE
were obtained from fermentation of high-moisture substrate compared to low-moisture
substrate. However, crude fiber (CF), NFE and calcium contents were reduced as a
result of microbial activity converting NFE and cellulosic materials to protein while Ca
was utilized by the microorganisms for their own metabolism.

Effect of Fungal Culture. PESPP from low-moisture pulp fermented using

Aspergillus niger had higher CP content (12.41%) than PESPP produced using
Trichodenna harzianum and Rhizopus oligosporus (6.34% and 6.15%, respectively)
i:
(Table 2). On the other hand, PESPP from high-moisture pulp fermented by harzianum
contained 37.81 % CP while PESPP from high-moisture pulp fermented by R. oligosporus
and A. niger had 30.98% and 26.16% CP, respectively. This shows that T. harzianum
worked well in fermenting the wet pulp and, therefore, it was more efficient in enhanCing
the CP value of the sweet potato pulp. Although R. oligosporus and A. niger were
found to be good fermenting agents for protein enrichment, they were not as efficient

Table 2. Nutrient compOSition of PESPP as affected by fungal strain used.

Fermenting Agent % % % % % % % % Kcal

DM CP EE CF NFE Ash Ca P GE
Low-moisture pulp
T. harzianum 90.52 6.34 0.76 13.84 64.28 5.30 0.64 0.18 3472
A niger 86.09 12.41 0.12 2.74 68.20 2.62
R. oIigosporus 89.98 6.15 0.46 12.99 65.74 4.64 0.54 0.12 3320
HigtHnoisture pulp
T. harzianum 83.91 37.81 3.38 8.16 31.50 5.30 0.23 0.16 3570
A niger 88.84 26.16 0.31 12.44 39.17 10.76
R. oIigosporus 87.44 30.98 0.88 8.49 43.97 3.12 0.26 0.16 3684
46 Demo-os et al.

as T harzianum in converting cellulosic materials into protein in the presence of nutrients

such as nitrogen and minerals. Trichoderma strains were likewise found by Pham et al.
(1991) to be most efficient in protein enrichment of banana meat and cassava peeling,
but although these fungal strains were able to convert carbohydrates into proteins, the
process took a longer time of fermentation.

Effect of Substrate Sterilization Technique . The aseptic and semi-aseptic

techniques of sterilizing the fermentable substrate did not vary markedly in terms of
improving the CP content of PESPP with only a little over 2% difference in CP values of
the resulting products (Table 3). The semi-aseptic technique employed was able to
eliminate other microorganisms that could have interfered with the activity and
proliferation of the specific fungal strains used in the fermentation of the substrate.
This was further evidenced by the absence of contamination in the fermenting medium
during the fermentation stage, thus allowing the specific strain to work well and
metabolize. This implies that steaming in drums for 3 hrs can substitute for pressure
sterilization using an autoclave, hence, it is more practical and can easily be adopted at
farm level.

Table 3. Nutrient composition of PESPP as affected by substrate sterilization technique

employed.
Sterilization % % % % % %
Technique DM CP EE CF NFE Ash
Aseptic 86.17 30.65 0.30 11 .17 36.49 7.56
Semi-aseptic 87.82 27.20 0.17 13.64 36.07 10.98

Effect of Non-Protein Nitrogen Source. The CP content of PESPP produced

from low-moisture sweet potato pulp added with different nitrogen sources were 5.44%
(ammonium phosphate), 6.42% (ammonium sulfate) and 6.95% (urea) indicating an
increment of from 3.45-5.16% CP (Table 4). On the other hand, the use of urea as part
of the nutrient solution added to high-moisture pulp resulted in an even greater increase
in CP value with the PESPP containing 29.37% CP or a 16-fold increase in CP content.

Table 4. Nutrient composition of PESPP as affected by non-protein nitrogen source.

Non-Protein Nitrogen % % % % % %
Source DM CP EE CF NFE Ash
Low-Moisture Pulp
Urea 91.06 6.95 0.61 13.99 65.16 4.35
Ammonium phosphate 89.45 5.44 0.60 10.01 67.72 5.68
Ammonium sulfate 89.44 6.42 0.49 12.54 64.47 5.52
High-Moisture Pulp
Urea 86.74 29.37 0.66 12.09 35.79 :§.83
 Feeding value of sweet-potato pulp 47

The marked increase in the CP content of PESPP was brought about by the
bio-conversion of carbohydrate materials present in the pulp into amino acids by
microbial synthesis in the presence of sufficient amounts of nitrogen and minerals
particularly sulfur and phosphorus. In order to obtain rapid microbial growth in the media
and obtain maximum yield of product, Corbett (1980) stressed that substrates must
contain adequate supplies of nitrogen which the organism cannot manufacture itself.
Since as much as 15% of the mycelial dry weight may be composed of nitrogen, he
recommended that the medium must contain up to this amount of a suitable source of
nitrogen.
PESPP, being a fermentation product, is a combination of microbial biomass
and residual substrate materials. These residual substrate materials provide available
soluble sugars which had not undergone fermentation, hence, the nitrogen-free extract
content of PESPP, in general, was still high although much of it had been utilized
during microbial synthesis of proteins. Furthermore, the phosphorus content was also
increased after fermentation . This was brought about by the addition of phosphate in
the nutrient mixture. The CF content, on the other hand, decreased after fermentation
due to the fact that microbial action promoted the conversion of fiber compounds into
protein.

Results of Broiler Feeding Trials

Effect of PESPP with Different NPN Sources. PESPP used as 10% replacement
to broiler commercial rations did not cause significant improvement nor depression
(Table 5) in broiler performance (weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio),
an indication that it did not impair the nutritive value of the ration. However, feed cost
per kg broiler produced was reduced and the amount of savings on feeds per kg of
broiler were PhPO.92 with PESPP enriched with ammonium sulfate, PhP1 .70 when
PESPP was produced with urea, and PhP2.02 when PESPP with ammonium phosphate
was used.

Table 5. Performance of broilers (10-38 days) fed ration with 10% PESPP produced
with different non-protein nitrogen sources.
Production Efficiency 0% 10% PESPP 10% PESPP 10% PESPP
Parameters PESPP with Urea with NH 3P04 with NH 3S04
Feed intake, g 2568.81a 2575.08 a 2564.95 a 2733.89 a
Gain in weight, g 1246.67 a 1244.00 a 1257.33 a 1282.11a
FCR , kg feedlkg gain 2.06 a 2.07 a 2.04 a 2.13 a
Feed cost/kg broiler
produced, PhP 26.99 25.29 24.96 26.07
Savings on feedslkg
broiler, PhP 1.70 2.02 0.92
Note: Values with different superscripts in the same row are different (P<0.05).
48 Demo-os et al.

Effect of PESPP Fermented by Different Species of Fungi. Broilers fed with

10% PESPP fermented by different species of fungi performed comparably well as
those in the control lot. The species of fungi that fermented the sweet potato pulp
showed no significant effect on the biological response of the birds from 10-38 days of
age. This means that although T. harzianum, A. niger and R. o/igosporus exhibited
variable efficiency in protein enrichment of the substrate material during fermentation,
the PESPP they produced did not cause significant influence on growth, feed intake
and feed conversion efficiency of birds. Again, reduction in feed costs was noted,
ranging from PhP0.49-2.61 savings on feeds (Table 6).

Table 6. Performance of broilers (10-38 days) fed ration with 10% PESPP fermented
by different species of fungi.
Production Efficiency 0% 10% PESPP by 10% PESPP 10% PESPPby
Parameters PESPP T. harzianum by A. niger R. oligosporus
Feed intake, g 2545.67 a 2712.33 a 2668.00 a 2679.00 a
Gain in weight, g 1174.67a 1337.67 a 1208.33 a 1198.6r
FeR, kg feed/kg gain 2.17 a 2.06 a 2.22a 2.23 a
Feed cost/kg broiler
produced, PhP 27.82 25 .21 27.13 27.33
Savings on feeds/kg
broiler, PhP 2.61 0.69 0.49
Note: Values with different superscripts in the same row are different (P<0.05).

Effect of Two Levels of PESPP on Finishing Broilers. The feeding trial conducted
on finishing broilers showed no significant differences among birds in terms of
performance parameters, except on feed intake. Table 7 shows that with 10% and 15%
PESPP substitution of commercial broiler finisher ration, 2.2% and 11.2% reduction in
feed intake was noted, respectively. On the other hand, gain in weight was improved by
0.7% when 10% PESPP was used, but this further improved by 3.8% when the level of
substitution was increased to 15%. Efficiency of feed utilization was similar among
birds in the control and in the treated lots, however, improvement in feed conversion

Table 7. Performance of broilers during the finishing stage fed ration with 10 and 15%
PESPP.
Performance 0% 10% Percentage 15% Percentage
Parameters PESPP PESPP Improvement PESPP Improvement
{Reduction} {Reduction}
a
Feed intake, kg 1.34 1.31 a (2.20) 1.19b (11.20)
Gain in weight, g 793.75 a 798.96 a 0.70 823.96 a 3.80
FeR, kg feed/kg
gain 1.71 a 1.60 a 6.40 1.44a 15.79
Note: Values with different superscripts in the same row are different (P<0.05).
 Feeding value of sweet-potato pulp 49

ratio (FeR) was from 6.4-15.79% with 10% and 15% allowance of PESPP in the diet,
respectively. Improvement in performance was brought about by the improvement in
the nutritive value of the finisher diet when portions of it were substituted with PESPP.

Effect of Two Levels of PESPP on Growth Performance of Broilers. The 10%

and 15% level of PESPP replacement to commercial rations during the growing - finishing
phase effected comparable responses among birds in the treated and control lots.
Although broilers on PESPP diet consumed significantly higher amount feed, they used
this efficiently in the production of more body mass and elements, hence, efficiency of
feed conversion improved by 2.6-3.1 %. As a consequence, marked reduction (9.5-
12.2%) in feed costs was noted as shown in Table 8 with PhP2.38 and PhP3.06 savings
on feeds for every kg of broiler produced at 10% and 15% level, respectively.
In all feeding trials, impairment in broiler growth and reduction in feed efficiency
were not observed with the use of 10 and 15% PESPP. A similar study in broilers by
Pham et al. (1993) found that body weights decreased slightly with the addition of 10%
fermented cassava meal, thus, limiting the use of the feed to 10%. However, with
fermented sweet potato pulp, the level of dietary incorporation could be as much as
15% as shown by this study. This can be due to the absence of growth limiting factors
in fermented sweet potato pulp which could have been present in fermented cassava.
The optimum performance exhibited by the birds showed the suitability of protein-
enriched sweet potato pulp as broiler feed. Fermented starchy materials have good
feeding value as confirmed by Pham et al. (1992a and 19992b) in their works on cassava
fermentation which resulted in an increase of the amino acid concentration, more notably
lysine and methionine and the presence of all essential amino acids. Similarly, Schulz
and Oslage (1977) presented evidences of high lysine content in fermented products
from starchy materials, the amount being above the level required and often reached
an order of magnitude similar to that of fish meal, skim milk powder and soya extraction
grits.
Likewise no mortality nor lesion was attributed or may be related to the intake
of PESPP. This observation confirmed the absence of toxic metabolites in the fermented
products. Immediate drying after fermentation contributed to the release of gaseous
metabolites.

Table 8. Performance of broilers (10-38 days) fed ration with 0,10 and 15% PESPP.

Production EfficierlOf 0010 10% Percentage 15% Percentage

Parameters PESPP PESPP Illl>rovement PESPP Irrprovement
{Reduction} {Reduction}
Feed intake, g 2653.agt> 2717.44 a 5.5 2753.89 a 6.8
Gain in \\Eight g 1388.11a 1465.11 a 3.1 1483.00 a 2.6
FeR, kg feedlkg gain 1.91 a 1.85 a (9.5) 1.86 a (12.2)
Feed costlkg broiler
produced, AlP 25.02 22.64 21.96
Savings on feedslkg
broiler, AlP 2.38 3.00
Note: Values with different superscripts in the same row are different (P<0.05).
50 Demo-os et al.

REFERENCES
Baldensperge J, Le Mer J, Hannibal L and Quinto P. 1985. Solid state fermentation of banana
wastes. Biotech Letters 7: 743-748.
Corbett K. 1980. Preparation, Sterilization and design of media. In: Fungal Biotechnology. London:
Academic Press.
Gaden EL, Mandels M, Keese ET and Spano LA. 1976. Enzymatic Conversion of Cellulosic
Materials: Technology and Applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
National Academy of Sciences. 1979. Microbial Processes: Promising Technologies for Developing
Countries. Washington, D.C.: NAS.
Pham CB, Sedano SA, Ramirez T J and Velasco AVB. 1991. Selection of fungi for protein
enrichment of carbohydrate agricultural wastes. Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific
Biotechnology Congress, SEARCA, UPLB , May 26-28.
Pham CB, Lat MRLY, Ramirez T J, Quinlat MJ and Pham LJ. 1992. Enriching cassava protein
using solid state fermentation. BIOTECH, UPLB.
Pham CB, Pham LJ and Ramirez T J. 1992. Simultaneous bioconversion of carbohydrate and
biodegradation of cyanide in cassava meat to increase nutritive value. Proceedings of
International Conference on Food PreseNation and Security.
Pham CB, Ramirez T J,Velasco AVB, Pham LJ, Quinlat MJ, Sedano SA and Oliveros BA. 1993.
Evaluation of protein-enriched agricultural carbohydrates for animal feeds. Proceedings
of the 22nd Annual Convention of the Philippine Society for Microbiology, University of
San Agustin, Iloilo City, April 14-16.
Raimbult M, Descharmps F, Mayer F and Senez JC. 1977. 5th International Conference on
Global Impact of Applied Microbiology. Bangkok, Thailand, November 21-26.
Schulz E and Oslage HJ.1977. Microorganisms as protein feed in animal nutrition. Anim. Res.
Dev. 6: 7-35.