Quantum Physics Notes

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Quantum Physics Class Notes:

Quantum physics is a branch of physics that deals with the behavior of matter and
energy at the smallest scales, such as atoms and subatomic particles.

Max Planck introduced the concept of quantization in 1900, suggesting that energy
is not continuous but comes in discrete packets called quanta.

Albert Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect in 1905 contributed to


the development of quantum theory. He proposed that light consists of discrete
particles called photons, which carry energy.

The wave-particle duality is a fundamental concept in quantum physics. It states


that particles, such as electrons, can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like
properties.

Werner Heisenberg formulated the uncertainty principle in 1927, which states that
the more precisely we know a particle's position, the less precisely we can know
its momentum, and vice versa.

Erwin Schrödinger developed the Schrödinger equation in 1926, which describes how
the wave function of a physical system changes over time. It is a cornerstone of
quantum mechanics.

Quantum superposition is the ability of quantum particles to exist in multiple


states simultaneously. This means that until measured, a particle can exist in a
state of being both here and there, or in multiple energy levels at once.

The concept of quantum entanglement refers to the correlation between particles,


even when separated by large distances. The state of one particle can
instantaneously affect the state of another, regardless of the distance between
them.

The Copenhagen interpretation, proposed by Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg,


suggests that the act of measurement collapses the wave function and determines the
outcome of an observation.

Quantum tunneling is the phenomenon where particles can pass through potential
energy barriers that would be classically impossible to cross. This plays a crucial
role in various applications, including scanning tunneling microscopy.

Quantum computing utilizes the principles of quantum mechanics to perform complex


calculations. Instead of classical bits, quantum computers use quantum bits
(qubits) that can exist in superposition and entangled states, allowing for
exponential computational power.

Quantum teleportation is a process by which the complete information of a quantum


state can be transferred from one location to another, without physically moving
the particle itself. It relies on entanglement and classical communication.

The concept of quantum decoherence explains how quantum systems lose their
coherence and become classical when interacting with their environment. This leads
to the emergence of classical behavior from the underlying quantum realm.

Quantum physics has numerous practical applications, including the development of


advanced sensors, precise atomic clocks, quantum cryptography, and quantum
communication protocols.

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