INDERPRASTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, GHAZIABAD

Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities

Session 2021-22
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I (KAS 103 T)
UNIT 1 – MATRICES
Question Bank

Types of Matrices: Symmetric, Skew-symmetric and Orthogonal Matrices, Complex Matrices,

Inverse and Rank of matrix using elementary transformations, Rank-Nullity theorem; System of
linear equations, Characteristic equation, Cayley-Hamilton Theorem and its application, Eigen
values and eigenvectors; Diagonalization of a Matrix.

Problems based on Real and Complex Matrices

1. Show that the matrix [ a + ic −b + id] is unitary, if and only if a2 + b2 + c 2 + d2 = 1. (2018)

b + id a − ic
2. Show that any real square matrix can be expressed as the sum of two matrix one symmetric and other skew
- symmetric.

2 3 + 2i −4
3. If 𝐴 = [3 − 2i 5 6i ], then show that A is Hermitian
−4 −6i 3
4. If A is a Hermitian matrix, then iA is skew Hermitian matrix.
5. If A is a skew Hermitian matrix, then iA is Hermitian matrix.

Problems based on Elementary Transformations

1. Using elementary row transformation, find the inverse of the following matrices

0 2 1 3 −1 −3 3 −1
(i) [1 1 −1 −2]
Ans. [
1 1 −1 0 ]
1 2 0 1 2 −5 2 −3
−1 1 2 6 −1 1 0 1

0 1 2 1/2 −1/2 1/2

(ii) [1 2 3](2018) Ans. [ −4 3 −1 ]
3 1 1 5/2 −3/2 1/2

Problems based on Rank

1. Find the rank of the following matrix after reducing to Echelon form
1 1 1
(i) [ 1 −1 0](2014CO) Ans. Rank = 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
(ii) [ 0 1 1](2014) Ans. 3
1 0 1
2. Reduce the following matrix to normal form and find their rank.

(i) [1 1 1] (2013,18) Ans. 2

3 1 1

1 1 2 3
(ii) [1 3 0 3 ](2015)Ans3
1 −2 −3 −3
1 1 2 3
1 1 −1 0
4 4 −3 1]
3. .Determine the value(s) of α such that the rank of A is 3, where 𝐴 = [ Ans. 2,-6
α 2 2 2
9 9 α 3

Problems based on solution of system of simultaneous Equations (Homogeneous and Non Homogeneous)

Test for consistency and solve:

1. x + y + z =3, x + 2y + 2z = 4 and x + 4y + 9z = 6

Ans. Consistent and has unique solution,𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1,𝑧 = 0

2. x - 2y +3z =2, 2x - 3z = 3and x + y + z =0
21 −16 −5
Ans. Consistent and has unique solution,𝑥 = , 𝑦 = ,𝑧 =
19 19 19
3. 3x + 3y + 2z = 1,x +2y = 4 , 10y +3z = -2 ,2x – 3y – z = 5
Ans. Consistent and has unique solution,𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1,𝑧 = −4

4. Investigate the values of λ and μ so that the equation

2x + 3y + 5z = 9,7x +3y -2z =8,2x +3y + λ z =µ have (i) No solution (ii) A unique Sol (iii) Inf. sol.

Ans. (i)λ = 5, μ ≠ 9 (ii)λ ≠ 5,μ any value (iii)λ = 5,μ = 9

5. Find μ and λ such that the equation x + y +z = 6, x + 2y +3z =10, x + 2y + λz = μ have (i) no solution (ii)
a unique solution (iii) infinite number of solution. (2002, 07,13,18)

Ans.λ = 3, μ ≠ 10(ii)λ ≠ 3,μ may have any value (iii)λ = 3, μ = 10

6. Show that the system of equations 3x + 4y +5z = A, 4x + 5y +6z = B, 5x + 6y +7z =C are consistent, If A,
B, C are in A.P only.

Problems Based on Rank -Nullity Theorem

1. Find the Rank and Nullity of the matrix

2 0 −1
[4 0 −2]
0 0 0

Problems based on Eigen values and Eigen vectors

Find Eigen values and Eigenvectors of following matrices

𝟏. [1
1] (2014)Ans.λ = 0,2 [−1] , [1]
1 1 1 1

𝟐. [5
4]Ans.λ = 1,6 [−1] , [4]
1 2 1 1
 3 1 4 1 −1 3
𝟑. [0 2 6](2004)Ans.λ = 3, 2, 5[ 0 ] [ 1 ] [ 2]
0 0 5 0 0 1

1 1 3 −1 1 1
𝟒. [1 5 1](2015)Ans.λ = -2, 3, 6 [ 0 ] [−1] [ 2]
3 1 1 1 1 1
−1 0 0
5.If A = [ 2 −3 0 ] , then find eigenvalues of A2.(2016)
1 4 −2

Problems based On Diagonalization of the matrix

Reduce the following matrix into diagonal form

3 1 −1
1. [ −2 1 2 ] (2012)
0 1 2

1 2 −2
2. [1 2 1 ] (2018)
−1 −1 0

6 −2 2 2 0 0
3. [ −2 3 −1 ] (2014 CO) Ans, [0 2 0]
2 −1 3 0 0 8

4. Show that the latent roots of Hermitian matrix are all real.

5. Prove that 0 is the eigenvalue of a matrix iff the matrix is singular.

Problems Based on Cayley Hamilton Theorem

Verify Cayley- Hamilton Th. & also Find A-1

1 2 0 1 2 0
1
1. [2 −1 0 ]Ans 𝐴−1 = 5 [2 −1 0]
0 0 −1 0 0 5

1 2 3
2. [2 4 5] Also express B = A8 − 11A7 − 4A6 + A5 + A4 − 11A3 − 3A2 + 2A + Ias a quadratic
3 5 6
polynomial in A and also find B. (2014, 19).
2. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix [1 4]. and find the value of A5 − 4A4 − 7A3 + 11A2 − A −
2 3
10 I (2018)

3. For the Given matrix A =[−5 −3] and I = [1 0 ], prove thatA3 = 19A + 30I. (2017)
2 0 0 1
4. If A =[−3 2 ], then evaluate the value of the expression(A + 5I + 2A−1 ) (2017)
−1 0
 Exercise 1

(Based on Real and Complex matrices)

2 + 𝑖 3 −1 + 3𝑖]
1. If 𝐴 = [ ,show that 𝐴𝜃 𝐴 is Hermitian matrix.
−5 𝑖 4 − 2𝑖
2. If A is an orthogonal matrix, then show that |𝐴| = ±1.
3. If A is an orthogonal matrix, then show that 𝐴−1exists and is equal to 𝐴′ .
4. If A and B are two orthogonal square matrices of order n then AB and BA are also orthogonal.
5. If A is a non-singular symmetric matrix, then show that 𝐴−1is also symmetric matrix.
1 2 1
6. If 𝐴 = [𝑎 0 4] and adj (adjA) =A, find a. (2012). Ans.0 or 3
1 1 1
Exercise 2

(Based on Elementary Transformations)

1. Using elementary row transformation, find the inverse of the following matrices

1 2 3 1 −3 2
(i) [2 4 5] Ans. [−3 3 −1]
3 5 6 2 −1 0

2 3 4 −2 4/5 9/5
(ii) [4 3 1] (2011-12) Ans. [ 3 −4/5 −14/5]
1 2 4 −1 1/5 6/5

1 2 1
2. Reduce the matrix [−1 0 2]to unit matrix by using elementary transformation.
2 1 3
1 3 3
3. Reduce the matrix [2 4 10]to unit matrix by using elementary transformation.
3 8 4
Exercise 3
(Based on Rank)

1. Find the rank of the following matrix after reducing to Echelon form
1 2 −1 3
1 2 3 2
(i) [4
1 2 1] (2002) Ans. 3
(iii) [2 3 5 1] Ans. 2
3 −1 1 2
1 3 4 5
1 2 0 1

1 2 3 2 1 3 0
(ii) [2 3 5 1] Ans. 2 (iv) [6 5 4] Ans. 3
1 3 4 5 2 3 2

2. Reduce the following matrix to normal form and find their rank.
1 2 −1 4
3 2 −1
2 4 3 4]
(i) [ (2004,19) Ans. 3 (ii) [ 4 2 6 ] (2016) Ans. 2
1 2 3 4
7 4 5
−1 −2 6 −7
1 5 4
3. If rank of matrix A = [0 3 2 ] is 2, Then find b. Ans. b = 2
b 13 10
 1 5 4
4. For what value of K, the rank of the matrix [0 3 2 ] is 2. (2018)
𝐾 13 10
Exercise 4
(Based on solution of system of simultaneous Equations)

1. Test for consistency and solve:

(i) 2x- y +3z = 8 , 3x +3y + 2z = 1, 2x-3y-z = 5, x +2y = 4

Ans. Inconsistent and has no solution.

(ii) x +2y +z = 2, 3x +y -2z = 1, 4x - 3y -z = 3, 2x + 4y +2 z = 4.

Ans. Consistent and has unique solution,𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 1

(iii)x +y+ z =6, x + 2y+ 3z =14, x +4y+7z = 30.

Ans. Consistent and has infinite number of solutions.𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 8 − 𝑘, 𝑧 = 𝑘

2. Show that the equations -2x + y + z = a, x – 2y + z =b, x+ y -2z =c have no solution unless a+ b+ c = 0.in
which case they have infinitely many solutions? Find the solution when a =1, b =1, c = -2. (2015 CO).
Ans.x = k-1,y = k – 1, z = k

3. For what value of λ, the equations x+ y +z =1, x+2y+4z= λ, x+4y+10z= λ 2 have a solution and solve them
completely in each case.(2011) Ans. 1,2
Ans. when 𝜆 = 1, 𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑘,𝑦 = −3𝑘,𝑧 = 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜆 = 2, 𝑥 = 2𝑘, 𝑦 = 1 − 3𝑘 𝑧 = 𝑘
4. Determine b such that the system of equations 2x+y+2z=0,x+y+3z=0,4x+3y+bz=0 has (i) Trivial solution
(ii)non trivial solution.(2009) Ans.(i) b can have any value,(ii) b=8
5. Find the values of k for which the system of equations (3k-8) x + 3y + 3z = 0,3x + (3k-8) y + 3z = 0,3x + 3y
+ (3k-8) z = 0 has non trival solution. Ans k = 2/3,11/3
6. Find value of λ so that the following system of homogeneous equations has exactly two linearly independent
solutions. λ x + y + z = 0,-x + λy- z = 0,-x –y + λz = 0. Ans λ = 1,-1.

Exercise 5
(Based on Eigen values and Eigen vectors)
1. Find Eigen values and Eigen vectors of following matrices

2 1 1 1 −1 1
(i) [2 3 2] Ans.λ = 1, 1, 7[ 2] [ 1 ] [ 0 ]
3 3 4 3 0 −1
2 2 1 1 2 1
(ii)[1 3 1] Ans.λ =5, 1, 1[ 1] [ −1] [ 0 ]
1 2 2 1 0 −1

1 0 0 0 0
(iii) [2 0 1] Ans.λ = -1, 1, 1, [ −1] [ 1]
3 1 0 1 1
2 4 −6 0 2 1
(iv) [4 2 −6 ] Ans.λ = -2, 9,-18[ −1] [ 2] [ 1]
−6 −6 −15 0 1 4

2. Find the sum and product of eigenvalues of the matrix

1 6 1 2 1 −1
(i) [1 2 0] Ans 6,-12 (ii) [3 4 2 ] Ans. 8, 16
0 0 3 1 0 2
 Exercise 6
(Based on Diagonalization of the matrix)

1. Reduce the following matrix into diagonal form

8 −6 2 0 0 0
(i) [−6 7 −4] Ans, [0 3 0]
2 −4 3 0 0 15

−2 2 −3 −3 0 0
(ii) [ 2 1 −6] Ans[ 0 −3 0]
−1 −2 0 0 0 5
3 −1 1 2 0 0
(iii)[−1 5 −1] (2013) Ans[0 3 0]
1 −1 3 0 0 6

2. If the eigenvalues of matrix A are 1, 1, 1, then find the eigenvalues of 𝐴2 + 2𝐴 + 3𝐼. (2019)
3. The Eigenvalue of the matrix are 2, 3, 1, then find the eigenvalues of 𝐴−1 + 𝐴2 (2018)
10 5 + 𝑖 4
4. For what value of x, the Eigenvalues of the [ 𝑥 20 2 ] are real. (2017).
4 2 −10
|A|
5. If λ is an Eigenvalue of a non -singular matrix A, show that λ is an Eigenvalue of Adj A. and λ-1 is the Eigen
value of A-1 .

Exercise 7
(Based on Cayley Hamilton Theorem)
1. Verify Cayley- Hamilton Th. & also Find A-1
1 0 −4 1
1 16 −20
(i) [ 0 5 4] (2013) Ans [ 16 13 4 ]
81
−4 4 3 −20 4 −5

(ii) [2 5 ] [3 5 ]
1
Ans.𝐴−1 =
1 −3 11 1 −2
1 2 −2 3 2 6
(iii) [−1 3 0 ] Ans .A−1 = [1 1 2]
0 −2 1 2 2 5

2 1 1
2. Find characteristic equation of the matrix. Verify Cayley- Hamilton theorem for A =[0 1 0] and evaluate
1 1 2
the matrix equationA8 − 5A7 + 7A6 − 3A5 + A4 − 5A3 + 8A2 − 2A+I (2013)

8 5 5
Ans [0 3 0]
5 5 8
3. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix [1 4]. and find the value of A5 − 4A4 − 7A3 + 11A2 −
2 3
A − 10I. (2014)
2 −1 1
4. Find the Characteristic equation of the matrix A = [−1 2 −1],and verify Cayley Hamilton theorem
1 −1 2
and also evaluateA6 − 6A5 + 9A4 − 2A3 − 12A2 + 23A − 9I, (2016).