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    Delocalized Electron

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    Robin Timkang
    The document discusses delocalized electrons which are electrons in molecules, ions or solids that are not associated with a single atom or bond. It explains delocalization in organic chemistry refers to resonance, in solid state physics it allows electrical conduction, and in quantum chemistry it refers to molecular orbitals over multiple atoms. Examples of delocalization discussed are benzene and metallic bonding in metals.

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    Delocalized Electron

    Uploaded by

    Robin Timkang
    25 views2 pages
    The document discusses delocalized electrons which are electrons in molecules, ions or solids that are not associated with a single atom or bond. It explains delocalization in organic chemistry refers to resonance, in solid state physics it allows electrical conduction, and in quantum chemistry it refers to molecular orbitals over multiple atoms. Examples of delocalization discussed are benzene and metallic bonding in metals.

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    Delocalized_electron

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    The document discusses delocalized electrons which are electrons in molecules, ions or solids that are not associated with a single atom or bond. It explains delocalization in organic chemistry refers to resonance, in solid state physics it allows electrical conduction, and in quantum chemistry it refers to molecular orbitals over multiple atoms. Examples of delocalization discussed are benzene and metallic bonding in metals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as txt, pdf, or txt
    25 views2 pages

    Delocalized Electron

    Uploaded by

    Robin Timkang
    The document discusses delocalized electrons which are electrons in molecules, ions or solids that are not associated with a single atom or bond. It explains delocalization in organic chemistry refers to resonance, in solid state physics it allows electrical conduction, and in quantum chemistry it refers to molecular orbitals over multiple atoms. Examples of delocalization discussed are benzene and metallic bonding in metals.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    In chemistry, delocalized electrons are electrons in a molecule, ion or solid metal

    that are not associated with a single atom or a covalent bond.[1]

    The term delocalization is general and can have slightly different meanings in
    different fields:

    In organic chemistry, it refers to resonance in conjugated systems and aromatic


    compounds.
    In solid-state physics, it refers to free electrons that facilitate electrical
    conduction.
    In quantum chemistry, it refers to molecular orbital electrons that have extended
    over several adjacent atoms.
    Resonance
    Main article: Resonance (chemistry)
    In the simple aromatic ring of benzene, the delocalization of six π electrons over
    the C6 ring is often graphically indicated by a circle. The fact that the six C-C
    bonds are equidistant is one indication that the electrons are delocalized; if the
    structure were to have isolated double bonds alternating with discrete single
    bonds, the bond would likewise have alternating longer and shorter lengths. In
    valence bond theory, delocalization in benzene is represented by resonance
    structures.

    Electrical conduction
    Main article: Metallic bonding
    Delocalized electrons also exist in the structure of solid metals. Metallic
    structure consists of aligned positive ions (cations) in a "sea" of delocalized
    electrons. This means that the electrons are free to move throughout the structure,
    and gives rise to properties such as conductivity.

    In diamond all four outer electrons of each carbon atom are 'localized' between the
    atoms in covalent bonding. The movement of electrons is restricted and diamond does
    not conduct an electric current. In graphite, each carbon atom uses only 3 of its 4
    outer energy level electrons in covalently bonding to three other carbon atoms in a
    plane. Each carbon atom contributes one electron to a delocalized system of
    electrons that is also a part of the chemical bonding. The delocalized electrons
    are free to move throughout the plane. For this reason, graphite conducts
    electricity along the planes of carbon atoms, but does not conduct in a direction
    at right angles to the plane.

    Molecular orbitals
    Main article: Molecular orbital
    Standard ab initio quantum chemistry methods lead to delocalized orbitals that, in
    general, extend over an entire molecule and have the symmetry of the molecule.
    Localized orbitals may then be found as linear combinations of the delocalized
    orbitals, given by an appropriate unitary transformation.

    In the methane molecule, ab initio calculations show bonding character in four


    molecular orbitals, sharing the electrons uniformly among all five atoms. There are
    two orbital levels, a bonding molecular orbital formed from the 2s orbital on
    carbon and triply degenerate bonding molecular orbitals from each of the 2p
    orbitals on carbon. The localized sp3 orbitals corresponding to each individual
    bond in valence bond theory can be obtained from a linear combination of the four
    molecular orbitals.

    See also
    Aromatic ring current
    Electride
    Solvated electron
    References
    IUPAC Gold Book delocalization
    Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata
    Germany
    Categories: Chemical bondingElectron states
    This page was last edited on 21 January 2023, at 13:45 (UTC).
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