HSM’s Shri Gadge Baba

College of Engineering And Technology,

Bhusawal 425203

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Jawed Jahir Shaikh has successfully
completed his Internship Report Work on “CONTRUCTION OF
MULTI-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING, of Civil Engineering
Department, SSGBCOET” for the partial fulfilment of the Final Year
Of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering as by the Dr.
Babasaheb Ambedkar Technology University, Lonere during academic
year 2022-2023

Prof M.D Mata Dr.P.B.Bhangale

(Sub-Incharge) (H.O.D)

Dr.R.B.Barjibe
(Principal)

1
 A TRAINING REPORT

ON

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Submitted to
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University partial fulfilment of requirement
for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering

B-tech Civil Engineering Final semester

Batch 2022-23

Submitted to :M.D. Mata Submitted by : Jawed Shaikh

Civil Department Roll No.:2051701191031

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SHREE SANT GADGE BABA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

BHUSAWAL

2
 PREFACE

Excellence is an attitude that the whole of human race is born with. It is the environment
that makes sure that whether the result of this attitude is visible or otherwise. well planned.
properly executed and evaluated industrial training help a lot in including the good culture.
It provides linkage between industry in order to develop the awareness of industrial
approach to problem solving based on broad understanding of process and mode of an
organization. During this period, the student gets their real first-hand experience on
working in the actual environment. Most of the theoretical knowledge that they have gained
during the course of their studies is to put to test here. Apart from this the student gets the
opportunity to the latest technology, which immensely help them in their career. This also
benefits the organization many students doing their report perform Very well and are here
forth offered job in same organization. I had the opportunity to have the real practical
experience. which has increased my sphere of knowledge to a great extent. Now I am better
equipped to handle the real thing than anyone else that has not undergone such training.
During the training period. I learned how actual report progresses. what son of problem
actually occurs during the development of such reports. And being in such a reputed
Organization, had but the best exposure.

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my deep gratitude to Er. Rafik Sheikh, Managing Director of M/s R S

Constructions for his valuable suggestions and guidance rendered in giving shape and
coherence to this endeavour. I am also thankful to his team members for their support
and guidance throughout the period of project.

Furthermore, I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role
of the staff of M/s R S Constructions, who gave us the permission to use all required
equipment and the necessary materials to complete the task "BUILDING
CONSTRUTION". Special thanks to my team mate, who had help me assemble the
parts and gave suggestion about the task "BUILDING CONSTRUTION". Last but not
least. many thanks go to the head of the project. Er. Rafik Shaikh I whose have invested
his full effort in guiding the team in achieving the goal. I have to appreciate the guidance
given by other supervisor as well as the panels especially in our project presentation
that has improved our presentation skills thanks to their comment and advices.

4
 DECLARATION

DECLARATION I hereby declare that this training report entitled Training Report on
Building Construction" at M/s R S Constructions has been undertaken by me. This
training report has been prepared with respect to a part of B-Tech Civil Curriculum of
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the Degree in final year. It is my original work and has
not been submitted by any other person.

I also declare that this report is the result of my own effort and that the same has not
been submitted to any other university, institution for the award of any degree or
diploma.

Jawed Jahir Shaikh

5
Sr.No Contents Page
No
1 Chapter1:About the site 8
2 Chapter2:Introduction To Building 9
3 Chapter:3 Work Done Before And During training & Work Remaining 13
After The Training
4 Chapter4: Types of Loads 18
5 Chapter5:Common Building Components 19
6 Chapter6:Foundation 20
7 Chapter7:Building Components 21
8 Chapter8:General Principles Of Building Construction 24
9 Chapter9: Materials Used 27
10 Chapter10:Quality Control Tests 33

6
 INTRODUCTION

Building construction is the engineering deals with the construction of building such as
residential in a simple building can be define as an enclose space by walls with roof, food.
cloth and the basic needs of human beings. In the early ancient times humans lived in caves.
over trees or under trees. to protect themselves from Wild animals, rain. sun. etc. the times
passed as humans being started living in huts made of timber branches. The shelters of
those old have been developed nowadays into beautiful houses. Rich people live in
sophisticated condition houses. Buildings are the important indicator of social progress of
the county. Every human has desire to own comfortable homes on an average generally
one spends his two-third life times in the houses. The security civic sense of responsibility.
This are the few reasons which are responsible that the person do utmost effort and spend
hard earned saving in owning houses. Nowadays the house building is major work of the
social progress of the county. Daily new techniques being developed for the construction
of houses economically. quickly and fulfilling the requirements of the community
engineers and architects do the design work. planning & layout, etc of the buildings.
Draughtsman are responsible for doing the drawing works of building for the direction of
engineers and architects. The draughtsman must know his job and should be able to follow
the instruction of the engineer and should be able to draw the required drawing Of the
building, site plans and layout plans etc., as for the requirements.

7
 CHAPTER1:- ABOUT THE SITE

Name of work - Construction of residential building

Type of building - residential building
Total area of plot - 4830.9 Sq. m
Net gross area of plot - 4298.00 Sq. m
Net area of plot - 3876.00
Total built-up area - 2500.20 Sq. m
Road acquisition area - 499.00 Sq. m
Estimated cost of work - Rs20000000.00

8
 CHAPTER 2:- INTRODUCTION TO BUILDINGS

A building is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less

permanently in one place, such as a house or factory. Buildings come in a
variety of sizes, shapes and functions, and have been adapted throughout
history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to
weather conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and
aesthetic reasons.
Buildings serve several needs of society primarily as shelter from weather,
security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live
and work. A building as a shelter represents a physical division of the human
habitat (a place of comfort and safety) and the outside (a place that at times
may be harsh and harmful).

Different Types of buildings

Buildings are classified based upon its occupancy and structure

• Residential Building
• Public building
• Educational Building Institutional Building
• Assembly building
• Business buildings
• Mercantile buildings
• Industrial Buildings
• Storage buildings
• Hazardous buildings

9
• Residential Building: Buildings in which sleeping
arrangements are provided with or without cooking arrangement. It
includes single or multifamily dwelling, apartments, lodgings,
restaurants, hostels, dormitories and hotels

• Educational building: These Include any building used for

school, college, education purposes.

• Institutional Building: these buildings used for different

purposes, such as medical or other treatment. They include hospitals,
sanatorium, jails, and asylum

• Assembly Buildings: These are the buildings where group of

peoples meet or gather for amusement, social, religious, political,
civil, travel and similar purposes. E.g. theatres, motion pictures,
houses, assembly halls, restaurants assembly halls.

• Business buildings: These buildings are used for transactions of

business, for keeping accounts and for similar other purposes.

• Mercantile building: These buildings are used as shops, stores,

market for display and sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail,
office, shops, and storage services.

• Industrial buildings: This are buildings where products or

materials of all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled,
manufactured or processed.

• Storage buildings: these buildings are used primarily for the

storage or sheltering of goods, wares or merchandise vehicles and
animals grains.

10
• Hazardous buildings: -These buildings are used for the Storage.
handling. manufacturing or processing of highly combustible or
explosive materials or products

11
Classification based on structure

1. Load bearing Structure

2. Framed structure

• Load Bearing Structures: In this type of loads from roof slab or

trusses and floors transmitted through walls to the firm soil below the
ground. This type of structures are adopted where hard strata are
available at shallow depth. The structural elements like beam slabs rests
directly on walls.

• Framed Structures: Reinforced cement concrete structures are the most

common type of construction today. "They consist Of a Skeleton Of beams
& columns. The load is transferred from beams to the columns and column
intern transfer the load directly to the sub soil through footing. Framed
structures are suitable for multistorey building subjected to variety of
extreme loads like compressive, tensile torsion, shear along with torsion.
The open spaces in the skeleton are to Be Filled with brick walls or glass
panels.

12
CHAPTER 3:-WORK DONE BEFORE AND DURING TRAINING &
WORK REMAINING AFTER THE TRAINING

1) WORK DONE BEFORE JOINING THE TRAINING

• Site preparation & levelling:-The construction site must be

cleaned before the work is executed. This work involves the removal
of roots of trees, debris, and levelling of ground area
• Footing Marking :- As per the plan the footing size pattern is
made. Then the pattern is fixed, and the width point of the footing and
footing is marked using marking powder.

2) WORK DONE DURING THE TRAINING

Excavation:-Excavation for the foundation is carried out using excavating
equipment according to the footing markings.
PCC Bed for Footing:-For the foundation trench, a covering of PCC (Plain
Cement Concrete) is filled in the excavated portion. This is done before the
foundation reinforcements are laid.
Reinforced Mat Laying and Column Erection:- A reinforced mat or raft
foundation is a type of shallow foundation which consists of a large
rectangular or circular slab that supports the entire super structural load and
distributes the whole area underneath the structure. It also helps in decreasing
the differential settlement of the whole structure if there is a presence of weak
soil present underneath. Columns are mainly installed to support loads of the
building. They help in transferring the load to an appropriate Soil Bearing
Capacity. The columns are erected in a free-standing fashion or within the
building structure. The columns can be circular, rectangular or square-shaped.
It is always important to assess the placement of the points where the columns
are to be erected. This is done to ensure all required supports are in the proper
place before any cuttings did .
Footing Concreting :- Footing Concreting is mainly done to provide support
to the foundation and prevent any form of settling. It is an attachment point
between the foundation and the soil. It is done by pouring concrete into the
trench (or excavated material). Care must be taken to evaluate the soil
conditions and the proper depth and width considered while placing the
concrete material
13
Column Concreting under plinth:- Column Concreting is done to provide
durability and strength to all the structural members present. Concreting for
RCC Columns is done in 2 ways:
-Manually
-Machine (RMC Trucks) or Pumps
For Larger construction, RMC(Ready Mix Concrete) trucks are used and
machine mix concrete is suited for smaller quantities.
After pouring a sufficient amount of concrete, it is vibrated regularly using
mechanical vibrators for uniform distribution at all sides. But over the
vibration of concrete must be avoided as this leads to segregation of coarse
aggregates which makes the mix weak by settling at the bottom.
Soil Backfilling:-It is the process of restoring or reusing the soil that is
removed during the excavation activity. Backfilling is mainly done to increase
strength and provide support to the foundation and other structural members.
Choosing the right kind of backfilling material depends on your soil condition.
After each layer of backfilling, then the soil is compacted with heavy rammers
made of steel or wooden logs. Each layer is filled in the form of the layer with
each layer measuring 15cm to 20 cm
Plinth Reinforcement and Concrete:-A plinth beam is a form of the
reinforced concrete beam between the wall and its foundation. It prevents the
extension or continuous crack formation from the foundation into the wall
above the foundation. The plinth beam helps in distributing the wall load
above the foundation. It is obligatory to provide The Plinth beam should have
a minimum depth of 20cm, and the width of the final course should match the
foundation level.
Column Raising:-RCC Column is a form of vertical RCC structural member
that helps in transferring load from beam and slab directly to the soil
underneath it.
Building RCC Columns involves 4 stages:-
(a) Column Layout Work: The column locations are practically
determined in the field. Itis located by laying rope in the form of grids as
per the drawing plan. Then the column location is marked coinciding with
concurrent rope.

14
(b) Column Reinforcement Work: After setting the column location,
column reinforcement is carried out as per the plan. The general column
diameter is 16mm and the stirrup diameter used is 8mm.
(c) Column Formwork: If the beam depth specified in the drawing is 1’-
6”, then the casting height of the column will be around 8’-6”. So, we have
a formwork prepared for a height of 8’-6”. Dropping concrete from a
height of 5’ leads to segregation during pouring. Hence it is required to
make one side of column formwork confined within 5 feet range. Post
casting the 5 feet column, you can raise the short side of the column the
next day.
(d) Pouring Concrete into the column: You can opt for RMC trucks for
large quantities and machine mix for a smaller range. Care must be taken
that the concrete must be laid within a height of 5 feet range in the case of
RMC trucks to avoid segregation.
BRICK WORK:-Brick work is a masonry construction work using bricks
and mortar. In a simple joining bricks using mortar in a systematic pattern is
called brickwork. Mortar is a paste like substance used to bind the bricks
together.
Brick used - Fly ash brick
Mortar proportion - 1:6

Lintel level Block and Lintel Beams:-A lintel is a horizontal beam that
provides support to the above walls which have openings in the form of
windows, doors, etc. The main purpose of the lintel is to sustain loads coming
from the above wall of the superstructure and carefully shift its loads to the
side walls. The minimum width for lintel should be maintained at 4 inches
(100mm). The lintel width can be kept equal to the opening thickness and
depth ranging from 1/12 to 1/8 of the span.
Shuttering for Slab:-Shuttering is a form of temporary formwork adopted to
impart support for fresh concrete. Shuttering may be done using different
materials such as steel, RCC, plain concrete form,
Bar bending for Slab:-Bar Bending schedule is mainly done to estimate the
exact size, shape, quantity of reinforcement required during the construction
process. The information for the bar bending schedule is obtained from
reinforcement detailing drawings.

15
Electric Wiring:-A construction site requires high power demands. Fixed
Wiring is crucial and necessary to carry out all activities at the site. This is
done by installing all power cables, distribution boards and sockets to carry
out the site activities with ease.
Slab Casting Concrete:-It mainly involves providing construction joints,
concrete production using RMC or machines at the site, pouring of concrete,
finishing the concrete slab surface and then carrying out the curing.

3) WORK REMAINING AFTER THE TRAINING

Internal Plastering:-It is done to plaster internal walls for providing a
finished surface that is smooth and firm. The plastered layer acts as a thermal
insulating layer to some degree. This layer also protects against fire.
Electric Grove Cutting and Plumbing (Connection Lines Work):- All
plumbing and electrical wiring connections are laid out post plastering the
internal surfaces.
Paint Putty Work:-The main purpose of putty work is to fill the voids,
cracks, pores that are developed on the plastered surface. This helps in
ensuring a smooth flat surface for the painting work.
External Plastering:-External Plastering is finished with suitable materials
to protect against rain penetration, protection against changes in atmospheric
changes (sudden weather changes), aesthetics and most importantly to
increase the durability of the building.
Painting Work:-Painting a building surface protects its interiors and exteriors
from wind, stains, moulds UV rays, water penetration, and other harsh
climatic conditions.
Electric Wiring and Earth Work:-Electric Wiring with Earthing is mainly
done for the safety of human beings from any kind of mishaps or voltage
fluctuations.
Plumbing and Sanitary fixtures:- Plumbing comprises all pipe fittings and
accessories used for drainage and water supply. Sanitary work includes
transferring the wastewater to the disposal system with the help of Plumbing
fixtures.

16
Cleaning and External building work:-The entire site is cleaned from any
kind of debris and waste generated during the construction phase. If there are
any final touches to be done, it is completed at this stage.

17
 CHAPTER 4:-TYPES OF LOADS

Various loads are taken into account while designing the foundation of a
structure.

1. Dead loads
2. Live loads
3. Wind loads
4. Earthquake loads

• Dead Load: Dead load comprises of the weight of all walls,

partitions, floors and roofs including other permanent construction in
the building.

• Wind load: It is considered as basic wind pressure which is

equivalent static pressure in the direction of the Wind • Wind pressure=
k v2 • Where k=co-efficient, 0.006 • V= Wind velocity • Wind pressure
always acts in the vertically exposed surface of the walls and columns.

• Snow load: Actual load due to snow depends upon the shape of
the roof and its capacity to retain the snow. The load due to snow may
be assumed to be 2.5 kg/m3 per cm depth of snow.

• Earthquake load: an earthquake load produced waves in every

possible direction below ground. As intensity or scale of earthquake,
jerks &shocks are acting on the earth. As per the location of the
building in the prescribed zone of earthquake coefficients of
earthquake loads are decided.

• Live Load: Live Loads consist of moving or Variable loads due

to people Or occupants their furniture. Temporary Stores, machineries.

18
 CHAPTER 5:-COMMON BUILDING COMPONENTS

Super Structure: -The superstructure is that part of the building which is

above the ground and which serves the purpose of building's intended use.

• Plinth
• Wall and columns
• Beams
• Arches
• Roofs and slabs
• Lintel and arches
• Chajjas
• Parapet
• Steps & stairs

Sub Structure: -The substructure is the tower portion of the building, which
is located below ground which transmits the load Of the super structure to sub
soil.

19
 CHAPTER 6:- FOUNDATION

Types of foundation
• Foundations may be broadly classified as

(a) Shallow Foundation

(b) Deep foundation
(c) Shallow Foundation Spread footing

Combined footing
Strap footing

Mat Foundation or Raft Foundation

Types of Foundation

Spread Footing: • Spread footings are those which spread the super-imposed
load of wall or column over larger area Spread footing support either column
or wall

• It may of following kinds

• Single footing for column

• Stepped footing for column

• Sloped footing for a column

• Wall footing without step

• Grillage foundation

• Combined Footing. - A spread footing which supports 2 or more

columns is termed as combined footing. The combined may be of
following kinds

• Rectangular combined footing

• Trapezoidal combined footing

20
 CHAPTER 7:-BUILDING COMPONENTS

• Plinth: Plinth is that part of the building between surrounding

ground surface and floor space immediately above the ground.
Plinth resists the entry of rain water entry inside the building. entry
of animals. insects & Rodents. General plinth height is 300 to
600mm. Generally taken as 450mm.

• Wall: The walls are building blocks of bricks or stones. They

divide the building space into various spaces into various rooms.
They support slabs and beams. They safely transmit the Loads
coming on them from beams and slabs to the foundation. They
provide privacy and protection against heat, cold. rain. noise.
Winds. They offer resistant to firewalls may be of
• Brick masonry
• Stone masonry

• Columns: are vertical members along which beams and slab

roof is supported.
They are Square, rectangular and circular in shape in C/S.

• Floor: A floor is a plane area to support furniture’s. and

equipment’s.
Roof: The upper most part the building constitutes the roof. The Slab and roof
encloses the space and Offers protection from rain, heat, snow, Wind. Sound

21
 COMPONENT OF BUILDING
• Doors and windows: A door provide a connecting link between
rooms. Allowing easy free movement in the building. Window are
opening provided in walls. Doors and windows provide lighting and
ventilation. They provide resistance to weather, sound and heat.
They provide security and privacy.
• Sills: Sills are lower portion of window and ventilator opening.
• Beams: Beams are horizontal members above which the slabs
are provided. The beams are supported on walls & columns. They
are generally 20,39, and 45, 60 cm thick and deep members as
structural design.
• Lintel: Lintel is a horizontal member which is placed across the
opening. An arch is normally a curved member comprising of
wedge shaped building blocks holding each other with mutual
pressure.

• Chajjas :Chajjas are provided on external wall opening to get

protection from rain. snow and heat. They are weather sheds.

• Parapet: Parapet is generally 10cm thick partition wall

constructed above to enclose the terrace open to sky. Thickness is

10 to 15 cm height is 1.0 to 1.2 m.

• Steps and Stairs: Steps and stairs are meant to provide access
between different levels. Stairs should be properly located to
provide easy access and fast services to the building. In one flight
maximum 8 Steps should be provided for more than 8 Steps it is
recommended to provide them with lending.

22
Types Of Stair Case:

• Straight Flight Stairs

• Quarter Turn Stairs
• Dog-Legged Stairs
• Open Newel Stairs or Open Well Staircases
• 3 Quarter Turn Staircase
• Circular Stairs
• Spiral Stairs
• Bifurcated Stairs

Details of Dog-Legged Staircase

This name is given because of its appearance in sectional elevation. A dog-

legged stair is called from its being bent or crooked suddenly round in fancied
resemblance to a dog’s hind leg. The dog-legged stairs consist of two flights
of steps that run in opposite directions. No space is provided between the
flights in the plan. Usually, a half-space landing is placed across the two
flights at the change of direction. This type to accommodate two widths of
flights of the stair is useful where the width of the stair hall is just sufficient

23
CHAPTER8:- GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING
CONSTRUCTIONThere are certain general principles which as an
engineer should bear in mind while planning a building.

• Aspect
• Prospect
• Privacy
• Grouping
• Roominess
• Flexibility
• Furniture requirements
• Circulation
• Elegance
• Economy
• Sanitation

• Aspect: Different rooms of the buildings are placed and located

accordingly to the functional utility in such a way that maximum
advantage of natural elements like sun, wind, can be obtained. To
obtain sufficient sunlight inside the room windows are placed in
external walls.
• Prospect: It is related with the views of the outside from doors
and windows in the external wall. For pleasant atmosphere view of
garden, hill and a river. Etc.
• Privacy: This is very important factored to be considered while
planning residential as well as public building Privacy Of one room
from another in a building as well as privacy of the whole building
with other building should be achieved. Privacy in different rooms
can be achieved by providing doors in such a way that minimum
view of room is seen when shutter is opened.

24
• Grouping: It is the arrangement f various rooms with respect to
their functions.
• Roominess: This principle of planning is directly related to
dimensions of the room. A rectangular room is found more
convenient as compared to square. room of the same size Hence
length to width ratio should be to 1.2 to 1 or 1.5 to 1 if 'the ratio is
greater it will give a tunnel effect to the room. Height of doors and
windows, ceilings. floorings. colour treatment also affects the
roominess of the building unit. Light colour treatment give effect of
more space dark makes the room look smaller. Height Of ceiling
should be low as more height gives a feeling of cave.
• Flexibility: Flexibility means a room which was planned for one
function can be used for other. if required. If rooms are big enough
and are having a minimum width of 3m are more flexible and even
the activities of various rooms can be exchanged.
• Furniture requirement: one of the most important requirement
of a building planner. is to know how much space is needed by each
function in particular building. The room sizes for a particular
function can be completed on the basis of permanent furniture to be
used in the room. Hence while planning a building furniture
arrangement must be shown.
• Circulation: Circulation is the access into or out of a room. It is
the internal movement inside the building and the area earmarked
for it. Circulation area should be straight, short, bright, lighted
Circulation should not affect the privacy of a room nor interfere
with the utility space
• Circulation in a building is of two types.

• Horizontal circulation and vertical circulation

• Circulation within floor is called horizontal circulation

25
• And circulation between different floors is called vertical
circulation
• Elegance: Elegance refers to the planning of elevation and
layout of the plan to give an impressive appearance to the building.
The Width. height. location of doors and windows,

• Economy Building planning should carried out in the financial

limit of the client. An engineer Should know in advance, the client
intends to spend for the building accordingly material of
construction. finishing items, stage of construction should be
suggested. By estimation proposed amount should be derived and
as per that progress should be followed to avoid delay in work in
progress.
• Sanitation: Provision for cleanliness, lighting and ventilation in
sanitary units avoid growing of bacteria’s and spread of diseases and
give hygienic condition. In bath and w.c. Kitchen sink should be made
of ceramic material to maintain clean easily

26
CHAPTER 9 :-MATERIALS USED
Stone & Coarse Aggregates

Stone : - The stone is always obtained from rock the rock quarried from
quarries is called stone. Quarried stone may be in the form of stone blocks,
stone aggregate. stone slabs. and stone lintels.-*

Coarse Aggregates:-

Coarse aggregate is extracted by breaking from rocks using explosives &

crushed into pieces using machines & coarse aggregate sizes 6mm, 12mm,
20mm, 40mm, 60mm is divided using big sieves in machines & coarse
aggregate like 6,12,20mm is used to mix in concrete for construction
purposes & 40mm is used for railroads. The coarse aggregate provides the
main structure of the concrete and the load bearing ingredient of the
concrete.

Coarse Aggregates Price :- Per Kg: 60 to 70 Rs. per Cubic Feet.

Brick: - Brick is made up of soil & it is used to make the masonry the bricks
be table moulded. well burnt in kilns. Copper coloured, free from cracks and
with sharp and square edges.

• The solid concrete blocks/Brick shall have a block/Brick density

of not less than 1800 kg/m3. These shall be manufactured for
minimum compressive strengths of 4.0 and 5.0 N/mm2,
respectively.

27
 • Bricks and Blocks are mainly used for building walls . Bricks
come in various shapes, sizes, and strengths based on different
construction requirements.
• Nowadays, Light Weight Fly ash concrete block for the wall,
parapet, and boundary wall construction. They are light in weight
compared to conventional bricks.

• Bricks: 6 to 10 Rs. per Piece.

• Light Weight Blocks:_ 40 to 50 Rs. per Piece.

Properties of Concrete Brick

• Dimensions: - The dimension is the size of Blocks in terms of
Length, Width & Height. ...
• Density. Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance. ...
• Compressive Strength.
• Water Absorption.
• Drying Shrinkage.
• Moisture Movement.
Sand / Fine Aggregates:-

Aggregate:

• As far possible reference shall be given to natural aggregate.

Aggregates are the important constituents in concrete. They give
body to the concrete. reduce shrinkage and effect economy. One
Of the most important factor for producing workable concrete is
gradation of aggregates. For most work. 20 nun aggregates are
suitable.

28
 • Specific gravity of fine aggregate 2.38
• Specific gravity or coarse aggregate 2.71

Sand:-

• Sand is a naturally occurring material consisting of very small,

loose particles of decomposed rocks, corals, or shells. Sand is used
to strengthening, bulk, and other properties to construction materials
like asphalt and concrete.

• Sand is also used as a decorative material in landscaping. Some

types of sand are used in the manufacture of glass and as a molding
material for metal casting.
• Generally, sand is extracted from the river bed and cleaned to be
used in construction. There is also available manufactured sand also
well-known as the M-sand is gaining popularity due to the
recommendation from the government and its fineness and dust-free
quality.

Sand Aggregate Price: - Per Kg: 1600 to 3300 Rs. per Tonne.
Cement:-
• The most common cement used is Ordinary Portland Cement
the type Iis preferred according to IS: 269-1976. which is used for

29
 general concrete structures. 53 Grade ordinary Portland cement is
confirming to 12269. out of the total production.
• Portland cement is the basic and most essential ingredient of
concrete. Concrete is made when Portland cement creates a paste
with water that binds with sand and rock to harden.

• Specification:- Fineness Of cement = 8%

Standard consistency of cement = 31%

Initial setting time = 36 min
Specific gravity of cement 3.46

• In site Portland Pozzolana Cement (Fly ash based) can be

used. And Cement Company name is “BIRLA SHAKTI
CEMENT”.

Cement Price :- 320 to 400 Rs. Per 50 kg bag.

Steel:-

• Steel is important ingredient of qualify structure and it is used

to carry out the load easily from the structure to column and it is
having high tensile strength. It is preferred according to IS 800-
2007

30
 • TMT Bars Or Thermo-Mechanically Treated Bars Are High-
Strength Reinforcement Bars Having A Tough Outer Core And A Soft Inner
Core.
Steel Is A High-Strength Material Compared To Concrete.
• The Reinforcing Steel Is Strong In Tension As Well As
Compression. It Plays An Important Role In Giving Strength To
Structure In Construction Projects.

• TMT Steel Bars Are Available In Fe 500 Grade, Fe 500 D

Grade, And Fe 550 Grade Which Signifies The Strength Of The
Steel.

Steel Prices :- TMT/TMX Price:- 42 To 55 Rs. Per Kg Or 0.75 To 1 $ Per

Kg.
Ready Mix Concrete:-

• Ready-mix concrete is the plant manufactured and directly

delivered at the construction site. It is preferred when a workspace is
limited on a construction site and making concrete on site is too
difficult a task. Sometimes Ready Mix Concrete is used because the
quality of concrete is more important.

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 • As per the requirement and use RMC is categorized into M-20, M-
25, M-30, M-35, etc.

RMC Price: 3000 to 7500 Rs. As per grade of Concrete.

Water: - Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it participates in the

chemical reaction with Since it helps to form the strength giving cement gel,
the quantity and quality of Water is required to be look into very carefully
water used for mixing & curing shall be clean and free from materials like
Oils, acids alkalis. salts. sugar. organic materials or Other materials that may
be harmful to concrete or steel. PH value of the
Water used in concreting shall not be less than 6

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 CHAPTER 10:-QUALITY CONTROL TESTS

Tests for bricks:

A brick is generally subjected to following tests to find out its suitability of
the construction

ii. Absorption iii. Crushing strength or

compression strength iv. Hardness
v. Presence soluble
salts vi. Shape and
size vii. Soundness
viii. Structure

1) Absorption: A good should not absorb not more than 20 percent

of weight of dry brick
2) Compressive strength: crushing or compressive strength of
brick is found out by placing it in compression testing machine. It is
pressed till it breaks. Minimum crushing strength of brick is
Bricks35kg/cm2 for superior bricks, it varies from 70 to 140 kg/cm2
3) Hardness: No impression is left on the surface the brick is
treated to be sufficiently hard
4) Presence Of soluble salts: The bricks should not show any grey
or White deposits after immersed in water for 24 hours

5) Shape and size: It should be standard size and shape with sharp
edges

6) Soundness: The brick should give clear ringing sound struck

each other

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 7) Structure: The structure should be homogeneous, compact and
free from any defects
2.6 Grading of Bricks

As per IS Mid 1970 code specifications.

a) Bricks With compressive strength not less than i40kg/cm2—
Grade A-A class.
b) Bricks With should 'compressive strength not less than
105kg/cm2 first class bricks - Grade A.
c) Bricks With compressive strength not less than 70kg/cm2 —
Second class bricks — Grade B.
d) Bricks with compressive strength not less than the average value
35kg/cm2 — class III bricks — Grade C.

Tests on cement: -

Colour Test: -The colour of the cement should be uniform. It should be grey
colour with a light greenish shade.
Strength Test: - A block of cement 25 mm x25 mm and 200 mm long is
prepared and it is immersed for 7 days in water. It is then placed on. supports
15cm apart it is loaded with a weight of about 34kg the block should not show
signs of failure. If cement is of sound quality such block Will not be broken
easily.

Setting Test: -A thick paste of cement with water is made on a piece glass
plate and it is kept under water for 24 hours. It should and not crack.

Tests on aggregates •

Silt Content for Aggregate: - The permissible silt content in sand (fine
aggregate) must not exceed the values as specified in the standards. However.

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method can only be used for natural sand. it should not be used for crushed
rock sand.

The Apparatus required for this test is only 250 ml glass measuring cylinder.

The silt content determination by Volume is done in the following manner:

• The glass cylinder is filled with salt-water solution

(concentration of the solution will teaspoon full of common salt for
every 570 ml) up to 50 ml mark.
• Add sand until the level of the sand is up to 100 ml mark.

• Add further salt-water solution till 150 ml mark is reached

• Place the palm on the mouth of the glass cylinder and shake it
Vigorously.
• Place the cylinder on hard levelled surface and tap it all round so
that sand is levelled.
• Wait for three hours for silt to settle on top of sand.
• Measure the thickness of the silt layer and the height of sand.
The silt content can be calculated as follows:

Silt (%) by volume =[(Thickness of silt layer / Height of sand + silt) x

100%

Sieve Analysis; -Sieve analysis is done to check the gradation of aggregate.

• test is done as follow.

• Take required amount of aggregate sample (for coarse aggregate

take approx. 2.5 kg and for fine aggregate take 0.5 kg)

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 • Arrange the required no of sieves as per the contract or job
requirement in descending manner. (i.e. keep the sieve having largest
size opening at the top and the smallest size opening at the bottom)
• Shake vigorously the sieve set for at least 2 minutes.
• The measure the weight of aggregate on each sieve and express
it as the percentage of passing.

NOW compare these values with the recommended values to know Whether
it falls within the range or not. If not falling within the desired gradation then
take necessary action.

Fineness modulus: - Fineness modulusis generally used to get an idea of how

coarse or fine the aggregate is. More fineness modulus value indicates that the
aggregate is coarser and small value of fineness modulus indicates that the
aggregate is finer.

• Sieve the aggregate using the appropriate sieves (80 mm, 40 mm,
20mm, 10mm,
4.75 mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600-micron, 300 micron & 150 micron).
• Record the weight of aggregate retained on each sieve.
• Calculate the cumulative weight of aggregate retained on each
sieve.
• Calculate the cumulative percentage of aggregate retained.
• Add the cumulative weight of aggregate retained and divide the
sum by 100. This value is termed as fineness modulus.

Compare the test value with the values given in the following table and you
can get an idea about how coarse or fine the sand is.

Only sand between FM 2.6 to 2.9 is considered suitable for nominal mix
proportion.

36
 Tests on concrete

Compressive strength of concrete: The compression test shows the

Compressive strength of hardened concrete. The compression test shows the
best possible strength concrete can reach in perfect conditions the
compression test measures concrete strength in the hardened state. Testing
should always be done carefully. Wrong test results can be costly.

The testing is done in a laboratory off-site. The only work done on-site is to
make a concrete cube for the compression test. The strength is measured in
Mega pascals (MPa) and is commonly Specified as a characteristic strength
of concrete measured at 28 days after mixing. The compressive strength is a
measure of the concrete's ability to resist loads which tend to crush it.

Procedure of slump test for concrete:

• Clean the cone. Dampen With water and place on the plate the
slump plate should clean, firm. level and non-absorbent Collect a
sample of concrete to perform the slum
• Stand firmly on the foot pieces and fill 1/3 the volume of the
cone with the sample. Compact the concrete by 'rodding' 25 times.
Rodding means to push a steel rod in and out of the concrete to compact
it into the cylinder, or slump cone. Always rod in a definite pattern,
working from outside into the middle.
• Now till to 2/3 and again rod 25 times, just into top of the first
layer.
• Fill to overflowing, rodding again this time just into the lop of
the second layer. Top up the cone till it overflows.
• Level off the surface with the steel using a rolling action- Clean
any concrete from around the base and top the cone. push Clown on the
handles and step off the footpaces.

37
 • Carefully lift the cone straight up making sure not move the
sample.
• Turn the cone upside down and place the rod across the up-
turned cone.

Fig. Compressive Testing Machine

Workability Tests of concrete: This test is performed to check the

consistency of freshly made concrete. The slump test is done to make sure a
concrete mix is Workable.
The measured slump: must be within a set range. or tolerance. form the target
Slump.

Workability of concrete is mainly affected by consistency i.e. wetter mixes

Will be more workable than drier mixes, but concrete of the same consistency
may vary in workability. It can also be defined as the relative plasticity of
freshly mixed concrete indicative its workability.

Take several measurements and report the average distance to the top of the
sample. If the sample fails by being outside the tolerance (i. e the slump is to
high or too low) another must be taken If this also fails the reminder of the
batch should be rejected.

38
Fig : Slump Test

39
 CONCLUSION

We can conclude that there is difference between theoretical and practical work
done. As the scope of understanding Will much more practical work is done. As
we get more knowledge in such a situation where we have great experience doing
the practical work. Knowing the loads We have designed slabs depending upon
the ratio of longer to shorter of span of this project designed slabs as two Way
slabs corresponding bending moment the coefficients have been calculated as IS
code Methods for corresponding lx/ly ratio. The calculations have been done for
loads beams and columns. and designed frame analysis by moment distribution
method Here We have very low bearing capacity. Hard soil and isolated footing
done.

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