Discourse Analysis in Language Education:

Implications for English Language Training and Learning:

An Overview
Zanyar Nathir Ghafar*
Department of Nursing, Kurdistan Technical Institute, Sulaymaneah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq;
ESP Department, National Institute of Technology, Sulaymaneah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Article Information Abstract:

Suggested Citation: The background of discourse analysis (DA), as well as its significance
Ghafar, Z.N.. (2023). Discourse and applications in different educational contexts, will all be covered
Analysis in Language Education: in this paper. Additionally, it describes how English language training
Implications for English Language could benefit from DA factors to improve the standard of language
TrainingandLearning: An education. The findings of this research are consistent with the
Overview. European Journal of notion that language acquisition or instruction cannot occur in a
Theoretical and Applied Sciences, 1(3),
quiet environment. Immersion in real-world and social contexts is
65-72.
essential for effective language learning and teaching because it
DOI: 10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(3).07
enables learners' goal of acquiring a language to effectively use their
* Corresponding author:
freshly caught information and skills for good conversation. This
Zanyar Nathir Ghafar
research aims to improve both language instruction and learning
e-mail: [email protected]
methods and outcomes. It addresses numerous uses of speech
analysis in language classes. Additionally, the investigator identifies
the biggest obstacles to successfully putting this plan into action and analyzes them, offering specific
suggestions about how to do so. This study is predicated on the idea that students who emphasize
applying their language skills to social and cultural situations would talk effectively and confidently.

Keywords: discourse analysis, instruction in language, interaction, applications social aspects, sociolinguistics, language
acquisition, instructional methods.

Introduction significant because of the role they play in

providing a context for the educational
The ability to communicate with different experiences of students (Domalewska, 2015). As
populations is a fundamental aspect of a result, language may be seen as the primary
implementing any language. People largely rely means of communication between members of
on language and the grammatical diversity they various cultures worldwide. Language may be
already possess to convey these signs, making it seen as a tool for promoting global
simpler for people to comprehend one another understanding since it is utilized to translate
in everyday interactions and to exchange ideas many nations' cultural traditions and values.
and information. The conversation and Sirbu, A. (2015). In other words, languages may
interaction that takes place inside a classroom be considered the primary tool for efficient
environment between students and teachers is communication (Philomina, 2015).
an essential component of successful second
language acquisition. These elements are

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The license permits unrestricted
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Discourse analysis is a legitimate method for (Berrocal et al., 2016). Discourse is multifaceted.
examining written and spoken language that has Investigating these processes' creation requires.
emerged due to the communicative approach's Discourse Analysis has examined the link
focus on actual communicative actions in between linguistic Form and function in spoken
language learning and instruction (Chambers, and written texts, particularly considering that
2007). oral and recorded discussions have different
societal purposes and communication functions
Additionally, during the last several decades,
(Tabrizi et al., 2014). DA studies how individuals
there has been a significant movement away
use language to accomplish social objectives,
from emphasizing the phrase and its constituent
focusing on cultural ideologies in conversation.
parts to emphasizing the context in which
Thus, discourse analysis may be employed
language is employed. Additionally, this opens
structurally to analyze text organization and
the door for "Discourse Analysis" to develop.
ethnographically to understand cultural
Numerous studies have been conducted to learn
processes (Wennerstrom, 2003). According to
more about the new approach's characteristics,
Osoba et al. (2014), Language analysis programs
methodologies, and range of potential
concentrate on the patterns and organization
applications in various sectors as a consequence
that characterize human language.
of this new approach's communicative nature's
ability to capture researchers' interest (Drid,
2010). Many areas where language plays a crucial
role in human communication, like discourse Information and Various Components
analysis, originate in language. of the Instrument
On the other hand, discourse analysis may be This study shows how important discourse
seen as a broad field of study that includes analysis is to language learning. Language
linguistic analysis of speech by illuminating the instruction involves communication.
language's structure, functions, and distinctive Phonology, morphology, syntax, and others are
linguistic features (Rashidi & Rafieerad, 2010). worthless without social context. Thus, the
Form and function play a role in discourse. It is interaction between language interpretation and
possible to rely on these two viewpoints to social context may assist learners in quickly
demonstrate how language is employed in social acquiring meaning via speech practice.
interaction. The significance of these Observing and recording L2 learners'
characteristics and features comes from the performance may help the study's purpose. This
study for academics is made easier by translators' method is good for learning more about a
understanding of them. Dialogue, discourse subject since it addresses social factors that
people, starting and ending discourse, turn- impact human performance. The researcher
taking, selecting the next speaker, duplication, monitoring L2 performance collects and
subject bargaining, speech mistakes, fixed interprets the data. In the Synthesis course
methods, conversation instigation, and role- offered by the researchers at the Kurdistan
playing can all be used to symbolize these College of Languages, students at the L2 level
characteristics and qualities (Osoba, & Sobola, study the vocabulary and morphology of the
2014). Tabrizi et al. (2014) claimed that discourse English language over a year. The primary
analysts employ communication as the major purpose is to make strides in sociolinguistics and
language medium to transmit information in language comprehension. Using language in
various sectors to represent the nature and diverse social situations, such as asking for
relevance of communicative aims. Discourse favors, inviting others, giving and accepting
analysis, including photos, songs, and videos, praise, apologizing, etc. L2 students should focus
may be used in any setting or circumstance on how "situational variables such as the cultural
(Martínez, 2012). Discourse analysis helps backdrop and the speech's circumstances affect
speakers comprehend and interpret underlying their decision of what should be said" (Brown,
reasons in paper or verbal conversations 2000). The researcher examined L2 learners'

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performance data to see whether discourse speech, the developmental process, and
analysis exercise improved communication, fear, discrimination by identifying social views and
and self-confidence. Politeness, formality, concepts accountable for noticed language
culture, and other sociolinguistic competencies patterns" (Mit’ib, 2010, p. 39).
will be studied (Brown, 2000). Assessing body Discourse analysis and the language being used
language, gestures, and eye contact. L2 learners have been connected by Rashidi and Rafieerad
need context and culture to understand social (2010). They define it as "the study of language
linguistics communication codes (Bennett, usage by people who make up a speech
1998). According to this research, L2 students community. It examines verbal interaction as
will have higher levels of language competence well as written materials, taking into account
and self-assurance than students who completed both language structure and functions. It
comparable classes without incorporating highlights linguistic traits that distinguish
linguistic material into contexts of society and different kinds of writing and cultural and social
culture. factors that help us perceive and comprehend
The Meaning of the Term Discourse various texts and styles of conversation (Rashidi
Analysis & Rafieerad, 2010, p. 95).
The various discourse analysis readings can be According to Jiang (2012), discourse analysis
ranked in the following manner when the studies the link between communication and its
theory's context is taken into account: environment by illuminating linguistic structure
and function, spoken interaction, and written
According to Fairclough (1995), discourse
texts. Discourse analysis is described as
analysis is the study of various texts within the
"identifying language characteristics that
context of the sociocultural activity. According
characterize various genres as well as social and
to this analysis, "attention to textual form,
cultural factors that facilitate our comprehension
structure, and organization at all levels is
and interpretation of various texts and types of
required, including phonological, grammatical,
talk" in this definition (Jiang, 2012, p. 2146).
lexical (vocabulary), and higher levels of textual
organization in terms of exchange mechanisms The Importance of Analyzing Discourse in
(the allocation of talking turns), constructions of the Field of Language Education
contention, and universal (activity sort) The communicative approach to language
structures" (Fairclough, 1995, p. 7). teaching, which first appeared in the early 1970s,
Some academics have attempted to define is regarded as an important turning point in the
discourse analysis by relating it to the statement. history of language teaching. This is likely due to
Discourse analysis is described as "the systematic its ability to raise awareness of the importance of
study of naturally occurring (not imaginary) focusing on communicative language features,
interaction in the broadest sense, at the level of which paved the way for developing "language
interpretation (rather than merely material acts for communication" and "language as
or characteristics)" by Bavelas, Kenwood, and communication."
Phillips (2000, p. 102). In order to provide students with actual chances
Additionally, Gee (2011) offered a description of to experience and execute communication,
discourse analysis comparable to the previously language teaching's goal is to help students
mentioned ones: "The research on linguistic use. communicate, even in constrained situations,
It would be more accurate to say that it is an using the target language. Here, discourse
investigation of language in use rather than just evaluation has become a crucial element in
a method of communication. language instruction using the communicative
method (Olshtain & Celce-Murcia, 2001).
Mit’ib, M. A. (2010) defines discourse analysis as
a "methodological tool that lends itself easily to Discourse analysis examines how native and
investigating the fundamental characteristics of non-native speakers use language in the social

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environment to help language learning by introduction of sociolinguistic material and the
focusing on language shapes and roles in social explication of grammatical standards. For
interactions. In other words, discourse analysis instance, the teacher asked the students to
focuses on the specific language features that develop terms that complement individuals in
individuals employ to communicate social various social and cultural contexts. This was a
meaning utilizing language's grammar, syntax, portion of the instructor's explanation to L2
pronunciation, and phonology (Berrocal et al., students of the abstract construction of adjective
2016). There is a growing consensus that the sentences. It has also been looked at from a
academic field of discourse analysis is crucial to different cultural perspective to demonstrate
both the instruction and acquisition of foreign appreciation and how commendation recipients
languages. They are essential in helping people feel about it. The same is true for other abstract
communicate with one another. While language structures, such as showing contrition
practicality deals with the meaning inferred from and admitting responsibility for wrongs done to
language processing and social interaction, other people. Students need to comprehend that
discourse analysis focuses on the intended saying "I'm sorry" is not just a method to
purpose and sequential connections imparted apologize for harming someone from the
within context. To put it another way, one might perspective of society. They need to understand
argue that for the language teaching procedure that saying "I'm sorry" is a way to say "I'm sorry."
to be in line with discourse analysis, it strongly For example, even when there isn't anything
emphasizes interpretive and facilitative wrong, people in England are always quick to
communication tactics for learners (Olshtain & apologize. They frequently express regret,
Celce-Murcia, 2001). regardless of whether they are repeating what
others have said, inquiring about something, or
According to research by Danesh,
interrupting other presenters. Participants in the
Aghagolzadeh, and Maftoon (2016), students'
study have been exposed to various social and
reading comprehension improved after learning
cultural contexts while refining their abstract
about critical discourse evaluation and its
verbal proficiency in the language that will be the
components because they were more motivated
focus of the study. According to the researcher,
and efficient learners. In other words, one may
exposing students to real-world scenarios has
claim that a critical approach to teaching EFL is
improved their communication ability, made
represented by fundamental discourse analysis.
them feel better about themselves, and
It helps students improve their command of the
significantly reduced their nervousness while
English language. Discourse analysts are
exercising their language skills in class.
interested in understanding the connection
between the various linguistic units to arrive at The Implementation of Discourse Analysis
an in-depth structure of meaning. For instance, into the Learning Environment
they may examine the grammatical structures of Discourse analysis in educational settings is a
utterances to comprehend and analyze the ideas well-known example of the direct application of
conveyed in speech. For instance, in addition to sociolinguistic theory to instructors' daily work.
gathering information, the enquiring Form may The use of discourse analysis in the classroom
communicate goals, make requests, and give fosters the development of meta-discursive
suggestions (Hai, 2004). thought in both students and instructors, an
essential component of multilingual education at
the level of current international educational
Discussion and Forward-Looking systems. In addition, discourse analysis is
Suggestions thought to be the most effective way to
The student's degree of connectedness and comprehend the shifting repertoires within the
participation is increased, and the gap between educational setting (Rymes, 2010).
their theoretical comprehension of language and
actual language use is closed, all due to the

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The complex relationship between student and investigated one "disruptive" student. You could
instructor interactions and how this relationship follow Philips' lead and explore how different
influences the actual learning that takes place in students behave at various points in the day (pp.
the classroom can be better understood by 542-543). Texts that contain grammatical
applying a methodology known as discourse locations where rules can be addressed are given
analysis (Woodward-Kron & Remedios, 2007). a greater emphasis on discourse-oriented
Effective instruction needs to make use of grammar. To make sound decisions given the
discourse analysis in the educational setting. It circumstances, students must have a solid grasp
allows us to determine how much leeway of grammatical conventions and instruction in
instructors should be given to use the expression speaking and context.
in the classroom (Qomi, 2019). In addition, it Discourse plays a significant part in lexicon
supplies us with vital information regarding the learning and teaching because words cannot be
study of languages and how this study impacts taught separately from their settings, so they
our understanding of culture (Martinez, 2012). must reflect the meaning substance. Discourse-
In the classroom, discourse analysis is utilized to oriented reading, as outlined by Olshtain and
assist instructors and students in better Celce-Murcia (2001), allows students to interact
comprehending the various situations and with literature by involving them in selecting the
determining how language operates in each reading material. This fosters pupils' growth as
setting (Rymes, 2008). The expression "critical independent learners. According to Dar, Rahimi,
classroom discourse analysis" references the and Shams (2010), 99% of students reported
transformation of "classroom discourse feeling more motivated and intrigued to study
analysis" into "critical" when classroom the works after understanding the critical
academics analyze the effect of their works on discourse analysis.
the classroom and the phrase "classroom
discourse analysis" itself (Rymes, 2008). Several factors are about the instructors, pupils,
According to Rymes (2010), a novice discourse and the learning atmosphere in a school setting.
analyst who wishes to carry out discourse studies It is not easy. Sociologists, academics,
in an educational setting should adhere to the translators, and psychiatrists have examined it
following steps: because of its complexity. Another popular
subject in classroom study and second language
(1) Spend some time making a list of all the learning is classroom talk, which looks at how
opportunities for public speaking in the instructors and students communicate and how
classroom. Please find the most important event they can develop their speech skills. It depicts
or any relevant occurrences that are similar to it. how teachers and pupils share during a normal
(2) Write down the main event and describe the class (Qomi, 2019).
language used. You won't need to transcribe the The interactive approach has also been used in
lecture to complete this. Start with listening to teaching languages for particular goals due to
the audio, then note the discussion that developments in discourse analysis study in the
distinguishes this event using the categories latter half of the 20th century (Chambers, 2007).
mentioned as a guide. For instance, pay attention
to how names and nicknames are used, the Discourse analysis is a powerful instrument that
implications of multilingualism, greetings, brand teachers can use in the classroom to support
names, expressions of admiration, and students in creating new identities in the quickly
politeness. Define the linguistic norms that apply globalizing world of today. Teachers can use
to this occurrence. Write down the discourse analysis to encourage social
conversational passages that use this interactions in the school. Discourse analysis
characterization the most. may be considered a technique for changing
classroom practice when the traditional duties of
(3) Examine the interconnected occurrences for teachers and pupils have altered to suit their new
linguistic distinctions. As Griffin did, they positions in classroom discourse. Discourse

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analysis may be incorporated into teacher words, phonemes, or grammatical aspects with
education classes to help students understand the aid of a transcript.
their new responsibilities regarding discourse
analysis skills and talents (Rumenapp, 2016). − Request from the students to divide the
objective language into ability areas like
Discourse analysis offers methods for acquiring grammar, spelling, and articulation. Analyze
linguistic expertise in situations where English is various elements for each location. Finding
not the native tongue and is, therefore, not common characteristics in conversations may be
regularly utilized in social interactions at the level done by paying particular attention to the nouns,
of instruction and study of English as a foreign verbs, and adjectives.
language. It enables the use of questions that are
thought important for linguistic growth and − Promote examination of spoken
makes it easier to comprehend how English is conversation, especially casual talk's many facets:
used socially outside of its own country to Learners will be given various chances to
improve communication between languages participate in discourse via interactive activities
(Escobar et al., 2015). encouraging engagement. Language professors
will likely observe that students' speech patterns
The following are some suggestions made by vary depending on the communicative task. For
Berrocal et al. (2015) for instructing students to instance, arguments and spontaneous role plays
utilize spoken discourse more successfully in the might be instances of these jobs.
classroom:
− Teaching culture requires discourse
− Providing natural language in basic or analysis: Language and culture are inseparable.
informal settings helps students understand and Students will understand intertextuality's role in
become conscious of the discursive habits the argument by studying a culture's language
connected with a certain context or usage. English as a second language students
circumstance. This helps learners reflect on developing their communicative competence in
discourse and communication. a foreign culture may benefit from this analysis
− Make use of activities involving self- because they can compare and contrast the
recording.: The first stage in teaching discourse environment they are learning in and the culture
analysis consciousness is implementing more they are trying to learn.
real-world tasks that call for self-recording − Use media to examine speakers
activities. Include practices that allow students to realistically: Analysis of media technologies is
capture and write down their own unplanned common in critical discourse. Discourse and
words for later study to help them become more social interaction captured on audio and video
communicatively competent. This aids the are realistic and sincere both within and outside
students in developing self-monitoring the classroom. English instructors may assess a
awareness. Use exercises that can readily be short speech or conversation and compare verb
altered to fit various foreign language education tenses and vocabulary using traditional British
circumstances that match the course functions. and American English videos.
− Collaborative analysis: Encourage pupils Components of Analyzing Different Types
to examine their own and other people's verbal of Discourse in the Classroom
exchanges. Developing their interview questions
and conducting peer interviews is essential for In the classroom, discourse analysis looks at how
students. They should always record themselves teachers can guide the learning setting while
so that the precise words they use to ask inquiries fostering learning groups (Otten, 2010). A group
and provide answers are preserved. They may with a common geographic place and similar
then record their talk after that. In the data information, culture, values, and dialects can be
analysis, learners will find it easier to identify called a discourse community. In light of this
depiction, viewing the language classroom as a

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unique discourse group in which teachers and analysis of classroom discourse is important to
pupils share several interests seems possible. The the practice of teaching because it assists us in
pledges and obligations that each group member comprehending the complex interactions that
must keep are also outlined in an unwritten exist between students and instructors and
"contract" that exists. Olshtain & Celce-Murcia provides knowledge that is helpful in the field of
(2001). Describe language education as a forum language analysis. Numerous educational
for discourse where students and teachers can institutions have adopted the collaborative
develop their language and cultural discourse method of teaching and learning; however, due
skills. Following are the factors for speech to challenges concerning the preparation and
analysis that Rymes (2016) has outlined: training of teachers, the technique has not yet
generated the intended outcomes. It is essential
− Social proper context, which includes a to recognize that the processes of teaching and
person's complete biographical experience, learning that do not use discourse are ineffective
determines the repertory that a person may because the success of these procedures depends
command. Spanish is probably a substantial on the methodology they employ and, to a
component of my conversational toolkit if I was significant extent, on the address they operate
raised in Iraq. Considering that social within the setting in which they are used.
environment also influences how people
perceive and use of. Even if a student chooses to
use Kurdish in English class, a teacher may have
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