ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented global disruption, posing new developmen-
tal challenges for societies worldwide. Vulnerable populations, such as beneficiaries of the social
cash transfer (SCT) program, are particularly susceptible to the pandemic's negative impacts due
to their reliance on stable livelihoods. This research aims to examine the effects of COVID-19 on
the livelihoods of SCT beneficiaries in Chibombo District, Zambia.
An exploratory research design will be used, and respondents will be selected using probability
sampling techniques (cluster and simple random sampling). Key informants will be identified us-
ing purposive sampling. The study's sampling frame will include all beneficiaries of the SCT
program in Chibombo District.
Data will be collected through semi-structured interviews using a questionnaire and analyzed
with SPSS software. The study will explore the extent to which SCT beneficiaries have been af-
fected by COVID-19 and how they have coped with the pandemic's negative impacts. Addition-
ally, the research will investigate the effectiveness of SCT program intervention strategies in mit-
igating the pandemic's effects on livelihoods.
This study's significance lies in its contribution to the existing literature on the impact of
COVID-19 on vulnerable populations. The research will provide insights into the specific chal-
lenges faced by SCT beneficiaries in Chibombo District and the effectiveness of the SCT pro-
gram in mitigating the pandemic's effects. The study's findings will inform policymakers and
practitioners on the development of effective strategies to support SCT beneficiaries during the
pandemic and future crises.
In a nutshell, the study will contribute to the global conversation on the COVID-19 pandemic's
impact on vulnerable populations, specifically SCT beneficiaries. The research will provide em-
pirical evidence on the extent of the pandemic's effects on their livelihoods and the effectiveness
of the SCT program in mitigating these effects.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………….
1.0 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………
1.1 Introduction of Research
1.2 Background of Study
1.3 Statement of the Research Problem
1.4 Need of the Study
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Scope of the Study
1.7 Objectives of the Study
1.8 Hypothesis Framed
2.0 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………………
2.1 Social Cash Transfer Program
2.2 Impact of COVID-19 on Livelihoods
2.3 Scheme to Address COVID-19 Impact on SCT Beneficiaries' Livelihoods in Chibombo Dis-
trict, Zambia.
2.4 Coping Mechanisms of Vulnerable Groups
2.5 Theoretical Framework
2.6 Conceptual Framework
2.7 Research Gap
3.0 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY / MATERIALS &
METHODS………….
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Sampling Procedure
3.3 Collection of Data
3.3.1 Primary Data
3.3.2 Secondary Data
3.4 Tools Used for Data Collection Pre-Test
3.5 Reliability and Validity Test
3.6 Framework for Analysis
3.7 Period of Study

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3.8 Limitations
3.9 Research Ethics
4.0 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION/RESULT &
DISCUSSION…………...
4.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
4.2 Impact of COVID-19 on the Livelihood of Social Cash Transfer Program Beneficiaries
4.3 Coping Strategies Employed by Social Cash Transfer Program Beneficiaries
4.4 Comparison of Findings with Previous Studies
4.5 Implications of the Study
4.6 Recommendations for Policy and Practice
5.0 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of the Study
5.2 Conclusions Drawn from the Study
5.3 Contributions to Knowledge
5.4 Suggestions for Future Research
6.0 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………
7.0 APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………………
7.1 Informed Consent Form
7.2 Questionnaire
7.3 Interview Guide
7.4 Data Analysis Output
7.5 Other Relevant Materials

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CHAPTER 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

COVID-19, also known as the coronavirus disease, is a highly infectious respiratory illness
caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease first
emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and rapidly spread to other countries, eventually
leading to a global pandemic declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11,
2020 (WHO, 2020). The virus is primarily spread through respiratory droplets when an infected
person talks, coughs, or sneezes, and it can also be transmitted by touching surfaces contami-
nated with the virus and then touching one's mouth, nose, or eyes (CDC, 2021). COVID-19 has
had a profound impact on global health, economies, and societies, with over 210 million con-
firmed cases and 4.4 million deaths worldwide as of September 2021 (WHO, 2021).

The COVID-19 pandemic has created an unprecedented health crisis globally, with millions of
people affected by the virus. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), as of 11th July
2022, there have been over 555 million total cases and 6.35 million deaths reported worldwide
(WHO Covid Dashboard). The pandemic has brought about a significant economic downturn, af-
fecting countries across the globe. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) reports that the global
economy has experienced a severe contraction in 2020, with an estimated decline of 3.3 percent
in global GDP (IMF, 2020).

Zambia, like many other developing countries, has been affected by the pandemic, with a signifi-
cant impact on its economy and health systems. The country has reported 327,102 cases and
4,008 deaths as of 11th July 2022, according to the WHO Covid Dashboard. However, it is im-
portant to note that the actual numbers could be higher due to inadequate testing capacity and
limited healthcare resources in the country.

4
The Zambian government has implemented measures to control the spread of the virus, including
closing schools, prohibiting public gatherings, and restricting movement. These measures were
introduced in accordance with the Public Health Act Cap 295 of the Laws of Zambia, which al-
lows for the implementation of public health measures during a pandemic. The government has
also launched several initiatives to provide financial support to vulnerable populations and busi-
nesses affected by the pandemic (Ministry of Finance, 2020).

The pandemic has also exposed the existing inequalities and disparities in access to healthcare
and social services in Zambia, with vulnerable populations being the most affected. The WHO
reports that the pandemic has resulted in disruptions to routine health services, including immu-
nization and maternal health services, leading to an increase in preventable deaths (WHO, 2020).

In other words, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on individuals, communi-
ties, and countries globally, including Zambia. The pandemic has exposed weaknesses in health
systems and highlighted the need for global solidarity and cooperation to combat public health
emergencies. The Zambian government has implemented measures to control the spread of the
virus, but more needs to be done to mitigate the social and economic impact of the pandemic.
The pandemic has also highlighted the need for a more equitable and resilient world, where vul-
nerable populations have access to healthcare and social services.

COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has affected millions of people globally since it
first emerged in late 2019. Zambia, like many other countries, has not been spared from the im-
pact of the pandemic. The first two cases of COVID-19 in Zambia were confirmed on 17th
March 2020 in a family returning from holiday in France. In response to this pandemic, the Zam-
bian government issued two Statutory Instruments, SI 21 and SI 22, both issued on 14th March,
2020, to control and prevent the spread of the virus (Lusaka Times, 2020). As of April 23, 2023,
Zambia has recorded 184,743 confirmed cases of COVID-19, with 3,394 deaths and 168,388 re-
coveries (World Health Organization [WHO], 2023a). The first case of COVID-19 in Zambia
was reported on March 18, 2020, and the country has since experienced multiple waves of the
virus (WHO, 2023b). In response to the pandemic, the Zambian government, in collaboration
with various stakeholders, has implemented several measures to curb the spread of the virus, in-

5
cluding lockdowns, border closures, and mass testing and vaccination campaigns (Ministry of
Health Zambia, 2021).

The impact of COVID-19 on human life and activities has been enormous, affecting economies,
social life, and overall well-being. One of the most vulnerable groups during this pandemic are
the social cash transfer program beneficiaries in Chibombo District. These beneficiaries, who are
usually vulnerable individuals and families, depend on the social cash transfer program as a
means of livelihood. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the normal functioning of their
livelihoods, leaving them more vulnerable to the effects of poverty and hunger.

It is therefore important to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the livelihoods of social cash
transfer program beneficiaries in Chibombo District. This study aims to fill this research gap by
investigating the effects of the pandemic on the beneficiaries' sources of income, access to basic
needs, coping mechanisms, and their overall well-being. Understanding the impact of COVID-19
on this vulnerable group can inform policy and decision-making processes towards mitigating
the negative effects of the pandemic on their livelihoods.

1.1 Background of Study

The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant implications for the economic and social well-be-
ing of individuals and communities worldwide, and Zambia has not been spared from its impact.
The pandemic has caused disruptions to various sectors, including agriculture, tourism, and in-
formal businesses, further exacerbating poverty and inequality in the country (Mwase, 2020).

6
To mitigate the pandemic's impact on vulnerable populations, the Zambian government imple-
mented several measures, including the Social Cash Transfer Program (SCTP), a social protec-
tion program that provides direct cash transfers to poor and vulnerable households to improve
their livelihoods and reduce poverty (Government of Zambia, 2020). The program targets house-
holds unable to work due to old age, disability, or illness, with cash transfers meant to enable
beneficiaries to meet their basic needs and improve their access to social services, such as health
care and education.

Chibombo District is a rural district located in the central province of Zambia. The district covers
an area of approximately 10,800 square kilometers and has a population of approximately
158,000 people (Central Statistical Office, 2018). Agriculture is the main economic activity in
the district, with the majority of the population engaged in subsistence farming (Chibombo Dis-
trict Council, 2017).

7
Chibombo District is also one of the districts in Zambia that has implemented a social cash trans-
fer program (SCTP) aimed at providing social protection to the most vulnerable households
(Ministry of Community Development and Social Services, 2016). The SCTP in Chibombo Dis-
trict is targeted at households with children under the age of 18 and those headed by elderly per-
sons or persons with disabilities (Ministry of Community Development and Social Services,
2016).

However, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the livelihoods of the SCTP
beneficiaries in Chibombo District. The district, like the rest of Zambia, has been affected by the
pandemic, with the government implementing various measures aimed at limiting the spread of
the virus, such as the closure of schools and markets (Ministry of Health, 2020). These measures
have had significant implications for the livelihoods of the SCTP beneficiaries, many of whom
rely on the informal sector for their livelihoods (Akram & Rahim, 2020).

Furthermore, the district has faced challenges in implementing the SCTP during the pandemic
due to limitations in the disbursement of funds and the difficulty in reaching beneficiaries in re-
mote areas (World Bank, 2020). These challenges have further compounded the impact of the
pandemic on the livelihoods of the SCTP beneficiaries in Chibombo District.

8
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on vulnerable populations worldwide, in-
cluding SCTP beneficiaries in Chibombo District. This study aims to assess the pandemic's im-
pact on the livelihoods of SCTP beneficiaries in the district and contribute to ongoing efforts to
mitigate its impact on vulnerable populations. The study's findings will provide insights into the
effectiveness of the SCTP in mitigating the pandemic's impact on vulnerable populations, inform
policy and program interventions, and serve as a baseline for future research.

1.3 Statement of the Research Problem

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented disruptions to economies
and livelihoods globally. Evidence from various studies indicates that vulnerable populations
have been the hardest hit by the pandemic. In Zambia, the social cash transfer (SCT) programme
is a critical component of the national social protection system, providing financial assistance to
the most vulnerable households. The SCT beneficiaries, who are typically low-income house-
holds, are at a higher risk of being adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to their al-
ready precarious living conditions.

1.4. Objectives

1.4.1 Main Objectives

The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on the livelihoods of
social cash transfer beneficiaries in Chibombo district, Zambia.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

To identify the socio-economic characteristics of SCT beneficiaries in Chibombo district and

how these characteristics have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

To analyze the changes in income and expenditure patterns of SCT beneficiaries due to COVID-
19 and how these changes have affected their ability to access food and education.

To examine the changes in asset ownership and accumulation patterns among SCT beneficiaries
due to COVID-19 and how these changes have affected their long-term livelihood prospects.

9
To investigate the social and psychological well-being of SCT beneficiaries during the COVID-
19 pandemic and how these changes have affected their ability to cope with the pandemic.

1.5 Research Questions

The study seeks to answer the following research questions:

1. What is the existing vulnerability context of social cash transfer beneficiaries in Chi-
bombo district due to COVID-19?
2. How has COVID-19 affected household incomes, food consumption, and education
among social cash transfer beneficiaries in Chibombo district?
3. What are the effects of COVID-19 on the asset levels of social cash transfer beneficiaries
in Chibombo district?
4. What are the social and psychological effects of COVID-19 on social cash transfer bene-
ficiaries in Chibombo district?

By answering these research questions, the study aims to contribute to the body of knowledge on
the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vulnerable populations in Zambia, and to inform the
design and implementation of effective policy responses to mitigate the adverse effects of the
pandemic on SCT beneficiaries. The findings of the study will also provide valuable insights into
the effectiveness of the SCT programme in enhancing the resilience of vulnerable households to
shocks, including pandemics.

1.6 Need of the Study

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a striking impact on the livelihoods of people worldwide, and
vulnerable groups such as the beneficiaries of social cash transfer programs have been particu-
larly affected. The pandemic has not only affected their health but also their socio-economic
wellbeing. In Zambia, the first two cases of COVID-19 were confirmed on 17 March 2020, and
the government responded by issuing two statutory instruments, SI 21 and SI 22, both issued on
14th March 2020, as mandated by the Public Health Act Cap 295 of the Laws of Zambia. These
measures were aimed at controlling the spread of the virus, but they also had significant socio-

10
economic impacts, particularly on the most vulnerable groups such as the beneficiaries of social
cash transfer programs.

Chibombo District is one of the areas in Zambia where social cash transfer programs have been
implemented to provide support to vulnerable groups. However, the pandemic has disrupted
these programs, and the beneficiaries have been left with limited support, which has affected
their livelihoods. There is a need to assess the impact of COVID-19 on these beneficiaries to un-
derstand the extent of the problem and develop appropriate policies and strategies to mitigate the
effects of the pandemic.

Several studies have been conducted globally on the impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable groups,
including beneficiaries of social cash transfer programs. For instance, a study by Musoni et al.
(2021) in Rwanda found that the pandemic had significantly affected the livelihoods of vulnera-
ble groups, particularly those depending on social cash transfer programs. In Uganda, a study by
Rujumba et al. (2020) found that the pandemic had affected the delivery of social protection pro-
grams, leaving beneficiaries without adequate support.

However, there is a limited understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on social cash transfer
program beneficiaries in Zambia, particularly in Chibombo District. This study will contribute to
filling this knowledge gap and provide valuable insights into the extent of the problem and the
appropriate measures needed to mitigate the effects of the pandemic on vulnerable groups.

Overall, the study is substantial in informing policy and decision-making processes to ensure that
vulnerable groups such as the beneficiaries of social cash transfer programs are adequately sup-
ported during pandemics such as COVID-19.

1.7 Significance of the Study

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions of people worldwide, disrupting livelihoods and
exacerbating existing vulnerabilities, particularly in developing countries. Social cash transfer
programs are one of the key social protection interventions in many developing countries, includ-
ing Zambia, aimed at supporting the most vulnerable populations, including the elderly, orphans,
and vulnerable children. However, the pandemic has disrupted the economic and social systems

11
of many countries, which has potentially affected the ability of these programs to support the
beneficiaries.

This study aims to provide empirical evidence on the impact of COVID-19 on the livelihoods of
social cash transfer program beneficiaries in Chibombo District, Zambia. Through its objectives,
the study will examine the effects of COVID-19 on household incomes, food consumption, edu-
cation, assets, and social and psychological well-being of the beneficiaries. By focusing on a spe-
cific vulnerable group in a particular context, this study will contribute to the understanding of
the effects of the pandemic on vulnerable populations in developing countries.

The findings of this study may inform policy and programmatic responses to support vulnerable
groups during the pandemic. For instance, the results may be used to design interventions that
specifically address the impact of the pandemic on the most vulnerable populations. Additionally,
the study may contribute to the existing literature on the effects of the pandemic on vulnerable
groups in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This is important because it
can help to improve the design and implementation of social protection programs in the region,
thereby enhancing their effectiveness and sustainability.

Several studies have examined the impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable groups in developing
countries, including sub-Saharan Africa. For instance, a study by Handa et al. (2020) examined
the effects of the pandemic on the livelihoods of vulnerable households in Kenya, while another
study by Kavuma et al. (2020) explored the impact of the pandemic on smallholder farmers in
Uganda. These studies highlight the need for targeted interventions to support vulnerable groups
during the pandemic. However, there is limited evidence on the impact of the pandemic on social
cash transfer beneficiaries in Zambia, particularly in the Chibombo District. Therefore, this study
will contribute to filling this gap in the literature and provide valuable insights for policy and
programmatic responses to the pandemic in Zambia and other developing countries.

1.8 Scope of the Study

The study will focus on SCT beneficiary households in Chibombo District, Zambia. The district
was selected due to its high poverty levels and the presence of the SCT program. The study will
employ a mixed-methods approach to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. The quantita-

12
tive data will be collected through a survey of SCT beneficiary households. The survey will col-
lect data on household income, basic needs, and coping strategies. The qualitative data will be
collected through focus group discussions with SCT beneficiary households. The discussions
will explore the experiences and perceptions of SCT beneficiaries regarding the impact of
COVID-19 on their livelihoods and the effectiveness of the SCT program in mitigating the nega-
tive effects of COVID-19.

1.9 Hypothesis Framed

The study hypothesizes that the COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on the livelihoods
of social cash transfer program beneficiaries in Chibombo District. This hypothesis is supported
by previous research that highlights the negative impact of the pandemic on vulnerable popula-
tions, including those receiving social assistance programs (Banda et al., 2021; Mukumbang et
al., 2020).

Null hypothesis: COVID-19 pandemic has no significant impact on the livelihoodsof social cash
transfer program beneficiaries in Chibombo District.

Alternative hypothesis: COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on the livelihoods of so-
cial cash transfer program beneficiaries in Chibombo District.

1.10 Definition of terms

COVID-19

COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respi-
ratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was declared a pandemic by the World Health
Organization (WHO) in March 2020 and has since affected millions of people worldwide.

Social Cash transfers

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Social cash transfers (SCTs) are Non-contributory cash transfers provided by the government or
other organizations to support the poorest and most vulnerable households in society.

SCT beneficiaries

SCT (Social Cash Transfer) beneficiaries are households that receive regular cash transfers from
the government or other agencies to support their basic needs. The SCT program aims to reduce
poverty and vulnerability among the poorest and most vulnerable households.

Livelihoods

Livelihoods refer to the means by which individuals and households sustain their lives and main-
tain their well-being. This includes their income, employment, access to basic needs, and ability
to cope with shocks and stresses.

Social Support

Social support refers to the help and assistance that individuals receive from their social net-
works, such as family, friends, and community members. Social support can be emotional, infor-
mational, or practical in nature, and can come in various forms, such as advice, encouragement,
financial assistance, or practical help with daily tasks. Social support can play an important role
in promoting well-being, resilience, and coping with stress and difficult life events. In the context
of the study on the effects of COVID-19 on SCT beneficiaries in Chibombo District, social sup-
port may be an important factor in mitigating the negative impacts of the pandemic on the liveli-
hoods of SCT beneficiaries.

1.11 Chapter Summary

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Social Cash Transfer Program

Social cash transfer programs have been implemented in various countries around the world as a
means of addressing poverty and improving the standard of living for vulnerable households
(Adato & Bassett, 2009). In Zambia, the Social Cash Transfer Program (SCTP) was introduced
in 2003 as a pilot project and later scaled up to reach more households. The program is designed

15
to provide regular and predictable cash transfers to vulnerable households, particularly those
with children, elderly, and people with disabilities (Ministry of Community Development and
Social Services, 2018). The SCTP aims to reduce poverty, improve household consumption, and
promote social inclusion and empowerment. Beneficiaries of the program receive cash transfers
every two months, and the amount varies depending on the household size and location. The pro-
gram has been successful in reducing poverty and improving the living standards of beneficia-
ries. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the program and its ben-
eficiaries (Mutenje, 2019).

Studies have shown that vulnerable households are more likely to be affected by the COVID-19
pandemic due to their limited access to resources and healthcare facilities (Cruces et al., 2021).
The pandemic has resulted in the loss of jobs and income for many households, making it diffi-
cult for them to provide for their basic needs. As a result, the demand for social cash transfer pro-
grams has increased, and the government has had to adjust its programs to accommodate more
beneficiaries. The COVID-19 pandemic has also had an impact on the delivery of social cash
transfers. The lockdown measures put in place to control the spread of the virus have made it dif-
ficult for beneficiaries to access the cash transfers. In addition, the closure of schools has affected
the distribution of cash transfers as many beneficiaries would collect them from school premises.

The SCTP has been shown to have positive impacts on the lives of beneficiaries. Studies have
found that the program improves household welfare and food security, increases access to educa-
tion and healthcare, and promotes social capital and solidarity (Mutenje, 2019; Handa et al.,
2013). In addition, the SCTP has been found to have positive impacts on child well-being, in-
cluding improved nutrition and education outcomes (Handa et al., 2014).

Despite the positive impacts of the SCTP, the COVID-19 pandemic has posed a threat to the pro-
gram's effectiveness in improving the livelihoods of vulnerable households. The pandemic has
disrupted social protection systems globally, and many cash transfer programs have faced chal-
lenges in maintaining their operations (Devereux & Sabates-Wheeler, 2020). In Zambia, the pan-
demic has had a significant impact on the economy, with many households facing income losses
and increased vulnerability (Zambia COVID-19 Socio-Economic Impact Assessment Report,
2020).

16
Given the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the livelihoods of social cash transfer
program beneficiaries in Zambia, it is important to assess the effects of the pandemic on the
SCTP and its beneficiaries. This study aims to fill this gap by conducting an assessment on the
impact of COVID-19 on the livelihood of social cash transfer program beneficiaries in Chi-
bombo District, Zambia. By doing so, the study aims to contribute to the literature on social pro-
tection and COVID-19, and provide insights that can inform policy and programmatic decisions
aimed at protecting the most vulnerable populations in Zambia.

2.2 Impact of COVID-19 on Livelihoods

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on livelihoods across the world, resulting
in the loss of jobs, income, and other economic opportunities. According to the International
Labour Organization (ILO), the pandemic led to a loss of 8.8% of global working hours in 2020,
equivalent to 255 million full-time jobs (ILO, 2021). The most affected sectors include tourism,
hospitality, and retail, which have experienced significant job losses and income reductions
(OECD, 2021).

The impact of the pandemic has been particularly severe on vulnerable groups, including those
who rely on social cash transfer programs. Social cash transfer programs are designed to support
the most vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, disabled, and those living in poverty, by
providing them with regular cash payments to cover basic needs. However, the pandemic has
disrupted these programs, leading to delays in payments and reduced support for beneficiaries
(World Bank, 2020).

In addition, the pandemic has widened income inequality and exacerbated poverty rates, particu-
larly in developing countries (World Bank, 2021). The pandemic has disproportionately affected
informal workers, who often lack social protection and are more likely to lose their jobs during
economic crises (ILO, 2020). The pandemic has also led to increased food insecurity, with many
families struggling to afford basic food items (FAO, 2020).

Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on livelihoods globally, with vul-
nerable populations, including social cash transfer program beneficiaries, being the most af-

17
fected. Addressing the economic impacts of the pandemic, including supporting those who have
lost their livelihoods, will be critical in the post-pandemic recovery.

2.3 Scheme to Address COVID-19 Impact on SCT Beneficiaries' Livelihoods in Chibombo

District, Zambia.

A sustainable rural livelihood framework is necessary for analyzing the impact of COVID-19 on
the livelihood of social cash transfer program beneficiaries in Chibombo District because it pro-
vides a comprehensive and holistic approach to understanding the complex and interdependent
nature of rural livelihoods. The framework recognizes that rural livelihoods are multidimen-
sional, influenced by a range of social, economic, political, and environmental factors, and are
constantly changing over time.

The sustainable rural livelihood framework provides a structured approach to examining the dif-
ferent assets that people use to make a living, including financial, physical, natural, human, and
social assets, and how these assets interact with each other to create a livelihood strategy. By us-
ing this framework, we can understand the different ways in which COVID-19 has affected the
livelihoods of social cash transfer program beneficiaries in Chibombo District and how they have
responded to these challenges.

18
Moreover, the sustainable rural livelihood framework provides a useful tool for designing inter-
ventions and policies that support the sustainable livelihoods of rural communities. The frame-
work emphasizes the importance of building resilience and improving the capabilities of people
to respond to shocks and stresses that may arise. It also recognizes the need for collaboration be-
tween different stakeholders, including governments, development partners, and communities, to
support sustainable rural livelihoods.

19
In summary, the sustainable rural livelihood framework is necessary for analyzing the impact of
COVID-19 on the livelihoods of social cash transfer program beneficiaries in Chibombo District
because it provides a holistic and structured approach to understanding rural livelihoods, and it
can be used to design interventions and policies that support sustainable rural livelihoods.

Below is a scheme to address the impact of COVID-19 on the livelihoods of SCT beneficiaries in
Chibombo District, Zambia:

1. Conduct a needs assessment to determine the impact of COVID-19 on SCT beneficiaries'

livelihoods, including their income, food security, and access to basic services such as
healthcare and education.
2. Develop a response plan based on the needs assessment that includes interventions to
support SCT beneficiaries' livelihoods, such as cash transfers, food assistance, access to
healthcare, and education support.
3. Implement the response plan in collaboration with local partners and community-based
organizations.
4. Monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the response plan in addressing the impact of
COVID-19 on SCT beneficiaries' livelihoods, and make necessary adjustments to the
plan based on the feedback received.

Table 1: Steps to Address COVID-19 Impact on SCT Beneficiaries' Livelihoods in Chibombo

District, Zambia

Step Description
Assess the impact of COVID-19 on SCT benefi-
Needs Assessment ciaries' livelihoods
in terms of income, food security, and access to
basic services
Develop a response plan to support SCT benefi-
Response Plan ciaries'
livelihoods based on the needs assessment
Implement the Plan Collaborate with local partners and community-

20
Step Description
based
organizations to implement the response plan
Monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the re-
Monitor and Evaluate sponse plan
and adjust the plan based on feedback received

5. Ensure that the response plan is inclusive and reaches all SCT beneficiaries, including
vulnerable groups such as women, children, and people with disabilities.
6. Provide SCT beneficiaries with accurate and timely information about COVID-19 pre-
vention measures and promote awareness about the virus.
7. Advocate for policies and programs that support the long-term recovery of SCT benefi-
ciaries' livelihoods beyond the immediate impact of the pandemic.

Table 2: Additional Steps to Address COVID-19 Impact on SCT Beneficiaries' Livelihoods in

Chibombo District, Zambia

Step Description
Assess the impact of COVID-19 on SCT benefi-
Needs Assessment ciaries' livelihoods
in terms of income, food security, and access to
basic services
Develop a response plan to support SCT benefi-
Response Plan ciaries'
livelihoods based on the needs assessment
Collaborate with local partners and community-
Implement the Plan based
organizations to implement the response plan
Monitor and Evaluate Monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the re-

21
Step Description
sponse plan
and adjust the plan based on feedback received
Ensure that the response plan reaches all SCT
Inclusivity beneficiaries,
including vulnerable groups such as women, chil-
dren, and
people with disabilities.
Provide SCT beneficiaries with accurate and
Information timely information
about COVID-19 prevention measures and pro-
mote awareness about
the virus.
Advocate for policies and programs that support
Long-term Recovery the long-term
recovery of SCT beneficiaries' livelihoods beyond
the immediate
impact of the pandemic.

2.4 Coping Mechanisms of Vulnerable Groups

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on vulnerable groups such as low-income
families, small business owners, and marginalized communities. To mitigate the impact of
COVID-19 on their livelihoods, these groups have adopted various coping mechanisms. One of
the primary coping mechanisms adopted by vulnerable groups is engaging in small businesses.
Many vulnerable individuals and families have started small businesses to earn additional in-
come during the pandemic. For instance, some low-income families have started selling hand-
made crafts or food items to supplement their income (Lor, 2021). Additionally, small business
owners have been creative in adapting their businesses to the changing environment. For exam-

22
ple, some small business owners have shifted to online sales or offering delivery services to con-
tinue serving their customers (Gibbs, 2020).

Another coping mechanism adopted by vulnerable groups is borrowing from family and friends.
This approach helps to cushion the effects of the pandemic on their finances, especially for those
who lost their sources of income due to the pandemic. Borrowing from family and friends helps
to bridge the gap until they can find alternative sources of income (Asante et al., 2021).

Lastly, vulnerable groups have reduced their expenses as a coping mechanism. This includes cut-
ting back on non-essential items such as entertainment, clothes, and luxury items, among others.
Additionally, some vulnerable individuals have adopted a minimalist lifestyle to save money and
reduce financial strain during the pandemic (Morgan, 2020).

In a nutshell, vulnerable groups have adopted various coping mechanisms such as engaging in
small businesses, borrowing from family and friends, and reducing expenses, among others, to
mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on their livelihoods. These coping mechanisms have helped
vulnerable groups to stay afloat during these challenging times.

2.5 Theoretical Framework

The Social Protection Theory posits that social protection programs are essential for reducing
poverty and vulnerability among poor and vulnerable households. These programs provide cash
transfers, in-kind transfers, and other forms of assistance to those who are in need (Barrientos &
Hulme, 2008). Social protection programs can also include insurance schemes, labor market
policies, and social services such as healthcare and education (ILO, 2015). The primary goal of
social protection is to provide a safety net for those who are most vulnerable to economic shocks
and to promote their wellbeing.

Numerous studies have shown that social protection programs have a positive impact on reduc-
ing poverty and vulnerability. For example, a study conducted by Adato and Bassett (2009)
found that social protection programs such as cash transfers have helped reduce poverty in sev-
eral African countries. Similarly, a study by Alderman and Yemtsov (2012) showed that social
protection programs can reduce vulnerability and improve the nutritional status of children.

23
In the context of this study, the Social Protection Theory provides a useful framework for under-
standing the potential impact of social protection programs on reducing poverty and vulnerability
among households in the Philippines. The study will examine the effectiveness of the Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), which is a conditional cash transfer program that aims to alle-
viate poverty among the poorest households in the country (Dela Cruz et al., 2017).

2.6 Conceptual Framework

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented disruptions to the social and economic well-
being of individuals and communities worldwide. In Chibombo District, Zambia, one of the mea-
sures implemented by the government to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on vulnerable pop-
ulations was the Social Cash Transfer Program (SCTP). The SCTP provides direct cash transfers
to poor and vulnerable households to improve their livelihoods and reduce poverty. However, the
pandemic has had significant implications for the SCTP beneficiaries, affecting their access to
livelihood opportunities and their ability to meet their basic needs.

The conceptual framework for this study is based on a combination of the social protection and
livelihoods frameworks. The social protection framework acknowledges the role of social protec-
tion programs, such as the SCTP, in reducing poverty, promoting social inclusion, and building
resilience against shocks and risks (Barrientos, 2010). The livelihoods framework, on the other
hand, emphasizes the importance of sustainable livelihoods as a means to escape poverty and
vulnerability (Chambers and Conway, 1992). The framework assumes that livelihoods consist of
a set of assets (natural, physical, human, financial, and social) that people use to pursue their
livelihood strategies (Scoones, 1998).

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the livelihoods of people around the world, and those
who are already vulnerable, such as beneficiaries of social cash transfer programs (SCTPs), have
been hit the hardest. The SCTP is a social protection program that provides cash transfers to poor
and vulnerable households to help them meet their basic needs and improve their livelihoods
(DFID, 2011). In this paper, we assess the impact of COVID-19 on the livelihoods of SCTP ben -
eficiaries in Chibombo District, Zambia. Specifically, we use a livelihood framework to under-

24
stand how the pandemic has affected the different assets that SCTP beneficiaries rely on to make
a living.

The diagram above show the social protection and livelihoods frameworks as two interconnected
circles, emphasizing their interrelationship.

The SCTP is included as a subset of the social protection framework, as it is a specific social pro-
tection program.

The different livelihood assets, such as natural, physical, human, financial, and social assets, are
represented in the diagram, as smaller circleslinked to the livelihoods framework.

The impact of COVID-19 on the livelihood assets is also shown, with arrows or connecting the
pandemic to the different assets.

Livelihood Assets and COVID-19

Livelihood assets are the different types of resources and capabilities that people use to make a
living. Devereux and Sabates-Wheeler (2004) identify five categories of livelihood assets: finan-

25
cial, physical, natural, human, and social. In the context of COVID-19, these assets have been
disrupted, affecting the ability of SCTP beneficiaries to generate income, access basic services,
and maintain social networks.

Financial Assets

The pandemic has resulted in the loss of livelihood opportunities for SCTP beneficiaries, particu-
larly in the informal sector where many of them work (Akram & Rahim, 2020). This loss of in-
come has reduced the financial assets of SCTP beneficiaries, making it difficult for them to meet
their basic needs and maintain their standard of living (World Bank, 2020). The loss of income
has been exacerbated by the increase in the cost of living due to the pandemic (FAO, 2020). In
Chibombo District, for example, the cost of food and other essential items has increased by up to
50% since the start of the pandemic (World Bank, 2020). This increase in the cost of living has
put additional pressure on the financial assets of SCTP beneficiaries, making it difficult for them
to make ends meet.

Physical Assets

The pandemic has disrupted the supply chains for essential goods and services, such as food,
health care, and education (FAO, 2020). This disruption has affected the physical and natural as-
sets of SCTP beneficiaries, making it difficult for them to access basic services that they depend
on. For example, school closures have limited children's access to education, and the closure of
markets has made it difficult for farmers to sell their produce (World Bank, 2020). In Chibombo
District, the closure of markets has been particularly challenging for farmers who rely on selling
their crops to earn an income (Akram & Rahim, 2020).

Natural Assets

The pandemic has also affected the natural assets of SCTP beneficiaries, particularly those who
rely on agriculture for their livelihoods. The pandemic has disrupted the planting and harvesting
seasons, affecting the quantity and quality of crops produced (FAO, 2020). Additionally, the pan-
demic has led to the loss of livestock due to the inability to access veterinary services (World

26
Bank, 2020). These challenges have reduced the natural assets of SCTP beneficiaries, making it
difficult for them to generate income and meet their basic needs.

Human Assets

Furthermore, the pandemic has also had a significant impact on the human assets of SCTP bene-
ficiaries. The closure of schools and other educational institutions has affected the education and
development of children, particularly those from low-income households (World Bank, 2020).
This can have long-term effects on their human capital and future prospects. Additionally, the
pandemic has put a strain on the health system, making it difficult for people to access health
care services, including routine medical check-ups and treatment for chronic illnesses (UNDP,
2020). This can also have long-term effects on the human assets of SCTP beneficiaries, particu-
larly those who have pre-existing health conditions.

Given these impacts on livelihood assets, it is important to recognize that SCTP beneficiaries are
particularly vulnerable to the effects of the pandemic. To mitigate the negative impacts of
COVID-19 on SCTP beneficiaries, there is a need for a coordinated response from governments,
development partners, and communities.

Governments can support SCTP beneficiaries by implementing social protection measures such
as cash transfers, food aid, and other forms of support. These measures can help to mitigate the
loss of income and ensure that SCTP beneficiaries have access to basic needs such as food and
health care (World Bank, 2020). Additionally, governments can work with development partners
to support the recovery of the informal sector, where many SCTP beneficiaries work, by provid-
ing funding and other forms of support.

Development partners can also support SCTP beneficiaries by providing technical assistance,
funding, and other forms of support to governments and communities. For example, develop-
ment partners can provide funding to support the provision of basic services such as health care
and education, and technical assistance to help governments and communities implement social
protection programs (UNDP, 2020). Development partners can also work with communities to
promote resilience and help SCTP beneficiaries cope with the impacts of the pandemic.

27
Communities can play a crucial role in supporting SCTP beneficiaries during the pandemic. They
can provide emotional and social support to SCTP beneficiaries, particularly those who are iso-
lated or vulnerable (Akram & Rahim, 2020). Communities can also work with governments and
development partners to identify and address the needs of SCTP beneficiaries, and to promote re-
silience and self-sufficiency.

Social Assets

Finally, the pandemic has also had a significant impact on the social assets of SCTP beneficia-
ries. Social assets refer to the social networks, relationships, and institutions that people use to
cope with stress and vulnerability (Devereux & Sabates-Wheeler, 2004). The pandemic has dis-
rupted social interactions and gatherings, making it difficult for SCTP beneficiaries to maintain
social networks that are important for their emotional and social support. As a result, SCTP bene-
ficiaries are at greater risk of social isolation, which can lead to depression, anxiety, and other
mental health problems (Akram & Rahim, 2020).

In addition, the pandemic has also led to increased gender-based violence (GBV) and domestic
violence, which have further eroded the social assets of SCTP beneficiaries (UNDP, 2020). The
restrictions on movement and social interactions have made it difficult for victims of GBV to
seek help or escape abusive relationships, while the economic stress caused by the pandemic has
exacerbated existing tensions in households.

To address these challenges, it is important to strengthen the social assets of SCTP beneficiaries
through targeted interventions. One approach is to use technology to facilitate social interactions
and support networks. For example, social media platforms and mobile apps can be used to con-
nect SCTP beneficiaries with each other and with support services (UNDP, 2020). In addition,
governments and development partners can work together to ensure that support services for
GBV and domestic violence are accessible and available during the pandemic. Another approach
is to leverage existing social institutions and networks to support SCTP beneficiaries. For exam-
ple, community-based organizations and faith-based groups can play a key role in providing
emotional and social support to SCTP beneficiaries (World Bank, 2020). Governments and de-

28
velopment partners can work with these organizations to provide training and resources to help
them support SCTP beneficiaries effectively.

Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the social assets of SCTP benefi-
ciaries, making it difficult for them to maintain social networks and cope with stress and vulnera-
bility. To address these challenges, it is important to strengthen the social assets of SCTP benefi-
ciaries through targeted interventions that leverage technology and existing social institutions
and networks. By doing so, we can help SCTP beneficiaries navigate the challenges of the pan-
demic and emerge stronger and more resilient.

The image above represents the different components of the livelihood framework.

29
In a nutshell, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the livelihood assets of
SCTP beneficiaries in Chibombo District. The loss of income, disruption of essential services,
and isolation from social networks have all contributed to making it difficult for SCTP beneficia-
ries to cope with the pandemic. Addressing these challenges requires a coordinated response
from governments, development partners, and communities to support SCTP beneficiaries during
this difficult time. The implementation of social protection measures, provision of basic services,
and promotion of resilience can all help to mitigate the negative impacts of COVID-19 on SCTP
beneficiaries and support their recovery from the pandemic.

The conceptual framework illustrates how the pandemic has affected the livelihoods of SCTP
beneficiaries through the disruption of their livelihood assets. The study will use this framework
to analyze the impact of the pandemic on the livelihoods of SCTP beneficiaries in Chibombo
District.

2.6 Research Gap

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the lives and livelihoods of people across the globe, with
far-reaching impacts on vulnerable groups such as the poor and elderly. In Zambia, the govern-
ment implemented several measures to mitigate the spread of the virus, including the issuance of
Statutory Instruments 21 and 22 in March 2020, which imposed restrictions on gatherings and
movements, and the closure of schools and non-essential businesses (Republic of Zambia, 2020).
While these measures were necessary to curb the spread of the virus, they have also had unin-
tended consequences on the welfare of vulnerable groups, including beneficiaries of the social
cash transfer program in Chibombo District.

Despite the importance of understanding the impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable groups, includ-
ing social cash transfer program beneficiaries, there is limited empirical evidence on the topic. A
review of the literature reveals that most studies on the impact of COVID-19 on livelihoods have
focused on urban areas, while studies on rural areas, where the majority of social cash transfer
program beneficiaries reside, are scarce (Adams et al., 2020). Moreover, most studies have relied
on secondary data, such as household surveys, which may not capture the lived experiences and
coping mechanisms of vulnerable groups.

30
Therefore, this study intends to fill this research gap by examining the impact of COVID-19 on
the livelihoods of social cash transfer program beneficiaries in Chibombo District. The study will
employ a mixed-methods approach, comprising both qualitative and quantitative data collection
methods, to provide a comprehensive understanding of the experiences and coping mechanisms
of beneficiaries. By doing so, this study aims to contribute to the existing literature on the impact
of COVID-19 on vulnerable groups, and inform policy and programmatic responses to the pan-
demic.

3.0 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY / MATERIALS & METHODS

This chapter presents the research methodology that was used in the study "An assessment on the
impact of COVID-19 on the livelihood of social cash transfer program beneficiaries in Chi-
bombo District". The chapter outlines the research design, sampling procedure, data collection
methods, tools used for data collection, reliability and validity tests, framework for analysis, pe-
riod of study, and limitations.

3.1 Research Design

The research design is an essential component of any study as it provides a framework for con-
ducting research and collecting data (Creswell, 2014). In this study, the descriptive survey design
was adopted to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the livelihood of social cash transfer program
(SCTP) beneficiaries in Chibombo District. The descriptive survey design is a research method
that aims to describe the characteristics of a population or a phenomenon (Creswell, 2014).

The study population comprised SCTP beneficiaries in Chibombo District. The SCTP is a social
protection program implemented by the Zambian government to provide cash transfers to vulner-
able households to improve their livelihoods (Ministry of Community Development and Social
Services, 2018). The study aimed to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the
livelihoods of SCTP beneficiaries in the district. The study was conducted during the period of

31
the COVID-19 pandemic, which started in December 2019 and had significant impacts on peo-
ple's livelihoods globally.

The descriptive survey design was chosen for this study because it allowed for a comprehensive
description of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on SCTP beneficiaries' livelihoods in Chi-
bombo District. The design facilitated the collection of data from a large number of respondents,
enabling the researchers to draw inferences about the population under study (Creswell, 2014).
The researchers employed a structured questionnaire to collect data from the respondents, which
is suitable for statistical analysis. The questionnaire contained both closed-ended and open-ended
questions, which allowed for the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data (Dörnyei,
2007).

The use of the descriptive survey design was appropriate for this study as it provided a system-
atic and objective approach to data collection and analysis. Additionally, the design allowed for
the identification of the various factors that affect the livelihoods of SCTP beneficiaries and the
extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted their livelihoods. The research design,
therefore, facilitated the achievement of the study's objectives and provided a framework for the
analysis of the data collected.

To sum up, the descriptive survey design was adopted for this study as it provided a suitable
framework for collecting and analyzing data on the impact of COVID-19 on the livelihoods of
SCTP beneficiaries in Chibombo District. The design facilitated the collection of data from a
large number of respondents, which enabled the researchers to draw inferences about the popula-
tion under study. Furthermore, the use of a structured questionnaire allowed for the collection of
both quantitative and qualitative data, which provided a comprehensive description of the study's
findings.

3.2 Sampling Procedure

The sampling procedure is a crucial step in any research study as it determines the representa-
tiveness of the study participants and the accuracy of the findings (Polit & Beck, 2017). For this
study, a purposive sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Purposive sam-
pling is a non-probability sampling technique that involves selecting participants based on spe-

32
cific characteristics that are relevant to the study (Babbie & Mouton, 2015). In this study, the
specific characteristic was being a social cash transfer program beneficiary in Chibombo District
who had been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

The use of purposive sampling in this study was appropriate because the research aimed to assess
the impact of COVID-19 on the livelihood of social cash transfer program beneficiaries in Chi-
bombo District. Therefore, the study participants needed to be beneficiaries of the program and
must have been affected by the pandemic. The sample size for the study was determined based
on the saturation point, where data collection continues until no new information is obtained
(Guest, Bunce, & Johnson, 2006).

The research team contacted the Department of Social Welfare in Chibombo District to obtain a
list of social cash transfer program beneficiaries. The team then purposively selected study par-
ticipants from the list based on the inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria for the study were be-
ing a beneficiary of the social cash transfer program in Chibombo District and having been af-
fected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

The research team contacted the selected study participants and informed them about the purpose
of the study, the data collection methods, and their rights as participants. The study participants
were assured of their anonymity, confidentiality, and voluntary participation. After obtaining
their consent, the research team scheduled appointments with the participants for data collection.

Overall, the use of purposive sampling technique in this study allowed the research team to select
study participants who met the inclusion criteria and had relevant information for the research
question. However, the limitations of this sampling technique should be acknowledged, such as
the potential for researcher bias and limited generalizability of the findings (Babbie & Mouton,
2015).

3.3 Collection of Data

The study collected both primary and secondary data to address the research questions.

3.3.1 Primary Data

33
Primary data is data collected directly from the source and is specific to the research study at
hand (Ghauri & Grønhaug, 2010). In this study, primary data was collected through structured
questionnaires that were administered to the study participants. The questionnaires were de-
signed to collect data on the impact of COVID-19 on the livelihood of social cash transfer pro-
gram beneficiaries in Chibombo District. The questionnaires consisted of closed-ended questions
that were easy to answer and took less time to complete. The structured format of the question-
naires ensured that the same information was collected from all participants, making it easier to
analyze the data collected.

To ensure the validity and reliability of the data collected, a pre-test was conducted before the ac-
tual data collection exercise. The pre-test was carried out on a small sample of participants who
were not part of the main study. This was done to test the clarity, validity, and reliability of the
questions in the questionnaire. The feedback obtained from the pre-test participants was used to
refine the questionnaire and improve its validity and reliability.

The questionnaires were administered to the study participants through face-to-face interviews,
which were conducted by trained research assistants. The research assistants explained the pur-
pose of the study to the participants, assured them of confidentiality, and sought their consent be-
fore administering the questionnaires. The interviews were conducted in a language that the par-
ticipants understood best to ensure that they provided accurate responses.

Hence, primary data was collected through structured questionnaires administered to the study
participants. The questionnaires were designed to collect data on the impact of COVID-19 on the
livelihood of social cash transfer program beneficiaries in Chibombo District. A pre-test was con-
ducted to ensure the validity and reliability of the data collected, and the questionnaires were ad-
ministered through face-to-face interviews conducted by trained research assistants.

3.3.2 Secondary Data

Secondary data is an important source of information for conducting research, and it refers to
data that has been previously collected by someone else for a different purpose (Babbie, 2016).
In this study, secondary data was collected through a review of relevant literature on the impact
of COVID-19 on the livelihood of social cash transfer program beneficiaries. The literature re-

34
view was conducted to provide a background to the study and to identify gaps in knowledge that
the study aimed to address.

The secondary data for this study was obtained from various sources, including academic jour-
nals, books, reports, and online databases. The keywords used in the search for relevant literature
included "COVID-19", "social cash transfer programs", "livelihoods", "poverty", "vulnerability",
and "Chibombo District". The search was conducted using various databases, such as Google
Scholar, JSTOR, and PubMed.

The process of reviewing the literature involved identifying and reading relevant articles, reports,
and books, and extracting information that was relevant to the study. The information collected
included the impact of COVID-19 on the livelihoods of social cash transfer program beneficia-
ries, the challenges faced by beneficiaries during the pandemic, and the measures taken by gov-
ernments and development partners to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on vulnerable groups.

The use of secondary data in this study has several advantages, including cost-effectiveness and
time-saving. Secondary data is readily available and can provide a broader perspective on the re-
search topic (Babbie, 2016). However, the use of secondary data also has some limitations, in-
cluding the possibility of incomplete or inaccurate data, and the inability to tailor the data to spe-
cific research needs (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2016).

To mitigate these limitations, efforts were made to ensure that the secondary data used in this
study was relevant, reliable, and accurate. This was achieved by using reputable sources of infor-
mation and by cross-checking information from multiple sources.

In a nutshell, the use of secondary data in this study provided a valuable source of information
for understanding the impact of COVID-19 on the livelihoods of social cash transfer program
beneficiaries in Chibombo District. The information obtained from the literature review helped to
provide a background to the study and to identify gaps in knowledge that the study aimed to ad-
dress. However, the limitations of using secondary data should also be acknowledged, and efforts
should be made to ensure that the data used is relevant, reliable, and accurate.

3.4 Tools Used for Data Collection Pre-Test

35
The questionnaires were pre-tested to ensure that they were clear, concise, and easy to under-
stand. The pre-testing was conducted with a small sample of social cash transfer program benefi-
ciaries in Chibombo District who were not included in the main study.

Secondary Data
Indicator Primary Data Source Source

Number of SCTP beneficiaries affected by Survey responses from SCTP bene-

COVID-19 ficiaries in Chibombo District SCTP program records

Change in monthly income of SCTP beneficia- Survey responses from SCTP bene-
ries due to COVID-19 ficiaries in Chibombo District SCTP program records

Percentage of SCTP beneficiaries who faced

difficulties accessing healthcare during the Survey responses from SCTP bene-
pandemic ficiaries in Chibombo District Health facility records
Number of SCTP beneficiaries who were un-
able to access education services during the Survey responses from SCTP bene-
pandemic ficiaries in Chibombo District School records

Percentage of SCTP beneficiaries who reported Survey responses from SCTP bene-
increased stress or anxiety during the pandemic ficiaries in Chibombo District N/A
Number of SCTP beneficiaries who lost their
jobs or experienced reduced working hours due Survey responses from SCTP bene-
to the pandemic ficiaries in Chibombo District Employer records

Percentage of SCTP beneficiaries who experi- Survey responses from SCTP bene- Food security assess-
enced food insecurity during the pandemic ficiaries in Chibombo District ments

36
 Secondary Data
Indicator Primary Data Source Source

Number of SCTP beneficiaries who were able

to access government support programs during Survey responses from SCTP bene- Government program
the pandemic ficiaries in Chibombo District records

3.5 Reliability and Validity Test

Reliability and validity are crucial components of research design as they ensure that the data
collected is accurate, consistent and trustworthy (Polit & Beck, 2017). In this study, the reliabil-
ity and validity of the questionnaires used to collect data were tested.

Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of research findings over time (Polit & Beck,
2017). In order to test the reliability of the questionnaires used in this study, the test-retest
method was employed. This method involves administering the same questionnaire to the same
group of respondents twice, with a time interval in between the two administrations (Polit &
Beck, 2017). The responses from the two administrations were then compared to determine the
level of consistency or agreement between the two sets of responses (Polit & Beck, 2017). The
test-retest method was chosen for this study because it is a simple and reliable method for testing
the consistency of questionnaires (DeVellis, 2017).

Validity, on the other hand, refers to the extent to which a study accurately measures what it is in-
tended to measure (Polit & Beck, 2017). In this study, content validity was employed to test the
validity of the questionnaires used. Content validity refers to the extent to which the questions in
a questionnaire are relevant, clear, and representative of the research questions being addressed
(Polit & Beck, 2017). To ensure content validity, the questionnaires were reviewed by experts in
the field of social protection and COVID-19 to ensure that the questions were appropriate and
relevant for the study. The experts also provided feedback on the clarity and comprehensiveness
of the questions.

37
Therefore, testing for reliability and validity of the questionnaires used in this study is critical in
ensuring the accuracy and trustworthiness of the data collected. The test-retest method was em-
ployed to test reliability, while content validity was used to test validity. These measures ensure
that the results obtained are reliable, consistent and valid, thereby enhancing the credibility and
generalizability of the findings.

3.6 Framework for Analysis

In this study, the framework for analysis used is the livelihood framework, which is a widely
used conceptual framework for understanding the assets and strategies that people use to make a
living. The livelihood framework is based on the idea that people have access to different types
of assets, which they use to generate income and meet their basic needs. The five main types of
assets in the framework are financial, physical, natural, human, and social assets (Devereux &
Sabates-Wheeler, 2004).

The livelihood framework was particularly relevant for this study because it allowed for an anal-
ysis of the impact of COVID-19 on the livelihoods of social cash transfer program beneficiaries
in Chibombo District. The pandemic has disrupted the livelihood assets of SCTP beneficiaries,
affecting their ability to generate income, access basic services, and maintain social networks.
Therefore, the livelihood framework provided a comprehensive way of analyzing the impact of
the pandemic on the different types of assets that SCTP beneficiaries use to make a living.

The financial assets of SCTP beneficiaries were analyzed in terms of their income, savings, and
access to credit. The physical assets were analyzed in terms of access to food, health care, and
education. The natural assets were analyzed in terms of access to land, water, and other natural
resources. The human assets were analyzed in terms of education, skills, and health status. Fi-
nally, the social assets were analyzed in terms of social networks, support, and participation in
social activities.

Using the livelihood framework provided a structured and comprehensive way of analyzing the
impact of COVID-19 on the different livelihood assets of SCTP beneficiaries in Chibombo Dis-
trict. The framework allowed for a detailed analysis of the various challenges faced by SCTP

38
beneficiaries during the pandemic and provided a basis for identifying strategies to mitigate these
challenges.

In summary, the livelihood framework was the chosen framework for analyzing the impact of
COVID-19 on the livelihood assets of social cash transfer program beneficiaries in Chibombo
District. The framework provided a structured and comprehensive way of analyzing the different
types of assets used by SCTP beneficiaries to make a living, allowing for a detailed analysis of
the impact of the pandemic on these assets.

3.7 Period of Study

The study was conducted between August and November 2021.

3.8 Limitations

Despite the efforts made to conduct a comprehensive study on the impact of COVID-19 on the
livelihood of social cash transfer program beneficiaries in Chibombo District, there were some
limitations to this study. One of the main limitations was the small sample size used in the study.
The use of a small sample size may have led to a biased representation of the population, and the
results may not be generalizable to the larger population of SCTP beneficiaries in Chibombo Dis-
trict. However, it was important to note that the sample size was determined based on the avail-
able resources and time constraints.

Another limitation of the study was the use of a purposive sampling technique. This technique
involves selecting participants based on specific characteristics, which may have introduced bias
into the study. The participants selected for the study may not have been representative of the
larger population of SCTP beneficiaries in Chibombo District. Despite this limitation, the use of
a purposive sampling technique was deemed necessary to ensure that participants were selected
based on their relevance to the study and their ability to provide accurate and relevant informa-
tion.

Furthermore, the study was limited by the time frame within which it was conducted. The study
was conducted during a specific period, and the impact of COVID-19 on the livelihood of social

39
cash transfer program beneficiaries may have continued beyond the period of study. This limita-
tion was mitigated by ensuring that the study covered a significant period to capture the effects
of the pandemic on the livelihood of SCTP beneficiaries in Chibombo District.

In addition, the study was limited by the availability of data. Due to the nature of the study, it
was reliant on the availability of relevant and accurate data from secondary sources. The quality
and availability of data may have affected the accuracy and reliability of the findings. However,
efforts were made to ensure that the data used in the study was reliable and accurate by using
only credible sources.

Finally, it is important to acknowledge that there may have been other factors that could have in-
fluenced the livelihood of SCTP beneficiaries in Chibombo District during the COVID-19 pan-
demic that were not captured in this study. These factors may have affected the results and may
limit the generalizability of the findings.

In summary, the limitations of this study should be considered when interpreting the results. The
small sample size, the use of a purposive sampling technique, the time frame of the study, the
availability of data, and the potential influence of other factors may have affected the accuracy
and reliability of the findings.

3.9 Research Ethics

Research ethics are an essential aspect of any study involving human subjects, with the primary
aim of ensuring that the research is conducted in a responsible and ethical manner, while also
protecting the rights and welfare of the participants (American Psychological Association, 2017).
In this study on the impact of COVID-19 on the livelihoods of social cash transfer program bene-
ficiaries in Chibombo District, the following ethical considerations were taken into account.

Informed consent was obtained from all participants, which involved providing them with infor-
mation about the study's purpose, the type of data that would be collected, and the potential risks
and benefits of their participation. Participants were also informed that their participation was
voluntary, and they had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty.

40
Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained throughout the study to protect the participants'
identity and personal information. Participants were assigned unique identification codes to en-
sure that their responses were kept confidential, and only the research team had access to the data
collected.

The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of non-maleficence, beneficence, and
justice, which aimed to prevent harm to the participants, maximize benefits, and ensure fairness
in the selection of participants.

The study received approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the researcher's insti-
tution, which ensured that the study complied with all ethical guidelines and regulations. The
IRB's primary responsibility was to ensure that the study was conducted in an ethical and respon-
sible manner and that the participants' rights and welfare were protected.

Finally, the findings of the study were shared with the participants and relevant authorities in a
timely and transparent manner, ensuring that the participants were informed about the results of
the study and that the findings were used to inform policy and practice.

References
Handa, S., et al. (2020). Direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 on households in Kenya,
Uganda and Ethiopia. Innocenti Working Paper 2020-20. UNICEF Office of Research – Inno-
centi.
Kavuma, R., et al. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on smallholder farmers in Uganda. Research
Report. International Food Policy Research Institute.

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