DIFFICULTIES OF POLICE OFFICERS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ANTI-

ILLEGAL DRUG LAW IN TANAUAN

A Thesis Presented to the

Faculty of the College Department – College of Criminology
Tanauan Institute, Inc.
J. Gonzales, St., Brgy. 4, Tanauan City
Batangas, Philippines 4232

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By:

Olar, Shairme Onofre

Dipad, Mark Joseph Nogales
Mulinyawe, Dennis Luzon
Nora, Kim Paulo Martinez
Ramos, Reymart Locsin
Salvador, Mark Harley Galleon
Valenzuela, Dan-Jay Ar Austria

June 2022
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INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Almost all countries around the globe were besieged by illegal drugs. No nation has

been immune to the devastating problem caused by drug abuse. At the same time, a broad

spectrum of the world community has demonstrated intense concern over the problem. The

insidious long term of chronic drug use and its import on the user, the family, the community,

and the society.

According to the United Nation and Drug Abuse Control, no country is untouched by

the drug scourge, whether it is used as a production base, as a transit point or as a market.

Truly the problem of drug abuse and trafficking cannot be solved overnight but only through

continuous co-operation among countries.

Further, as mentioned by United Nations Drug Report (2021), drug use killed almost

half a million people in 2019, while drug use disorders resulted in 18 million years of healthy

life lost, mostly due to opioids. Serious and often lethal illnesses are more common among

drug users, particularly those who inject drugs, many of whom are living with HIV and

Hepatitis C. The illicit drug trade also continues to hold back economic and social

development, while disproportionately impacting the most vulnerable and marginalized, and

it constitutes a fundamental threat to security and stability in some parts of the world. Despite

the proven dangers, drug use persists and, in some contexts, proliferates. Over the past year,

around 275 million people have used drugs, up by 22 per cent from 2010. By 2030,

demographic factors project the number of people using drugs to rise by 11 per cent around

the world, and as much as 40 per cent in Africa alone.

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This fact denotes that the world is greatly affected by illegal drug trade. There are

international policies and international cooperation among nations to combat the illicit drug

trade but it become futile due to limitations of international instrument. Therefore, every

country all over the world adopt and develop municipal laws that give stiffer penalty to those

suspect responsible and engage in illegal drugs.

The Philippines is not exempted to the issue on illegal drug trade. In 2002, the Republic

Act No. 9165, or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, was singed and took

effect on July 4, 2002. This Act established to strengthening existing laws governing

Philippine drug law enforcement system and defines more concrete courses of action for the

national anti-drug campaign and imposes heavier penalties to offenders. The enactment of this

law reorganized the Philippine drug law enforcement system. While the Dangerous Drugs

Board remains as the policy-making and strategy-formulating body in planning and

formulation of policies and program on drug control and prevention, it created the Philippine

Drug Enforcement Agency under the Office of the President. The law was signed to lessen

the crime rate regarding the use of illegal drugs but as expected the drug users, dealers and

pushers continued to grow and almost the causes of crime is resulted on using illegal drugs.

According to Babes (2016), about 27 percent or 11,321 of the total 42,026 barangays

in the country has been infiltrated by illegal drugs, with the situation worse in Metro Manila

because 94 percent of the 1,611 barangays are affected by the drug menace – with almost four

million Filipinos now classified as drug addicts.

On the Duterte administration, his campaign platform centered on the eradication of

crime in the Philippines especially on eliminating illegal drugs in the country. Philippine
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National Police (PNP) has been on the front line in the “war against drugs”. The government

spends billions of pesos each year on drug enforcement efforts, and state and local police

agencies spend a significant percentage of their total budgets on drug enforcement activities,

on the said activities they aim to stop and eliminate all persons related and covered to the use

of illegal drug.

Duterte administration’s focuses on anti-drug operations. To accomplish this, the

Philippine National Police introduced the OPLAN Double Barrel. The PDEA counted 5,332

drug suspects killed since President Rodrigo Duterte assumed office on July 1, 2016, up to

February 28, 2019. In the same period, a total of 176,021 drug suspects were arrested. While

the Philippine National Police data on 2017, conducted 41,930 police operations, 45,618 drug

personalities arrested, 6,397,626 houses visited via Project Tokhang, and 1,027,862

surrenderees in Project Tokhang that constitutes the 75,725 pushers and 952,137 users.

While on the latest data, five years since the drug war began, over 52% of the country's

42,045 barangays have been cleared of illegal drugs while more than 31% have yet to be

cleared based on government data (Caliles, 2021). Based on these numbers, it is evident that

these accomplishments can give a positive impact of the campaign against illegal drugs.

Although the problem still persists and the government is operating on the high value targets

and dismantling of drug laboratories.

Further, according to President Duterte in his lase State of the Nation Address (SONA)

as cited by Cahiles (2021), drug problem in the country was so vast and deeply rooted, even

within the government system. With this statement, it is more challenging to law enforcement

agencies to at least minimize the problem on illegal drugs.

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President Duterte directed government bodies such as the National Bureau of

Investigation (NBI) and the Philippine National Police (PNP), among others, to leave to the

PDEA as sole agency the conduct of all campaigns and operations against all those who,

directly or indirectly, and in whatever manner or capacity, are involved in or connected with

illegal drugs (Gavilan, 2017). The enforcement of drug laws is within the bounce of RA 9165

and PDEA is the primary agency to enforce but memorandum citing the authority of other

agency is important, thus, the NBI and the PNP are also empowered to enforce drug laws.

Galivan (2017) also noted that other law enforcement agencies such as the PNP can

interfere with drug-related incidents, it is important that they cooperate closely with PDEA.

All operating units are required to coordinate with PDEA prior to the conduct of planned anti-

illegal drug operations. A Certificate of Coordination is then issued by PDEA to said

Operating Units for such coordination. Command Memorandum Circular No. 16, released by

the National Police Commission and signed by for PNP Chief dela Rosa, also spelled out that

unit commanders are required to ensure that all anti-illegal drug operations be coordinated

with the PDEA “as far as practicable.” The lack of coordination in the past has got other

government offices in trouble.

In addition, the PNP established Drug Enforcement Group (PNP-DEG) as separate

unit to enforce conduct intensified anti-illegal drug operations, ensure the successful

prosecution of drug cases and enhance public awareness on the harmful effects of dangerous

drugs in partnership with the community.

At the Regional, Provincial and City or Municipal Police station level, there were

designated police officers who implement anti-illegal drug operations provide that the unit
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coordinated with the PDEA prior to the operation. Thus, the Philippine National Police (PNP)

has been on the front line in the war against drugs. The government spends billions of pesos

each year on drug enforcement efforts, and state and local police agencies spend a significant

percentage of their total budgets on drug enforcement activities, on the said activities they aim

to stop and eliminate all persons related and covered to the use of illegal drug.

The Duterte administration is now on its final year, this study would like to assess the

experience of members of drug enforcement team as they carry out the drug enforcement

efforts on Oplan Double Barrel and Oplan Tokhang. The difficulties they experience can be

the basis of developing enhance strategy to sustain the accomplishments of PNP and other law

enforcement agencies in eradiating the illegal drugs. This study also showcases the drug

situation as determined by the responses of the respondents.

The study conducted by Dangani and Tamayo (2017) revealed that the anti-illegal drug

enforcement operative of Cavite Police Provincial Office is capable with regards to

surveillance, apprehension and prosecution. The problems encountered in the Anti-drug

operation in Cavite is lack of vehicle for drug operation and not enough budget and lack of

equipment needed.

In addition, Monge (2020) posits that law enforcement requires the combined efforts

of disparate agencies that must cooperate across organizational and jurisdictional boundaries.

Nowhere is this trend more evident than in efforts to combat illegal drug trafficking. Recent

efforts involve applying new communication and information technologies to assist the

agencies to pool their talents and information in order to attack their common problems more

efficiently and effectively.

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These two researches serve as the gap of the study since these were not able to cover

the difficulties of the operatives in the conduct of anti-drug operations. Dangani and Tamayo

(2017) discuss the capabilities of the operatives with regards to surveillance, arrest and

prosecution of offenders. While, Monge (2020) covers the importance of cooperation among

law enforcement agencies in the conduct of anti-drug operation. The present study explores

the problems encountered in the conduct of intelligence gathering, follow-up investigations

and community cooperation.

This study was conducted in Tanauan City, province of Batangas. According to

Damazo (2014), the city has peculiarities that make it an ideal venue for the drug industry to

thrive, its location is strategic. It is only an hour and a half away from Metro Manila and highly

accessible to several towns in the Southern Tagalog region, Tanauan is an ideal trading center.

When it comes to shabu, the city, which is neither a port of entry nor a manufacturing area,

serves as a trading center for the illegal drug. Police sources say shabu from Metro Manila

and the neighboring province of Cavite are brought here for distribution. Aside from its perfect

location, the city has produced, over the years, notorious gangs that have "modernized" their

businesses to include drugs.

These facts about the city of Tanauan become the basis of these study. The members

of Tanauan City Police Station conducted numerous operations to eradicate illegal drugs in

the city, thus, it is imperative that they encountered some difficulties and shortcomings

particularly on the intelligence gathering, follow-up investigation and community

cooperation.
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Every police operation requires planning and proper documentation. As cited by

Torino and Malinao (2019), the role of anti-drug operation managers is inevitably critical in

the conduct of anti-drug operation programs. The deliberate planning of anti-drug operation

resulted in over a million drug surrenderers and thousands of arrests.

This indicates that the success of operation in drug operation, information and

intelligence is very important in planning as to the involvement of target personalities in illegal

drug trade, their cohorts and the nature of their operations, thus, target group or individual

person be able to caught in the act of commission of crime. Planned police operations include

buy-bust operations which means that police operative will act as poseur-buyer and after the

transaction consummated, the operatives will now arrest the suspect, inventory of evidence

will be conducted at the scene and prepare necessary documentation for immediate filing of

case to the office of prosecutor.

Once the suspect was arrest and prosecuted, during the process, the operatives conduct

custodial investigation and follow-up to further develop additional leads on the sources of

illegal drugs, the protectors or coddlers, members of criminal drug group, modus operandi and

other significant information to eradicate the illegal drug trade. Through this follow-up

investigations, linkages and involvement to other similar crimes will be identified and

appropriate court orders like warrant of arrest and search warrant can be filed in court with

sufficient evidence to believe that those personalities have the probability in the engagement

in illegal drugs. In addition, the intelligence and evidential leads can also be used in filing

search and seizure warrant of illegal drugs, laboratories and other essential chemicals

enumerated in Republic Act 9165.

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Another consideration in the success of anti-drug operation is the participation of the

community particularly the police assets, barangay officials and force multipliers who give

positive information of the drug suspects especially the exact location of suspect. Therefore,

the community members able to monitor the movement of all people in the barangay and once

it was given to authority, they are able to arrect the suspect while committing the offense.

Based on the given types of anti-illegal drug operations there are challenges

encountered by the operatives and therefore it affects the number of successful operations.

Through this study, it will be uncovered and focus on how it will be minimized and avoided

so that suspects be brough behind bars and possibility of attaining verdict beyond reasonable

doubts. This also give an overview to PNP leadership about the experience of personnel on

the ground of drug operations and may be given an attention to resolve their shortcomings. As

future law enforcers, this may broaden our knowledge on anti-drug operations and someday

be able to contribute in the success of police operations.

Significance of the Study

This study aims to determine the challenges of police personnel in the implantation of

anti-illegal drug law, and it is beneficial to the following:

Law Enforcement Agencies. The result of the study showcases the basic type of anti-

drug operations particularly the challenges encountered by operatives in the successful

operations. This is an eye opener to determine the possible solutions of the identified

challenges; and may strengthens partnership among all government agencies and the

community they serve.

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Criminology Students and Practitioners. This study give knowledge on the

experience of operatives on the implementation of illegal drug laws. This can be used as basis

for empowering students and practitioners as future law enforcers to be ambassador to

eradicate illegal drugs in the city of Tanauan.

Pillars of Criminal Justice System. This study gives an overview about the

experience of police officers in the implementation of anti-illegal drug operation and may be

an avenue for strengthens best practices to sustain accomplishments of police operations.

The Community. This study gives an awareness on how illegal drug operations are

conducted and what are the difficulties of police officers in the conduct of operation and how

the community help the authority in the maintenance of peace and order.

To the Future Researchers. The result of the study may provide significant assistance

in literature if they decide to pursue research on similar matter. To make a new ideas, strategies

and conclusions on how to prevent or minimize a crime which involved in illegal drugs.

Theoretical Framework

In conducting this study, various theoretical models have been developed to explain

the existence problem and phenomenon.

The Deterrence Theory as proposed by (Kubrin et al, 2009) which states that

Incompetence refers to preventing a person from committing a crime through incarceration.

To do this, the country must eliminate a criminal through their active offenders, roughly from

15 to 29 years old. Policies developed in the past four decades to address the crime and drug

problem in America have been based on deterrence theory and incapacitation. In the simplest
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terms, deterrence theory is based on the belief that prior to committing a crime, the potential

offender weighs the perceived gains and consequences from committing crimes. Following

this reasoning, the offender is perceived as a rational individual who engages in a cost-benefit

evaluation prior to any act of delinquency, thus crime is seen as a rational choice. Based on

this theoretical framework, the policies passed under the umbrella of the war on drugs offer

some face validity. However, upon close examination, this face validity and simplistic

reasoning fades away.

The Social Disorganization Theory as proposed by Sampson et al. (1997) which

states that expand on community level social disorganization measures, and propose collective

efficacy as a new construct which captures trust among neighbors and the willingness to

intervene for the common good of the neighborhood. They argue, that social ties and networks

may be necessary for social control, but not sufficient if they do not engage in purposive

action. In other words, how the ties are activated and resources are deployed to enhance social

control matter more than the availability of those alone. For example, if a neighborhood is

faced with people selling drugs in the corners, neighborhood social ties and informal social

controls may not be effective in dealing with the issue unless they come together and act to

tackle the issue at hand. However, Sampson et al. (1997) argue that neighborhoods with high

levels of collective efficacy should have low levels of crime, and that collective efficacy

should largely reduce the effects of poverty, residential instability, and other community

characteristics of crime. Sampson and Raudenbush (1999) provide support for this claim in a

study of Chicago neighborhoods. They found that even though structural antecedents of the

theory were responsible for social and physical disorder in neighborhoods, measures of
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collective efficacy greatly reduced this social and physical disorder, pointing to the

meaningful actions of local ties.

The two theory supports the phenomenon that proliferation of illegal drugs is one of

the global problems and the government develop various strategies to crackdown this illegal

activities. The PNP, PDEA and other law enforcement agencies undertake various measures

to eradicate illegal drug trade and put criminals behind bars. The launching of Oplan Double

barrel, the buy-bust operations and service of search warrant to fight the prevailing problems

on illegal drugs.

Conceptual Framework

The study was conceptualized to assess the Impact of Oplan Tokhang to Illegal Drug

Situation in Tanauan City. To show the relationship of the variables, a graphical illustration

was presented as follows:

Tanauan City Police Station

Difficulties in Anti-illegal Drug

Operations

Intelligence Follow-up Community

Gathering Investigation Cooperation

Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

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The upper rectangle represents Tanauan City Police Station and the difficulties in anti-

illegal drug operations which are the independent variable and directly connected to the

dependent variables such as the intelligence gathering, follow-up investigation, and

community cooperation. The respondents assess the level of difficulties of those operatives in

the conduct of illegal drug operation.

The profile of the respondents is represented in the lower part of the illustration which

serves as the intervening variables. This is the source of inferential question to derive the

difference on the perception of the respondents on the given variables.

Statement of the Problem

This study delves on the assessment of the difficulties encountered by police officers

in the implementation of anti-drug law.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is demographic profile of respondents in terms of:

1.1. age;

1.2. rank;

1.3. highest specialized training;

1.4. length of service?

2. What is the perception of the respondents on the identified difficulties in the

implementation of anti-illegal drug law in Tanauan City, with regards to:

2.1. intelligence gathering;

2.2. follow-up investigation; and

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2.3. community cooperation?

3. Is there a significant difference on the responses on the difficulties encountered in the

implementation of anti-illegal drug law when grouped according to profile variables?

Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis proven in the study was:

1. There is no significant difference on the responses on the difficulties encountered in the

implementation of anti-illegal drug law when grouped according to profile variables?

Definition of Terms

The following terms are herein defined operationally and conceptually to facilitate

the readers with a clearer understanding of this study.

Anti-illegal Drug Law. In this study, this is the Republic Act No. 9165 and its

amendments, memorandum circulars, resolutions and executive orders relative to eradication

of illegal drugs.

Community Cooperation. In this study, this is the free flow of information given to

police officers that help them to identify the drug personalities and execution of possible

police operations.

Difficulties. In this study, it refers to the challenges and shortcomings that affects the

successful anti-illegal drug operation and implementation of anti-illegal drug laws.

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Follow-up Investigation. In this study, it refers to the conduct of interview and

interrogation to the suspect arrested for the violation of illegal drug law and identify the

cohorts, the source of illegal drugs, and filing of appropriate charges.

Intelligence Gathering. In this study, if means gathering of pertinent information

about illegal drug activities that can be the basis of successful police operations.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents and discusses the important components of the research

undertaken by the researchers. It includes discussion of the research design, population and

sampling techniques, research instrument, data gathering procedures, statistical tools and

ethical consideration.

Research Design
The study used the descriptive research design, specifically, quantitative research

method. According to McCombes (2019), descriptive research aims to accurately and

systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer what, when,

where, when and how questions, but not why questions. As cited by Hopkins (2008)

quantitative research aims to determine the relationship between an independent variable and

a dependent or outcome variable in a population.

In addition, according to Posinasetti (2014), a descriptive study is one in which

information is collected without changing the environment (i.e., nothing is manipulated). It is

used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe "what

exists" with respect to variables or conditions in a situation. The methods involved range from

the survey which describes the status quo, the correlation study which investigates the

relationship between variables, to developmental studies that seek to determine changes over

time.

And lastly, according to Ritchie et al. (2013) as cited by Rudison (2015) opined that

by using the descriptive method the researcher would be able to observe a large mass of target
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population and make required conclusions about the variables. The researcher by using

descriptive research can effectively design a pre-structured questionnaire. The information

collected from the responses can be statistically presented in this type of research method.

Since the researchers are trying to analyze the people’s opinion, attitude, behavior and

satisfaction level in relation to criminological topics hence the researcher should effectively

use the descriptive method in order to statically analyze the data.

The research made use of this design to identify the level of difficulties of police

officers in the implementation of illegal drug laws. The observation and experience of the

respondents were analyzed to draw a conclusion on the identified problems.

Population and Sampling Techniques

This study was conducted in Tanauan City Police Station. This city was chosen by the

researchers as the venue of the research because of the access of the researchers to the targeted

respondents of the study. The respondents of the study were selected police officers who are

members of City Drug Enforcement Team (CDET) and members of Intelligence Section. The

researchers believe that the respondents are knowledgeable and has broad perceptions to

respond properly to a question that are given to them.

The researchers used quota sampling technique. Under this scheme, the researchers

determine the sampling size which should be filled up. Due to limited number of respondents,

the researchers set the quota of thirty (30) respondents who are knowledgeable in enforcement

of anti-illegal drug laws. The chance that the particular sampling unit was selected as the

sample depends upon the subjective judgment of the researcher.

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Research Instrument

A self-made survey questionnaire was formulated by the researchers based on the

existing literatures and results of previous studies. The research tool was presented in checklist

form which the first part focused on the demographic profile of the respondents that include

age, rank, highest specialized training, and length of service. The second part was presented

also in a checklist form which focused in the perception of the respondents on the identified

difficulties in the implementation of anti-illegal drug law in Tanauan City, with regards to,

intelligence gathering, follow-up investigation, and community cooperation.

Attached in the said questionnaire is a cover letter of request addressed to the

respondents and seeking information their cooperation in this endeavor. On the other hand,

the questionnaire proper is provided with a clear direction to guide the respondents in filling

up the paper.

The questionnaire was validated by Dr. Philip B. Magtaan, a practicing Criminologist

who is knowledgeable to this field of criminology and law enforcement. After the validation

and corrections were incorporated by the researchers, the self-made survey questionnaire was

subjected for reliability test.

The researchers administer the pilot testing for 30 police officers who are not part of

the study and yielded 0.718 overall alpha value. This indicates that all the parameters and

indicators passed the internal consistency since the test scale alpha is greater than 0.70, the

tool used in this study is reliable and valid. Nunally and Bernstein (1994) said that an alpha

greater than or equal to 0.70 would suffice to conclude that the tool is reliable and valid.
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Data Gathering Procedures

The data gathering procedure followed the following procedures. The first step in data

gathering was the formulation and validation of the research instrument.

The most vital and critical component of the study is the conduct of the survey since

it is the primary source of data that will determine the difficulties of police officers in the

enforcement of illegal drug laws. The researchers sought permission to the Chief of Police of

the Tanauan City Police Station for the data gathering. The questionnaires were personally

handed and the contents were carefully explained to the respondents in order for them to

answer it with honesty and integrity. Thereafter, the administration of the questionnaire was

retrieved, and the data were tallied, computed, analyzed, and interpreted. After which, the

researcher obtained related studies and literature to support the results of the study. The

researcher also consulted some personnel that they believe can help to improve this study.

Statistical Tools

1. Frequency Count. The data is presented in frequency form to show the actual distribution

of the respondent’s demographic profile.

2. Percentage. It is used to determine the rate of the demographic profile of the respondents.

3. Ranking. This tool was used to determine the order of the indicators mentioned in the

study for a clearer interpretation of the perception of the respondents.

4. Weighted Mean. This tool was used to consolidate the perceptions of the respondents, to

have an in-depth interpretation of the profile of the respondents.

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In analyzing and interpreting the retrieved responses, the researchers set the assigned

weight for each option and the scale that determines the aggregate responses as follows:

Value Limit Interpretation

5 4.21 – 5.00 Very Easy

4 3.41 – 4.20 Easy

3 2.61 – 3.40 Neutral

2 1.81 – 2.60 Difficult

1 1.00 – 1.80 Very Difficult

5. Kruskal–Wallis test. is a non-parametric method for testing whether samples originate

from the same distribution. It is used for comparing two or more independent samples of

equal or different sample size.

6. Mann-Whitney U test. It is a nonparametric test of the null hypothesis that, for randomly

selected values X and Y from two populations, the probability of X being greater than Y

is equal to the probability of Y being greater than X.

Ethical Consideration

Prior to the conduct of this study, the researchers sought permission to the Chief of

Police for gathering of the pertinent data and the distribution of questionnaire to the targeted

respondents.

The researchers provided explanation of the questionnaire for them to be guided in

answering it. The participation of the respondents on this study is entirely voluntary and the
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data gathered was treated with confidentiality at all times, and shall be used for this research

alone and would not be revealed to any other party who carries out similar research study.

The researchers are the only one who will have the access on the records and

information gathered. If the respondents wish not to participate anymore, they can inform the

researchers without your job being affected.

At the end of this research, the researchers prepared the final report that the

respondents and the Tanauan City Police Station where the participants are affiliated can

access the result of the study and the recommendation on the betterment of services offered

to the public. Also, the researchers give a copy of this study to the Tanauan Institute Library

for ready reference for future researches.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This section shows the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data based on the

problems and hypotheses that were presented in this study.

The presentation of the results was arranged in congruence of the problem and

supported by literatures.

1. Profile of the Respondents.

Table 1 presents the distribution of demographic profile of the respondents.

Table 1
Distribution of Respondents’ Profile
(N=30)
Profile Variables Frequency Percentage (%) Ranking
Age
26 to 30 years old 7 23.33% 2
31 to 35 years old 12 40.00% 1
36 to 40 years old 5 16.67% 3.5
41 to 45 years old 1 3.33% 5
46 to 50 years old 5 16.67% 3,5
Rank
Pat to PCpl 8 26.67% 2
PSSg to PMSg 14 46.67% 1
PSMS to PCMS 5 16.67% 3
PEMS and above 3 10.00% 4
Length of Service
1 to 5 years of service 4 13.33% 3.5
6 to 10 years of service 11 36.67% 1.5
11 to 15 years of service 11 36.67% 1.5
16 to 20 years of service 4 13.33% 3.5
Highest Specialized Training
BISOC 5 16.67% 2
Special Weapon and Tactics 2 6.67% 3
PNP SCOUT 22 73.33% 1
Criminal Investigation Course 1 3.33% 4
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Data showed that out of 30 total respondents, 12 of them or 40.00% at the rank 1

belonged to the age range of 31 to 35 years old followed by the age range of 26 to 30 years

old with a frequency count of seven or 23.33% at rank 2. The least is the age range 41 to 45

years old with a frequency count of one or 3.33% in rank 5.

In terms of rank, PSSg (Police Staff Sergeant) to PMSg (Police Master Sergeant)

ranked 1st with frequency count of 14 or 46.67% followed by Pat (Patrolman/Patrolwoman)

that garnered frequency count of eight or 26.67% in rank 2. The least is the rank PEMS (Police

Executive Master Seargent) and above that got frequency count of three or 10.00% in rank 4.

With regards to length of service, 6 to 10 years and 11 to 15 years acquired the same

frequency count of 11 or 36.67% in rank 1.5, while 1 to 5 years and 16 to 20 years obtained

same frequency count of four or 13.33% in rank 3.5.

And lastly in terms of specialized training, personnel with PNP SCOUT garnered the

highest frequency count of 22 or 73.33% in rank 1 followed by personnel with BISOC (Basic

Internal Security Operation Course) that acquired frequency count of five or 16.67% in rank

2. The least is personnel with CIC (Criminal Investigation Course) that gained frequency

count of one or 3.33% in rank 4.

2. Perception of the respondents on the identified difficulties in the implementation of

anti-illegal drug law in Tanauan City

Table 2 – 4 show the perception of the respondents on the identified difficulties in the

implementation of anti-illegal drug law in Tanauan City.

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Table 2
Perception of the respondents on the Intelligence Gathering in the implementation of
anti-illegal drug law in Tanauan City
Weighted Verbal
Indicators Rank
Mean Interpretation
a. Develop information and intelligence reports
4.89 Very Easy 2
that leads to the positive operations.
b. Use of technology and advance techniques in
4.93 Very Easy 1
the conduct of intelligence operations.
c. Able to penetrate criminal gangs and drug
4.29 Very Easy 6
groups through action agents.
d. Identify the members, leaders and protectors of
4.60 Very Easy 5
drug group through reliable information.
e. Develop COPLAN and Intel Reports as basis
for anti-drug operation involving high value 4.61 Very Easy 4
targets.
f. Maintain intelligence network and
coordination with other law enforcement 4.71 Very Easy 3
agencies.
Composite Mean 4.67 Very Easy
Legend: 1.00-1.80 = Very Difficult; 1.81-2.60 = Difficult; 2.61-3.40 = Neutral; 3.41-4.20 = Easy; 4.21-5.00 =
Very Easy
As seen on the table indicator “Use of technology and advance techniques in the

conduct of intelligence operations” obtained the highest weighted mean of 4.93, interpreted

as “very easy”. This denotes that technology like the CCTV and other recording devices are

significance in intelligence gathering and helps the operative in developing leads on the

activities of drug personalities. Likewise, internet and use of different website are the main

source of information. According to Kosal (2018), technology has become a cornerstone for

gathering effective intelligence to combat threats to national security. Rapid technological

development in the twentieth century enabled the intelligence community to gather, analyze,

and disseminate information at a pace and magnitude that was never before possible.

Rank 2 is the indicator “Develop information and intelligence reports that leads to the

positive operations” that gained weighted mean of 4.89 and interpreted as “very easy”. This
 24

implies that information in order to become intelligence, reports must be prepared. The

UNODC (2011) stated that a good knowledge of operational intelligence is a highly

recommended prerequisite to developing strategic intelligence capability. The development

of operational intelligence in itself will provide an important source of intelligence to consider

from a strategic perspective.

The least among the indicators is “Able to penetrate criminal gangs and drug groups

through action agents.” that acquired weighted mean of 4.29 and interpreted as “very easy”.

Since criminal gangs are organized and has an access to some government entities, they are

able to crack information regarding the operation to be conducted by government forces.

The composite mean is 4.60 and described as “very easy”. This implies that challenges

on intelligence gathering relative to enforcement of illegal drug is very easy.

Table 3
Perception of the respondents on the Follow-up Investigation in the implementation of
anti-illegal drug law in Tanauan City
Weighted Verbal
Indicators Rank
Mean Interpretation
a. Identify the cohorts of those arrested person. 4.97 Very Easy 1
b. File appropriate charges to those protectors of
4.90 Very Easy 2
those arrested.
c. Obtain reliable information about the source of
4.87 Very Easy 4
illegal drugs.
d. Able to recover fruit of the crime in favor of
4.87 Very Easy 4
the government.
e. Identify new drug personalities engage in
4.87 Very Easy 4
illegal drugs.
Composite Mean 4.90 Very Easy
Legend: 1.00-1.80 = Very Difficult; 1.81-2.60 = Difficult; 2.61-3.40 = Neutral; 3.41-4.20 = Easy; 4.21-5.00 =
Very Easy
 25

As reflected on the table, indicators “Identify the cohorts of those arrested person.”

and “File appropriate charges to those protectors of those arrested.” garnered the highest

weighted means of 4.97 and 4.90, both interpreted as “very easy” in rank 1 and 2, respectively.

Illegal drugs have been a problem for long time and many are engaged in this type of vice.

Once a suspect was arrested, there will be cohorts and source of illegal drugs.

The least among the indicators are “Obtain reliable information about the source of

illegal drugs.”, “Able to recover fruit of the crime favor of the government.”, and “Identify

new drug personalities engage in illegal drugs.” which got same weighted mean of 4.87 and

interpreted as “very easy”. The bottom line of these findings, positive information leads to

successful operation and those evidence and fruit of the crime were confiscated and present

before the court.

The composite mean is 4.90 and described as “very easy”. This implies that challenges

on follow-up investigation relative to enforcement of illegal drug is very easy. According to

Gigantino (2018), posited that during a follow-up investigation, investigators may wish to

conduct additional searches and canvassing of the crime scene in search of any missed

evidence. Also, the investigator runs background checks on suspects, victims and witnesses,

interrogates suspects, and conducts additional information-gathering interviews with

witnesses and victims. And finally, an investigator may need to conduct extensive interviews

with the first responders and other officers on the scene.

Table 4 shows that a “Civic organization helps in the reformation of drug surrenders.”

and “Barangay officials were acted as witness during the operation.” garnered the highest
 26

weighted means of 4.93 and 4.90, both interpreted as “Very Easy” in rank 1 and 2,

respectively.

Table 4
Perception of the respondents on the Community Cooperation in the implementation
of anti-illegal drug law in Tanauan City
Weighted Verbal
Indicators Rank
Mean Interpretation
a. Barangay officials were acted as witness 4.90 Very Easy 2
during the operation.
b. Media personalities are present during the 4.83 Very Easy 4
inventory of evidence recovered.
c. Concerned citizen report incident related to 4.87 Very Easy 3
illegal drug trade.
d. Civic organization helps in the reformation of 4.93 Very Easy 1
drug surrenderers.
e. Barangay officials provide information to the 4.80 Very Easy 5
authorities for the arrest of drug personalities.
Composite Mean 4.87 Very Easy
Legend: 1.00-1.80 = Very Difficult; 1.81-2.60 = Difficult; 2.61-3.40 = Neutral; 3.41-4.20 = Easy; 4.21-5.00 =
Very Easy

It is followed by Indicator “Concerned citizen report incident related to illegal drug

trade.” that got of 4.87 weighted mean and interpreted as “Very Easy” in rank 3 and in rank

4, “Media personalities are present during the inventory of evidenced recovered.” indicator

which got 4.83 weighted mean and interpreted as “Very Easy”. The community members and

the police should help each other to prevent crime and eradicate illegal activities in the

community. Also, media is one of the best avenues to publicize illegal activities. It can catch

attention to police officers on the possible validation of such information. Community, or

locally-based crime prevention, instead of targeting individuals, targets areas where the risks

of becoming involved in crime or being victimized are high. Such programmers work to
 27

increase the sense of safety and security of the resident, to respond to community concerns

and crime problems affecting the population and to increase the services and social capital or

social cohesion in the community (UNODC, 2011).

The least among the indicators is “Barangay officials provide information to the

authorities for the arrest of drug personalities.” that got weighted mean of 4.80 and interpreted

as “Very Easy”. The barangay officials able to identify the residents of barangay and they are

the main source of information about the personalities of a certain person who is residing the

barangay.

The composite mean is 4.87 and described as “very easy”. This implies that challenges on

community cooperation relative to enforcement of illegal drug is very easy. It implies that the

PNP and the community has close coordination with the barangay officials and community

members.

3. Difference on the responses on the difficulties encountered in the implementation of

anti-illegal drug law when grouped according to profile variables

Table shows the difference of the responses on the difficulties encountered in the

implementation of anti-illegal drug law, when grouped according to their profile variables. It

can be seen that there was a significant difference on the responses in the intelligence

gathering when grouped according to age. Based on the Kruskal-Wallis Test, it was found out

that those under 31 to 35 years old have greater assessment on such variable.
 28

Table 5
Difference of Responses on the Difficulties Encountered in the Implementation of Anti-
Illegal Drug Law when Grouped according to Profile Variables
Verbal
Profile Variables λ2 c / U p-value
Interpretation
Intelligence Gathering
Age 4.44 0.012 Significant
Rank 0.51 0.730 Not Significant
Highest Specialized Training 1.30 0.291 Not Significant
Length of Service 0.04 0.989 Not Significant
Follow-up Investigation
Age 8.11 <0.001 Highly Significant
Rank 1.51 0.23 Not Significant
Highest Specialized Training 5.88 0.008 Significant
Length of Service 1.77 0.178 Not Significant
Community Cooperation
Age 6.95 <0.001 Highly Significant
Rank 1.27 0.307 Not Significant
Highest Specialized Training 5.32 0.012 Significant
Length of Service 4.51 0.011 Significant
Significant at p-value <0.05

Further, age and highest specialized training were highly significant and significant on

the follow up investigation, respectively. It was found that 31 to 35 years old and those having

Basic Internal Security Operation Course yielded higher responses for such variable.

In addition, age, highest specialized training, and length of service also remained to be

significant under the community cooperation. It was concluded that those aged 31 to 35 years

old, having Basic Internal Security Operation Course, and. working for 1 to 5 years had higher

assessment for such variable, showing less than 0.05 p-values.

 29

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter of the study presents the conclusions and recommendations of the

researchers in accordance to the findings of the study. With the aid of survey results, the

researcher’s observation, and insight from people, the researcher arrived with the following

conclusions.

Conclusions

Based on the results of the study from the data gathered, the following conclusions

were drawn:

1. Majority of the respondents were in the early adulthood stage, junior Police Non-

commissioned Officers, have an average experience and trained in counter-insurgency

operations.

2. The respondents perceived that the difficulties on intelligence gathering, follow-up

investigation and community cooperation are easy and manageable.

3. There is no significant difference on the perception of the respondents on the difficulties

on the implementation of anti-illegal drugs when grouped according to rank; and

significant difference exists on the perception of the respondents on the difficulties on the

implementation of anti-illegal drugs when grouped according to age, specialized training

and length of service.

Recommendations

Based on the conclusions drawn, the following recommendations were given:

 30

1. Junior police officers must encourage to undergo specialized training on investigation and

intelligence or send them to seminars and workshops relative to information gathering

utilizing social media platforms.

2. The PNP shall continue to develop close coordination and harmonious relationship with

the community, barangay officials, non-governmental organization and civic groups in

sharing of information and best practices on public safety.

3. Ranking police officers and seasoned operatives shall guide the new police officers

assigned in illegal drug operations specially the modus operandi of criminal gangs and

drug groups so that they will be able to prosecute target drug personalities.

4. Sustain the accomplishments on illegal drugs and continue to conduct the program of

police-community relations to strengthen partnership with the community they serve.

 31

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cahiles, G. (2021). SONA 2021: A look at President Duterte's war on drugs five years on.
Retrieved from https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/7/19/Duterte-drug-war-
five-years.html

Dagani, K. and Tamayo, R. (2017). Capabilities of Anti-Illegal Drug Enforcement

Operatives in Cavite, Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and
Sciences Vol. 4 No. 1, 91-97

Damazo, J. (2014). Drug dealers’ haven. Retrieved from

https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.filipino/c/fLgLFAaRXkw?pli=1

Gavilan, J. (2017). Get to know PDEA, the ‘sole agency’ now in charge of Duterte’s war on
drugs. Retrieved from https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/185071-fast-facts-
philippine-drug-enforcement-agency-pdea/

Gigantino (2018). The Differences Between Preliminary Investigation and Follow-Up

Investigations in Criminal Cases. Retrieved from https://legalbeagle.com/13373075-
the-differences-between-preliminary-investigation-and-follow-up-investigations-in-
criminal-cases.html

Hopkins, W. G. (2008). Quantitative Research Design. Retrieved from

http://sportsci.org/jour/0001/wghdesign.html

Kosal, M. (2018). Technology and the Intelligence Community. Retrieved from

https://www.springerprofessional.de/technology-and-the-intelligence-
community/15546530#:~:text=Technology%20has%20become%20a%20cornerstone
,that%20was%20never%20before%20possible.

Lopez, E. (2018). New Tanauan City mayor to continue Halili’s campaign against illegal
drugs. Retrieved from https://www.rappler.com/nation/206389-new-tanauan-mayor-
will-continue-antonio-halili-campaign-against-drugs/

McCombes, S. (2019). Descriptive Research. Retrieved from

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/

Monge, P. et al (2020). Cooperative Interagency Approaches to the Illegal Drug Problem.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/146135570000200304

Rudison, C. J. (2015). Research Design. Retrieved from

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/research-design-clair-rudison-dba-candidate-
 32

Torino, D., & Malinao, L. N. (2019). Lived Experiences of Anti-Drug Operation Managers
in the Implementation of Philippine Nationwide Anti-Drug Campaign Tokhang:
Focus on a Rural Setting. Journal of Educational and Human Resource Development
(JEHRD), 7, 122-137. Retrieved from
https://ijterm.org/index.php/jehrd/article/view/294

UNODC (2011). Criminal Intelligence: Manual for Analysts. Retrieved from

https://www.unodc.org/documents/organized-crime/Law-
Enforcement/Criminal_Intelligence_for_Analysts.pdf

World Drug Report 2021 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.21.XI.8)
 TANAUAN INSTITUTE, INC.
J. Gonzales, St., Brgy 4, Tanauan City
Batangas, Philippines 4232
Tel. Nos.: (043) 778-1742 / (043) 784-1611

COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
First Semester, AY 2021-2022

December 19, 2021

PLTCOL ARIEL B. AZURIN

Acting Chief of Police
Tanauan City Police Station
Mayapis St. Poblacion 3, Tanauan City, Batangas

Dear Sir:

Greetings!

We, the fourth-year criminology students of Tanauan Institute who are currently
conducting a research entitled “Difficulties Encountered by Police Officers in
the Implementation of Anti-Illegal Drug Law in Tanauan City: An
Assessment”. This is in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology.

In line with this, the researchers would like to seek approval to conduct the study
and gather pertinent data. At the same time, may we request to distribute
questionnaires to selected personnel of your office as they were the
respondents of the study who are knowledgeable to the subject matter. Rest
assured that the confidentiality of data found and the identity of the people under
study shall be safely guarded.

We are looking for the positive response on this matter. Thank you very much.

Respectfully yours,

Dipad, Mark Joseph Mulinyawe, Dennis

Nora, Kim Paulo Olar Shairme
Ramos, Reymart Salvador, Mark Harley
Valenzuela, Dan Jay-Ar

Noted by:

Dr. Philip B. Magtaan, RCrim

Research Adviser
 SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
===========================================================
DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED BY POLICE OFFICERS IN THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF ANTI-ILLEGAL DRUG LAW IN TANAUAN CITY:
AN ASSESSMENT
===========================================================

Dear Respondent,

We, the undersigned, are currently conducting a research entitled “Difficulties

Encountered by Police Officers in the Implementation of Anti-Illegal Drug Law in Tanauan
City: An Assessment”. Hence, to acquire the necessary data, we are seeking for your assistance
by supplying the necessary information below.
Rest assured that your responses will be treated with utmost confidentiality and shall be
used for research purposes only.
Thank you so much.

The Researchers
===========================================================

I. Demographic Profile
Directions: Consider each of the following information about your current situation.
Kindly put a checkmark (/) on the space provided to your answer or supply the information which
best describes you.

Name:
(Optional)

a. Age: b. Rank:

c. Highest Specialized Training:

d. Length of Service:

II. Difficulties Encountered in the Implementation of Anti-Illegal Drug Law

Directions: This questionnaire aims to determine the difficulties in the implementation of
anti-illegal drug law to attains its general objectives. Please put a check (/) on the corresponding
column according to your honest feeling and observation guided by the following scale:

1 – Very difficult (VD)

2 – Difficult (D)
3 – Neutral (N)
4 – Easy (E)
5 – Very easy (VE)
 A. Intelligence Gathering
Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
a. Develop information and intelligence reports that leads to the
positive operations.
b. Use of technology and advance techniques in the conduct of
intelligence operations.
c. Able to penetrate criminal gangs and drug groups through
action agents.
d. Identify the members, leaders and protectors of drug group
through reliable information.
e. Develop COPLAN and Intel Reports as basis for anti-drug
operation involving high value targets.
f. Maintain intelligence network and coordination with other
law enforcement agencies.

B. Follow-up Investigation
Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
a. Identify the cohorts of those arrested person.
b. File appropriate charges to those protectors of those arrested.
c. Obtain reliable information about the source of illegal drugs.
d. Able to recover fruit of the crime in favor of the government.
e. Identify new drug personalities engage in illegal drugs.

C. Community Cooperation
Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
a. Barangay officials were acted as witness during the operation.
b. Media personalities are present during the inventory of
evidence recovered.
c. Concerned citizen report incident related to illegal drug trade.
d. Civic organization helps in the reformation of drug
surrenderees.
e. Barangay officials provide information to the authorities for
the arrest of drug personalities.

===========================================================

Thank you for taking time to fill out this questionnaire.

 RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=IG1 IG2 IG3 IG4 IG5 IG6
/SCALE('ALL VARIABLES') ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE COV
/SUMMARY=TOTAL MEANS COV.

Reliability

Notes
Output Created 15-FEB-2022 05:59:37
Comments
Input Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data 30
File
Matrix Input
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing
values are treated as
missing.
Cases Used Statistics are based on all
cases with valid data for
all variables in the
procedure.
Syntax RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=IG1 IG2
IG3 IG4 IG5 IG6
/SCALE('ALL
VARIABLES') ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA

/STATISTICS=DESCRIPT
IVE COV
/SUMMARY=TOTAL
MEANS COV.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.00
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.01

Scale: ALL VARIABLES

Page 1
 Case Processing Summary
N %
Cases Valid 30 100.0
a
Excluded 0 .0
Total 30 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Cronbach's Standardized
Alpha Items N of Items
.718 .693 6

Item Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
IG1 4.00 .695 30
IG2 4.23 .626 30
IG3 3.93 .828 30
IG4 3.60 1.102 30
IG5 4.10 .885 30
IG6 3.83 .791 30

Inter-Item Covariance Matrix

IG1 IG2 IG3 IG4 IG5 IG6
IG1 .483 .034 .069 .172 .103 .103
IG2 .034 .392 -.018 .097 .045 .006
IG3 .069 -.018 .685 .386 .386 .368
IG4 .172 .097 .386 1.214 .628 .310
IG5 .103 .045 .386 .628 .783 .431
IG6 .103 .006 .368 .310 .431 .626

Summary Item Statistics

Maximum /
Mean Minimum Maximum Range Minimum Variance
Item Means 3.950 3.600 4.233 .633 1.176 .048 6
Inter-Item Covariances .208 -.018 .628 .646 -34.125 .036 6

Page 2
 Summary Item Statistics

N of Items
Item Means 6
Inter-Item Covariances 6

Item-Total Statistics
Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's
Scale Mean if Scale Variance Total Multiple Alpha if Item
Item Deleted if Item Deleted Correlation Correlation Deleted
IG1 19.70 8.976 .232 .069 .735
IG2 19.47 9.706 .084 .034 .762
IG3 19.77 7.357 .530 .392 .656
IG4 20.10 6.024 .589 .456 .634
IG5 19.60 6.455 .709 .595 .592
IG6 19.87 7.361 .567 .473 .646

RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=FI1 FI2 FI3 FI4 FI5
/SCALE('ALL VARIABLES') ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE COV
/SUMMARY=TOTAL MEANS COV.

Reliability

Page 3
 Notes
Output Created 15-FEB-2022 06:00:02
Comments
Input Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data 30
File
Matrix Input
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing
values are treated as
missing.
Cases Used Statistics are based on all
cases with valid data for
all variables in the
procedure.
Syntax RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=FI1 FI2 FI3
FI4 FI5
/SCALE('ALL
VARIABLES') ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA

/STATISTICS=DESCRIPT
IVE COV
/SUMMARY=TOTAL
MEANS COV.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.02
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.02

Scale: ALL VARIABLES

Case Processing Summary

N %
Cases Valid 30 100.0
a
Excluded 0 .0
Total 30 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Page 4
 Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Cronbach's Standardized
Alpha Items N of Items
.828 .835 5

Item Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
FI1 3.97 .718 30
FI2 4.07 .640 30
FI3 3.23 1.431 30
FI4 3.87 .973 30
FI5 3.37 1.450 30

Inter-Item Covariance Matrix

FI1 FI2 FI3 FI4 FI5
FI1 .516 .071 .456 .409 .185
FI2 .071 .409 .467 .285 .526
FI3 .456 .467 2.047 .998 1.601
FI4 .409 .285 .998 .947 .913
FI5 .185 .526 1.601 .913 2.102

Summary Item Statistics

Maximum /
Mean Minimum Maximum Range Minimum Variance
Item Means 3.700 3.233 4.067 .833 1.258 .141 5
Inter-Item Covariances .591 .071 1.601 1.530 22.468 .199 5

Summary Item Statistics

N of Items
Item Means 5
Inter-Item Covariances 5

Page 5
 Item-Total Statistics
Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's
Scale Mean if Scale Variance Total Multiple Alpha if Item
Item Deleted if Item Deleted Correlation Correlation Deleted
FI1 14.53 15.085 .402 .467 .847
FI2 14.43 14.737 .550 .343 .826
FI3 15.27 8.754 .832 .709 .728
FI4 14.63 11.689 .783 .666 .754
FI5 15.13 9.292 .730 .704 .771

RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=CC1 CC2 CC3 CC4 CC5
/SCALE('ALL VARIABLES') ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE COV
/SUMMARY=TOTAL MEANS COV.

Reliability

Notes
Output Created 15-FEB-2022 06:00:45
Comments
Input Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data 30
File
Matrix Input
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing
values are treated as
missing.
Cases Used Statistics are based on all
cases with valid data for
all variables in the
procedure.

Page 6
 Notes
Syntax RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=CC1 CC2
CC3 CC4 CC5
/SCALE('ALL
VARIABLES') ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA

/STATISTICS=DESCRIPT
IVE COV
/SUMMARY=TOTAL
MEANS COV.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.00
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.01

Scale: ALL VARIABLES

Case Processing Summary

N %
Cases Valid 30 100.0
a
Excluded 0 .0
Total 30 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Cronbach's Standardized
Alpha Items N of Items
.830 .834 5

Item Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
CC1 3.57 1.251 30
CC2 2.80 1.472 30
CC3 3.10 1.213 30
CC4 3.93 .740 30
CC5 3.33 .844 30

Page 7
 Inter-Item Covariance Matrix
CC1 CC2 CC3 CC4 CC5
CC1 1.564 1.290 1.045 .280 .460
CC2 1.290 2.166 1.262 .400 .483
CC3 1.045 1.262 1.472 .317 .483
CC4 .280 .400 .317 .547 .368
CC5 .460 .483 .483 .368 .713

Summary Item Statistics

Maximum /
Mean Minimum Maximum Range Minimum Variance
Item Means 3.347 2.800 3.933 1.133 1.405 .188 5
Inter-Item Covariances .639 .280 1.290 1.009 4.598 .149 5

Summary Item Statistics

N of Items
Item Means 5
Inter-Item Covariances 5

Item-Total Statistics
Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's
Scale Mean if Scale Variance Total Multiple Alpha if Item
Item Deleted if Item Deleted Correlation Correlation Deleted
CC1 13.17 11.523 .724 .578 .767
CC2 13.93 10.202 .731 .599 .772
CC3 13.63 11.551 .753 .596 .757
CC4 12.80 15.959 .462 .373 .839
CC5 13.40 14.938 .550 .442 .820

Page 8