01 Machining Parameters Optimization of AA6061 Using
01 Machining Parameters Optimization of AA6061 Using
01 Machining Parameters Optimization of AA6061 Using
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Rashmi LMalghan1, Karthik Rao M C2,#, ArunKumar S3, Shrikantha S Rao1, and Mervin A Herbert1
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NITK, Surathkal 575025, India
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Debre Markos University, Post box-269, Ethiopia
3 Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, India
# Corresponding Author / E-mail: [email protected], TEL: +91-9986087148,+251970771639
ORCID: 0000-0002-3082-9309
KEYWORDS: Face milling, Regression, Particle swarm optimization, Desirability, Response surface methodology, Design of experiment
The influence of cutting parameters on the responses in face milling has been examined. Spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut
have been considered as the influential factors. In accordance with the design of experiments (DOE) a series of experiments have
been carried out. The paper exemplifies on the optimizing the process parameters in milling through the application of Response
surface methodology (RSM), RSM-based Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique and Desirability approach. These aforesaid
techniques have been applied to experimentally establish data of AA6061 aluminium material to study the effect of process parameters
on the responses such as cutting force, surface roughness and power consumption. By adopting the multiple regression techniques,
the interaction between the process parameters are acquired. The optimal parameters have been found by adopting the multi-response
optimization techniques, i.e. desirability approach and PSO. The performance capability of PSO and desirability approach is
investigated and found that the values obtained from PSO are comparable with the values of desirability approach.
Manuscript received: March 15, 2017 / Revised: December 15, 2017 / Accepted: February 4, 2018
based algorithm to optimize surface roughness for milling aluminium The results indicated that the proposed model could efficiently describe
alloy Al2016-T6. Bhopalen3 applied the RSM to study the effect of the performance indicators within the boundary of the factors that are
cutting parameters and inclination angle on the surface roughness for being considered in the study. Gupta10 anticipated a Hybrid Genetic
milling Inconel 718. A considerable number of studies have researched Algorithm (HGA) to optimize the non-productive tool path in which
the effects of the spindle speed (A), feed rate (B) and depth of cut (C) the initial seed solution is generated by heuristic and collectively with
on responses, i.e. cutting force (FX), surface roughness (SR) and power an initial solution created by a simple genetic algorithm (SGA). The
consumption. In recent research Tandon4,5 and Conceicao6 the models results were analyzed by using Relative percentage deviation (RPD)
have been developed and identified the outcome of some factors on the and it was derived that the HGA is more superior compared to SGA for
SR and FX. A central task in science and engineering practice is to a same computation time limit (stopping norm). Basker11 incorporated
develop models that give an adequate description of the physical Tabu search, GA, Ant Colony Algorithm and Particle swarm optimization
systems being observed. The main goal of this study is to attain a algorithm for optimizing machining parameters in the milling operation.
mathematical model that relates the responses to the three cutting Mainly the work was concentrated on the development and utilization
parameters in face milling, precisely to the spindle speed, feed rate and of the mentioned optimization techniques and the optimization system
depth of cut. In this work two different approaches have been adopted which helps in identifying the optimum machining parameters for milling
to attain the mathematical models. The first approach is DOE together operation. Wang12 integrated Genetic simulated annealing (GSA) for
with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis. The second identifying the optimal machining parameter in case of multi-pass
method is by means of the PSO technique. Generally, the machining milling. The comparative study was made and the results signified that
parameters are chosen based on the machine data hand book, trial and the GSA was effective over GA. Reddy13 implemented the mathematical
error method or by literature. But adopting such trials is not a precise model, based on the concept of Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
way for selecting the appropriate machining parameter as it leads to to establish the cutting conditions and effect of tool geometry related to
wastage of time and cost. Hence, to overcome the intricacy, it is machining performance and even optimize the surface roughness
necessary to develop a technique to predict the appropriate machining response GA technique was utilized and the respective optimal condition
parameters. In the present study desirability and PSO techniques are was determined. Savas14 used GA for optimization of surface roughness
incorporated to identify the optimal process parameters. and concluded that surface roughness increases with the increase of the
machining parameters feed rate and depth of cut. Abburi15 used RGA
(real-parameters Genetic Algorithm) in turning operation for optimal
2. Literature Survey process parameters, thus the concept leading in minimal product time,
which in turn acts as the base for the SQP (Sequential Quadratic
Though a lot of research in milling operation has been attempted by Programming) code and results in an increase in the performance. The
a few researchers and papers relevant to optimization and the issues overall indication and suggestion were towards the usage of the
related to milling operation have been discussed. Tandon4 implemented numerical approach for attaining the optimum solution in case of
particle swarm optimization for optimizing multiple machining unequal depth of cut involvement. Mukherjee16 addressed the proposed
parameters and results indicated in a reduction in machining time by 35%. a generic framework in metal cutting processes in order to opt and attain
Tandon5 incorporated the ANN approach to develop a comprehensive an efficient approach and showed a path to identify the optimal cutting
model for critical machining parameters. The developed model was conditions or near optimal cutting conditions in various categories of
tested and validated for specific pocket milling scenario originated in metal cutting process. Onwubolu17 proposed an optimization concept
the industry. From the testing and validation, it was concluded that there based on Tribes for determination of the machining parameters in multi-
was an excellent agreement between the experimental and simulated pass plain milling and face milling operations. The machining parameters
forces. Jinhua7 developed integrated multi objective optimization are decided based on the strategy of maximizing and minimize the
technique and applied to Inconel 718 in the milling process for to attain production rate and derived that developed Tribes based approach is
minimum surface roughness and maximum compressive residual stress. efficient. Developed a model for predicting the surface roughness in
Conceicao6 developed model for the multi-pass cutting parameter in face face milling for aluminium material by adopting the PSO technique.
milling by incorporating the genetic search. Furthermore, the novel The conclusion was made that PSO is in good agreement with current
approach based on substituting the depth of cut with a sequence of surface roughness values. Ship-peng19 developed an adaptive fuzzy
depths of cut was developed. The performance of the developed model interface system (AFIS) to predict the surface roughness in the milling
was compared with rest of multi-pass models. Saffari8 used a Genetic process and proved that greater prediction (nearly of 96%) accuracy
Algorithm (GA) to obtain a minimal tool deflection in the milling was achieved. Julie20 implemented Taguchi approach to optimize the
process. In the study, the tool deflection was considered as the objective surface roughness in the milling operation. The authors analyzed the
while tool-life and surface roughness were the constraints. A comparative experiments using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and concluded that the
study was made to validate the performance of the optimization, the Taguchi approach was successful in optimizing the surface roughness.
attained results illustrate that optimized parameters are proficient of Xain21 considered and specified the significance of Artificial Neural
machining the workpiece more precisely with better surface finish. Network (ANN) for predicting the surface roughness in milling operation
Patwari9 illustrated mathematically the effect of machining parameters and concluded a better surface finish is achieved at a high rake angle,
on response surface roughness in the milling of Medium Carbon Steel low feed rate and high speed. Astilturk22 developed full factorial design
using the TiN tool in dry condition and included a genetic algorithm. of experimented (FFD). The FFD was adapted to reliability during
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 19, No. 5 MAY 2018 / 697
turning operation and authors concluded that the ANN model yielded
better results as compared to the statistical model and even the results
indicated that by varying the number of layers and nodes in the hidden
layer the prediction accuracy of respective response can be increased.
Benardos23 developed an ANN model for predicting the surface
roughness in the milling process and indicated that the ANN model was
able to predict the surface roughness with a mean error of 1.86%.
A sufficient amount of research articles is available on identifying
the optimal machining parameters by incorporating the soft computing Fig. 1 AA6061 material with the tool
techniques precisely fuzzy logic, GA, and ANN. A sufficient amount
of research articles is available for identifying the optimal machining
parameters by incorporating the soft computing techniques precisely
Fuzzy logic, GA, and ANN. Therefore, this work explores the feasibility
for multiobjective optimization with the RSM-PSO method. And it is
employed to optimize cutting force, surface roughness and power
consumption for milling AA6061. The paper gives the information
regarding conducting the experiments, performing RSM technique to
attain the response equations. Further, these response equations are
used as fitness function in PSO. The experimental results are compared
with RSM predicted results and later on the desirability and PSO
results are compared.
Fig. 2 Data acquisition
techniques were employed to determine the optimal parameters. The to renovate the overall best solution. The supplementing equations are
validation step is carried out by conducting the experiments in order to adopted to change the individual particle’s position to reach an overall
verify the established model. best possible solution in the search space.
n+1 n o o
4.1 Methodology on desirability and PSO km = w ⋅ km + c1 ⋅ Q1 ⋅ ( pbestm – Rm ) + c2 ⋅ Q2 ⋅ ( gbest – Rm ) (1)
The desirability Function approach is a multiple-response optimization
n
method. This approach was first introduced in 1980 by Suich and Where: km = ‘mth’ particle momentum at ‘nth’ iteration, w = inertia
Deringer. The method finds operating conditions “targeted” that the weight, c1, c2 = learning rates, Q1, Q2 = random numbers between 0-
most desirable response value. The general approach first converts each 1, pbestm = pbest position of mth particle, gbest = gbest position of
o o o o
response x1 into an individual desirability function di that varies over swarm, Rm = [ Rm1 , Rm2 , …, RmN ], ‘mth’ particle current position at
the range 0 < di < 1.The desirability functions are categorized into three ‘oth’ iteration in N-dimensional search space.
sectors based on the response characteristics. Once the momentum is calculated, the next position of ‘mth’ particle
1. If the target for the response is a maximum value / “Higher is is calculated using the following Eq. (2).
Better”.
o+1 o n+1
R m = R m + km (2)
⎧ 0 ri ≤ ri*
⎪
⎪ ri – ri*
- a
⎨ ---------------- ri* < ri < ri ′ Inertia weight can be selected any random value or it can be
⎪ ri ′ – ri* determined by opting the following Eq. (3).
⎪ 1 ri ≥ ri ′
⎩
[( wmax – wmin ) × iterationcurrent ]
Where: ri* is the minimum adequate value of ri, ri' is the maximum W = wmax – -----------------------------------------------------------------------
- (3)
iterationtotal
adequate value of ri and a describes
2. If the target for the response is a minimum value / “Smaller is Where: wmax = upper limit inertia weight, wmin = lower limit inertia
better” weight, iterationcurrent = current iteration, iterationtotal = total number of
iteration.
⎧ 1 ri ≤ ri″
⎪
⎪ ri* – ri
------------------ b
⎨ ri* ri″ < ri < ri*
⎪ – ri″
⎪ 5. Results and Discussion
⎩ 0 ri ≥ ri*
Where: ri" is the minimum value of ri, ri* is the maximum adequate Response surface methodology (RSM) is a collection of the
value of ri mathematical and statistical technique used for analyzing problems in
which several independent variables influence a dependent variable or
4.2 Concept of PSO response and the goal is to optimize the response. Second-order
PSO was developed by Eberhart and Kennedy in the year 1995. polynomial equation with interaction terms was fitted to the experimental
This approach is an evolutionary computational method that has been results to develop a mathematical model, which will help to predict the
based on the swarm intelligence of a flock of birds. One difference from extraction efficiency of different sets of combinations of four process
other evolutionary algorithm is that the particle does not use selection variables on the responses. Three empirical models were developed from
criterion in the iterative procedure. Therefore, population members will this study to predict the cutting force, surface roughness and power
survive from the beginning to the end in the optimization process. This consumption. The attained regression equations are depicted in Table 3.
algorithm has been widely successfully applied to solve many engineering The considered experiments with their respective input parameters and
problems,24-27 by imitating the seeking behavior of a swarm of birds, outcome of the responses are shown in Table 4. The experimental V/
the individual particles in an algorithm look for the overall best result S predicted values for all the considered experiments are represented in
of the fitness function. The particles get updated with their momentum Table 4.
and act as per the situation and particles usually update their momentum Generally, ANOVA comprises the sum of square, the degree of
based on the gained previous experience and global effort put up by freedom (DF), mean square, F-value, and P-value.38 The inclusion of
other particles in the search space. There are three constraints, social, ANOVA is essential to find out the influential parameters on the
cognitive and inertia that are responsible for the updating of the responses.39,40 The performance of the model was validated with
momentum of the particles.34-37 The social constraint is accountable to ANOVA. From the Tables 5-7, it can be observed that spindle speed
move faster the particle to the best position followed by another swarm has a major contribution to all the responses followed by the feed rate
so far, known as the gbest position. The cognitive factor rushes the and depth of cut. As depicted in Table 5 spindle speed has 91.183%
particle towards its individual best location proficient till then, known contribution on the response FX, 6.299% of the feed rate and followed
as the pbest. The inertia factor is used to maintain the stability between by the depth of cut with a 0.89267% contribution. The remaining
the current and overall investigation capabilities among the search space. contribution is contributed by the interaction of the process parameters.
The gbest position is determined to be changed on progressive era. In Similarly, In Table 6, it can be identified that spindle speed plays a vital
the progressive iteration if it is found that the pbest position is better role with the contribution of 40.526%, 14.210% of feed rate and
than gbest position, then the pbest position will be traded by the gbest 22.1053% of the depth of cut. The rest of the contributions are by the
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 19, No. 5 MAY 2018 / 699
Fig. 3 Normal Probability plots of residuals for (a) FX, (b) SR, (c) Fig. 4 Plot of residuals v/s predicted: (a) FX, (b) SR, and (c) power
power Consumption for AA6061 consumption
interactions of the process parameters. As depicted in Table 7, it can be rate of 40.983% and followed by the depth of cut 0.6101%. The other
concluded that spindle speed has 55.737% major contribution, the feed contributions are contributed by the interactions occurred among the
700 / MAY 2018 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 19, No. 5
process parameters. From the Tables 5-7, in the remarks column, the increases this is due to vanishing of the formed built up edge at the
process parameters and interactions of process parameters are assigned cutting edge tip leading to better surface finish.41 On the other side as
significant, this assigning of the values is entirely based on the condition the feed rate increases the value of SR increases this is due to increase
of “Prob > f <5% or 0.05”.28 If the aforesaid condition is satisfied, then in axial movement of the cutting tool as it will not completely remove
the values are assigned as significant else not significant. The significance the required material because of alteration of the tool to a new position.
of the regression fitted model is determined by incorporating the R2 In the case of influence of depth of cut on SR the value of SR decreases
coefficient correlation. The attained R-sq and R-sq (adj) for the model as the depth of cut reduces this is due to the rigidity effect of the
is 99.65 and 99.33 respectively. From the Fig. 3, it can be observed that machine occurred during the machining process.
there is a normal distribution of errors takes place as residuals for all Similarly, as represented in Figs. 5(b) and 5(c) the influence of
the models falls on the straight line. Fig. 4 exhibits the plot of residuals spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut on FX and power consumption
v/s predicted values of responses. From Fig 4, it can be observed that signify the directly proportional relationship, i.e., as the spindle speed,
all the points of the experimental runs were spotted randomly inside the feed rate and depth of cut increase the responses FX and power
reliable range of residuals over the graph. consumption increases. This direct proportional relationship occurs due
to the higher chip tool interface area.42 From the Fig. 6, it can be
5.1 Effect of Process Parameters on responses SR, FX and Power recognized that the optimal values attained for all the responses by the
consumption influence of process parameters through the desirability approach are as
Fig. 5(a) represents that the SR value decreases as the spindle speed follows: spindle speed (3000 rpm), feed rate (500 mm/min) and depth
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 19, No. 5 MAY 2018 / 701
of cut (3 mm) on the responses 0.4945 (m), 166.85 (N) and 0.263 characteristics of PSO and indicates the best operating parameters
(kW). recommended for milling process of AA6061. These parameters play
a significant role in obtaining good convergence characteristics of PSO.
5.2 Desirability approach If the number of parameters increases, the learning rate increases. In turn,
Table 8 represents the experiments carried out by using the RSM the number of iterations increases in the search space. The outcome
technique for validation purpose and also it can be observed that the % leads to a probability of getting a global optimum solution and leading
of error attained between the experimental and predicted values carried the convergence to be accomplished in a smaller number of iterations.
out by using RSM technique. The RSM technique to predict individual Table 10 summarizes the optimal parameters attained through adopting
response it needs an individual equation, thus at a single go only one different techniques. The deviations between the PSO predicted results
response from its respective equation can be predicted, thus the multi and experimental results are marginal. However, the experimental error
objective optimization technique is suitable if more than one response is quite considerable and lies within the acceptable range of ±5%.
is incorporated. Table 9 clearly indicates projected model and signifies Moreover, the comparative results presented in Table 10 have indicated
the parameters that play a vital role in obtaining finer convergence that PSO predicted values have good agreement with the experimental
702 / MAY 2018 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 19, No. 5
results. It can be concluded that PSO technique gives fairly accurate with the PSO yields better results compared to that of desirability
values as compared to that of the desirability approach and thus PSO and are in good concurrence with the experimental results.
has a better computational efficiency.
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