PROJECT OF URBAN ROADS

Building Construction and Civil

Balmiki Kumar Jha 6/7/23
Drafting
Contents
PROJECT OF URBAN ROADS...........................................................................................................2
Definition:.........................................................................................................................................2
Documentation:.................................................................................................................................2
Plans and Drawings:..........................................................................................................................2
Specifications:...................................................................................................................................2
Engineering Survey:..........................................................................................................................2
Hydrological, meteorological, and geotechnical data:.......................................................................3
Legislation, Policies, and Procedures:...............................................................................................3
WHS legislation................................................................................................................................3
Environmental legislation..................................................................................................................4
Client relations..................................................................................................................................4
Community relations.........................................................................................................................4
Risk management..............................................................................................................................5
Culture and heritage management.....................................................................................................5
Quality management..........................................................................................................................5
Client requirements...........................................................................................................................5
Functional specification.....................................................................................................................6
Project approval.................................................................................................................................6
Innovation:........................................................................................................................................7
Innovative ideas for urban road design:.............................................................................................8
Design Concepts:...............................................................................................................................8
Feedback............................................................................................................................................9
Action Plan:.......................................................................................................................................9
Resources:.......................................................................................................................................11
Implementation:...............................................................................................................................12
Documentation Requirement:..........................................................................................................12
Design of Urban Road:....................................................................................................................13
Feedback..........................................................................................................................................14
PROJECT OF URBAN ROADS

Definition:
An urban road is a road that is typically found in urban areas, such as cities or towns, an
d it serves as a path for vehicles, bicyclists, and pedestrians.
These highways were created with the unique requirements of metropolitan regions in 
mind, taking connection, safety, and traffic volume into account.
Urban roads can range in size, carrying capacity, and purpose from large thoroughfares 
linking various city neighbourhoods to tiny local roads serving residential areas and part
icular properties.

Documentation:
Various forms of documentation are used in urban road projects to offer crucial details 
about the road network.
Examples of necessary documentation for city roadways include:

Plans and Drawings:

Road maps: Detailed maps that show how the road system is laid out, including the loca
tions of streets, intersections, bridges, and other major features.
Plans for the design and construction of roads, containing information on the materials 
to be used, the width of the road, the thickness of the pavement, and other design featu
res.
Data on traffic patterns, including numbers of vehicles, average speeds, and other perti
nent traffic information.

Specifications:
Based on variables including topography, climate, speed limits, and traffic volume, urba
n roadways have special requirements.
Road width, pavement thickness, and curvature standards are examples of typical speci
fications for city roads.

Engineering Survey:
An engineering survey is carried out to examine several elements of urban roads, such 
as traffic volume, road geometry, and amenities for pedestrians and cyclists.
The survey makes use of a variety of techniques, including:

utilising traffic counters, cameras, or GPS devices, traffic volume and pattern analysis co
llects information on the number of cars utilising the roads and pinpoints hours of peak 
traffic.

• Analysing the quality and quantity of sidewalks, bike lanes, and other facilities for 
non-motorized transportation to find areas for improvement and choose where t
o focus investments.

• Road geometry assessment: This involves assessing the physical attributes of the 
roadways, such as width, slope, curvature, and alignment, to ascertain their capa
 city and spot any design flaws that might be causing traffic or accident-related de
lays.

Hydrological, meteorological, and geotechnical data:

Hydrological, meteorological, and geotechnical data play vital roles in engineering projects,
including urban road design. These types of data include:

• Hydrological data includes information on precipitation, runoff, groundwater, an
d water quality in a certain area.
This information aids in stormwater runoff management, flood risk assessment, 
and drainage system design.
• Meteorological data: Information on the weather, such as temperature, wind di
rection and speed, humidity, and precipitation.
It helps in determining how weather-related factors, such as pavement temperat
ure and snow or ice accumulation, affect road conditions.
• Geotechnical data: Details on the composition, toughness, and stability of rocks 
and soil.
This information is crucial for determining the appropriateness of the earth, crea
ting foundations, and identifying geological concerns like landslides.

• Information concerning the historical, archaeological, and cultural value of a loca
tion; often known as cultural and heritage data.
Engineers and planners can use this information to guide decisions that consider 
cultural heritage sites' conservation and maintenance.

Legislation, Policies, and Procedures:

Legislation, policies, and procedures related to urban roads may vary depending on the
country and jurisdiction. However, some common examples include:
• Traffic laws and ordinances: The rules of the road for motorists, bicyclists, and pe
destrians, including information on speed limits, traffic signals, crosswalks, and si
gns.
• Road design and construction standards: Requirements minimal for the design, 
building, and maintenance of roads, including the design of the surface, lane wid
th, intersection, and drainage.
• Land use planning policies: These regulations set out how land is used inside a 
city or town and have an effect on urban roadways by deciding where to build, w
here to connect transit, and whether to expand or upgrade the road network.

• Environmental legislation, which affects the planning and building of roads.
These environmental laws seek to safeguard and lessen any potential harm that 
road construction may do to the environment. Here are a few instances:
WHS legislation
The term "WHS legislation" refers to the body of rules and laws put in place to protect e
mployees' welfare, health, and safety at work.
Work Health and Safety, or WHS, is a word that is largely used in Australia.
Different terms, such as Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) or Health and Safety at 
Work (HSW), may be used in other nations.
A wide number of topics relating to workplace safety are covered under WHS regulation, 
including:
• Hazard identification and risk management: This entails spotting potential risks at wor
k and taking action to reduce or eliminate the risks they represent to employees.
• Training and instruction: Employers must give employees the necessary training and te
aching to ensure that they are capable of carrying out their jobs safely.

• Incident reporting and investigation: Employers are expected to notify the prop
er authorities of specific incidents, such as fatalities or major injuries, and to carr
y out investigations to ascertain the circumstances that led to the incident in ord
er to stop others from happening in the future.
• Consultation and involvement at work: Employers must consult with employees 
and their representatives on issues pertaining to workplace health and safety an
d give employees the chance to take part in decisions that have an impact on the
ir safety and well-being.
• Responsibilities: Workplace health and safety legislation outlines the obligation
s of employers, employees, and others to protect the health and safety of worker
s.
• In Australia, the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (Cth) and the accompanying regulati
ons serve as the main pieces of law controlling WHS.
Other nations have their own laws and regulatory agencies in charge of overseeing wor
kplace safety
Environmental legislation
Environmental legislation describes the laws and rules passed by various levels of gover
nment in order to preserve and manage the environment.
These laws aim to safeguard the conservation and preservation of natural resources, en
courage sustainable practises, and avoid or reduce detrimental effects on the environm
ent.
A wide range of topics are covered by environmental regulation, such as waste manage
ment, biodiversity preservation, climate change, and land use planning.
These regulations are crucial for preserving the environment, supporting sustainable de
velopment methods, and conserving natural resources.

Client relations
the communications and connections between a business or organisation and its clients 
or customers.
Clients in the context of urban road projects could be governmental organisations, com
mercial developers, or other parties who finance or manage the project.
Fostering trust, sustaining open and frequent communication, and producing high-
quality work that meets or exceeds customer expectations are all essential components 
of developing good client relationships.

Community relations
the interactions and connections a business or organisation has with the areas where it 
conducts business.
This requires interacting with neighbourhood residents, businesses, and community org
anisations in the case of urban road construction in order to answer concerns, collect co
mments, and win support for the project.
Successful community relations involve engaging with stakeholders in a transparent an
d respectful manner, responding to complaints and concerns in a timely and efficient m
anner, and providing opportunities for communication and collaboration.

Risk management
a crucial procedure for identifying, assessing, and reducing potential risks in urban road 
construction.
In order to guarantee that the project is finished on schedule, within budget, and with th
e intended degree of quality, it seeks to reduce the chance and impact of unfavourable 
occurrences or outcomes.
Identifying risks and hazards that potentially affect the project, evaluating their likelihoo
d and potential impact, and prioritising them as necessary are typical steps in the risk m
anagement process

There are many dangers involved with urban road design that need to be considered.
Typical risks include clogged roads, dangers for drivers, bikers, and pedestrians, environ
mental effects including noise and air pollution, harm to wildlife habitats, conflicts with s
ubterranean utilities during construction, and the possibility of cost overruns.
These risks can be reduced by employing strategies including performing traffic surveys, 
building roads with suitable safety features, doing environmental studies, precisely map
ping subsurface utilities, conducting extensive cost-benefit evaluations with contingency 
plans, and so on.

Culture and heritage management

Cultural or heritage experts should always be consulted in advising protec
tion requirements while creating design works. Australia's cultural and her
itage resources must be preserved from all construction activity.

Quality management
• Predetermined quality standards, such as an analysis of daily work, should be used to 
evaluate the design works.
• Construction materials, tools, and other items should all have their quality criteria eval
uated and effectively handled.
• The evaluation should be carried out in accordance with safety and health standard; • 
The person using the equipment should have certificates and be licenced based on stan
dards necessary to a safe quality job.

Client requirements

the client's individual demands, goals, and expectations with reference to a given projec
t or service.
Client requirements in the context of urban road projects cover a wide range of aspects, 
including the desired project scope, timing, available budget, and particular safety or en
vironmental criteria that must be met.
Urban road project organisations must thoroughly evaluate and comprehend the client'
s requirements if they are to guarantee that the project will fulfil their demands and exp
ectations.
Consultations with the client and other stakeholders are frequently part of this process i
n order to get their input and determine the most important project priorities.

Functional specification
In order to suit the transportation needs of a particular metropolitan area, a road netwo
rk must meet certain criteria, which are outlined in urban road design.
The aim of the road network, design guidelines, capacity, safety considerations, and acc
essibility are just a few of the important components that are included.
• The goal of the road network should be clearly stated and should centre on providing s
afe and effective transportation for vehicles, cyclists, and pedestrians, as well as enablin
g the movement of products and services and easing traffic congestion.
Taking into account the requirements of all users and according to local laws, design gui
delines establish the width of the road, the arrangement of the lanes, and the design of 
intersections.

• Capacity identifies the anticipated traffic volume and assists in deciding on the best lan
e arrangements, turning lanes, and intersection designs.
• The implementation of traffic calming measures, including as speed bumps and round
abouts, to reduce collisions and injuries is one of the safety issues that are prioritised fo
r the health of all users of the road network.
• To meet the needs of people with disabilities or limited mobility, accessibility calls for t
he installation of kerb ramps, crosswalks, and pedestrian signals. These features ensure 
that pedestrians have safe and straightforward access.
Urban planners and engineers may ensure that the road network is planned to fulfil the 
unique transportation requirements of the urban region while putting safety, accessibili
ty, and sustainability first by include these components in a functional specification.

Project approval

Dear {ABC},
Hope you are well,
I'm requesting project permission in this email as I include the following in the project: p
lans and drawings, engineering surveys to obtain the best design for urban roadways w
hile considering environmental effects, and WHS regulations.
After that, we looked into cultural and heritage requirements to ensure that our project 
wouldn't interfere with local culture. even while evaluating all risk management.
I look forwards to hearing from you and receiving a reply.

Regards
Balmiki Kumar Jha.

Innovation:
metropolitan road design innovation procedures entail the creation of novel and creativ
e solutions to current transportation issues in metropolitan locations.
To promote creativity in urban road design, the following actions can be taken:
• Problem identification: Finding transportation issues that need to be fixed in metropoli
tan areas is the first stage in innovation processes.
These may include difficulties with traffic congestion, inadequate facilities for bicyclists a
nd pedestrians, or poor accessibility for those with disabilities.

• investigation and analysis: Following the identification of the issue, investigation and a
nalysis should be carried out in order to comprehend the root causes and viable remedi
es.
This could entail launching pilot projects to test new concepts or researching effective in
itiatives in other cities.
• Brainstorming and idea generation: Together, participants in these activities might co
me up with novel and creative solutions to the challenges that have been recognised.
Getting feedback from different stakeholders, such as locals, companies, and transporta
tion specialists, can assist produce a variety of suggestions.
• Concept development: Ideas should be honed and made into more tangible concepts 
after they have been generated so that they may be tried out and assessed.
Making sketches or 3D models of proposed road designs may be required.

Innovative ideas for urban road design:

Urban road design is constantly evolving to meet the needs of urban populations. Here are
two innovative ideas for urban road design:

Smart Roads: Sensors and other technology are incorporated into smart roads to monit
or traffic flow, identify accidents, and communicate with moving vehicles.
This technology can help make roads more effective while also easing traffic congestion 
and enhancing safety. Real-
time data on traffic conditions can also be provided by smart roadways, which can be ut
ilised to optimise traffic flow and enhance driver navigation.
• Solar Roads: Solar roads are ones that have solar panels installed on them so that they 
may produce electricity from sunshine.
Streetlights, traffic lights, and other infrastructure can be powered by this technology, w
hich lowers the need for grid electricity.
By utilising renewable energy, solar highways can also lessen the heat island effect in cit
ies and the environmental damage caused by road development.

Design Concepts:
Urban road design strives to build a road network that satisfies the city's transportation 
requirements while emphasising sustainability, accessibility, and safety.
The following are some essential design principles frequently used in urban road design
:
Complete Streets is a design idea that puts the needs of all users, including drivers, bicy
cles, and pedestrians, first.
To make a road network that is accessible and safe for all users, this may entail adding c
rosswalks, wide sidewalks, and bike lanes.

• Transit-oriented Design: By building dense, mixed-use communities around transit hu
bs, transit-oriented design aims to promote public transportation.
This strategy lessens the demand for car travels and promotes a more sustainably devel
oped urban area.
• Shared Space: By eliminating conventional traffic controls like traffic signals and signag
e, shared space is a design concept that tries to make a more pedestrian-friendly road n
etwork.
Drivers are incentivized to slow down and engage with other users more as a result of t
he fluid and engaging environment this produces.
• Green infrastructure: Using plant and natural systems to control stormwater runoff, le
ssen the impact of the urban heat island, and give other environmental advantages.
Adding green roofs, rain gardens, and bioswales may be part of this strategy to make th
e road system more sustainable.

Feedback
Hi
Hope you all had a great day,
As I looked through your entire project report and all the key aspects, it became clear th
at you guys are working in a terrific way while keeping in mind the local stakeholders, an
d even that they are supporting you as you develop road projects so that this will benefi
t them in the long run.
Additionally, there are some hazards that you should be aware of for these
Traffic jams and dangers to vehicles, bikers, and pedestrians are frequent issues.
In light of this, I have decided that I will accept your project proposal.

Thanks

Action Plan:

Resource
Action Timeline Requirements Responsibilities

Project brief,
Review project requirements Project Manager,
requirements Week 1 documentation Design Team

Meeting room,
Week 2- project brief, Project Manager,
Client meetings 3 stakeholder analysis Design Team, Client

Meeting room,
Week 2- project brief, design Project Manager,
Team meetings 6 software Design Team

Gather and Week 2- Existing road plans, Design Team,

review project 3 environmental Environmental
documentation reports, geotechnical Specialist,
 Geotechnical
data Engineer

Design software,
Develop design Week 4- site survey data, Design Team, Project
concept 6 stakeholder input Manager

Conduct traffic Week 7- Traffic data, Traffic Engineer,

analysis 8 simulation software Design Team

Preliminary Design software,

design Week 9- topographical Design Team, Project
development 12 survey data Manager

Project Manager,
Design Team,
Meeting room, Stakeholder
Stakeholder Week stakeholder analysis, Engagement
engagement 10-11 communication plan Specialist

Environmental Environmental Environmental

impact Week reports, stakeholder Specialist, Design
assessment 12-14 input Team

Design software,
Week input from Design Team, Project
Finalize design 15-17 specialists Manager

Obtain approvals Week Application forms, Project Manager,

and permits 18-20 design
 documentation Design Team

Construction
equipment,
materials, project
Construction and Week management Construction Team,
implementation 21-40 software Project Manager

Performance
Monitoring and metrics, monitoring Project Manager,
evaluation Ongoing equipment Evaluation Team

Resources:
To keep the project on track and under budget, it is essential to identify the resources re
quired for each stage.
Personnel, tools, software, and financing all fall under this category.
Each activity on the timeline should receive the appropriate amount of resources.
• Requirements: A project may have requirements that must be met in terms of laws, rul
es, and policies.
It is important to identify these criteria early on in the project to ensure their inclusion i
n the design and implementation phases. • Responsibilities:
To ensure that everyone in the team and with the project is aware of their roles and duti
es, it is crucial to define them clearly.

• what they play.
Project management, design and engineering, construction, and monitoring and 
evaluation are only a few examples of possible responsibilities.
Each assignment ought to have a designated person in charge of completing it.

Implementation:

Dear accessor,
Every action plan that needs to be implemented for the design work of the beam sectio
n is included in the project report's attachment.
Please take the time to carefully analyse and go over each job for the action plan, paying 
special attention to the ones that pertain to you.
Please take special note of any issues that arise throughout the project's analysis phase. 
We would also like you to develop precise remedial and corrective solutions for any proj
ect-related issues and get these approved by us.
We can monitor and evaluate it based on the common policies and laws of the Australia
n Design Standard, just like you can.

Best regards
BALMIKI KUMAR JHA

Documentation Requirement:
To effectively implement the urban road design process, it is important to consider the
following documentation requirements:
• Folder Structure: To organise project files, a hierarchical folder system must be put in 
place.
Make a primary folder for the project and subfolders for other categories, including corr
espondence, computations, reports, and drawings.
• File Naming Conventions: To aid in simple retrieval and prevent confusion, consistent 
and descriptive file names should be utilised.
Use a consistent naming scheme that incorporates the date, the kind of document, and 
a succinct description.
• Regularly save your files to avoid losing data in the event of a system crash.
For dependable backups, think about using cloud-based storage options or external har
d drives. • Version Control: Use a version control system to keep track of file updates.
Give each file or picture a special version number or code to show the order of the modi
fications done.

• Proofreading: To guarantee correctness and consistency, thoroughly review all papers, 
including calculations and reports.
To improve the quality of the finished products, use automated tools or hire a professio
nal proofreader. You can build a well-
organized and effective urban road design process, minimising errors and maximising p
roduction, by adhering to certain documentation criteria.
Design of Urban Road:

Assumptions:

• The road will be designed for a design speed of 50 km/h.

• The road will have a 2% grade.
• The road will have two lanes in each direction.
• The road will include sidewalks and bike lanes on both sides.
 • The road will have a curb-to-curb width of 12 meters.
• The soil in the area has an average bearing capacity of 200 kPa.

Calculations:

• Horizontal alignment: The road will be designed with a horizontal curve of 300
meters radius.
• Vertical alignment: The road will have a 2% grade. To calculate the vertical curve, we
need to determine the length of the curve based on the 2% grade and the horizontal
curve radius. Assuming a "summit curve" design, where the highest point is located at
the midpoint of the horizontal curve, the length of the vertical curve can be calculated
as:

L = (R/100) x tan(a/2)

L = (300/100) x tan(2/2)

L = 3 meters

• Pavement design: Assuming a flexible pavement design with an expected life of 20

years, we can calculate the thickness of the pavement layers using the AASHTO 1993
Design Guide. The design traffic is assumed to be 4 million equivalent single axle
loads (ESALs) over the 20-year design life. The following pavement thicknesses are
calculated for each layer:
• Asphalt concrete surface layer: 75 mm
• Asphalt concrete base layer: 150 mm
• Granular subbase layer: 300 mm
• Subgrade layer: 400 mm
• Structural design: The road will be designed to support the anticipated traffic loads.
Assuming a maximum gross vehicle weight of 80 kN and a load factor of 1.3, the
structural design of the road can be calculated as follows:
• Asphalt concrete surface layer: Required thickness = 75 mm, design thickness = 100
mm, allowable stress = 400 kPa
• Asphalt concrete base layer: Required thickness = 150 mm, design thickness = 200
mm, allowable stress = 400 kPa
• Granular subbase layer: Required thickness = 300 mm, design thickness = 400 mm,
allowable stress = 200 kPa
• Subgrade layer: Required thickness = 400 mm, design thickness = 500 mm, allowable
stress = 100 kPa
• Drainage design: The road will be designed to handle anticipated stormwater runoff.
Assuming a rainfall intensity of 100 mm/hour, the peak stormwater flow rate can be
calculated as follows:

Q = C x i x A where Q = peak flow rate, C = runoff coefficient (assumed to be 0.8 for urban
areas), i = rainfall intensity, and A = area of the road surface.

Assuming a road surface area of 24,000 square meters (12 meters wide, 2 lanes in each
direction, and sidewalks and bike lanes on both sides), the peak flow rate can be calculated
as:
Q = 0.8 x 100 mm/hour x 24,000 square meters Q = 1,920 cubic meters/hour

The stormwater drainage system will need to be designed to handle this peak flow rate.

Feedback

Dear Client,
We kindly ask that you thoroughly review the project report for beam design and provid
e us both positive and negative feedback so that we can further modify and enhance th
e project work.
Through secondary data sources and the learner materials that were made available, all 
the information—from the client's requirements through the document management p
rocedure—was acquired.
We want you to compare our project to the project's foundation, Standard Australian Re
quirements and Legislation, to check for any potential issues that need to be fixed.
We are hoping to meet with you soon to discuss the project in more detail.
If you need to contact us quickly, you can also submit a review report through the websi
te.

Group Members: Balmiki Kumar Jha