Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 16 views

    Measurement of Epidiology

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Anees
    Epidemiological tools are used to measure disease frequency and occurrence in populations. Some key tools include rates such as prevalence rates, which relate current cases to the total population, and incidence rates, which relate new cases to the population at risk. Mortality can be measured using crude death rates, cause-specific death rates, and case fatality rates. Attack rates are used during epidemics to measure the proportion of a population exposed to a risk that develops disease.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Measurement of Epidiology

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Anees
    16 views45 pages
    Epidemiological tools are used to measure disease frequency and occurrence in populations. Some key tools include rates such as prevalence rates, which relate current cases to the total population, and incidence rates, which relate new cases to the population at risk. Mortality can be measured using crude death rates, cause-specific death rates, and case fatality rates. Attack rates are used during epidemics to measure the proportion of a population exposed to a risk that develops disease.

    Original Title

    measurement of epidiology

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Epidemiological tools are used to measure disease frequency and occurrence in populations. Some key tools include rates such as prevalence rates, which relate current cases to the total population, and incidence rates, which relate new cases to the population at risk. Mortality can be measured using crude death rates, cause-specific death rates, and case fatality rates. Attack rates are used during epidemics to measure the proportion of a population exposed to a risk that develops disease.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    16 views45 pages

    Measurement of Epidiology

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Anees
    Epidemiological tools are used to measure disease frequency and occurrence in populations. Some key tools include rates such as prevalence rates, which relate current cases to the total population, and incidence rates, which relate new cases to the population at risk. Mortality can be measured using crude death rates, cause-specific death rates, and case fatality rates. Attack rates are used during epidemics to measure the proportion of a population exposed to a risk that develops disease.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 45

    Measurement in Epidemiology

    Epidemiological Tools

    Background
    information
    • Epidemiology entails the
    study diseases as well as
    health outcome in
    population
    • Health outcome include issues related to
    behaviours, illnesses, disorders, symptoms, risk
    factors, injuries, death e.t.c

    Describe frequency distribution of


    diseases?
    • Measure the
    occurrence of one or
    more diseases • Define
    population at risk
    • This is necessary to plan interventions or monitor
    changes within the population

    What are the tools used for


    measurement ?
    Estimation of burden in terms of
    Time, Person and Place?
    Measurement of disease frequency
    1) Count: Number of cases/ people with diseases
    • For example 50,000 people are infected with
    HIV/AIDS infection in Africa every year
    2) Rate: HIV infects 10% of Nigeria population in
    January, 2009
    Relate old and new cases to total
    populationPrevalence rate
    Relate new cases to population at risk at given
    time period- Incidence rate
    Measurement of morbidity
    Prevalence and incidence rates
    INCIDENCE
    • The number of new cases occurring in a
    defined population during a specified period
    of time

    • Incidence= (No. of new case of specified


    disease during a given time period /
    population at risk during that period) X 1000
    INCIDENCE RATE
    • Refers to:
    a) Only to new cases
    b) During a given period
    c) In a specified population or population at risk
    d) To new spells or episodes of disease arising in a
    given period of time per 1000 population
    Person time
    • Time in which person is at risk of
    developing the disease.

    • It can be person days, person months or


    person years
    Calculate incidence rate
    • EXAMPLE
    • If there had been 500 new cases of an illness
    in a population of 30,000 in a year the
    incidence rate or absolute risk will be

    • Calculate the answer:


    Exercise
    • 25 new cases of lung cancer were identified
    among 10000 smokers in a follow up study of
    20 years duration. What is the risk of lung
    cancer among the smokers in percentage?
    • 11,000 people in an area with large nuclear
    power plant were followed up for 7 years
    until development of cancer in the blood. 30
    cases were identified over the 7 years period.
    What is the risk of development of blood
    cancer?

    Prevalence
    Exercise
    • During flu season, there are 20 sick children
    and 80 healthy children taking a course in
    statistics. What is the prevalence of flu
    among the children?
    Relationship between incidence and
    prevalence

    Relation between incidence and


    prevalence
    Measurement of
    mortalities
    Deaths
    Mortality- Death
    Categories of mortality rate
    • Crude Death Rate (CDR)

    • -Specific Death Rates

    • -Case Fatality Rates (CFR)

    • -Proportional Mortality Rates


    CRUDE DEATH RATE

    (CDR) =

    X 1000
    CRUDE DEATH RATE (CDR)

    Affected by
    -Health of the population,
    -Composition of the population

    CDR lacks comparability


    To COMPARE the mortality of two different
    populations- need to calculate the ‘Standard
    Mortality Rate’ for both populations
    Specific Death Rates

    (a)Cause Specific Death Rates e.g. TB death rate,


    death rate due to accidents etc.

    (b)Group specific death rates e.g. Age specific


    death rate, sex specific death rate, race
    specific DR, rural-urban DR etc.
    Cause Specific Death Rates

    X 1000
    Group Specific Death rates
    • Age specific death rate:

    Age Sp. DR =

    X 1000

    CASE FATALITY RATE


    • Measures the ‘killing power’ of a disease

    CFR =

    X 100
    • More relevant to acute diseases
    PROPORTIONAL MORTALITY RATE
    • “the ratio of deaths due to a specific cause, in
    a specific age, sex, group or sub-area, to the
    total deaths
    • E.g. PMR due to a specific cause (or an age
    group) will be:

    X 100
    •
    Questions and answers
    Exercise: Crude death rate
    • Calculate the crude death rate- Total mid year
    population is 10000, number of death in a
    year is 20
    Questions
    • Efili is a community in Delta State having
    100,000 people in 2001, 50 of which are
    infected with malaria out of which 25 died of
    the infection
    • What is the mortality rate of malaria in 2001?

    • What is the case fatality rate of malaria in

    2001?
    Exercises on measurement
    • In New York City, 200 out of 14,000 people as
    at December 1st had cold. What is the
    prevalence of cold in the population?
    • 11,000 people in an area with large nuclear
    power plant were followed up for 7 years until
    development of cancer in the blood. 30 cases
    were identified over the 7 years period. What
    is the absolute risk of development of blood
    cancer?
    Exercises on measurement
    • A Researcher recruited 10,000 residents living
    near a nuclear power plant and follow the
    residents up for 5 years until development of
    cancer of the blood. Over the 5 years study
    period, 25 cases of cancer of the blood were
    identified and 5 deaths recorded. What is the
    absolute risk of developing cancer of the
    blood:
    • What is the case fatality rate?
    ATTACK RATE
    • ATTACK RATE- An attack rate is an incidence
    rate (usually expressed as a per cent), used
    only when the population is exposed to risk
    for a limited period of time such as during an
    epidemic
    • It relates the number of cases in the
    population at risk and reflects the extent of
    the epidemic
    ATTACK RATE
    • (No. of new cases of a specified disease during
    a specified time interval /Total population at
    risk during the same interval) X100
    • E.g. calculation of attack rate in case of acute
    food poisoning
    • A food borne attack rate tells us the
    proportion of all people who ate a certain
    food who became ill
    Secondary attack rate
    • It is defined as as "the number of exposed
    persons developing the disease within the
    range of the incubation period, following
    exposure to the primary case"
    • SAR= (No. of exposed persons developing the
    disease within the range of incubation period/
    total no. of exposed/ susceptible contacts)
    X100

    You might also like