Chapter 1 3.

relate the communication models to their

Communication in the Twenty-First Century experiences and apply them to their own
This chapter will introduce several communication processes.
concepts about communication beginning from Before-Reading Questions:
the Ancient Greeks until the twenty-first century. 1. Why is communication important to you?
It will illuminate several perspectives about 2. Why is communication important to society?
communication, the most important one being that 3. Why do you think communication skills are
it is a necessary and important skill that should be considered to be essential in being good citizens?
honed to become better citizens and to help in Introduction
building one's society. "The art of communication is the language of
It will explore the use of English in the leadership." (James Humes)
world, as well as its usage in the Philippines. It It is a mistake to believe that
will also discuss the perils of language, and how communication is a simple process. Although
we can find the seeds of racism, sexism, and people communicate with one another every day,
classism in the language that we use-and what the real question is whether the ideas one has
one can do to ensure that one's language is as expressed are truly understood by another.
academic and inclusive as possible. Communication breakdowns happen in every part
Chapter Objectives: of the globe and these have led to a plethora of
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: problems. Effective communication can breach
1. have a thorough understanding of peace, spark revolutions, and affect change in
communication models and processes; government' However, to communicate properly,
2. understand the importance of ethics in one cannot simply strive to express oneself and
communication and academic leave understanding to fate; one must also learn
writing; and how to organize one's thoughts, control one's
3. discover how the English language spread emotions, use one's words to articulate concepts
throughout the world and appreciate the and arguments, and express oneself in the best war
differences between Standard English, World possible.
English and Philippine English. The art of one's communication reflects
the art of one's thinking According to James
Lesson 1: Communication Models Berlin (1982), one of the major proponents of The
In this lesson, students will be exposed to New Rhetoric, "In teaching writing, we are not
the different ways of looking at communication. It simply offering training in a useful technical skill
should give the students a good understanding of that is meant as a simple complement to the more
why communication should be studied at the important studies of other areas. We are teaching a
tertiary level, and the potential of such a course in way of experiencing the world a way of ordering
helping them transform themselves and me and making sense of it" (776).
society. It includes communication models that This is also true when it comes to all the
students can use in the future, and may explain language skills essential in communication,
why communication tasks in the past have either whether this is in writing, reading, listening, or
failed or succeeded. It is a good introduction to the speaking They are tools that help us analyze,
different processes, principles, and dimensions of critique, and negotiate with the world. To
communication that students should be aware of, construct ideas and bring people to believe in
when they start communicating in the academe one's vision, it is important to be able to
and the professional world. communicate in an effective, articulate manner.
Lesson Objectives: On a personal level, honing one's communication
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to: skills can also bring about success to one's
1. understand the importance of communication in personal and professional life.
society: To lead nations or corporations,
2. know the principles and processes of communication skills are essential. To work
communication as embodied in the smoothly as a team, communication is
communication models provided; and indispensable. And to create a vision that people
will believe in, one needs to learn how to
communicate purposefully in today's society.

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After-Reading Questions:
1. What problems can happen when there are
communication breakdowns?
2. What does Berlin mean when he says "(In
teaching writing), we are teaching a way of
experiencing the world, a way of ordering and
making sense of it"?
3. Is this only true for writing? Explain.
Communication Models
One way of thinking about communication The Shannon-Weaver model was created
processes is by looking at the different by Claude Shannon and bon mo Warren Weaver
communication models available. According to (Flores, 2016). According to the website
Denis Mcquail and Sven Windahl (2013), in their Communication Theory.Org, in 1948, Shannon
book Communication Models for the Study of and Weaver wrote an article in the Bell System
Mass Communications, "a model seeks to show Technological Journal entitled "A Mathematical
the main elements of any structure or process and Theory of Communication." According to Flores
the relationship between these elements... it helps (2016), this is also often called the "Telephone
in explaining by providing in a simplified way Model," since it was developed because of the
information which would otherwise be technology of the telephone and the experience of
complicated or ambiguous." (2) "noise" coming from the switchboard.
Professor Ramona S. Flores (2016), in her The sender would be the person giving the
book Oral Communication in Context, discusses message, while the encoder would be the
four models of communication in the chapter, transmitter which converts the message into
"Explaining the Nature of Communication." She signals. Let us use the modern example of the
discusses the different communication models as mobile phone. With our modern example, the
follows (Aristotle, Shannon-Weaver, Schramm, encoder would be the cellphone, and the sender, of
and White, 2016): course, would be the person calling. The decoder,
The earliest model comes from Aristotle at on the other hand, would be the reception place of
around 5 B.C. In this model, Aristotle explains the signal which converts signals into message,
that speakers should adjust their messages which is why in modern parlance, when there is
according to their audience and the occasion to "no signal," there is difficulty in decoding the
achieve a particular effect. Let us apply this to a message. The receiver would be the destination of
modern example. After the Japanese attacked the message by sender which would be the person
Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, then US who is being called and when there are problems,
President Franklin Roosevelt delivered a stirring or "noise," that interferes with the message, then
speech to declare war on Japan on December 8 the receiver would give feedback, which is usually
(National Geographic, 2017). The speaker, in this phrased as "choppy," when the message cannot be
case, was US President Franklin Roosevelt and his heard because of the signal. The messages are
speech was crafted especially for the occasion, transferred through the use of a channel; in the
filled with strong words that were crisp and case of the telephone, the channel would be the
straight to the point. The occasion was the US cables, while in the case of the cellphone, the
President's response to the attack on Pearl Harbor; channel would be radio frequencies
the main audience was the US Congress; and the (Communication Theory.Org). This model can
effect was to persuade members of Congress to also be used in other situations, and can tell us
declare war on Japan, which they did, with only how the message may sometimes get lost because
one dissenting vote. These components of speaker, of the noise, which can be physical or
speech, occasion, audience, and effect should be psychological, and how feedback is an essential
considered when communicating one's message. component of communication to ensure that the
message is successfully received.
On the other hand, when it comes to
Schramm's model of communication, there are
two primary models involved. The first one is

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built on the theories of Osgood, which is why this a continuous process with no real beginning or
is also known as the Osgood-Schramm model. end, The most important contribution from
Eugene White's model is the concept of feedback
can only be processed by the speaker if he or she
has been monitoring the audience or the listener.

Osgood-Scharmm Model of Communication

Hence, the speaker must also pay at to the
listener's verbal and non-verbal cues (Flores,
In this model, pay attention to the role of
2016).
the interpreter. Encoding and decoding are not
automatic processes both go through the filter of
White’s Stages of Oral Communication
the interpreter. Therefore, the message may
succeed or fail, based on the interpreter's
In conclusion, communication is not a
appreciation of the message. There are times when
simple process that starts with the speaker and
the sender and receiver may apply different
ends with the listener—there are many factors that
meanings to the same message, and this is termed
should be considered. When it comes to the
"semantic noise" (Communicative Theories.Org).
message, how the message is organized and what
His second model, on the other hand, builds this
field of experience it comes from should be taken
theory about the interpreter into the different
into consideration. When it comes to the sender,
fields of experience of the sender and the receiver.
the best communication is the one that involves
feedback. Furthermore, there are several kinds of
"noise" that may severely affect the reception of
the message and thus, should be considered and
avoided. Cultural differences, technology, and
interpretation need to be considered as well. To be
good communicators, one needs to pay attention
to how people are responding to the message, and
adjust accordingly, rather than being preoccupied
with simple expressing oneself.
For the message to reach the receiver, Lesson 2: Communication Ethics
there must be a common field of experience In the previous lesson, you read a short
between the sender and the receiver. Although introduction to communication. In this lesson, you
receiver might not fully appreciate all the nuances will find out that there are different guidelines in
of the n as there are parts of the sender's communicating in an ethical manner.
experience that the receiver be knowledge of the Before-Reading Questions:
receiver may still understand the core meaning 1. What is ethics?
message. According to Sneha Mishra (2017), this 2. Why do you think there should be ethics in
field of experience constitute "culture, social communication?
background, beliefs, experiences, value rules." 3. What problems can arise when people are not
ethical in their communication practices?
The last model is Eugene White's Stages of It is important to understand that whatever
Oral Communication According to White, it is we communicate should be guided by certain
possible to begin at any of the stages in his model. ethical principles. The US National
People are under the mistaken impression that Communication Association (NCA, 1999)
when we communicate, we usually start with discusses this in their Credo for Ethical
thinking, but that is not ne the case. Since it is a Communication, stating that, "Ethical
circular model, it means that oral communication communication is fundamental to responsible
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thinking, decision-making, and the development safeguards society from racism, sexism, and
of relationships and communities within and violence against oppressed peoples, History has
across contexts, cultures, channels, and media. shown us that a tolerance for hate speech, as well
Moreover, ethical communication enhances as speeches that incite violence and the act of
human worth and dignity by fostering killing, have often instituted such violence in
truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal society, whether this is in the context of slavery,
integrity, and respect for self and others. We colonialism, or misogyny.
believe that unethical communication threatens Lastly, the NCA (1999) states that
the quality of all communication and consequently communicators should "accept responsibility for
the well-being of individuals and the society in the short- and long-term consequences of our
which we live. own communication and expect the same of
While-Reading Question: others." All too often, there have been people who
Why does unethical communication do not feel accountable for their actions.
threaten the quality of all communication, and Therefore, if one risks to communicate
consequently the well-being of individuals and the maliciously, spread false news, or incite hatred or
society in which we live? violence, he or she should be ready to face the
In their Credo, there are four ethical principles of consequences of such actions. States are
communication that are especially relevant for beginning to realize this, especially in the porous
students today. medium of social media.
Firstly, they "advocate truthfulness, Everytime we communicate, we should
accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the consider the consequences of our actions. If
integrity of communication" (NCA, 1999). people were more responsible in their use of
Nowadays, social media and speeches in public communication, there would be less conflict in
have been so, filled with black propaganda and this world. Even though the four principles above
whitewashing that there is a call to reiterate the are short and concise, they are important, because
need for truth and honesty. It is important to be they help us discern the difference between ethical
accurate when we communicate, and to have facts and unethical communicators.
and figures to prove our assertions. It is important After-Reading Questions:
to be reasonable, rather than to be too emotional 1. Why is it important to be ethical in
or threatening when we communicate. communicating today?
Secondly, the NCA also endorses 2. Is honesty still a virtue valued today? Why or
"freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, why not?
and tolerance of dissent to achieve the informed 3. Can you give historical examples that show
and responsible decision-making fundamental to a how intolerance of dissent has been a problem for
civil society" (NCA, 1999). In certain political certain sectors of society?
climates, people may feel threatened to the point 4. Can you give historical examples that show
that they no longer feel that it is safe to express why hate speech is a problem?
what they feel or think. This is not a good 5. When you think of politicians today, would you
environment to live in. We fully agree with the say that they have been communicating in an
NCA that to have a vibrant democracy, we must ethical manner?
be able to hear different perspectives and have a 6. Who comes to mind on the subject of violating
high tolerance for views that are different from the ethics of communication?
ours. It is important to foster an environment 7. Why do people communicate in an unethical
where people feel safe enough to express what manner?
they think and feel, and for these expressions to be 8. What consequences can you think of because of
met with reasonable dialogue and debate, rather this?
than outright censure or violence. Lesson 3: Communication and Globalization
Thirdly, the NCA (1999) states that they This lesson focuses on the implications of
"condemn communication that degrades globalization on communication. You will read
individuals and humanity through distortion, essays and expositions that will provide you with
intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through an awareness of the role and status of English as a
the expression of intolerance and hatred" (1999). global language, the notion of World Englishes,
This condemnation is important because it and the need for standard forms in academic and
Page | 4
professional writing, and the importance of explore the implications of the language's wide
culturally sensitive and bias-free language when reach.
communicating with people from different Before-Reading Activities
cultures and discourse communities. 1. Review what you know about The Story of
Lesson Objectives: English. How did it come to be a global lingua
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to: franca or an international language?
1. understand the implications of globalization on 2. Watch "The History of English in Ten
communication; Minutes" posted by The Open University on
2. explain the notion of World Englishes in the YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?
context of English being a global language; and v=H3r9bokYW9s (accessed April 3, 2017).
3. use Standard English and bias-free language in After watching it, come up with your own list
writing. of the factors that led English to take on its
Globalization global status.
Globalization has affected us in numerous 3. Do some quick Internet research to find out
ways. Airfare has become cheaper, and one can how English came to have an official status in
travel internationally more than one could in the the Philippines.
past. Many Filipinos have decided to work or live 4. How do you feel about the role and status of
abroad, with some of them migrating to other English in the Philippines?
countries. The free trade of goods and services all Readings in World Englishes
over the world has brought multinational Read “Speak English: The Story of a
companies and foreign investors to our shores. Once-obscure Language and How It Became the
Because of all of these factors, it is imperative to Last Word in Global Communication,” excerpted
be aware of the differences between our culture from the Chicago Tribune from The Story of
and the rest of the world's cultures. English (McCrum et al., 1986). You may access
Because of the advent of the Internet, the the full excerpt via the following link:
world seems to be shrinking continually. One can http://articles.chicagotribute.com/1986-09-07/feat
communicate internationally in a matter of ures/8603070293_1_official-language-mother-
seconds, whether one is sending an email, chatting tongue-speak). Read only up to the first paragraph
in social media, or sending a text message. One of page 2 of the article. The first and final
can read about different cultures, and have access paragraphs of your assigned reading are given
to films, academic papers, and the like from below for your reference.
countries around the world, and vice versa. Given (First paragraph)
this increasingly shrinking world, one should The rise of English is a remarkable success story.
know the difference between the kind of English When Julius Caesar landed in Britain nearly 2,000
that we write and speak, and the kind of Englishes years agao, English did not exist. Five hundred
that exist outside of the Philippines. years later, English, incomprehensible to modern
World Englishes ears, was probably spoken by about as few people
David Crystal (2003) begins the first as currently speak Cherokee─and with about as
chapter of the book English as a Global Language little influence. Nearly a thousand years later, at
with the assertion that English is, in fact, the the end of the 16th Century, when William
global language. After giving various examples to Shakespeare was in his prime, Englishmen, and it
support this statement, he questions the assertion was, in the words of a contemporary, “ of small
by asking, "What does it mean to say that a reatch, it stretcheth no further than this iland of
language is global?" (Crystal, 2003). In asking ours, naei not there over all.”
this, he considers the implications of English (Final paragraph)
having this status, especially for its many users The emergence of English as a global
who speak different mother tongues. phenomenon─ as either a first, second or foreign
In The Story of English, Robert McCrum language─has recently inspired the idea
et al. (1986) discuss the "success story" of the rise (undermining the above claims) that we should
of English. They also provide a variety of talk not of English but of many Englishes,
examples that demonstrate the global presence of especially in Third World countries where use of
English. The questions that follow help the reader English is no longer part of the colonial legacy but
the result of decisions made since their

Page | 5
independence. Throughout the history of English of the political forces─ nit just economic ones─
there has been a contest between the forces of guiding their use of the language.
standardization and the forces of localization, at The two most well-known varieties of English
both the written standardization. It was Victorian are those of the colonial superpowers: British and
England that realized the idea of “the Queen’s American English. But there are many
English,” a spoken standard to which the “lesser multilingual countries around the world in which
breeds” could aspire. The industrial revolution varieties of English have developed. This may be
meant roads, canals and, above all, trains: People because English was initially “transported” to that
travelled more, both geographically and socially. country by English-speaking settlers─ as in the
The pressures of class ambition speeded the United States, Canada, Australia, and New
emergence of a standard form of English speech. Zealand. It could also be that English may have
After-Reading Questions: been brought to that country as a language of
1. Based on McCrum’s essay and some conquest by English- speaking colonizers─ as in
additional research on your part, why is the South Africa, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore,
rise of English such a remarkable “success and the Philippines. In the latter countries, English
story”? What led to English taking on the has a particular role as official language, medium
role of a global language? of instruction, or even language of law and
2. Can you add the evidence given by government. English is also studied as a foreign
McCrum in paragraphs 3 to 7 that English language in some non-English speaking countries,
is the most widespread language in the such as Holland and Yugoslavia, as mentioned
world? earlier by McCrum, and in Korea and Japan. In
3. David Crystal (2003) says that “ a these countries, there is less exposure to English,
language achieve a genuinely global status and it is often learned for career progression
when it develops a special role of English because it is the language of international
in the Philippines? business.
4. Why does McCrum say that “we should As mentioned earlier, all of these World
not talk of Enlish but many English”? Englishes are equal in functionality, but not all are
Question number 4 is an important one. It is equal in prestige. The idea, however, in writing, is
now a more widely accepted fact that there are to adhere to the Standard English of one’s country
many World Englishes, sometimes referred to as because each variety, including those of the
“varieties of English” used in the world. All are United States and United Kingdom, has its own
equal in the sense that each is best suited to the peculiar or individual features. These features
communication needs of its speakers. However, include differences in spelling, punctuation,
not all are equal in prestige. Some varieties are favoured words and expressions, and sometimes,
more prestigious than others because of social grammatical constructions. The table that follows
attitudes about the speakers of these varieties. For gives an example of some of these differences for
example, in the social variety of English called American English and British English.
African American English (AAE)’ used by many Aspect American British
(but not all) African Americans in different English English
regions of the USA,” certain features such as ‘g- (US) (UK)
dropping’ in words like readin’ (reading), walkin’ Punctuation She said, She said,
(walking), and signin” (singing) are stigmatized” “I’ll be at “I’ll be at
(Yule, 2010). This process of stigmatized follows work by work by
“a regular pattern whereby the social practices 8:00a.m.” 8:00a.m.”
especially speech, of dominated groups who are in Date March 2, 2 March
charge of defining ‘normal’ ” (Yule,2010). Some 2017 2017
scholars, like Ruanni Tupas and Rabdy (2015), Spelling center, centre,
use the term “unequal Englishes” to focus color, colour,
discussions of “the unequal ways and situations in organize, organise,
which Englishes are arranged, configured, and program programme
contested.” It is important for writers from a Words elevator, Lift,
postcolonial relationship with English, to be aware pants, diaper trousers,
nappy
Page | 6
 Expression/ Ruffled knickers in a Importantly, he mentions that these British
Local Idiom feathers twist idiomatic equivalents would be just a baffling to
(agitated) (agitated) those unfamiliar with these usages. Filipinos
Grammar Do you have Have you might, in response to being told to “hang on,” may
that book? got that very well ask, “Hang on to what?”
book? Sutherlands also notes that "every English-
Pronunciation Vase / vãs/ - Vase / va:z/ - speaking nation has its own set of English phrases
(irrelevant in sounds like sounds like and idioms: English is equally idiosyncratic in
writing) VEYZ VAHZ say, Jamaica, Zimbabwe, or Singapore." In other
Thus, two English speakers─ one from US words, there is no wrong way of speaking English
and the other from the UK─ may be become as long as those who speak it understand each
confused when encountering the other’s other. In fact, Sutherland says, "The many
unfamiliar accent and word choices in a versions of English spoken around the globe
conversation and when seeing different spelling merely serve to make English an even richer
and punctuation conventions in writing. tongue." However, the fact that all varieties of
Activity: Varieties of English English have individual or peculiar sages is why it
1. Can you think of more examples of the is important—in the context to follow a standard.
differences between American and British This standard advocates the use of a consistent
English? Add examples to the previous table, spelling and punctuation system. It also avoids
or create your own table of aspects and colloquial and informal usages, eschewing these
examples. in favor of more widely understood uses or
2. For further awareness of World Englishes, explaining such usages for the reader if it becomes
watch David Crystal talk about the topic in a necessary to use in writing.
video posted by the British Council│Serbia The label for this variety is Standard
on YouTube. Search for “David Crystal ─ English or—depending on the region—Standard
World Englishes” or access the video via this American English, Standard British English, or
link: http:// www.youtube.com/watch? Standard Philippine English. This is defined as
v=2q9b9YqGRY (accessed June 21, 2017). consisting of "the conventional vocabulary and
3. Just for fun, look for a video clip on YouTube usage of educated speakers and writers of
of a person speaking a variety of English that English" (Roberts & Turgeon, 1998). To use this
you like. Share this video with your kind of English means to follow a spelling or
classmates and list and describe at least three punctuation system that is consistent with the
features of accent/pronunciation, word prescribed standard. For example, Standard
choices, and unique expressions. Philippine English follows Standard American
Philippine English, as well, has its unique usages for spelling, punctuation, and the
and idiosyncratic usages. For example, “comfort formatting of dates. In terms of grammar and
room” is a Philippine term for a “washroom.” diction, Standard English "does not include slang,
“toilet,” or “lavatory.” When Filipinos say, vulgarisms, regionalisms, and other constrictions
“There’s traffic,” they mean “There’s heavy that are considered... unorthodox by those seeking
traffic.” Moreover, the word “salvage” in the a language acceptable to a general audience"
Philippine context can mean either “to save” or (Roberts & Turgeon, 1998). In general, then,
“to brutally murder, usually for political reasons.” writers should avoid local idioms, expressions,
Matthew Sutherland, who writes about Philippine and constructions like those examples mentioned,
English from an Englishman’s perspective talks and essentially, to use words that will be clearly
about the expression “for a while,” which he says understood by English speakers from any region
baffles foreigners because the expression does not of the world.
exist outside of the Philippines. The UK’s
equivalent, he says, it “just a second” or “just a In summary, in everyday speech and
moment” (quoted in Aguilar, 2004). Similarly, informal contexts, one is free to use his or her own
Sutherland notes that “for a while” is frequently variety of English. However, in more formal
used in the Philippines on the telephone, whereas writing contexts, one should be able to identify
in the UK, the more typical expression would be which features of this variety may not be
“hold on” or “hang on” (quoted in Aguilar, 2004). understood by other speakers of English and to

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use alternatives that will be understood by a wider similarities between people exist and that these
audience. should not be assigned a positive or negative value
Activity: Philippine English, World via words and descriptions selected in writing.
Englishes, and Standard English Academic and al writings are characterized by
 Watch these two videos by Mikey Bustos on bias-free language. Students, professionals, and
YouTube. You may type in the titles below or anyone wishing to maintain harmonious
access the sites via the links provided. communicative relations should be careful in
 “Filipino Accent Tutorial” by Mikey Bustos at using words and phrases that do not discriminate
https://www.youtube.com/watch? against particular groups, whether in terms of
v=33BBtS1ir4tA (accessed April 3, 2017) race, ethnicity, gender, social class, age, and
 Mikey Bustos Pinoy Lessons “Pinoy English” disability. The essential point is to communicate
at http://www.youtube.com/watch? in a way that is respectful of diversity.
v=UqIFT8zT8V8 (accessed April 3, 2017) Here are some general principles to follow
2. List examples of the following when referring to different groups or categories.
characteristics of the Philippine English: 1. Race and Ethnicity
a. two pronunciation features Racism is a form of discrimination against
b. one grammatical features a person or persons of a different race. In general,
c. two unique expressions from Philippine it is best to avoid identifying people by race or
English and their more commonly understood ethnic group. Race is an emotionally charged
equivalents. topic, so it is best to tread carefully with the
3. Look up the meaning of the following language used and to refer to race, as Patricia
examples in the table from Philippine English, Arinto (2009) asserts in English for the
Canadian English, Australian English. Then, Professions, "only if it is relevant to what you
provide alternatives that will be understood by have to say." Words that reinforce stereotypes and
other English speakers from different regions that imply all people of a particular race or ethnic
of the world. group are the same should be avoided. For
Usages Unique to a More Widely example, although the assessment is positive in
Variety of English Understood the sentence "Naturally, the Asian students won
Alternative the math contest," the word "naturally" reinforces
Philippine English the stereotype or generalization that Asians have
— “I bought some superior aptitude in math.
dirty ice cream for Next, one must be attuned to the current
you.” terminology by which racial and ethnic groups
Canadian English — refer to themselves. This may be done by reading
“I’m going to write a national newspapers and watching television
test today in news, which typically are good indicators of
English.” current and preferred usage. According to Kitty
Australian English Locker and Donna Kienzler (2013), one should
—“That book has "refer to a group by the term it prefers," which
good oil.” means some research is required to find out about
South African acceptable and preferred terms. For example, for a
English — “She is long time, "Native American" has been considered
coming just to now.” the politically correct term for the indigenous
Singapore English — peoples of the Americas, over the label "Red
“He always likes to Indian." But today, most Native American people
action in front of the prefer to be referred to by their specific nation or
ladies.” tribe. In the Philippine context, there have been
shifts in the preferences for terms that Filipinos of
Culturally Sensitive and Bias-Free Language
Chinese ancestry use to describe their identity:
Just as important as awareness of the from Tsino, to Chinoy, to Filipino Chinese.
existence of the World Englishes is that is that of It is also important to be sensitive to
practicing cultural sensitivity. To write in a religion when referring to various ethnic groups.
culturally sensitive way 10 be aware that cultural Assumptions should not be made that stereotype a
differences and similar of cultural differences and
Page | 8
race, nationality, or ethnic group with a specific Class discrimination or classism is a form
religion. For example, not all Arabs are Muslims, of prejudice against a Person or people because of
not all Indians are Buddhists, and not all Filipinos their social class. An example of language with a
are Roman Catholics. bias against class is the American term "white
2. Gender and Sexual Orientation trash," which is not only a racial slur but a classist
Sexism refers to the prejudice and one that refers to white people, usually from the
discrimination based on sex or gender. To be rural Southern United States, coming from a lower
inclusive of all people in general references, one social class inside the white population. The term
should favor gender-neutral words and phrases is negative not just because of the words that
over gender-biased words. For example, rather comprise it but because of its connotation of
than "man-made," one can say "manufactured," danger; white trash people are seen as criminal,
"synthetic," or "artificial." Instead of "layman's unpredictable, and without respect for authority.
terms," one can use "ordinary terms." Neutral In the United States and other cultures, there may
words should also be chosen over words with also be a kind of classism against those who are
"man" and "woman" in job titles or descriptions. economically privileged. The rich are sometimes
For example, it is more appropriate to use referred to by the derogatory terms "preppie" and
"chairperson" in place of "chairman," "flight "yuppie." both of which connote not just wealth
attendant" in place of "stewardess," and "labor" in but arrogance.
place of "manpower." One should also avoid There are examples from Philippine
sexist terms like "woman lawyer" and "male culture as well, in the informal terms "conyo" and
nurse" and simply use "lawyer" and "nurse." "jologs," both derogatory terms referring to class.
Pronouns may also be gender-biased, for The first, used to describe young people from the
example, when the masculine "he" pronoun is upper class who speak an idiosyncratic mix of
used as a generic one for both genders. Gender- English and Tagalog, connotes vanity and
biased pronouns can be avoided by (a) dropping consciousness about social status. The second,
pronouns that signify gender and restating the now perhaps replaced by the term "jejemon," as
sentence, (b) changing to plural construction, and used in reference to an idiosyncratic spelling or
(c) replacing masculine or feminine pronouns with writing style, is used to describe persons who look
"one" or "you." Examples of alternative gender- poor and out of style.
neutral constructions are provided here. There are no academic articles about the terms
Gender-biased example: Each student should "conyo," "jolog," and "jejemon," but the
submit his term paper by Monday. following sites offer some ideas about their
Restatement Each student should submit a negative connotations.
term paper by Monday.  On "conyo" -
Plural Students should submit their http://www.cosmo.ph/lifestyle/motivation/13
term papers by Monday. signs-you-re-a-conyo-of-manila(accessed
June 21, 2017)
Use of “you” You should hand in your term  On "jologs -
paper by Monday. http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/
Other gender-related terms may have to do Jologs(accessed June 21, 2017) On "jejemon"
with gender orientation or sexual orientation. It is -
important to be sensitive to new attitudes about http://www.philstar.com/news-feature/577357
homosexual, transsexual, and transgender people. / students-urged-shun-jejemon (accessed June
For example, most gay people prefer the term 21, 2017)
"gay" to the more clinical "homosexual" as a Classism may also appear even in more
label. "Lesbian" is currently the term preferred by formal terminology. Sociologist/Activist Betsy
gay women. Transgender people prefer to be Leondar-Wright, argues in a video interview that
referred as being gender they identify as, not to Classist terms "attribute favorable traits to the
their birth gender. Again, as a matter of principle, wealthy and powerful" and "those in poverty or
one should refer to societal groups in the way that near-poverty are similarly cast in a negative light"
members of these groups prefer in the way (ClassismExposed, 2014). A more sensitive
referred to. Note also that i not everyone agrees. vocabulary uses terms that more precisely portray
the actual circumstances of people within the class
3. Social Class
Page | 9
structure. For example, instead of "the owning damaged or stiff. A disability that may result from
class," one can use "the upper class" or "the arthritis is difficulty in walking, or walking
privileged class," and instead of "the underclass," unevenly and haltingly. People who limp may be
one can say "the less privileged" or describe a handicapped by having to climb stairs in buildings
condition of "chronic poverty." In the Philippines, with no elevators. Other guides from other cultural
"informal settlers" is now the more politically contexts may provide different definitions and
correct term for "squatters." examples; it is essential when writing to do
For more information on classist language, watch research on these definitions.
this YouTube video entitled "What's wrong with Finally, when referring to people with
saying 'classy'?" featuring Betsy Leondar Wright: disabilities, the focus should be on the person, not
https://www.youtube.com/ watch? the condition (Arinto, 2009). In Patricia Arinto's
v=sudznVtmPxU (accessed June 21, 2017). English for the Professions (2009), she advises
writers to avoid hurtful expressions such as
"retards" or even the seemingly neutral description
4. Age "the mentally retarded" and to use instead "people
Ageism is a form of discrimination against with mental retardation." Similarly, instead of "the
other people because of their age, or assuming that blind" and "cancer patients," one should instead
older people are less physically, intellectually, or use "people with vision impairments" and "people
emotionally able than other age groups. The being treated for cancer," respectively. These
capabilities of younger people should also not be examples demonstrate the importance of identity-
underestimated on the basis of their age. Again, it first language or the importance of putting the
is important to refer to a person's age only when person or people first. Note the difference in the
that information is pertinent to what is being following sentences:
discussed. When referring to a generic group, one Disability first: The blind student used a special
should also ask their subjects what wordings they keyboard during the exam.
prefer: Do they wish to be called "older persons"
or "senior citizens"? Do they prefer the label Person first: The student, who is visually
"youths," "teenagers," or "young people"? impaired, used a special keyboard during the
Lastly, according to the American exam.
Psychological Association, writers should be Next, Arinto (2009) suggests considering
specific when referring to males and females in the negative implications of usages such as
terms of their age: females 18 years or older are "confined to a wheelchair" and "AIDS victim."
women, not girls. "Girls" refers to those in high For the former, one should instead write or say
school or younger (under 18). The same is true for "uses a wheelchair" because wheelchairs enable
"boys" and "man." people to escape confinement, while for the latter,
5. Disabilities one should use "person with AIDS" as someone
Discrimination in this area often arises who can acquire a disease without being
because of lack of understanding and awareness. victimized by it. Arinto (2009) also notes that me
Therefore, first, it is important to distinguish e word "abnormal" may be replaced with "atypical"
terms that are mistakenly understood to be because "people who have disabilities are atypical
synonymous. Various laes on bias-free but not necessarily abnormal" (Arinto, 2009).
communication and often-confused terminology These latter examples demonstrate the importance
are available online. One example is "A Guide to of not representing people with disabilities as
Bias-Free Communications" published by the unfortunate, limited, and helpless victims.
University of Wisconsin-Madison. It defines the Synthesis
terms “impairment," "disability," and "handicap" These general guiding principles are
as, respectively, (1) "a physiological condition," helpful, but not always apt. For example, there are
(2) "the consequence of an impairment" which heated debates now among parents of children
"may or may not be handicapping," and (3) "the with autism about whether to use "person with
social implication of a disability; a condition or autism" or "autistic person." Yet again, it must be
barrier imposed by society, the environment or emphasized that research is necessary to become
oneself."2 Thus, according to these definitions, a aware of trends and debates in this and other
“limp" is an impairment in which a leg or foot is

Page | 10
areas. One may also simply ask the concerned get them elected in public office or create a new
people what their preferred terms are. movement in society. For the Greeks, public
For further reading, you may search for speaking was political in nature, and the spoken
university guidelines about bias-free word was thought to be such an important skill
communication, or you can visit the following that citizens were taught the art of rhetoric.
site: Public speaking is an important life skill,
https://academicaffairs.ucsd.edu/_files/aps/adeo/ yet few people master it. In fact, many people are
Article_Guide_ to_Bias- afraid of speaking in public. However, the
Free_Communications.pdf significance of public speaking has only gotten
To learn about debates regarding the stronger in contemporary times. Public speaking
description of autistic persons or persons with platforms, such as TED Talks and YouTube, have
autism, visit the following site: http:// captured and disseminated public speech to an
autisticadvocacy.org/about-asan/identity-first- unprecedented scale, and what one says at the spur
language/ of the moment can live forever on the Internet.
The final takeaway is that to be an Great speeches have created hope in perilous
effective writer, one must not stereotype, demean, situations, and have made people change their
or exclude any member of his or her audience. minds about the world and their places in it.
Such stereotypes and biases are barriers to According to acclaimed public speakers
communication. Dale Carnegie and Joseph Berg Esenwein (2007),
Chapter 2 "Public speaking is public utterance, public
Public Speaking and Reports in the issuance, of the man himself; therefore, the first
Information Age thing both in time and importance is that the man
In the previous chapter, introduction to should be and think and feel things that are worthy
communication, communication ethics, and of being given forth.'
communication in a globalizing world were Although this chapter includes a short
studied. There were discussions about different history on public speaking, we believe that this is
kinds of English and how to communicate in a not complete without actually reading or watching
more professional and neutral manner. great speeches. Aside from the written speeches
In this chapter, we will be more specific in included, links are also provided to access these
dealing with communicating and reporting in the speeches online, should they be needed. To be
age of information. While the previous chapter able to understand how to become a good speaker,
was more theoretical in nature, here, we will be one needs to learn how to appreciate a good
tackling both theory and practice, with the help of speech and aspire to have the kind of skills that
model essays and tasks assigned for you. For good speakers have.
Lesson 1. you will be able to read a short history
of public speaking. It is important to be able to Lesson Objectives:
locate oneself in the different traditions of public By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
speaking around the world and to be able to learn
1. understand the history of public speaking and
from those who have come before us.
the nature of communication;
Chapter Objectives:
2. dissect a speech using the general principles of
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: logos, pathos, and ethos.
1. appreciate the importance and history of public 3. give a short, prepared speech in public.
specking
2. speak in public in an organized and competent A Short History of Public Speaking
manner and; Before-Reading Questions:
3. analyze speeches and identify perceived 1. Why do you think it is important to know the
strengths and received strengths and weaknesses. history of public speaking?
Lesson 1: Public Speaking 2. How should speeches be organized? Why do
Introduction you think so?
The importance of public speaking cannot 3. Do you think public speaking is important?
be denied. Great speeches have moved nations to Why or why not?
war and revolution; they inspire and move people 4. Should public speakers be ethical too? Why or
to act. What people say, and how they say it, can why not?
Page | 11
5. Who are the people would you consider ethical described as a "resistless torrent" (Kleiser, 2009).
speakers? Who are the speakers you consider Cicero was a statesman who argued that the
unethical? Explain your answers. teaching of rhetoric should be considered an art
There are many public speaking traditions form, and that this could be useful in "all practical
around the world. We will discuss a few of these and public affairs." Cicero believed that in order
traditions, from the more well-known public to prepare a speech, one should first think of one's
speaking traditions of the Greeks and Romans, listeners and their interests, and to use certain
and the public speaking traditions that are found in strategies, such as using humor, questions, etc., to
the Philippines. engage the audience (Morreale, 2010).,
The most well-known public speaking The Roman lawyer and educator,
traditions come from the West, specifically from Quintilian, also forwarded the idea that public
the Greco-Roman tradition. The Greeks studied speakers should be ethical. According to Morreale
the art of rhetoric on the island of Sicily, and it (2010), the ideal speaker was "a good man
began with a practical need. Their government had speaking well... a good speaker is ethical and of
been overthrown, a new democracy was formed, high character, and speaking well meant being
and the Greek courts were filled with clashing well-informed and presenting the speech
property claims. The Greek teacher of rhetoric, effectively."
Corax, and his student, Tisias, proceeded to help It is interesting to note that during these
citizens when it came to speaking persuasively in times, women were not allowed to speak publicly
courts of law, and this led to the expansion of the in these countries, and that for a long time, this
teaching of rhetoric to mainland Greece. was true for women in other areas of the world.
According to Corax,a basic speech has three parts, However, during precolonial times, the
the introduction, evidence, and conclusion, and Philippines was one of the few places that allowed
this simple organization of speeches has endured women to speak in public for the purpose of
throughout the ages (Morreale, 2010). presiding over religious rituals. These women
Other famous Greek teachers were were known as the babaylan, priestesses of the
Protagoras, the father of debate, who made his community, and along with the warriors of the
students argue for and against issues of the day, to community, the mandirigma, they were the leaders
sharpen their reasoning skills and appreciate of pre-colonial Philippines (Mallari, 2013).
different sides of an issue. And there was the Although most of the babaylan were women,
famous Greek philosopher, Aristotle, also known babaylan priests also existed, wearing feminine
as the father of modern communication. Aristotle clothing and adopting a feminized role in
wrote a treatise entitled "Rhetoric," where he Philippine society.
discussed the use of logos (logical argument), The Philippines actually has its own
pathos (emotional argument), and ethos (the tradition of public speaking. It is called different
speaker's character and credibility), in the use of words in different regions in the Philippines.
persuasive speaking (Morreale, 2010). According to Montemayor (n.d.), among the
According to Grenville Kleiser (2009), in Tagalogs, the Karagatan is said to be a game
Successful Methods in Public Speaking, "The wherein young men and women duel with each
great orators of the world did not regard eloquence other using words when it comes to talking about
as simply an endowment of nature, but applied love, while the "Huwego de Prenda... is a
themselves diligently to cultivating their powers chanter 2: Public Speaking and Reports in the
of expression." The most famous orator in Ancient Information Age 31 game used to entertain guests
Greece was Demosthenes. In the beginning, he and the bereaved family during wakes." During
had many flaws when it came to public speaking, the American period, the more widely known
chief among them were his stammer and weak Balagtasan was also staged, on order to honor
voice. According to Kleiser (2009), Demosthenes Francisco Balagtas, a well-known Filipino poet.
practiced earnestly by "declaiming on the seashore The Balagtasan is like an ordinary debate, except
with pebbles in his mouth, walking up and that one has to reason and argue in verse. Two
downhill while reciting," and that his speeches master poets are assigned to defend the pros and
were known for their deliberation and forethought. cons of an issue, and a board of judges sits to
On the other hand, the most famous determine the winner." At first, this whole
Roman orator was Cicero, whose eloquence was

Page | 12
enterprise was scripted and staged, but thereafter, 3. Discuss the roles of the Japanese, the
they were made in a more impromptu manner. Americans, and the Filipinos in World War II.
When the Americans brought public 4. Given that this speech was heard over the radio
education in the Philippines. They also brought when the Philippines fell to Japan, what are your
their public speaking traditions along with them. predictions about the content of the speech? Why
The Americans wanted to distinguish themselves are these your predictions?
from the Spanish colonizers by emphasizing 5. What is the importance of Easter Sunday in
public education, and did so on a massive scale. Holy Week? What do you think is the connection
They did this using the medium of the English between Holy Week and the Fall of Bataan?
language, which has its own peculiarities and (1) Bataan has fallen. The Philippine-American
forms, foremost among them is the dictum to be troops on this war ravaged and blood-stained
straightforward. It is anchored on the public peninsula have laid down their arms. With heads
speaking tradition founded on Western bloody but unbowed, they have yielded to the
Civilization, which is based on the Greek and the superior force and numbers of the enemy.
Roman traditions. This speech was heard over the radio when
In this manner, the Filipino public Bataan fell to the Japanese during World War II.
speaking tradition brings with it the flamboyant, For more information about this, go to
poetic manner that flourished under Spanish http://www.gov.ph/araw-ng-kagitingan/. This text
colonization, and the simpler, methodical public was taken from the website of Malacañan Palace:
speaking traditions of the West. Presidential Museum & Library, "Bataan Has
After-Reading Questions: Fallen" (2017).
1. According to Corax, what are the three parts of (2) The world will long remember the epic
a speech? struggle that the Filipino and American soldiers
2. According to Aristotle, what components make put up in the jungle fastness and along the rugged
a speech persuasive? Explain these in your own coast of Bataan. They have stood uncomplaining
words. under the constant and grueling fire of the enemy
3. Why does Cicero believe you should use for more than three months. Besieged on land, and
strategies to engage the audience? Do you agree? blockaded by sea, cut off from all sources of help
Why or why not? in the Philippines and in America, the intrepid
4. What is Balagtasan? Why is it the most well- fighters have done all that human endurance could
known Filipino public speaking tradition? bear.
5. What do you think is the most important (3) For what sustained them through these months
component that makes a speech persuasive? Why of incessant battle was a force that was more than
do you say so? merely physical. It was the force of an
6. What surprised you the most when you read the unconquerable faith—something in the heart and
history? Why were you surprised? soul that physical adversity and hardship could not
7. What is the difference between Western and destroy! It was the thought that native land and all
Filipino public speaking traditions? that it holds most dear, the thought of freedom and
8. Who do you consider a good speaker? Explain dignity and pride in those most priceless of all our
why you think so. human prerogatives.
9. How do public speakers affect society? Give While-Reading Questions:
concrete examples. 1. What can you observe about Salvador
10. What are your thoughts and feelings about Lopez's writing style and choice of words?
public speaking? 2. What effect do they have on the reader?
Sample Speeches of Public Speaking 3. Explain what the speaker means by the "force
Bataan Has Fallen' of unconquerable faith."
Salvador P. Lopez (4) The adversary, in the pride of his power and
Before-Reading Questions: triumph, will credit our troops with nothing less
1. What do you know about the Philippines's role than the courage and fortitude that his own troops
in World War II? have shown in battle. Our men fought a brave and
2. Where is Bataan? What is its importance in bitterly contested struggle. All the world will
World War II? testify to the almost superhuman endurance with

Page | 13
 which they stood up until the last, in the face of 2. Who do you think is the audience meant for this
overwhelming odds. speech? Why was it in English?
(5) But the decision had to come. Men fighting 3. What is pathos? How was it used in this speech?
under the banner of any unshakable faith are made 4. What figures of speech did the author use to
of something more than flesh, but they are not make the speech more effective? Cite examples.
made of impervious steel. The flesh must yield at 5. What particular parts of the speech touched you
last, endurance melts away, and the end of the or gave you strong feelings? What paragraphs,
battle must come. what specific words were effective for you? Why
(6) Bataan has fallen, but the spirit that made it were they effective for you?
stand-a beacon to all liberty-loving people of the 6. What is logos? How was it used in the speech?
world-cannot fall! 7. Do you think the speech used more logos or
(7) All of us know the story of Easter Sunday. It pathos? Explain your answer.
was the triumph of light over darkness, life over 8. Did you like the speech? Why or why not?
death. It was the vindication of a seemingly 9. Does it have any relevance to society or the
unreasonable faith. It was the glorious resurrection individual, even though we are no longer occupied
of a leader, only three days before defeated and by Japan? Explain your answer.
executed like a common felon. 10. What is the purpose of the speech? Did it
(8) Today, on the commemoration of the achieve its purpose?
Resurrection, we can humbly and without Learning Task 1: Word Choice and Its Effect
presumption declare our faith and hope in our own on Reader
resurrection, our own inevitable victory. 1. The use of certain words highlights an event in
(9) We, too, were betrayed by Judases. We were a manner that the writer can manipulate. Words
taken in the night by force of arms, and though we give color and meaning to an otherwise neutral
had done wrong to no man, our people were event: words interpret facts and frame them into
bound and delivered into the hands of our narratives of victory or defeat.
enemies. We have been with mock symbols of 2. In the worksheet that follows, find out the
sovereignty, denied by weaklings, lashed with connotation and denotation of the different words
repeated oppression, tortured, and starved. We used in Salvador Lopez's speech in order to break
were given gall to drink, and we have shed our down how he was able to create a singular effect
blood. To those who look upon us from afar it with the words he chose for his speech.
must seem the Filipino people have descended
into hell, into the valley of death. But we know
that the patient and watching men who said their
simple prayers in the hills of Bataan, have not lost
faith, and we know that the hushed congregations
in the churches throughout the land, drew from the
gospel as Mass renewed hope in their resurrection.
To all of them we give today the message of the
angel of Easter morning: "Be not afraid, for He is
risen." (10) We, too, shall rise. After we have paid
the full price of our redemption, we shall return to
show the scars of sacrifices that all may touch and
believe. When the trumpets sound the hour we
shall roll aside the stone before the tomb and the
tyrant guards shall scatter in confusion. No wall of
stone shall then be strong enough to contain us, no
human force shall suffice to hold us in subjection,
we shall rise in the name of freedom and the East
shall be alight with the glory of our liberation.
After-Reading Questions:
1. How do you think this speech affected the people
who were listening to the radio?

Page | 14
 Paragraph Words Used Denotation Connotation Effect
Number on
The Filipino Is Worth Dying For reader
Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. 2 "The world will (1) (2) (3)
Before-Reading Questions: long remember
the epic
struggle that the
1. Who is Ninoy Aquino? What is his importance Filipino and
in the Philippine history? American
soldiers put up
2. Why was Ninoy imprisoned, tortured, and in the jungle
eventually killed? What was his position before he fastnesses and
along the
was imprisoned? rugged coast of
3. What was his relationship with then President Bataan."
Ferdinand Marcos? 6 "But the spirit (4) (5) (6)
4. Are there any similarities between martial law, that made it
stand-a beacon
as it was then, and today's times? What are they? to all liberty—
5. Do you think the Filipino is worth dying for? loving people of
the world—
Why or why not? cannot fall!"
I have spent almost eight long and lonely 8 "Today, on the (7) (8) (9)
years in military confinement. The problem of commemoration
of the
Martial Rule and its injustices have nagged me all Resurrection,
these years. we can humbly
and without
During those eight years, I learned the true presumption
meaning of humiliation, of courage, of hunger, declare our faith
and hope in our
and endless anxiety. Rather than be bitter, I have own
learned to accept my suffering as cleansing resurrection,
our own
process and a rare opportunity to really grapple inevitable
with the problems of the Filipino. victory."

I have asked myself many times: Is the 9 "But we know (10) (11) (12)
that the patient
Filipino worth suffering, or even dying, for? Is he and watching
not a coward who would readily yield to any men who said
their simple
colonizer, be he foreign or home-grown? Is a prayers in the
Filipino more comfortable under an authoritarian hills of Bataan,
have not lost
leader because he does not want to be burdened faith, and we
with the freedom of choice? Is he unprepared or, know that the
hushed
worse, ill-suited for presidential or parliamentary congregations
democracy? in the churches
throughout the
I have carefully weighed the virtues and land, drew from
the faults of the Filipino and I have come to the the gospel at
mass renewed
conclusion that he is worth dying for because he is hope in their
the nation's greatest untapped resource. resurrection."
This speech was delivered on August 4, 1980, in 10 "When the (13) (14) (15)
trumpets sound
New York and was addressed toward then the hour we
President Ferdinand Marcos during martial law shall roll aside
the stone before
(Malaya and Uychoco, 1999). the tomb and
the tyrant
He is not a coward. He values life and he guards shall
tends to give his leader the maximum benefit of scatter in
confusion.”
the doubt. Given a good leader, because he is a
good follower, the Filipino can attain great 3. What does this tell us about how he felt about
heights. his experience? and how the Filipino people were
under martial law?
While-Reading Questions:
1. Why did he ask these questions? It would seem that he is more comfortable
2. What is it about the Filipino people under in being told to do than to think for himself. But
martial law that prompts him to ask these this is only a superficial impression because deep
questions? down in his being, he loves freedom but puts the
Page | 15
highest premium on human life and human further trying the patience and resolve of your
dignity. Hence, he would try to adapt till his countrymen.
patience runs out. Mr. Marcos: Give us back our freedom or
Is the Filipino prepared for democracy? suffer the consequences of your arrogance.
Definitely. Even before the arrival of the Spanish After-Reading Questions:
Conquistador, he had already practiced 1. How did the speech use pathos to persuade
participatory democracy in his barangay. He the audience that the Filipino was worth dying
values his freedom but because he values human for? What paragraphs did he use to show this?
life more, he will not easily take up arms and Explain. 2. How did the speech use logos to
would rather wait till his patience runs out. persuade the audience that the Filipino was worth
Yes, I have gained valuable insights in dying for? What paragraphs did he use to show
prison, and like an average Filipino, I would like this? Explain. 3. How did the speech use ethos to
to tell Mr. Marcos this: persuade the audience that the Filipino was worth
I can forgive you for what you have done dying for? What paragraphs did he use to show
to me over the last eight years because this I can this? Explain.
do, but I can never forgive you for depriving our 4. In paragraph 6, Aquino describes the Filipino
people of their freedom because it is not mine to and says, "he loves freedom but puts the highest
forgive. premium on human life and human dignity." Do
you agree with Ninoy, given today's situation?
I have waited patiently for you to restore
Why or why not?
the democracy you took away from us on that
5. Do you think that Filipinos are still largely
night of September 23, 1972. Like the average
passive when it comes to perceived violence done
Filipino, please do not mistake my patience for
by the state? Why do you think this is?
docility, my conciliatory demeanor for cowardice
6. What is it about Ninoy's speech that inspired
and lack of will.
people? Do you feel inspired as well? Why or why
I have chosen to suffer long years of
not?
solitary confinement rather than urge my
7. What made the speech more persuasive, the use
followers to put our country to the torch because,
of ethos, pathos, or logos? Explain.
like the average Filipino, I put the highest value
8. In paragraphs 12, 13, and 14, Aquino repeats
on human life. And I dread the weeping of
the words death and dying several times. What
mothers whose sons will surely be sacrificed at the
effect does it have on the audience? Why do you
altar of revolution. But please do not misinterpret
think these were used?
this conduct for timidity and subservience.
9. How would you describe the last paragraph?
I have faced death a couple of times in
Why do you think the speech ended that way?
prison. In 1975, I went on a hunger strike for forty
10. Do you agree with Ninoy, that the Filipino is
days and forty nights and I was near death when
worth dying for? Why or why not?
your jailers rushed me to the Veterans Hospital.
Learning Task 2: Planning Your Speech for the
I faced death in your detention camp when
Class
your army doctors diagnosed my heart ailment as
mere muscle spasm, only to be told by doctors in
1. Start planning your speech in class, with the
the United States that I could have died from the
topic grounded in modern day politics and current
heart attacks while I was languishing in your jail.
events, entitled "Is the Filipino Still Worth Dying
Mr. Marcos: Please believe me when I tell
for?"
you that, like the average Filipino, I will again
2. Answer the following questions in your
willingly face death in a freedom struggle if you
notebook:
will not heed the voice of conscience and
• What is the purpose of your speech?
moderation.
• What is the overall effect you want to achieve?
You were a soldier once, and you have
• What do you think would make a good
repeatedly said many times, it is an honor to die
introduction, evidence, and conclusion?
for one's country and for one's freedom.
• What particular logic or reasoning do you have
I hope you will now believe in what you when it comes to answering the question?
preach and pray that you shall at last desist from • What emotional appeal do you want to create
when it comes to your speech?
Page | 16
• What is it about you, your religion, or your my people, my honour and my blood, even in the
social or background that can be used when it dust.
comes to giving you greater ethos, or credibility, I know l have the body but of a weak and feeble
when it comes to your speech? woman; but T have the heart and stomach of a
Speech to the Troops at Tilbury king, and of a king of England too, and think foul
Queen Elizabeth 1 scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of
Short Background of the Text Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my
realm: to which rather than any dishonour shall
This speech was delivered by Queen grow by me, I myself will take up arms, I myself
Elizabeth I to the troops at Tilbury on July 1588. will be your general, judge, and rewarder of every
According to the British Library (2017). "The one of your virtues in the field.
defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 has long I know already, for your forwardness you
been held as one of England's greatest military have deserved rewards and crowns; and We do
achievements. This document records the famous assure you in the word of a prince, they shall be
speech delivered by Queen Elizabeth to her troops duly paid you. In the mean time, my lieutenant
who were assembled at Tilbury Camp to defend general shall be in my stead, than whom never
the country against a Spanish invasion. The prince commanded a more noble or worthy
successful defence of the Kingdom against subject; not doubting but by your obedience to my
invasion on such an unprecedented scale boosted general, by your concord in the camp, and your
the prestige of England's Queen Elizabeth I and valour in the field, we shall shortly have a famous
encouraged a sense of English pride and victory over those enemies of my God, of my
nationalism. In the speech, Elizabeth defends her kingdom, and of my people.
strength as a female leader, saying 'I know I have After-Reading Questions:
the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but I 1. In paragraph 2, why was it important to
have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a emphasize that Queen Elizabeth was present with
king of England too.'" It is possible to see the the troops? How did she make it into a symbol?
historic document that recorded the speech at the 2. How does she use pathos and ethos in the same
website of the British Library. Simply go to this paragraph?
link: 3. What is the main idea of paragraph 3?
http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item102878.ht 4. Why does she emphasize that she has a body of
ml (retrieved April 11, 2017). a woman but the heart and stomach of a king?
What does this mean?
Before-Reading Questions: 5. Why does she tell them that they will be
victorious? What is her purpose?
1. What is the Spanish Armada? 6. Did you find the speech inspiring? Why or why
2. What do you think a queen would say to her not?
troops at such an occasion? 7. Are you surprised that a woman was able to
deliver such a speech? Why or why not?
My loving people, 8. Do you think the same kind of speech can be
We have been persuaded by some that are delivered by a woman today? Why or why not?
careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit 9. Why has this speech stood the test of time?
ourselves to armed multitudes, for fear of 10. How does this speech affect you? Explain
treachery; but I assure you I do not desire to live your answer.
to distrust my faithful and loving people. Let Learning Task 3: Role-Playing the Speech
tyrants fear. I have always so behaved myself that, Look for some photographs of the speech
under God, I have placed my chiefest strength and and the battle on the Internet. Divide the class into
safeguard in the loyal hearts and good-will of my two groups. Each group is tasked to reenact the
subjects; and therefore I am come amongst you, as scene, complete with the speech of Queen
you see, at this time, not for my recreation and Elizabeth delivered to the troops. Improvise
disport, but being resolved, in the midst and heat costumes, set designs, and props to capture the
of the battle, to live and die amongst you all; to essence of the scene or event.
lay down for my God, and for my kingdom, and Second Inaugural Address:
Abraham Lincoln

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Before-Reading Questions: Union, but localized in the Southern part of it.
These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful
1 What is an "inaugural address"? interest knew that this interest was, somehow, the
cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and
2. Who is Abraham Lincoln? What is he famous extend this interest was the object which the
for? insurgents would rend the Union, even by war;
while the government claimed no right to do more
3. What is the American Civil War? Why is it than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it.
important? Neither party expected for the war the magnitude,
or the duration, which it has already attained.
4. Why did the North and the South have Neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict
opposing views? Why did the South believe that might cease with, or even before, the conflict itself
slavery was an economic necessity? should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph,
At this second appearing to take the oath and a result less fundamental and astounding.
of the presidential office, there is less occasion for Both rear the same Bible, and pray to the same
an extended address than there was at the first. God; and each invokes His aid against the other. It
Then a statement, somewhat in detail, of a course may seem strange that any men should dare to ask
to be pursued, seemed fitting and proper. Now, at a just God's assistance in wringing their bread
the expiration of four years, during which public from the sweat of other men's faces; but let us
declarations have been constantly called forth on judge not that we be not judged. The prayers of
every point and phase of the great contest which both could not be answered; that of neither has
still absorbs the attention, and engrosses the been answered fully. The Almighty has his own
energies of the nation, little that is new could be purposes. "Woe unto the world because of
presented. The progress of our arms, upon which offences! for it must needs be that offences come;
all else chiefly depends, is as well known to the but woe to that man by whom the offence
public as to myself; and it is, I trust, reasonably cometh!" If we shall suppose that American
satisfactory and encouraging to all. With high Slavery is one of those offences which, in the
hope for the future, no prediction in regard to it is providence of God, must needs come, but which,
ventured. having continued through His appointed time, He
On the occasion corresponding to this four now wills to remove, and that He gives to both
years ago, all thoughts were anxiously directed to North and South, this terrible war, as the woe due
an impending civil war. All dreaded it--all sought to those by whom the offence came, shall we
to avert it. While the inaugural [sic] address was discern therein any departure from those divine
being delivered from this place, devoted attributes which the believers in a Living God
altogether to saving the Union without war, always ascribe to Him? Fondly do we hope--
insurgent agents were in the city seeking to fervently do we pray--that this mighty scourge of
destroy it without war--seeking to dissole [sic] the war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills
Union, and divide effects, by negotiation. Both that it continue, until all the wealth piled by the
parties deprecated war; but one of them would bond-man's two hundred and fifty years of
make war rather than let the nation survive; and unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop
the other would accept war rather than let it of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by
perish. And the war came. another drawn with the sword, as was said three
According to The London Spectator, "We cannot thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the
read it without a renewed conviction that it is the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous
noblest political document known to history, and altogether".
should have for the nation and the statesmen he
left behind him something of a Sacred and almost While-Reading Questions:
prophetic character" (quoted in Collins, 1998). Why did Lincoln refer to the Bible? Why did he
This speech was given on March 4, 1865, and the refer to God?
text of the speech was taken from Bartleby.com With malice toward none; with charity for
(1995-2015). all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to
One eighth of the whole population were see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we
colored slaves, not distributed generally over the are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for

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him who shall have borne the battle, and for his 9. Be conscious of your hand gestures, Strive for a
widow, and his orphan-to do all which may happy balance of meaningful hand gestures and
achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, poise.
among ourselves, and with all nations. 10. Be conscious of your body language. Avoid
After-Reading Questions: crossing your arms too much or inching toward
1. How did you like this speech? the back of the room. Try to be more open with
2. Did you have a hard time reading it? Why? your gestures.
3. What is Lincoln's point when he says both sides 11. Be conscious of your eye contact. Try to make
"read the same Bible"? eye contact with at least three people you feel
4. Is the speech persuasive? In what way? comfortable with in different parts of the room.
5. Why does Lincoln continue with the Civil War, • The audience and their field of experience
despite the many deaths that it has yielded? • The kind of language to use according to your
6. The final paragraph is addressed to everyone in audience
the North and the South. What effect does this • The message and the feedback coming from the
have? What message does this convey? audience
7. Do you think Lincoln is primarily using logos, 12. Be conscious of your voice. Ensure that it is
pathos, or ethos? Is it a combination? Explain and loud enough the whole room.
support your answer with text from the speech. 13. Be conscious of your posture. Do not slouch
8. Why do you think it is considered one of the or look at the floor.
best speeches of all time? 14. Be conscious of your hand gestures. Strive for
9. How was Lincoln able to balance inclusivity a happy balance of meaningful hand gestures and
and yet defend his stance at the same time? poise.
10. What can we learn from this speech? 15. Be conscious of your body language. Avoid
Final Learning Task: Is the Filipino Still Worth crossing your arms too much or inching toward
Dying for? the back of the room. Try to be more open with
1. Earlier, in Learning Task 2, you started your gestures.
preparing for a speech entitled "Is the Filipino 16. Be conscious of your eye contact. Try to make
Still Worth Dying for?" eye contact with at least three people you feel
2. Write your speech answering the question, "Is comfortable with in different parts of the room
the Filipino Still Worth Dying for?" Review and Rubrics and Feedback on the Public Speaking
complete your speech. Ensure you have a copy for Activity
reference and annotation, as may be needed.
3. Make sure that all the preparations made in this Your speech will be evaluated using the following
lesson are incorporated in the speech, such as an rubric. Perfect score is 100%. passing score is
introduction, evidence, and conclusion; the use of 75%. Your teacher will also write comments
logos, pathos, and ethos; the use of wisely chosen about your speech.
words; and adequate evidence to prove your point Criteria Excellent Average Below
Average
4. When read aloud, the speech should last from 6 Matter The The speech The speech is
to 8 minutes. includes speech is is not logical,
5. For each paragraph, place the key words or logic, logical and reasonable. not credible,
phrases in one index card that should help you credible the Not all of the and not
remember what you wrote. sources, explanatio evidence reasonable.
and ns are provided can There are
6. Remember the lessons from Chapter 1 and evidence. coherent be few
adjust your speech according to the following: and considered arguments
• The audience and their field of experience 40% of reasonable credible, forwarded,
• The kind of language to use according to your Overall . some come most of them
audience. Grade All of the from are assertions
evidence obviously without any
• The message and the feedback coming from the Score: comes biased evidence.
audience ____ from sources. Explanations
7. Be conscious of your voice. Ensure that it is credible are vague
loud enough to reach the whole room. sources, Score and hard to
8. Be conscious of your posture. Do not slouch or such as Range: 35 to follow. There
newspaper 30 are no
look at the floor. s and credible
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 academic sources. statement of speech. from
journals. the speaker. beginning to
Score Score Range: Score end.
Range: 36 29 to 25 Score Range: 13 to
to 40 Range:17 to 16 Score
Manner The The speech The speech is 29 Range:
includes speech is is effective rendered _____
persuasive extremely and makes ineffective TOTAL Teacher’s Teacher’s Teacher’s
ability, persuasive the audience because of SCORE: Comment Comment Comment
posture eye because of consider the the weak
contact, emotional points made. words and
s to s to s to
hand appeal and There is manner of _______ Improve Improve Improve
gestures, the some general the speaker. _ Matter: Manner: Method:
and speaker awkwardnes The
effectivene seems very s, but these speaker’s
ss in the credible. do not affect posture,
use of The the overall voice, or
one’s speaker persuasivene points do not
voice. also uses ss of the inspire
effective speech. confidence.
40% of gestures, Voice There may be
Overall eye, quality and no little eye
Grade contact, eye contact contact, and
and the may be the voice can
Score:____ speaker’s strong at be too soft
voice times, but sometimes
carries the this is not almost This is usually matched with pointing and/or
message in consistent indecipherabl
an throughout. e. punches thrown in the air, to punctuate their
effective speeches and make a strong impression on the
manner. crowd.
Score Hand Gestures. Whatever kind of speaker
Range 36 Score Score Range: one best to be more purposeful when it comes to
to 40 Range: 35 to 29 to 25 choosing gestures can create as much of an impact
30 as the as much of an impact as the content of the
speed itself. They must always look smooth and
natural artificial. Hand gestures can be useful
signpost in making a point, such as the usual hand
Criteria Excellent Average Below
Average gestures of enumeration. They can signal
Method The speech The speech The speech inclusiveness. Such as when both hands are
includes is organized is organized is stretched towards towards the audience palm up,
the clearly, and and there is disorganized division, such as when there are sweeping gestures
organizatio transitional some good and hard to to indicate difference Although they are intuitive
n of the markers (the use of follow.
speech and use of words transitional Assumption in nature, they are extremely useful when used
the clarity such of as, markers. s are effectively, and note that these gestures are also
of the “however, The supported culturally informed Some hand gestures are
arguments. nevertheless arguments by considered rude, and it is important to be able to
, and but, may problematic, match the appropriate hand gestures to one's
20% of among contradict at false, or
Overall others) are times, but downright
audience.
Grade used these are not wrong Recording the Speech for Feedback.
effectively enough to evidence. One of the best practices in public speaking is to
SCORE:__ in the ruin or Explanation videotape speakers, and then have these speakers
_ speech. All really s are hard to watch themselves. It might surprise them that they
arguments negatively understand.
are clearly affect the Very few
use hand gestures of mannerisms that distract
connected speech, but transitional from or lessen the impact of their speeches. Some
and they all overall, makers. hand gestures are so exaggerated they look like
fall under there is a Speech is policemen directing traffic, and some people
the general general hard to pepper their speeches with too much nervous
thesis unity in the understand
Page | 20
laughter, or fillers like "Umms" and "Uhhhs" in speeches to be accompanied with visual aids, such
their speech. This process is usually done inside as PowerPoint presentations, video or audio clips,
speech laboratories, where students can access and infographics. Any of these are acceptable, and
videos of themselves, and allow them to study in most cases, commendable, as long as they are
their speeches. They can watch for the flaws of relevant to the topic at hand.
their performances, instead of being too dependent PowerPoint Presentations. When it comes to the
on the teacher or their peers when it comes to use of PowerPoint, one should ensure that the font
constructive criticism. size of the text is not too small. An acceptable size
Peer Evaluation. Unfortunately, not all font would be type 24 or larger, and the text
schools have the means to record their students' should be in dark colors for easier reading. The
speeches. Should this be the case, it is important best PowerPoint presentations are not text-heavy;
to have discerning teachers, coaches, or peers to instead, they are visually oriented, which is why
provide feedback when it comes to the affectivity the use of photographs, illustrations, charts, and
of one's speech. It is not enough to be given a the like would better serve one’s use of the
grade for the speech, or just be accorded high medium. Video clips may or may not be
praise. Feedback from people is important, and embedded in the presentation, as well as audio
this will be a great tool in improving one's speech clips and animation.
and one's speaking style in general. Observations The university pg Leicester gives a few
can range from the speaker's posture, one's facial guidelines about the use of PowerPoint, as well.
expressions, and one's general appearance. This When it comes to color, it is best to be consistent
can also be done alone with the speaker rehearsing and have the same color and background schemes
their speech in front of a mirror. for each slide. It also mentions the “six by six
Appearance. When it comes to appearance, it is rule,” whereby, “slides should have no more than
important to loos credible and worthy of respect. six bullet points and each bullet point should be
In the real world, this depends a lot on one no more than six words long”. Although it is good
audience, as the way one's dresses should match animation, it would be best not to overuse this
the kind of audience one wants to impress. feature. Once the PowerPoint presentation is
Whether one's audience are corporate clients or finished, one can view it several ways; one can
native directors, this should have an influence on view it in the “Notes” tab to see the comments and
the appearance one presents. notes for the speaker, aside from the actual slide
presentation; and another is the "Slide Sorter"
Clothing. Traditional audiences often call for view to see the visual impact of the presentation.
more formal clothing. For men, this would mean A good rule of thumb is one slide for every two
donning a suit and tie at the most formal level, or minutes. One should rehearse the speech while
at the very least, the use of long-sleeved button- using the presentation, and check the
down shirts, slacks and leather shoes. In the infrastructure (such as the room, laptop, and
Philippines, the use of a barong and slacks is projector before the speech (2017).
acceptable. For the women, a pantsuit or a formal Handouts. It would be best to have handouts
coat and skirt ensemble should suffice. In less ready for on audience, so that members of the
formal instances, a dress or blouse and skirt (or audience will not have to scramble when taking
slacks outfit should do as well. notes during the presentation. These should be
Good Grooming. In addition, good grooming is a written succinctly, and should have appropriate
must, and that extends to one's hair to one's nails. citations.
As long as one looks neat and clean, that should Feedback. Although the speech is a performance,
be enough to satisfy most audience's requirements. it is also o where its audience can participate,
Some audiences, however, may require women to often by the speaker asking rhetoric or directing
wear more (or less) makeup, don a hijab, or wear actual questions to the audience. It is always good
high heels - in these instances, it is always best to to read the verbal and non-verbal cues from the
know the cultural expectations of the audience and audience, such as whether they agree with what
the venue. one is saying or whether they are resisting to
Visual Aids. Since we live in a world that is more certain ideas, mirrored by their use of body
dependent on information technology, it has language. The speaker is seen as more responsive
become de rigueur for audiences to expect and sympathetic to the audience when they

Page | 21
modify their speeches to match the audience's 3. The group will be asked to stand up and form a
visual cues. circle, with everyone facing each other.
Conclusion. In the end, public speaking is a 4. Every person in the group is given one minute
dynamic performance that is meant to disseminate to think of a short speech on an impromptu topic,
information, create greater awareness, and evoke and is given one minute to present it to the group.
emotions in the audience. It is utilized by teachers, 5. The first speaker will be given a topic from the
lawyers, politicians, and the like. It has been used person closest to him, let’s say the person on his
effectively to promote human rights on the street left. After one minute thinking, before the first
and to create policies in government. Although it speaker gives his speech, he will give the person
is a performance, the most important speeches in on his right the topic he wants that person to
the world have had material effects, such as the about. Therefore, while the speaker is speaking in
speeches of Abraham Lincoln, Susan B. Anthony, the space one minute, the next speaker is already
and Martin Luther King, Jr., and these still affect given one minute think about his speech.
the world today, long after their speakers have 6. Your teacher will note each person's speaking
already been long gone. style and the content of his or her speech. A good
After-Reading Questions: rule of thumb for giving feedback is to spend 5 to
1. Why is public speaking a performance? 10 minutes per student. After the activity, your
2. Is a good public speaker born, not made? Or is teacher can give feedback in two ways:
it a mixture of both? Explain your answer.  Point out the best and worst practices in the
3. As an audience member, what affects you the impromptu, speeches. It is important to be
most when it comes to the effectivity of a speech? specific, such as discussing the effective hand
What qualities of the speaker give the greatest gestures of one student, and to be specific in
impression to you? one's observations.
 Point out each flaw and strength in each
4. Do you want to be a good public speaker? Why speaker. This will be more intensive and will
or why not? take more time than the former option.
5. What public speaking practices do you think Although this can be excruciating for most
should be practiced more in your school or in people, this will also be more effective,
your class? Why? because it is tailored to fit each individual
6. Why is it important to match one's appearance speaker, and gives pertinent feedback to
to one's audience? everyone involved.
7. When are visual aids effective when people Learning Task 2: Reflections on Speaking Style
give speeches and reports? Given the speaking activities that you have
8. When are visual aids not effective when people already gone through, such as the speech given in
give speeches and reports the last lesson, and the JAM session earlier, you
9. What is your speaking style? Can you think of should already have some grasp of your speaking
any famous person who has the same speaking style. Here are some questions that you can
style? answer in small groups. After some time, your
10. Do you think you can still further improve your teacher will ask you to present your answers to the
speaking style? How? class.
Learning Task 1: Just a Minute (JAM) 1. How would you describe your speaking style?
1. This activity will help you think on your feet Can you think of any famous person who has the
and practice impromptu speaking. It can be done same speaking style? What can you learn from
in large groups, such as whole classes or smaller that person?
groups, such as groups of seven to 15 people 2. How can you improve your speaking style? 3.
2. Your teacher is responsible for being What kind of speaker would you like to become,
constructive in his or her criticism, and to and why?
highlight strengths, as well as weaknesses. You Sample Reports
will be told beforehand that you will be critiqued News reports are still the best samples
at the end of the activity, and to take these as when it comes to delivering the best reports. We
constructive criticism, rather than a way to bring will be taking up two news reports, one historical
you down or to lower your self-esteem. and another one more recent. We will be taking up
news reports that are available on the Internet, and
Page | 22
which you can read or view and die class. It is also Watch the News Report at this address:
good to discuss more recent news reports that http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-38181753
have an impact on readers and viewers and to (retrieved April 11, 2017
analyze them with the class as well.
1. "The Marcos Million" (Jim Laurie [20/20, ABC After-Watching Questions:
News]) 1. What effect did the footage have on you?
Short Background Before Watching: 2. What effect did the interviews have on you?
Jim Laurie published this newscast on Why?
YouTube on August 3, 2016. It features Hugh 3. Do you think it was a fair report? Why or why
Downs and Barbara Walters on '20/20' reporting not?
on the Marcos wealth, shortly after Pres. 4. Why does Raffy Lerma disagree about the
Ferdinand Marcos and his family were forced to killings? Do you agree with him?
leave the Philippines on February 26, 1986. Pres. 5. Why does Lerma think that his photographs
Marcos died in Hawaii on September 28, 1989. can help stop the drug war?
This report focuses on the extravagance of Imelda 6. Did the report seem reliable? Why or why not?
Marcos, now aged 88 and in retirement in the 7. Was the report based on facts
Philippines. 8. Do you think drug users should be given a
Before-Watching Questions: second chance? Why or why not?
1. What do you expect to see on this report? 9. What is the conclusion of the report?
2. Do you think this report is still relevant today? 10. Do you agree with it?
Why or why not? Learning Task 3: Preparing for the
Watch the News Report at this address: Informative Report
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3259VEAOls 1. For this lesson, you will give an informative
(retrieved April 11, 2017). report in front of the class.
After-Watching Questions: 2. The topic should be something you are
1. Do you think this report is still relevant today? interested in. It is best if your teacher asks you to
Why or why not? come up with three topics, and pick the most
2. What is your immediate reaction after watching appropriate or interesting topic for you to report
the report? on.
3. What footage made the most impact for you? 3. When researching for one's report, it is not
Explain why. enough to report on what one already knows. It is
4. How did the visual aids help the viewer in important to find out what other people have
understanding the report? written about the topic, and that is probably one of
5. Why were the interviews included? How do the chief distinctions between an academic report
they help the report? and a non-academic report. For academic reports,
6. Do you think the report is reliable? Why or why one must know the literature surrounding one's
not? subject, so when one reports, the details come
7. What facts did the report use as evidence? 8. from a broad spectrum of knowledge instead of
Did Barbara Walters seem to be a reliable just speaking from one subjective experience or
reporter? What is her reputation as a journalist? regurgitating what may be found in one's echo
9. Did Jim Laurie, the person narrating the report, chamber (as found in one's Facebook newsfeed).
seem reliable as well? Why or why not? Chapter 2: Public Speaking and Reports in the
10. What can you learn from this report, when it information ay
comes to how to deliver a good report? 4. According to the University of Adelaide,
2. “Duterte's Drug War: Manila's Brutal Night "Choosing good sources means paying attention to
Shift" (Raffy Lerma [BBC]) who wrote the information, why and how they
wrote it," and they provide a checklist to help
Before-Watching Questions: students gauge whether their print sources are
1. What do you think of Duterte's war on drugs? credible or not. It might be helpful to pay a visit to
2. What do you think about extrajudicial killings? their website to get a more thorough appreciation
3. Do you think there are other ways to solve the of what one should watch out for. When it comes
drug problem? If yes, what are they? to choosing between print sources and Internet
sources, it is good to remember what the Purdue
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Online Writing Laboratory has to say about this. By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
Visit their website to know the details. 1. know the features of a good TED talk:
Final Learning Task: Putting It All Together in 2. to perform a good TED talk using visual
a Speech aids; and
1. Make sure that all the preparations made in this 3. give a talk in front of a corporate or
lesson are incorporated in the report, such as using academic audience, in a business or an
good visual aids, preparing and delivering a report academic conference.
with a PowerPoint presentation effectively, and TED Talks: Walking the Talk
paying attention to one's audience. Before-Reading Questions:
2. When read aloud, the report should last from 1. Have you ever watched TED Talks? Why or
five to ten minutes. why not?
3. For each paragraph, place the keywords or 2. What makes TED Talks interesting
phrases in one index card that should help you 3. Would you ever want to give a TED talk?
remember what you wrote. Again, why or why not?
4. Be conscious of your voice. Ensure that it is Sometimes, people with good public
loud enough to reach the whole room. speaking skills and mediocre ideas get more
5. Be conscious of your posture. Do not slouch or attention than people with great ideas but average
look at the floor. public speaking skills. That's actually a problem
6. Be conscious of your hand gestures. Strive for a the world needs people with great skills to match,
happy balance of meaningful hand gestures and because we need in Clark, D.) When people have
poise. good ideas, the should be able to share it with
7. Be conscious of your body language. Avoid others. There are times when funding a good idea
crossing your arms too much or inching toward relies solely on one’s public speaking skills, or
the back of the room. Try to be more open with times when groundbreaking ideas need to be
your gestures. shared to create a social revolution.
8. Be conscious of your eye contact. Try to make It is important to know that content is king.
eye contact with at least three people you feel Whatever one chooses to talk about, it should
comfortable with in different parts of the room. come from a place of passion. One's enthusiasm
9. Your report will be graded using the rubric in for the topic should shine, and it should be
Lesson 1 of Chapter something worth sharing to me world. All the
Lesson 3: TED Talks and Critical/Creative research in the world will not matter if one does
Thinking In Today's Society not feel strongly about the topic. After all, the
In the last lesson, we took up more slogan of TED Talks is, "Ideas Worth Sharing,"
television newscasts and reports in the classroom . and not, "A Few O.K. Ideas."
For this lesson, we will see how reports can be When people speak in front of an
done in today's modern world over the world audience, they are already on a place of
share their knowledge on various media platforms, vulnerability, which is why some people freeze up
whether they are amateurs from YouTube or or are afraid of showing their emotions. The
experts on TED Talks. People from the past might opposite should take place—speakers should use
have thought that animation and graphics would their emotions to connect to the audience—it
have dominated the information revolution, but it makes them more relatable and more accessible.
turns out that human beings like watching other Personal anecdotes are great ways to connect to an
humans talk─ and that publics of the more audience.
important ways to spread ideas in 21st century. Lastly, it is important to speak slowly so
Instead of being extinct in the information age, the audience can understand the concepts one
public speaking has become even more important. talks about. The temptation is to speak as fast as
Filipinos, like Mikey Bustos, have huge you can in order to get the experience over and
followings on their YouTube videos, while done with, but that would simply give a bad
Filipino experts have shared shared their impression.
knowledge in TEDx Talks in universities in the There really isn't much more to say. The
Philippines. best way to know how to give a TED talk is to
watch several, and to study what makes them
Lesson Objectives:

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effevctive. And the best way to present a TED talk 8. Have you ever tried meditating before? What
is to practice and prepare, as much as possible. do you think of it?
The titles that follow are TED talks in 9. What are the benefits of being a more reflective
different topics. You are to analyze each TED person? Do you think it will help society as a
talk. Links are already provided for your access. whole if people were more reflective? Why?
10. What problems do we encounter if we are not
1. "What Reality Are You Creating for reflective, and are connected to social media, all
Yourself?" (Isaac Lidsky) the time?
Before-Watching Questions: 3. “Confessions of a Bad Feminist" (Roxane
1. What are the five senses? Which one do you Gay)
consider important? Why? Before-Watching Questions:
2. Do you think that reality is something that we 1. What is a feminist?
are in or is reality something that we create? What 2. Is it a good or a bad thing to be? Explain your
is the difference between the two? answer.
Watch this TED talk at this address: Watch this TED talk at this address:
http://www.ted.com/talks/isaac lidsky what https://www.ted.com/talks/roxane gay
reality_are_you_creating_ for_yourself #t-692833 confessions_of_d_bad feminist#1-237630
(retrieved April 11, 2017). (retrieved April 11, 2017).
After-Watching Questions: After-Watching Questions:
1. What did you think of TED Talks? 1. Why does she consider herself a "bad
2. How can people affect their reality? feminist"? Do you agree?
3. What was the most surprising thing for you in 2. Are you a feminist? Why or why not?
the talk? 3. Can only women be feminists? Why or why
4. What made it so effective? not? 4. Why do people look down on feminists?
5. How does it personally affect you? Do they have a valid point?
6. What hand gestures did you consider to be 5. Why is it important to add race and social status
effective? Why? to the equation?
7. What was his only visual aid? Why did he use 6. What is your reaction to "the incident"? Do you
it? 8. How did he prove that he was able to change think this is a common female experience?
his reality? 7. What made the speech effective
9. What can you learn about public speaking from 8. Why does she share little anecdotes about
listening to the talk? herself? Does it help her cause?
10. What can you learn about life? 9. Can you relate to the speech? Why or why not?
2. “All it Takes Is 10 Mindful Minutes" (Andy 10. Is this speech something we Filipinos can
Puddicombe) learn from as well? Why or why not?
Before-Watching Questions: 4. "Life, Learning and Filipino Martial Arts"
1. When was the last time you did absolutely (Felipe Jocano Jr.)
nothing for ten minutes? Before-Watching Questions:
2. What does being "mindful" mean to you? 1. What is martial arts? Why is it interesting?
Watch this TED talk at this address: 2. Did you know there was a Filipino martial arts?
https://www.ted.com/talks/andy_puddicombe_all_ What is it?
it_takes_is_10 mindful_minutes#t-545342 Watch this TEDxTalk at this address:
(retrieved April 11, 2017). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWzT_dleglw
After-Watching Questions: (retrieved April 11, 2017).
1. What did you feel after watching the talk? After-Watching Questions:
2. What would be the benefit or benefits of 1. What do you think of Arnis?
meditation? 2. What do you think of the myths connected to
3. Why was his talk effective? the martial art?
4. What do you think of his use of visual aids? 3. What do you think of the history connected to
5. What is the main point of his talk? the martial art?
6. Could you relate to his talk? Why or why not? 4. What values struck you the most? Why?
7. Do you think the talk is relevant to society? 5. Why isn't Arnis more well-known in the
Why or why not? Philippines?

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6. Why does the speaker talk about the the rubrics. Then, your teacher will summarize the
"smallness" and the "falls" of Philippine culture? written assessment separately. 3. You will also be
What did he want the audience to understand? given a way to process your talk on your own,
7. Which visual aids did you find effective? such as writing a reflection paper on the
Explain. experience and how they think you can improve.
8. What did you think of his physical Part 2: Corrective TED Talk
demonstration? After giving the first public talk and
9. What made the speech effective? hearing the feedback, you will then give another
10. Why did the speaker end his speech the way talk, about a different topic of your choice. Again,
that he did? this should be videotaped and all the materials
5. "What Makes a Good Life?" (Robert noted before should be present as well. You will
Waldinger) all have copies of the rubrics and be mindful of
Before-Watching Questions: them. Hopefully, your second public talk should
1. How would you answer the title question? be a better one, compared to your first public
2. What are your goals in life? lecture.
Watch this TED talk at this address:
https://www.ted.com/talks/robert_waldinger what
makes_a_good_life_lessons_from_the_longest_st
udy on happiness (retrieved April 12, 2017).
After-Watching Questions:
1. Did you have any correct predictions about
what makes a good life? Why or why not?
2. Were you surprised by the findings Why or why
not?
3. What did you think of the visual aids & Which
ones were the most effective
4. What struck you the most about the findings?
Why?
5. Why is it hard to maintain relationships? Why
should we maintain them, anyway?
6. How can good relationships protect us? Have
you ever experienced this before, as well
7. Which relationship is the most satisfying one
for you, now? Why?
8. Which ones do you wish were better? What can
you do to make them better?
9. Did you like the talk? Why or why not?
10. What can we learn from the speaker?

Final Learning Task

Part 1: First TED Talk
1. You will give a public talk, similar to TED
Talks, in your classroom. There should be
cameras ready, a podium, a laptop and a projector.
You will be given 10 minutes to talk about a topic
that should inform and/or enlighten the audience.
Remember to cater your speech toward your
audience in this case, your classmates), therefore,
talk about ideas worth sharing, and at the same
time, use language that they can relate to and
understand. Your teacher and the class will critic
you using the rubric. They can discuss how your
talk can be improved, looking at the videos and

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