Oncology Practice Models - Matthews - 6 Slides Per Page
Oncology Practice Models - Matthews - 6 Slides Per Page
Oncology Practice Models - Matthews - 6 Slides Per Page
Disclosure
• I have no actual or potential conflict of interest in
Clinical Pharmacy Practice Models relation to this program/presentation.
in Oncology Patient Care
Rachel Matthews, PharmD, BCOP
Objectives
• Understand what published literature says about the
role of oncology clinical pharmacists in patient care
• Identify current gaps in oncology patient care
• Discuss the Pharmacy Practice Model Initiative and Roles of Clinical Oncology Pharmacists
implications for oncology practice
• Recognize practice site characteristics that will affect
the type of model that may work for you
• Identify types of inpatient oncology practice models
• Identify types of outpatient oncology practice
models
ACCP: Clinical Pharmacist ACCP: Clinical Pharmacist
• Comprehensive Medication Management (CMM) • Patient assessment: review medical records, discuss
[aka MTM/DTM] medication history with patient/caregivers, prioritize
problems/needs
• Individualized care plan • Medication evaluation: optimize therapy
• Care coordination in various settings (appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, affordability,
• Ability to practice in team based care and direct adherence)
patient care environment • Plan of care: team collaboration; formulate plan and
implement; patient/caregiver education; measurable
• Completion of residency training or equivalent outcomes and follow up
practice experience • Monitoring: monitor and evaluate therapy; collaborate
• Board certification by Board of Pharmacy Specialties with team continually; assess and adjust therapy as
(BPS) needed
American College of Clinical Pharmacy Pharmacotherapy 2014;34(8):794‐97 American College of Clinical Pharmacy Pharmacotherapy 2014;34(8):794‐97
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ASHP Ambulatory Care Summit Pharmacist
ACCP: Clinical Pharmacist
Role (Recommendation 1.2)
• Documentation: document in patient’s medical • Perform patient assessments
record assessments, plan of care, follow up • Prescribing authority
• Develop collaborative drug therapy management • Collaborative drug therapy management
agreements with physicians, medical groups, or
health systems • Order, interpret, and monitor medication therapy‐
• Participation in continuing professional related tests
development, research, education of other • Coordinate care for wellness and disease prevention
healthcare providers or students • Patient and caregiver education
• May also have roles as administrators, managers, • Document in medical record
policy development, consultations
American College of Clinical Pharmacy Pharmacotherapy 2014;34(8):794‐97 ASHP. Am J Health‐Syst Pharm 2014; 71:1390‐1
Clinical Oncology Specialist Roles Clinical Oncology Specialist Roles
• Order set, policy, procedure, and guideline • Investigational drug services
development • Research
• Chemotherapy counseling (patients/caregivers) • Education (residents, students, peers)
• Discharge education for medication therapy • Chemotherapy order verification/writing
• Formulary management • Coordination of care
• Patient care: CMM, medication reconciliation, team • Cost effectiveness analysis
rounding • Tumor boards*
• Anticoagulation services • Targeted therapies & Pharmacogenomics*
• Pharmacokinetic services • Optimize clinical decision support technology*
HOPA. Scope of Hematology/Oncology Pharmacy Practice. HOPA. Scope of Hematology/Oncology Pharmacy Practice.
http://www.hoparx.org/uploads/files/2013/HOPA13_ScopeofPracticeBk.pdf http://www.hoparx.org/uploads/files/2013/HOPA13_ScopeofPracticeBk.pdf
Select Recommendations from ASHP
Practice Model Summit
• All patients have a right to the care of a pharmacist
• Hospital and health‐system pharmacists must be
responsible & accountable for patients’ medication‐
Implications for oncology practice related outcomes
• Every pharmacy department should identify drug
therapy management (DTM) services provided
consistently by its pharmacists
• Pharmacist completion of ASHP‐accredited residency
training or equivalent experience is essential to DTM
in optimal pharmacy practice models
Zellmer WA. Ann Pharmacother. 2012;46(suppl 1):S41‐5; ASHP. Am J Health‐Syst Pharm. 2011;68:1148‐52
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Select Recommendations from ASHP Select Recommendations from ASHP
Practice Model Summit Practice Model Summit
• Pharmacists providing DTM should be certified • Optimal pharmacy practice models
through the most appropriate BPS certification ▫ Pharmacists have oversight and responsibility for
medication distribution
• Sufficient pharmacy resources must be available for ▫ Pharmacist role should not be limited to distribution and
technology‐related medication‐use safety standards reactive order processing
• Uniform national standards should apply to ▫ Individual pharmacists should not engage in drug therapy
management without understanding and responsibility for
education and training of pharmacy technicians medication use and delivery systems
• Distributive functions not requiring clinical ▫ Individual pharmacists accept responsibility for clinical and
judgement should be delegated to technicians distributive activities of the department
▫ Clinical specialist positions are necessary to advance
practice, education, and research activities
Zellmer WA. Ann Pharmacother. 2012;46(suppl 1):S41‐5; ASHP. Am J Health‐Syst Pharm. 2011;68:1148‐52 Zellmer WA. Ann Pharmacother. 2012;46(suppl 1):S41‐5; ASHP. Am J Health‐Syst Pharm. 2011;68:1148‐52
Current Practice Models in Hospitals Clinical Pharmacy Specialist‐Centered
• Drug‐distribution centered • Division of pharmacy staff into teams of distribution
▫ Mostly distributive pharmacists pharmacists and clinical pharmacists
▫ Limited clinical services • Clinical staffs’ role is primarily consultations and
• Patient‐centered integrated patient‐focused activities (ex. interdisciplinary
▫ clinical generalist model, limited role differentiation
rounds)
▫ Nearly all pharmacists participate in distribution and
clinical roles • May be conflict within the department
• Clinical‐specialist centered • Inconsistent pharmacy coverage in clinical patient
▫ Separation of distribution and clinical roles care activities resulting in fragmented care
▫ Defined roles with little overlap
Zellmer WA. Ann Pharmacother 2012;46(suppl 1):S41‐5 Woods TM, et al. Am J Health‐Syst Pharm. 2011;68:259‐63; Jacobi J, et al. Pharmacotherapy. 2016;36(5):e40‐e49
Patient‐Centered Integrated Practice(PCIP) Patient‐Centered Integrated Practice(PCIP)
• Thought to best support high‐quality patient care per • Clinical specialists’ concerns with this model
the ASHP Pharmacy Practice Model Initiative (PPMI) ▫ Compression of roles and loss of specialty
• Proactive, comprehensive, flexible, adaptable, and ▫ Limit opportunities for directing and optimizing care of
efficient for patient‐focused care high‐risk, complex patients (ICU, Cardiology, Oncology,
• Larger number of pharmacists with clinical and Pediatrics)
operational roles • Potential barriers to this model
• Easier recruitment and retention of engaged staff
▫ Training of pharmacy staff
with advanced training
▫ Optimizing care of high‐risk patients
• Cross‐training of staff provides clinical patient care
consistently, eliminating fragmented care ▫ Resources, $$
Woods TM, et al. Am J Health‐Syst Pharm. 2011;68:259‐63; Jacobi J, et al. Pharmacotherapy. 2016;36(5):e40‐e49 Woods TM, et al. Am J Health‐Syst Pharm. 2011;68:259‐63; Jacobi J, et al. Pharmacotherapy. 2016;36(5):e40‐e49
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Select Recommendations from ASHP
Ambulatory Care Models
Ambulatory Care Summit
• Must have access to patients’ medical records and • No defined models for outpatient care
health information for comprehensive, integrated, and • Clinical pharmacy services most commonly seen in
coordinated services large, academic, outpatient cancer centers
• Collaboration with patients, caregivers, and healthcare ▫ Clinic based pharmacist (potentially by specialty)
professions for transitions across continuum of care ▫ Specialty pharmacies
• Pharmacists should be recognized as healthcare ▫ Consultation services and clinics
providers in Section 1861 of the United States Social • Infusion centers
Security Act ▫ Primarily dispensing duties
• Demonstrate measurable and meaningful impact on ▫ Selective clinical services: chemotherapy counseling,
patient and population outcomes formulary management, order sets, policies
ASHP. Am J Health‐Syst Pharm 2014; 71:1390‐1
Barriers to Oncology Pharmacy Practice
• Transition of care‐ continuum between different providers (ambulatory,
surgery, radiation, hospitalization)
• Prioritization of activities‐ skill set required matches appropriate member
of the care team
• Allocation of clinical pharmacy resources
▫ Pharmacist‐to‐patient staffing ratio
▫ 2010 Pharmacy Practice Model Summit‐ patient medication complexity index
(severity of illness, number of medications, and comorbidities)
▫ Continuity of care when specialist is absent from direct‐patient care
▫ Fragmented care (coverage of evenings, nights, weekends, holidays)
▫ Specialized consultation services or DTM
▫ Oncology patients in low volume community hospitals
• Pharmacist participation in ambulatory care
▫ Increased ambulatory therapy options (monitoring and counseling)
▫ CMS Oncology Care Model (episode of care payment) cost effectiveness
Philip B, et al. Hosp Pharm. 2013;48(2):160‐5
Collaborative Pharmacy Practice Collaborative Practice in Tennessee
• Enhance model of care integrating pharmacist role of • Section 63‐10‐204 of Tennessee Code amended 2014
interdependent prescribing • Added Collaborative Pharmacy Practice (CPP) and CPP Agreement
to law
• Scope of practice defines boundaries within which the • Allows 1 or more pharmacist(s) to jointly work with 1 or more
pharmacist is able to provide clinical services prescribers under a CPP agreement to provide patient care services
• Decreases the gap in oncology providers for an • Agreement defines the nature and scope of patient care services
provided by the pharmacist; services must be documented in the
increasing population patient record or communicated to prescriber(s) within 3 business
▫ Allows pharmacists to independently perform activities of days
CMM, freeing physicians to care for more patients • Does not ensure payment for services
▫ Cash‐transaction
▫ Increase organizations clinical revenue ▫ Third‐party insurance‐contracted service
▫ Allows pharmacists to take more direct responsibility for ▫ Pharmacist‐specific current procedural terminology (CPT) codes for
outcomes (PPMI goal) medication therapy management (MTM)
Philip B, et al. Hosp Pharm. 2013;48(2):160‐5 www.captiol.tn.gov/Bills/108/Amend/SAO839.pdf
www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/directions‐in‐pharmacy/2015/december2015/payment‐reform‐for‐pharmacists‐remains‐variable
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PPMI Implementation within PPMI Implementation within
Comprehensive Cancer Centers Comprehensive Cancer Centers
• Panel of 41 National Cancer Institute (NCI)‐designated • 26 institutions completed HAS since 2011 (10 in 2013)
comprehensive cancer centers invited to participate in
survey • 20 states represented
• November 2013, 10 item survey specific to oncology • 21/26 (81%) institutions classified as large academic
practice was distributed to panel participants (n=76) by medical centers with median bed size 451.5 (IQR, 365.5‐
email with request to also complete PPMI HAS; given 4 785.5)
weeks to complete
• Hospital self‐assessment (HAS) survey • 18/26 (69%) comprehensive practice model (distributive,
▫ administered on PPMI website, tracked by ASHP generalist/integrated, and specialist roles)
▫ 2013: State completion rate 5‐25%, 7 states only 1‐5% • 15 institutions submitted responses to supplemental 10
▫ 2013: 62% smaller community hospitals, 10% large item survey specific to oncology
academic medical centers
▫ Questions 1 and 4 excluded due to ambiguity
Smith MB, et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2014;71(19):1647‐1660. Smith MB, et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2014;71(19):1647‐1660.
PPMI Implementation within PPMI Implementation within
Comprehensive Cancer Centers Comprehensive Cancer Centers
Oncology Questionnaire Results (n=15); adapted from Table 2 Oncology Questionnaire Results (n=15); adapted from Table 2
Standalone center 3 (20%) Institutions with pharmacists practicing in following patient care settings
Integrated into larger facility 12 (80%) Outpatient hematology clinic(s) 6 (40%)
Median number inpatient beds for cancer care 122 (IQR 89‐145) Inpatient hematology 10 (67)
Median number oncology outpatient clinic visits 190 (IQR 65‐350) Outpatient oncology clinic(s) 10 (67%)
Median number chemotherapy orders per day 128 (IQR 68‐200) Inpatient oncology 13 (87%)
Median number clinical pharmacist generalist (decentralized) FTEs, oncology inpatient 2 (IQR 1‐6) Outpatient BMT 8 (53%)
Median number clinical pharmacist generalist (decentralized) FTEs, oncology outpatient 0 (IQR 0‐8) Inpatient BMT 14 (93%)
Median number clinical pharmacist specialist FTEs, oncology inpatient 4 (IQR 2‐7) Infectious diseases 13 (87%)
Median number clinical pharmacist specialist FTEs, oncology outpatient 1 (IQR 0‐2) Anticoagulation management 11 (73%)
Pain/palliative care 9 (60%)
Nutrition 7 (47%)
Investigational drug service 13 (87%)
PPMI Implementation within PPMI Implementation within
Comprehensive Cancer Centers Comprehensive Cancer Centers
• Identified areas of improvement based on survey results
Oncology Questionnaire Results (n=15); adapted from Table 2
Institutions with outpatient retail pharmacy filling oral chemotherapy prescriptions
Has a pharmacy: ▫ Outpatient drug therapy management
Onsite and owned by institution 7 (47%)
6 (23%) institutions reported providing service in “most to all”
Onsite and owned by outside company 1 (7%)
Does not have a pharmacy:
situations
Affiliated with offsite retail/specialty pharmacy 3 (20%) ▫ Advancement in technician roles
Not affiliated with offsite retail/specialty pharmacy 4 (27%)
▫ Utilization of automation and technology
Point of administration 18 (69.6%)
4 (15%) Smart infusion pumps integrated into closed‐loop
medication‐use process
▫ Mechanisms to hold pharmacists accountable for
medication‐related outcomes
Smith MB, et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2014;71(19):1647‐1660. Smith MB, et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2014;71(19):1647‐1660.
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PPMI Implementation within
Comprehensive Cancer Centers
• Reported barriers to PPMI implementation
▫ Lack of funding or financial resources 73%
▫ Inadequate pharmacy personnel 53%
What practice model is right for you?
▫ Inadequate implementation of automation/technology
33%
▫ Resistance from hospital leadership 27%, pharmacists
13%, and pharmacy technicians 7%
▫ State laws impeding implementation 27%
Define the Pharmacy Team Define the Practice Site
• Inventory your current staff • Patient population
• Services provided
• Individual roles within the model will depend on key • Prescriptive authority
staff characteristics ▫ Certified pharmacist practitioner
▫ Clinical policies/procedures
▫ Knowledge ▫ Collaborative practice agreements
▫ Skills • Service lines
▫ Patient census
▫ Experience ▫ Number of practitioners
▫ Practice model (location, dates, times)
▫ Leadership and management abilities • Physical locations of inpatient units or ambulatory clinics/infusion
• Phased team building: utilizing current resources and centers
• Technology & processes (ordering, medical record, scheduling)
identifying gaps in care
Jacobi J. Pharmacotherapy 2016;36(5):e40‐e49
Inpatient Models of Care What is right for you?
Unit Based Care Service Line Based Care
• Pharmacist assigned to specific • Pharmacist assigned to specific
unit(s) service line Unit/Service
• Cares for all patients in that unit(s) • Patients may not all be located in line
• Provides all duties of CMM, one specific unit
education, provider support
• Provides CMM, education, provider
• Easier to design and function
support for patients cared for by
• Ensures all patients receive Generalist/
pharmacist care the service line providers Specialist
• Specialists may be providing care to • Easier to build relationships with
non‐oncology patients located in
that area
providers and coordinate patient
care
Hybrid/
• Pharmacist must build relationships • Logistically difficult for pharmacist Teams
with a variety of providers and coverage of units with mixed
work on communication methods populations
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Tristate Region Outpatient Cancer Center
Ambulatory Models of Care
Practice Model
• Outpatient oncology cancer centers • University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC)
Shadyside
▫ Pharmacists assigned to defined clinics/service lines ▫ Hillman Cancer Center the flagship cite in Pittsburgh
providing CMM, education, and provider support ▫ 150 oncologists at 30 sites
▫ Pharmacist led or team based specialized clinics • 19 community based cancer centers or physician practice
Anticoagulation clinic sites (hospital based clinics‐ HBCs) were acquired
• Expansion Plan
Oral chemotherapy management clinic
▫ Oncology medication protocol development
Supportive care clinic ▫ Modification of oncology care workflows
Long term care clinic ▫ Implementation of hybrid practice model for clinical
• How do we reach patients in the community? pharmacy resources
▫ Staff training programs
Skledar et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2015;72(2):126‐132.
Tristate Region Outpatient Cancer Center Tristate Region Outpatient Cancer Center
Practice Model Practice Model
• Interdisciplinary workflow discussion
▫ Evaluated physician office workflow and staffing at
individual sites to determine onsite pharmacist staffing
vs. remote order verification
▫ Twice a month conference calls amongst network
pharmacists
• Hybrid model development
▫ Hillman Cancer Center‐ distribution and clinical
services provided at time of expansion
▫ Blend of onsite and remote order review to meet the
recommended 2 check safety standards
Skledar et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2015;72(2):126‐132. Skledar et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2015;72(2):126‐132.
Loma Linda Oral Chemotherapy Loma Linda Oral Chemotherapy
Management Clinic Management Clinic
• Loma Linda University Cancer Center • Insurance authorization specialist received
• Oral chemotherapy management clinic (OCM) with a prescription from oncologist’s office scheduled
medication therapy management (MTM) program patient visit within 7 days after receipt of drug(s)
• Analyzed oral chemotherapy prescription volume in • Initial face‐to‐face clinic visit
preceding 12 months determined 2 day/week • Scheduled telephone follow‐up: 3 to 5 day call & 7 to
clinic 10 day call
• Primary provider‐ oncology pharmacist spending 20 • 3 month follow up face‐to‐face clinic visit (with
hours/week on services in the clinic unscheduled visits as needed)
• Located adjacent to oncology clinics
Wong SF. Am J Health‐Syst Pharm 2014;71:960‐5 Wong SF. Am J Health‐Syst Pharm 2014;71:960‐5
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Loma Linda Oral Chemotherapy UNC Supportive Care Consult Service &
Management Clinic Clinic
• Services • University of North Carolina
▫ Education of patient/caregivers • Ambulatory adult oncology; Monday‐Friday, clinic hours
• Team: oncology pharmacist (certified pharmacist
▫ Disease and symptom management practitioner), advanced practice nurse, medical
▫ Care plan development and follow up oncologist (hospice & palliative medicine specialist)
▫ Laboratory monitoring, safety assessments • Initial consults called to nurse who triages to providers
▫ Medication adherence • Roving pharmacist/nurse model to the patient in the
• All services documented in electronic medical record clinic they receive care; coordinated care with a
physician as needed
▫ Served as written communication to health care providers • Model allowed patient to be seen during current visit to
▫ Oral communication with health care team if immediate avoid an additional trip & allowed involvement of
attention/intervention needed primary oncologist in patients’ care
Wong SF. Am J Health‐Syst Pharm 2014;71:960‐5 Valgus J. J Onc Pract 2010;6(6):e1‐e4
ASHP Best Practices Awards ASHP Best Practices Awards
• 2015 • 2013
▫ Impact of an Integrated, Closed‐loop, Pharmacy‐led Oral Chemotherapy ▫ Implementation and Outcomes of a Pharmacist Managed Clinical Video
Program on Clinical and Financial Outcomes (Muleneh et al.; UNC Chapel Hill; Telehealth Anticoagulation Clinic (Singh et al.; VAMHCS; Maryland)
North Carolina)
▫ Implementation of a Clinical Pharmacy Specialist‐Managed Telephonic Hospital
• 2014 Discharge Follow‐Up Program in a Patient‐Centered Medical Home (Hanratty et
▫ A Journey to Improve Oncology Care Via A Focus on Quality, Safety, Improved al.; Denver Health Medical Center; Colorado)
Use of Technology, and Implementation of an Oncology Pharmacy Team
(Hanger et al.; University of Cincinnati Medical Center; Ohio) • 2012
▫ Implementation and Successes of an Inpatient Medication Therapy ▫ Maximizing the Impact of Pharmacists Across Transitions of Care:
Management Program (White et al.; Asante Rogue Regional Medical Center; Hematopoietic Cell Transplant as a Best Practice Opportunity for Clinical
Oregon) Pharmacists (Rao et al.; UNC Hospitals and Clinics; North Carolina)
▫ Implementation of a Pharmacist Directed Pain Management Service in the • 2011
Inpatient Setting (Poirier et al.; Kaweah Delta Healthcare District; California)
▫ Advancing Pharmacy Practice through an Innovative Ambulatory Care ▫ Development, Implementation, and Impact of a Comprehensive, Medical
Transition Program (Cavanaugh et al.; UNC Health Care; North Carolina) Service Based Pharmacy Practice Model that Maximizes Pharmacist
Involvement in the Patient Care Setting (Eckel et al.; UNC Hospitals; North
Carolina)
http://www.ashp.org/menu/AboutUs/Awards/BestPracticesAward.aspx http://www.ashp.org/menu/AboutUs/Awards/BestPracticesAward.aspx
UNC Study on Resource Allocation UNC Study on Resource Allocation
• University of North Carolina (UNC) Hospitals created an • Assessment tool: pCATCH
objective method to determine optimal use of clinical
pharmacy specialists (CPS) ▫ Annualized daily pharmacy census
• 803 bed academic medical center, 310 FTE pharmacy staff, ▫ Average acuity level of patients served
expense budget $135 million
• Hybrid model: clinical pharmacy generalists (“decentral ▫ Importance of the service to teaching activities
clinical pharmacists”) & CPS ▫ Cost of medications dispensed on the service
• CPS assigned to medical service rather than a patient care ▫ Extent of the use of “high‐priority” medications on the
unit
• CPS staff and clinical generalists responsible for reviewing service
CPOE orders for assigned service/area
• Decentral services available 7 days/week, 16 hours/day (7 am
to 10 pm)
Granko RP. Am J Health‐Syst Pharm 2012; 69:1398‐404 Granko RP. Am J Health‐Syst Pharm 2012; 69:1398‐404
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Granko RP. Am J Health‐Syst Pharm 2012; 69:1398‐404 Granko RP. Am J Health‐Syst Pharm 2012; 69:1398‐404
Clinical Pharmacy Practice Models
in Oncology Patient Care
Rachel Matthews, PharmD, BCOP
Granko RP. Am J Health‐Syst Pharm 2012; 69:1398‐404