Dcs Ah-64d Guide

DCS GUIDE
AH-64D APACHE BLOCK II By Chuck

Last Updated: 6/01/2023 1
DISCLAIMER
This document has been created for recreational purposes only. Do not use for training or real life flying.
The author of this document has never had access to restricted or classified documentation on the AH-64D. The author has never had
access to OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) data related to the AH-64D, its armament systems nor its defensive systems. All the
information within this document is taken from public documentation (i.e. AH-64D Early Access Manual by Eagle Dynamics) and non-
official tutorials (player-made videos on Youtube).
The procedures listed in this document are deliberately simplified for gameplay purposes due to the limitations of the DCS World
simulation environment and the limitations of the DCS AH-64D module by Eagle Dynamics.
This document is merely a free, personal project that is used for entertainment. This document is not meant nor designed to teach
someone to fly a real AH-64.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
• PART 1 – INTRODUCTION
• PART 2 – CONTROLS SETUP
• PART 3 – COCKPIT & EQUIPMENT
• PART 4 – MISSION PLANNING
• PART 5 – START-UP
• PART 6 – TAXI, HOVER & TAKEOFF
• PART 7 – LANDING
• PART 8 – ENGINES & ANCILLARY SYSTEMS
• PART 9 – PRINCIPLES OF HELICOPTER FLIGHT
• PART 10 – AUTOROTATION
• PART 11 – MISSION TYPES AND OPERATION
• PART 12 – HOCAS & TEDAC GRIPS
• PART 13 – SENSORS & SIGHTS
• PART 14 – OFFENCE: WEAPONS & ARMAMENT
• PART 15 – DEFENSIVE SYSTEMS
• PART 16 – IMPROVED DATALINK MODEM (IDM)
• PART 17 – IFF (IDENTIFY-FRIEND-OR-FOE)
• PART 18 – RADIO TUTORIAL
• PART 19 – NAVIGATION
• PART 20 – AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEMS
• PART 21 – MULTICREW
• PART 22 – GEORGE AI
• PART 23 – OTHER RESOURCES
Special thanks to Paul "Goldwolf" Whittingham for creating the guide icons. 3
Helicopters are some of the most fascinating machines ever made. Ever since Eagle
NOTHING IS MORE POWERFUL THAN LOVE…
Dynamics first released the Ka-50 Black Shark back in 2008, DCS rotary-wing virtual
APACHE
AH-64D
pilots have been unofficially branded as a special kind of insane.
Is it about taming some mechanical beast that constantly tries to kill you? Or is it to
show off your flying skills in order to rub it in the fighter jocks’ face? Or maybe you’re
just made of something weird and unnatural? There is a certain madness about it, but
don’t let that discourage you. Whatever your reason may be to want to try out
helicopters, know this: it’s a ridiculous amount of fun.
The Apache will test your abilities in many ways. The learning curve is brutal if you try
to do everything at once. At first, you may feel like learning its different systems is like
drinking water from a fire hydrant. It’s a complex piece of aviation technology, but it is
strangely very simple to operate once you understand the basics behind it. The key to
mastering the DCS AH-64D is to “start small” with simple tasks and eventually go
through more complex tasks once you are comfortable with basic procedures. If
something looks too complicated, break it down into more manageable chunks of
information. The AH-64 is an incredibly capable attack helicopter and it has many,
many tools at your disposal. Thankfully, many systems are managed by either your
buddy in the other seat or the “George AI”, an artificial intelligence that can operate
weapons, sensors, or even fly the helicopter for you.
PART 1 – INTRODUCTION
An Apache is only effective if its crewmembers work well together... Otherwise, it’s
nothing more than a juicy target for the enemy. The best way to experience this DCS
module is to find a buddy and operate your ship in multicrew. This will teach you what
works, what doesn’t, and most importantly, it will force you to communicate. Try out
both the pilot and co-pilot/gunner seat; this will naturally give you a much better
understanding of how to work with your fellow crew.
Once you start employing the more advanced capabilities of the AH-64, you will be
amazed to see how deadly it can be. Left unchecked, a single pair of AH-64s can cause
complete mayhem; the flexible 30 mm gun, Hellfire missiles and rockets can be used
with high-precision sensors like the TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight),
allowing for some remarkable accuracy.
You will be flying one of the most manoeuverable, survivable, and heavily armed
rotary-winged aircraft on the modern battlefield. This isn’t your average whirly
peashooter… you are armed with a stopping power that was meant to obliterate entire EXCEPT AN APACHE ATTACK HELICOPTER.
4
columns of Soviet tanks.
APACHE The Boeing AH-64 Apache is an American twin-turboshaft attack helicopter with a tandem cockpit for a crew of two.
AH-64D
Following the cancellation of the AH-56 Cheyenne in 1972, in favor of projects like the U.S. Air Force A-10 Thunderbolt II and the Marine Corps AV-8A Harrier, the United States Army sought an
aircraft to fill an anti-armor attack role that would still be under Army command. The 1948 Key West Agreement forbade the Army from owning combat fixed-wing aircraft. The Army wanted an
aircraft better than the AH-1 Cobra in firepower, performance and range. It would have the manoeuverability for terrain following nap-of-the-earth (NOE) flying. To this end, the U.S. Army issued a
Request For Proposals (RFP) for the Advanced Attack Helicopter (AAH) program on 15 November 1972. As a sign of the importance of this project, in September 1973 the Army designated its five
most important projects as the "Big Five", with the AAH included.
Proposals were submitted by Bell, Boeing Vertol/Grumman team, Hughes, Lockheed, and Sikorsky. The Apache initially began as the Model 77 (designated YAH-64A) developed by Hughes
Helicopters. In July 1973, the U.S. Department of Defense selected finalists Bell and Hughes Aircraft's Toolco Aircraft Division (later Hughes Helicopters). This began the phase 1 of the
competition. Each company built prototype helicopters and went through a flight test program. Hughes' Model 77/YAH-64A prototype first flew on 30 September 1975, while Bell's Model
409/YAH-63A prototype first flew on 1 October 1975. After evaluating the test results, the Army selected Hughes' YAH-64A over Bell's YAH-63A in 1976. Reasons for selecting the YAH-64A included
its more damage tolerant four-blade main rotor and the instability of the YAH-63's tricycle landing gear arrangement. The AH-64A then entered phase 2 of the AAH program under which three pre-
production AH-64s would be built, additionally, the two YAH-64A flight prototypes and the ground test unit were upgraded to the same standard.
Hughes Helicopters YAH-64 prototype, 74-22248 YAH-64A prototype in 1982 during a Demonstration Flight
(Vertical Flight Society) (Public Domain)
5
During phase 2 of the AAH program, weapons and sensor systems were integrated and tested, including the laser-guided AGM-114 Hellfire missile. Development of the Hellfire missile had
begun in 1974, originally known by the name of AGM-114 Helicopter Launched, Fire and Forget Missile ('Hellfire' being a shortened acronym), for the purpose of arming helicopter platforms
APACHE
AH-64D
with an effective anti-tank missile. The AH-64 was later approved full production in 1982.
After purchasing Hughes Helicopters in 1984, McDonnell Douglas continued AH-64 production and development. The helicopter was introduced to U.S. Army service in April 1986. The advanced
AH-64D Apache Longbow was delivered to the Army in March 1997. Production has been continued by Boeing Defense, Space & Security, with over 2,400 AH-64s being produced by 2020.
6
The AH-64A first saw combat in 1989 as part of Operation Just Cause, the US invasion
of Panama. In 1991, two teams of AH-64As from the 101st Airborne Division and U.S.
APACHE
AH-64D
Air Force MH-53 Pave Low helicopters struck the first targets in Iraq during the first
hours of Operation Desert Storm. Guided by the precision GPS navigation units on
board the MH-53’s across the featureless desert, the teams of AH-64’s approached two
separate Early Warning Radar sites along the border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq.
Flying radio silent, each AH-64 aircrew acquired their assigned targets through their
Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR) sensors. With a single radio call, the attack
commenced with an onslaught of Hellfire missiles, followed by rockets and 30mm fire.
Within minutes, the radar sites were disabled, and hundreds of coalition aircraft
streamed through the gap in radar coverage to begin the air campaign against the Iraqi
military.
Following Operation Desert Storm, McDonnell-Douglas (which had since acquired

Hughes) proposed the AH-64B upgrade, which would incorporate a modernized cockpit
and fire control system as well as new rotor blades. The program was approved and
funded by Congress but was canceled merely a year later in favor of the AH-64D
proposal, which promised a much more ambitious upgrade to the aircraft.
Along with building new D models, the U.S. Army also awarded McDonnell-Douglas a
$1.9 billion contract to upgrade existing AH-64As to Ds. Starting in August of 1997,
Boeing has since upgraded all U.S. Army AH-64A’s to D models. In all, 2,400 AH-64’s
have been produced since 1975; over a thousand of them AH-64D’s.
The U.S. Army is the primary operator of the AH-64. It has also become the primary
attack helicopter of multiple nations, including Greece, Japan, Israel,
the Netherlands, Singapore, and the United Arab Emirates. It has been built under
license in the United Kingdom as the AgustaWestland Apache. American AH-64s have
served in conflicts in Panama, the Persian Gulf, Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Israel
used the Apache in its military conflicts in Lebanon and the Gaza Strip. British and
Dutch Apaches have seen deployments in wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.
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The AH-64 Apache has a four-blade main rotor and a four-blade tail rotor. The crew sits
in tandem, with the pilot sitting behind and above the co-pilot/gunner. Both crew
APACHE
AH-64D
members are capable of flying the aircraft and performing methods of weapon
engagements independently.
The AH-64 is powered by two General Electric T700 turboshaft engines with high-
mounted exhausts on either side of the fuselage. Various models of engines have been
used on the Apache; those in British service use engines from Rolls-Royce. In
2004, General Electric Aviation began producing more powerful T700-GE-701D engines,
rated at 2,000 shp (1,500 kW) for AH-64Ds.
The crew compartment has shielding between the cockpits, such that at least one crew
member can survive hits. The compartment and the rotor blades are designed to sustain
a hit from 23 mm rounds. The airframe includes some 2,500 lbs of protection and has
a self-sealing fuel system to protect against ballistic projectiles.
Critical system relays and wiring are installed in opposing areas, permitting redundancy
within the avionics in the case of computer failure or damage. Each processor group is
composed of two individual computers: one primary and one backup. If the primary
processor fails or is damaged from weapons fire, the backup processor immediately
takes over the required computing tasks.
One of the revolutionary features of the Apache was its helmet mounted display, the
Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS); among its capabilities, either
the pilot or gunner can slave the helicopter's 30 mm automatic M230 Chain Gun to their
helmet, making the gun track head movements to point where they look. The M230E1
can be alternatively fixed to a locked forward firing position, or controlled via the Target
Acquisition and Designation System (TADS). On more modern AH-64s, the TADS/PNVS
has been replaced by Lockheed Martin's Arrowhead (MTADS) targeting system.
The AN/APG-78 “Longbow” is a millimeter-wave fire-control radar (FCR) target

acquisition system. In addition to the FCR, the Radar Frequency Interferometer (RFI) is
housed in a dome located above the main rotor. The radome's raised position enables
target detection while the helicopter is behind obstacles (e.g. terrain, trees or buildings).
A radio modem integrated with the sensor suite allows data to be shared with ground
units and other AH-64s, allowing them to fire on targets detected by a single helicopter.
Longbow-equipped Apaches can locate up to 256 targets simultaneously within 8 km.
8
APACHE While fighter pilots have “Top Gun”, helicopter pilots are not so lucky; they have “Fire Birds”.
AH-64D
Fire Birds is a 1990 American military action film directed by David Green and produced by William Badalato,
Keith Barish and Arnold Kopelson. The film stars Nicolas Cage, Tommy Lee Jones and Sean Young… and it is hard
to know whether the movie is bad or really, really bad. However, like many disastrous movies of the time, it’s still
worth a watch and has some decent flying sequences.
Extensive aerial stunt sequences were coordinated with the National Guard of the United States, the United
States Army and the United States Air Force. Between technical advisers, stuntmen, and pilots, over 100
personnel were directly involved in the production aspects of the film. AH-64 Apache, UH-60 Blackhawk, AH-1
Cobra, MD Helicopters MD 500 and OH-58 Kiowa rotorcraft, as well as Saab 35 Draken aircraft were employed
during filming.
Technical assistance from McDonnell Douglas service representatives was also utilized during production. The
helicopter training aerial stunt sequences were designed by Richard T. Stevens who also coordinated visuals for
the film, Top Gun. Scenes from the movie, also features as static shots from MicroProse Gunship 2000 computer
game.
9
The AH-64 was designed to perform in front-line environments, and to operate at night
or day and during adverse weather conditions. Various sensors and onboard avionics
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AH-64D
allows the Apache to perform in these conditions; such systems include the Target
Acquisition and Designation System, Pilot Night Vision System (TADS/PNVS),
passive infrared countermeasures, GPS, and the IHADSS. This suite of sensors allows
the AH-64 to operate at night remarkably easily when compared to other
aircraft/helicopters.
The DCS AH-64D is something truly special. It is a labor of love by Eagle Dynamics and it
really shows. An excruciating amount of effort was put into this module, from the
sound design to the beautifully modelled cockpit. You have the quintessential attack
helicopter of the modern battlefield at your command. Mastering it will require a long
time, a lot of effort and countless hours of practice.
If you ever feel discouraged or overwhelmed by the sheer amount of information I’m
trying to shove down your throat… always remember that you could share that fall into
a bottomless pit of despair with a friend.
Enjoy your read!

10
APACHE
Pilot Controls
AH-64D
Flare Dispense Button

(Grey button on RHS) Weapons Action Switch G/UP
Weapons Action Switch M/RIGHT
Weapons Action Switch A/DOWN
Weapons Action Switch R/LEFT
PTT/RTS Switch – RIGHT (ICS)
PTT/RTS Switch – RTS/DEPRESS
PTT/RTS Switch – LEFT (Radio)
Symbology Select Switch UP
Consent to Fire
Zoom In Slow
Symbology Select Switch DOWN
Zoom Out Slow
First Detent: Weapons Trigger (1st Detent)
Second Detent: Weapons Trigger (2nd Detent)
Force Trim/Hold Switch UP

Force Trim/Hold Switch RIGHT
Force Trim/Hold Switch DOWN
PART 2 – CONTROLS SETUP
Force Trim/Hold Switch LEFT Cyclic - AXIS X / AXIS Y

Trim Reset To Default (LCTRL+T)
Button: Chaff Dispense Button - DEPRESS

LSHIFT+Button: FMC Release Button - DEPRESS
Paddle used as a modifier “64MOD” in

order to use additional buttons.
+ TOE BRAKES (MAPPED ON PEDALS) 11

Power Levers (Both) - AXIS
Pilot Controls FCR Scan Switch – C (Continuous)
FCR Scan Switch – S (Single)
APACHE
AH-64D
Collective - AXIS
Tail Wheel Lock/Unlock Button - DEPRESS
IMPORTANT NOTE: Red controls in this page use the

“Paddle Lever” modifier that we named “64MOD”.
ZOOM IN SLOW
FCR Scan Size Switch – UP

Left Headlight
FCR Scan Size Switch – RIGHT Controls
FCR Scan Size Switch– DOWN HOCAS Cursor Control – Y Axis
FCR Scan Size Switch– LEFT HOCAS Cursor Control – X Axis
ZOOM OUT SLOW
HOCAS Cursor Control – Y Axis
HOCAS Cursor Control – X Axis
P: Cursor Enter (Depress)
Missile Advance Switch - DEPRESS
Cued Search Switch – DEPRESS Sight Select Switch – UP FCR Mode Switch – UP
Sight Select Switch – RIGHT FCR Mode Switch – RIGHT
External Cargo Hook Sight Select Switch – DOWN FCR Mode Switch – DOWN
Boresight/Polarity Switch – PLRT Sight Select Switch – LEFT FCR Mode Switch – LEFT
(With “64MOD” Modifier)
NVS Select Switch - TADS

NVS Select Switch - PNVS
12
APACHE
Pilot Controls
AH-64D
BIND THE FOLLOWING AXES:

AH-64D PILOT MENU:
• CYCLIC PITCH (DEADZONE AT 1, SATURATION X AT 100, SATURATION Y AT 90, CURVATURE AT 15)
• CYCLIC ROLL (DEADZONE AT 1, SATURATION X AT 100, SATURATION Y AT 90, CURVATURE AT 15)
• RUDDER/ANTI-TORQUE (DEADZONE AT 10, SATURATION X AT 100, SATURATION Y AT 100, CURVATURE AT 0)
• COLLECTIVE (DEADZONE AT 0, SATURATION X AT 100, SATURATION Y AT 100, CURVATURE AT 0)
• POWER LEVERS (BOTH) – CONTROLS ENGINE RPM
NOTES ABOUT CONTROLS

If you are more familiar with airplanes than helicopters, you might not be quite familiar with a “collective” and a “cyclic”.
In a prop aircraft, you generally set your engine to a given RPM by changing the propeller’s pitch, and you throttle up and
down to change your thrust. Anti-torque pedals are used to change the orientation of your vertical stab.
In a helicopter, it’s the opposite. You set your throttle (or, more accurately in our case, the Power Levers) to a given
setting, and you change your thrust with your collective, which changes the pitch of your rotor/propeller’s blades. Anti-
torque pedals are used to modify your tail rotor’s propeller pitch: the amount of lateral thrust generated by your rotor is
in direct relationship with the horizontal/lateral orientation of your helicopter. The cyclic, on the other hand, is used just
like a regular stick on a plane. The cyclic modifies the orientation of swashplates, to which are attached push rods that
define the orientation of the rotor.
In very simple terms, you could say that the collective is used like a throttle on a plane, the power levers are used like a
RPM setter on a plane, and the cyclic is used like a joystick on a plane.
13
APACHE
Co-Pilot/Gunner Controls
AH-64D
PTT/RTS Switch – RIGHT (ICS)

Flare Dispense Button PTT/RTS Switch – RTS/DEPRESS
(Grey button on RHS) PTT/RTS Switch – LEFT (Radio)
(With “64MOD” Modifier) (With “64MOD” Modifier)
RHG Sight Slave Button LHG Weapon Action (WAS) Switch – G/UP
(Grey button on RHS) LHG Weapon Action (WAS) Switch – M/RIGHT
LHG Weapon Action (WAS) Switch – A/DOWN
LHG Weapon Action (WAS) Switch – R/LEFT
RHG Manual Tracker (MAN TRK) Switch - UP
RHG Manual Tracker (MAN TRK) Switch - RIGHT
RHG Manual Tracker (MAN TRK) Switch - DOWN
RHG Manual Tracker (MAN TRK) Switch - LEFT
Second Detent: Weapons Trigger (2nd Detent) ZOOM IN SLOW
LHG TADS FOV Switch– Z (Zoom)
LHG Image Auto-Track – IAT (FWD)
LHG TADS FOV Switch– W (Wide)
ZOOM OUT SLOW
LHG TADS FOV Switch– M (Medium)
First Detent: RHG LRFD Trigger – First Detent LHG Image Auto-Track – OFS (AFT)
Second Detent: RHG LRFD Trigger – Second Detent LHG TADS FOV Switch– N (Narrow)
ZOOM IN SLOW
LHG Store/Update Switch – STORE/CENTER
Trimmer Button
RHG MTT Promote Switch – FWD
LHG Store/Update Switch – UPDT/CENTER
Trimmer Reset
RHG MTT Promote Switch – AFT Cyclic - AXIS X / AXIS Y
ZOOM OUT SLOW
LHG Linear Motion Compensator (LMC) Button
Button: Chaff Dispense Button - DEPRESS Force Trim/Hold Switch UP

(With “64MOD” Modifier) Force Trim/Hold Switch RIGHT
Force Trim/Hold Switch DOWN
Force Trim/Hold Switch LEFT
Paddle used as a modifier “64MOD” in Trim Reset To Default (LCTRL+T)
order to use additional buttons. (With “64MOD” Modifier) 14
Power Levers (Both) - AXIS
Co-Pilot/Gunner Controls FCR Scan Switch – C (Continuous)
FCR Scan Switch – S (Single)
APACHE
AH-64D
Collective - AXIS
Tail Wheel Lock/Unlock Button - DEPRESS
IMPORTANT NOTE: Red controls in this page use the

“Paddle Lever” modifier that we named “64MOD”.

ZOOM IN SLOW
FCR Scan Size Switch – UP

Left Headlight
FCR Scan Size Switch – RIGHT Controls
FCR Scan Size Switch– DOWN HOCAS Cursor Control – Y Axis
FCR Scan Size Switch– LEFT HOCAS Cursor Control – X Axis
ZOOM OUT SLOW
HOCAS Cursor Control – Y Axis
HOCAS Cursor Control – X Axis
P: Cursor Enter (Depress)
Missile Advance Switch - DEPRESS
Cued Search Switch – DEPRESS Sight Select Switch – UP FCR Mode Switch – UP
Sight Select Switch – RIGHT FCR Mode Switch – RIGHT
External Cargo Hook Sight Select Switch – DOWN FCR Mode Switch – DOWN
Boresight/Polarity Switch – PLRT Sight Select Switch – LEFT FCR Mode Switch – LEFT
NVS Select Switch - TADS

NVS Select Switch - PNVS
15
APACHE
AH-64D
BIND THE FOLLOWING AXES:

AH-64D COPILOT-GUNNER MENU:
• CYCLIC PITCH (DEADZONE AT 1, SATURATION X AT 100, SATURATION Y AT 90, CURVATURE AT 15)
• CYCLIC ROLL (DEADZONE AT 1, SATURATION X AT 100, SATURATION Y AT 90, CURVATURE AT 15)
• RUDDER/ANTI-TORQUE (DEADZONE AT 10, SATURATION X AT 100, SATURATION Y AT 100,

CURVATURE AT 0)
• COLLECTIVE (DEADZONE AT 0, SATURATION X AT 100, SATURATION Y AT 100, CURVATURE AT 0)
• POWER LEVERS (BOTH) – CONTROLS ENGINE RPM

Power Levers
Cyclic
Collective 16
BINDINGS FOR GAMING CONTROLLERS
The AH-64D has LOTS of controls (especially when considering the fact that there are switches on the cyclic, collective, and both TEDAC grips), which
can require some bindings being set on additional devices. If you happen to have a X-Box or a Playstation controller, you can easily map most of the
APACHE
AH-64D
controls on it.
Here are a few AH-64 controller profiles created by the amazing Tuuvas (Blessed be His Name).
Profiles by Tuuvas
17
BINDINGS FOR GAMING CONTROLLERS
For the Co-Pilot/Gunner, mapping all TEDAC (Target Acquisition and Designation Sight Electronic Display and Control) functions on gaming controllers
is a smart way to have a cyclic and collective setup similar to the pilot’s.
APACHE
AH-64D
Profiles by Tuuvas
18
APACHE Select “AH-64D Pilot” or “AH-64 CP/G”
AH-64D
To assign axis, click on Axis Assign. You can also

select “Axis Commands” in the upper scrolling menu.
To modify curves and sensitivities of axes,

click on the axis you want to modify and
then click on “Axis Tune”.
19
CONTROLS FOR CREW & INTERFACE MANAGEMENT
• SET PILOT SEAT SWITCHES TO PILOT SEAT (“1” BY DEFAULT)
•
APACHE
SET OPERATOR (COPILOT) SEAT SWITCHES TO COPILOT (OPERATOR) SEAT (“2” BY DEFAULT)
AH-64D
• SHOW CONTROLS INDICATOR TOGGLE CONTROL INDICATOR INTERFACE (RCTRL+ENTER)

• IHADSS ON/OFF TOGGLE IHADSS (INTEGRATED HELMET AND DISPLAY SIGHTING SYETEM) MONOCLE ON/OFF
You can toggle the Controls Indicator

with the “RCTRL+ENTER” binding.
Collective
Cyclic
Anti-Torque Pedals
20
CONTROLS FOR CREW & INTERFACE MANAGEMENT
In the “Special” tab, I set up the options as follows:
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AH-64D
• Cyclic Trimmer Mode: Central Position Trimmer Mode

• Pedals Trimmer Mode: Pedals without Springs and FFB (Force Feedback)
• IHADSS Monocle Visible: Ticked (Selected, ON)
• George AI Auto Handover: Unticked (Not Selected, OFF)
• Weapons Trigger Guard Enable: Up to your personal preference.
These options should be set based on what kind of hardware devices you are using.
Cyclic Trimmer Modes:

• Instant Trim (FFB Friendly) – As soon as the Force Trim Release button (trimmer) is
released, the new trimmed position of the player’s stick will be applied immediately.
• Central Position Trimmer Mode – After the Force Trim Release button (trimmer) is
released, the new trimmed position of the player’s stick will be applied immediately;
however any further control inputs will only be applied in each axis after the stick is
returned to the neutral position in that axis (pitch and roll are read separately).
• Joystick Without Springs and FFB – This option is used for joysticks lacking any spring
resistance or Force-Feedback (FFB).
Pedals Trimmer Modes:

• Instant Trim (FFB Friendly) – As soon as the Force Trim Release button (trimmer) is
released, the new trimmed position of the player’s pedals will be applied immediately.
• Central Position Trimmer Mode – After the Force Trim Release button (trimmer) is
released, the new trimmed position of the player’s pedals will be applied immediately;
however any further pedal inputs will only be applied after the pedals are returned to the
neutral position.
• Pedals Without Springs and FFB – This option is used for pedals lacking any spring
resistance or Force-Feedback (FFB).
21
AH-64D
PART 3 – COCKPIT & EQUIPMENT APACHE
22
APACHE
AH-64D
Pilot
CPG (Co-Pilot/Gunner)
PART 3 – COCKPIT & EQUIPMENT
SEAT SELECTION CONTROLS

• Pilot: 1
• Co-Pilot/Gunner (CPG): 2 23
Tip: Pilot body can be toggled on/off by pressing “RSHIFT+P”
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AH-64D
24
AH-64D
25
AH-64D
Pilot Cockpit
26
AH-64D
Pilot Cockpit
Circuit Breakers
27
Pilot Cockpit
Air Conditioning Outlets
(Gaspers)
APACHE
AH-64D
IHADSS (Integrated Helmet

and Display Sighting System)
SSU (Sensor Surveying Unit)
IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and

Display Sighting System) SSU
(Sensor Surveying Unit)
28
Pilot Cockpit
APACHE
AH-64D
Cockpit Map Light

Armor Panel
29
AH-64D
Pilot Cockpit
30
Pilot Cockpit
APACHE
AH-64D
Free Air Temperature

(FAT) Gauge (deg C)
31
Pilot Cockpit
Formation Lights Control Knob
Navigation Lights Switch

APACHE
AH-64D
Anti-Collision Light Switch • DIM/OFF/BRIGHT

• RED/OFF/WHITE
Signal Lights Control Knob

Cockpit Flood Lights Control Knob • Sets the brightness of the warning, caution,
and advisory indicators/switches
• Note: Moving the FLOOD rheostat past the
midpoint position (towards bright) automatically
changes SIGNAL light brightness to day-time
levels
Lights Test Button

Standby Instruments Lights Control Knob

• Controls the brightness of the integral
illumination for the standby flight instruments
and standby compass in the pilot cockpit
Primary Cockpit Lights Control Knob

• Controls the brightness of the illuminated light
plates behind all control panels
32
Pilot Cockpit
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AH-64D
Left Tip (LTIP) Station Jettison

Arm/Select Pushbutton
• No function
Station Jettison Arm/Select

Pushbuttons
• L OUTBD: Left Outboard Station
• L INBD: Left Inboard Station
• R INBD: Right Inboard Station
• R OUTBD: Right Outboard Station
JETT (Jettison) Button Right Tip (RTIP) Station Jettison

• Jettisons all selected/armed stations
• No function 33
Pilot Cockpit Rotor Brake (RTR BRK) Switch
• FWD: OFF Power (PWR) Levers (Left/Right Engines)
• MIDDLE: BRK (Brake), Utility hydraulic system • OFF
pressure is used to slow the rotor brake • IDLE: Sets Ground IDLE RPM
• •
APACHE
AFT: Utility hydraulic system pressure is trapped to FLY: Sets NR (Rotor RPM) for flight operations. Controlled NR is
AH-64D
lock the main rotor in place. 101 %, maintained by the PAS (Power Available Spindle)
• LOCK OUT: Disables the turbine gas temperature (TGT) limiting
system by locking out the DEC (Digital Engine Computer),
allowing for manual control of engine RPM.
Master Ignition (MSTR IGN) Selector • Note: After moving the power lever to LOCK OUT, it
• OFF should immediately be returned to an intermediate
• BATT: Connects the battery to the position between IDLE and FLY. The pilot can then
battery busses control engine RPM directly using the power lever.
• EXT PWR: Connects external power
APU (Auxiliary Power Unit) Start

Button (with cover guard)
Left (No. 1) Engine Start Switch

• AFT: Ignition Override (Motors the
engine with the ignition system off)

• MIDDLE: OFF
• FWD: Start
Right (No. 2) Engine Start Switch

engine with the ignition system off)
• MIDDLE: OFF
• FWD: Start
Power Lever Friction Control Lever
34
Pilot Cockpit Tail Wheel Lock/Unlock Button
• Pressing this button toggles on or off
the tail wheel lock, which will engage
Emergency Guard Frequency Button when the tail wheel reaches center
• Tunes the UHF radio to guard frequency
APACHE
AH-64D
and prevents it from turning.

(243.0 MHz) and changes RTS (Radio
Transmit Select) to UHF.
Pilot NVS (Night Vision System) Mode Switch

• FWD: FIXED, commands the selected NVS to fixed forward at -4.9 deg in elevation.
• MIDDLE: NORM, commands the selected NVS to IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and
Display Sighting System) line of sight.
• AFT: OFF, stows the selected NVS.
• Note: The selected NVS is set using the NVS SELECT switch on the collective.
Emergency Transponder (XPNDR) Button

• Sets the Mode 3/A transponder code to 7700
(standard emergency code). The text “ON” is
highlighted on the button face. Note that the
transponder must be on, and Mode 3 must
be active.
Zeroize Switch Emergency Hydraulic Switch

• When pressed, opens a solenoid that
• FWD:Zeroes-out classified data (targets, radio
allows hydraulic accumulator pressure to
frequencies, etc.). The ZEROIZE switch must be
pressurize the utility side of the flight
pulled out and up, then forward, then down and
controls only.
in, to start the zeroization process.
• AFT: OFF 35
Pilot Cockpit
Data Field
KU (Keyboard Unit)
• The Keyboard Unit (KU) allows crewmembers to enter
APACHE
alphanumeric data into MPD (Multi-Purpose Display)

AH-64D
fields and do simple arithmetic calculations. It can also be

used as a simple scratchpad for notetaking.
Keyboard Unit Brightness

Control Knob
36
Pilot Cockpit FCR (Fire Control Radar) Mode Selector
• FWD: GTM (Ground Targeting Mode) FCR (Fire Control Radar) Scan FOV (Field-
• AFT: ATM (Air Targeting Mode) of-View) Size Selector
• LEFT: TPM (Terrain Profile Mode) • FWD: Z (Zoom FOV), scans 15 deg arc
APACHE
• AFT: M (Medium FOV), scans 45 deg arc

AH-64D
• RIGHT: RMAP (Radar Map Mode)

• LEFT: N (Narrow FOV), scans 30 deg arc
• RIGHT: W (Wide FOV), scans 90 deg arc
Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch

• Deflecting the control moves the MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) cursor
• Pressing DOWN on the cursor selects the item under the MPD cursor
Sight Selector Switch

• FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects
IHADSS line-of-sight
Cursor Display Select Button • AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-
To-Shoot (NTS). If the CPG’s active sight is TADS
and the pilot commands LINK, the CPG’s active
FCR (Fire Control Radar) Scan Control sight will become HMD.
Collective • FWD: S (Single) Scan • LEFT: FCR (Fire Control Radar)

• AFT: C (Continuous) Scan • RIGHT: No function for pilot collective.
FCR Cued Search Button
Emergency Jettison Switch

Boresight/Polarity Selector
• LEFT: Boresight, no function
NVS (Night Vision System) Select Switch
• RIGHT: PLRT, toggles FLIR image polarity between Black Hot and White Hot
• FWD: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight)
• AFT: PNVS (Pilot Night Vision System)
• Note: When the pilot selects one NVS source, the other Search Light ON/OFF Switch
source is automatically assigned to the CPG (Co- • FWD (ON) / MIDDLE (OFF) / AFT (STOW)
pilot/Gunner)
Engine Chop Button

• Pressing this button electronically Search Light Position Control
retards the engines to IDLE. • FWD (Extend) / AFT (Retract) / LEFT / RIGHT
Immediate reduction of the collective
is required to maintain rotor RPM. If
the chop button is used, say as a result
of a loss of tail rotor thrust, the power Stabilator Control
levers MUST be retarded to idle. • FWD: Nose DOWN
• DOWN: Resets Stabilator control mode to automatic
• AFT: Nose UP
37
Pilot Cockpit
APACHE
AH-64D
Cursor Enter Trigger
Missile Advance Button

• Manually steps the next Hellfire missile for
launch.
• No function unless the missile mode is Manual.
38
AH-64D
Pilot Cockpit
Helmet Hook
39
Pilot Cockpit Cockpit Light
APACHE
AH-64D
Cockpit Light
Canopy Jettison Control
Air Conditioning Outlet

(Gasper)
A/S (Arm/Safe) Button
• Toggles Master Arm status GND ORIDE (Ground Override) Button
between ARM and SAFE • Overrides the on-ground weapon safety, allowing
the crew to WAS and ARM weapons on the ground.
SYM BRT (Symbology Brightness) Control

• Controls the brightness of IHADSS symbology displayed on the HDU (Helmet Display Unit)
FLIR (Forward-Looking Infrared) Control (applicable to TADS or PNVS)

• Inner knob controls FLIR gain / Outer knob controls FLIR level
ACM (Automatic Contrast Mode) Control

• When UP, automatically controls FLIR gain and level.
IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) Knobs 40

• Inner knob controls video contrast / Outer knob controls video brightness.
Pilot Cockpit APU (Auxiliary Power Unit) Fire Pushbutton
• Illuminates when APU fire is detected, shuts off
APACHE fuel valve when pressed
Engine 1 Fire Pushbutton

AH-64D
• Illuminates when engine 1 (left) fire is

detected, shuts off fuel valve when pressed Engine 2 Fire Pushbutton
• Illuminates when engine 2 (right) fire is
detected, shuts off fuel valve when pressed
Master Warning (MSTR WARN)
Primary Fire Extinguisher

Discharge Pushbutton
Fire Detection Circuit Test Switch
Reserve Fire Extinguisher

Master Caution (MSTR CAUT)

41
Pilot Cockpit
WCA (Warning/Caution/Advisory)
EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display) Area
APACHE
AH-64D
• Provides up-front control of radios and communications equipment and

display of warning/caution/advisory (WCA) messages.
Radio Frequency Area

Total Fuel Quantity

Indicator (lbs)
Current Time (Clock)
Transponder
Information Area
42
Pilot Cockpit
WCA (Warning/Caution/Advisory)
EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display)
APACHE
AH-64D
Rocker Switch
IDM (Improved Data Modem)

Radio Rocker Switch EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front
Display) Brightness Control Knob
PRESET Function Button

• Toggles display of the Preset window
ENTER Function Button

• Tunes the currently selected radio to the selected preset
SWAP Function Button

• Swaps the radio frequency, encryption mode, and IDM
net configuration with the standby values of the currently
selected radio.
STOPWATCH Function Button

RTS (Radio Transmit Select) Rocker • Starts and stops the stopwatch. Holding
Switch this button for >2 seconds resets the
stopwatch and removes it from the EUFD.
43
Pilot Cockpit
Master Zeroize Switch

• Zeroes-out (deletes) classified data.
APACHE
AH-64D
44
Pilot Cockpit
APACHE
AH-64D
SAI (Standby Attitude Indicator)

Slip & Turn Indicator

SAI Caging Knob
Standby Barometric
Altimeter (ft)
Barometric Pressure Setting Readout (in Hg)
Barometric Pressure Setting Knob

Standby Indicated Airspeed (IAS, kts) 45
Pilot Cockpit Parking Brake Handle Check Overspeed Protection System Test Switch – Circuit A
• Pushed IN: Brake OFF
• UP (Engine 1) / MIDDLE (OFF) / DOWN (Engine 2)
• Pulled OUT: Brake ON
• Tests the NP (power turbine speed) overspeed protection system, which
shuts off fuel flow to the engine if NP rises above 119.6±1%.
APACHE
AH-64D
Check Overspeed Protection System Test Switch – Circuit B

• UP (Engine 1) / MIDDLE (OFF) / DOWN (Engine 2)
• Tests the NP (power turbine speed) overspeed protection system, which
shuts off fuel flow to the engine if NP rises above 119.6±1%.
Generator Reset Switch

• LEFT (Generator 1) / MIDDLE (OFF) / RIGHT (Generator 2)
Windshield Wiper Control Knob
Windshield Defog Button
46
Pilot Cockpit Boresight Reticle Unit (BRU)
Magnetic Compass • Used to align/boresight HDU (Helmet Display Unit)

APACHE
AH-64D

Right MPD (Multi-

Purpose Display)
Left MPD (Multi-Purpose

Display)
47
Pilot Cockpit
VABs (Variable Action Buttons) MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) Mode Selector
• Day / Night / Monochromatic
Asterisk (*) FAB (Fixed Action Button)
APACHE
AH-64D
MPD (Multi-Purpose Display)

• Cycles between up to three “favorite” MPD pages.
Video Control Knob
MPD (Multi-Purpose Display)

Brightness Control Knob
Communication Pages
Mission Pages
VABs (Variable Action Buttons)
VABs (Variable Action Buttons)

Main Menu Page

(press “M” button)
Video (VID) FAB (Fixed Action Button)
• Displays VIDEO page.
Aircraft Pages
Fire Control Radar (FCR) FAB
(Fixed Action Button)
• Displays the FCR page.
Weapon (WPN) FAB (Fixed

Action Button)
• Displays the WPN page.
Communications (COM) FAB (Fixed
Action Button)
• Displays COM page with radio frequencies.
Tactical Situation Display (TSD)
FAB (Fixed Action Button) M (Menu) Button Aircraft (A/C) FAB (Fixed Action Button)
• Displays the TSD page. • Displays the main MPD menu • Displays the FLT (Flight) page when in the air or the ENG
VABs (Variable Action Buttons) (Engine) page when on the ground. 48
Pilot Cockpit MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) Pages
Mission Pages
APACHE
AH-64D
ASE: Aircraft Survivability Equipment page. TSD: Tactical Situation Display page. WPN: Weapon page.
Provides a de-cluttered, azimuth-only Shows a top-down overview of the aircraft, Allows the pilot or CPG to activate weapon
display of any radar or laser threats battlefield, and surrounding airspace. The systems and configure weapon parameters.
detected by the aircraft defensive systems, TSD is a versatile, full color moving map
and allows the aircrew to manage the that allows the aircrew to plot and analyze
survivability equipment onboard the a wealth of navigational, tactical, and
aircraft, such as the RLWR (Radar/Laser sensor information.
Warning Receiver) and chaff dispenser.
Main Menu Page FCR: Fire Control Radar page.

(press “M” button) Allows configuration and the operation of
AN/APG-78 fire control radar.
Communication Pages
SOI: Not simulated. XPNDR: Transponder page. UHF: UHF Radio page.
Allows configuration of IFF (Identify-Friend- Allows configuration of ARC-164(V) UHF
or-Foe) transponder. AM radio.
FM: FM Radio page. HF: HF Radio page. COM: Communication page.
Allows configuration of ARC-201D VHF FM1 Allows configuration of ARC-220 HF radio. Allows general configuration of radio
and FM2 radios. communications setup.
M (Menu) Button
• Displays the main MPD menu
Notes on MPDs:
• The Multi-Purpose Displays (MPDs) are color liquid crystal displays that allow the pilot and copilot/gunner (CPG) to access different formats. Each format allows the
crewmember to view different information or access different functions.
• Pages are selected by either pressing the M (Menu) Button and the VAB (Variable Action Button) next to the desired page or by pressing one of the FABs (Fixed Action
Button). There are FABs for the FCR, WPN, TSD, VID, COM and A/C (ENG or FLT) pages, and those can be used to quickly switch between pages.
• The MPDs have a screensaver mode that is armed when the aircraft is on the ground, on external power, with the power levers set to OFF. In this situation, the displays will
automatically turn off after 5 minutes with no button presses. Pressing any button will “wake” the MPDs, turning them back on.
• Some pages will automatically appear based on certain events occuring; this MPD logic is called “autopaging”. The threshold for ASE autopaging can be set independently
in each cockpit, while ENG autopaging can be disabled in the CPG cockpit only.
• The ENG page will display if:
• A new warning message appears.
• EMER HYD switch is activated.
• An engine starter is engaged.
• The TSD page will display when the RLWR or RFI detects radar or laser energy exceeding the set threshold.
• The FCR page will display when the sight select is set to FCR. 49
• Depressing (Z-axis) on the Symbol Select Switch on the cyclic will select the FLT page.
Pilot Cockpit MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) Pages
Aircraft Pages
APACHE
AH-64D
ENG: Engine page. FLT: Flight page. FUEL: Fuel page.

Displays engine and powertrain data and is Displays basic flight information and allows Displays fuel quantity and distribution, and
formatted based on conditions. the aircrew to control various flight allows the aircrew to control which tanks
settings. feed which engines, or transfer fuel
between the forward and aft fuel tanks.
PERF: Performance page. UTIL: Utility page.
Allows you to configure aircraft Allows the crew to enable or disable
performance values and view performance aircraft systems.
Main Menu Page planning data.
(press “M” button)
Other Pages
VIDEO: Displays video from aircraft sensors VCR: Video Cassette Recorder page. DMS: Data Management System page.
and allows the crewmembers to set video Not simulated. Allows the aircrew to view system
underlays and configure video settings. advisories and faults, as well as access
further sub-menus for diagnostic and
maintenance functions.
M (Menu) Button
• Displays the main MPD menu
50
Pilot Cockpit Mission Pages
ASE (Aircraft Survivability Equipment) Page TSD (Tactical Situation Display) Page WPN (Weapon) Page
APACHE
AH-64D
FCR (Fire Control Radar) Page
51
Pilot Cockpit Communication Pages
SOI Page XPNDR (Transponder) Page UHF Page

APACHE
AH-64D
FM Page HF Page COM (Communication) Page
52
Pilot Cockpit Aircraft Pages
ENG (Engine) Page FLT (Flight) Page FUEL Page

APACHE
AH-64D
PERF (Performance) Page UTIL (Utility) Page
53
Pilot Cockpit Other Pages
Video Page DMS (Data Management System) Page

APACHE
AH-64D
54
Pilot Cockpit
Notes on Cautions, Warnings, and Advisories:

• Warnings, Cautions and Advisories are displayed on the EUFD, DMS page and WCA Page. EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display)
APACHE
AH-64D
• The EUFD displays the most urgent messages. • Provides up-front control of radios and communications equipment and
• The WCA page displays the history of various messages triggered earlier in the flight. display of warning/caution/advisory (WCA) messages.

DMS (Data Management

System) Page
• Displays Faults & Advisories
WCA (Warning/Caution/Advisory) Page

• Accessed from DMS Page
55
Pilot Cockpit
Notes on Cursor Use:

• The Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch can be used to slew/move a cursor on the MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) pages of the active MPD.
APACHE
AH-64D
• The cursor can be moved to the opposite display using the Cursor Display Select Button or by moving the Cursor to the edge of one display and
“bumping” the Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch in the direction of the opposite MPD.
• When the Cursor is over a data field, you can select it by pressing DOWN on the Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch instead of using a VAB (Variable Action
Button). Cursor
• When FCR (Fire Control Radar) is selected for display on the TDU, the Cursor can be utilized on the TDU. The “bump” method is required for placing the (Moved over TSD
cursor on the TDU in this instance. page selector field)
• “TDU” stands for “TEDAC Display Unit”.
• “TEDAC” stands for “TADS Electronic Display & Control”. 2
• “TADS” stands for “Target Acquisition & Designation Sight”

Cursor Display
Select Button
TSD Page Selected
(Cursor Depressed)
Cursor 1 3
56
Pilot Cockpit Cyclic
Symbology Select Switch
Weapon Action Switch (WAS) • FWD: “CT” toggles between Cruise and
• FWD: “G” selects the gun. Transition symbology on the IHADSS helmet
APACHE
monocle.
AH-64D
• LEFT: “R” selects rockets.

• RIGHT: “M” selects Hellfire missiles. • DEPRESS: Brings FLT (Flight) page on MPD
• AFT: “A” selects Air-to-Air Weapons • AFT: “HB” toggles between Hover and Bob-Up
(no function in our DCS AH-64D symbology on the IHADSS helmet monocle.
variant)
Chaff Dispense Button
Force Trim / Hold Modes Switch

• FWD: “R” (Release). When held, releases the
force trim system and attitude hold mode. When
released, re-engages the force trim system, using
the cyclic’s current position as the new center
point.
• AFT: “D” (Disengage). Disengages attitude and
altitude hold. Weapons Trigger Switch

No Function • LEFT: “AT” (Attitude Hold). • First Detent
• RIGHT: “AL” (Altitude Hold) • Second Detent (Spacebar)
• Trigger Guard
RTS/ICS (Radio Transmit Select/Intercom

System) PTT (Push-to-Talk) Switch
• DEPRESS: “RTS” moves the radio transmit
select (RTS) down to the next radio on the
EUFD. If HF radio is selected, moves RTS back
up to VHF.
• LEFT: “RADIO” transmits over the selected
radio
• RIGHT: “ICS” transmits over the Intercom
FMC (Flight Management
System to your other crew member.
Computer) Release Button
• Disengages all FMC SCAS (Stability
and Augmentation Control System)
channels.
57
Pilot Cockpit
Anti-Torque Pedal
Anti-Torque Pedal
APACHE
AH-64D
Floor-Mounted Radio Floor-Mounted ICS (Intercom

Transmit Switch System) Transmit Switch 58
AH-64D
Pilot Cockpit
59
Pilot Cockpit AN/AAR-57 CMWS (Common
Missile Warning System) Panel Flare & Chaff Counter Indicator
APACHE
CMWS Power/Test Knob

AH-64D
CMWS Indicator Display
CMWS Audio Control Knob

No function since CMWS audio is
controlled by the ADF receiver based on
the CMWS/NAV switch position
CMWS Display Brightness

Control Knob
Flare Jettison Switch
CMWS Bypass/Auto Switch

• Toggles between automatic flare
dispensing when a missile threat
is detected in AUTO mode, or
manual flare dispensing when in
BYPASS mode. Missile threat
warning is provided regardless of
switch position, and manual
dispensing is retained when in
AUTO mode.
CMWS/NAV Switch
• DOWN: NAV selects ADF receiver audio
• UP: CMWS selects threat alert audio
CMWS Arm/Safe Switch

• UP: ARM
• DOWN: SAFE
60
AH-64D
Pilot Cockpit
61
Pilot Cockpit
SENS (Sensitivity) Control Knob
• Adjusts the sensitivity of the ICS squelch circuit when the ICS
switch is in the VOX position. The ICS will only transmit when
APACHE
AH-64D
volume levels exceed the selected sensitivity.
Mode 3 Transponder
IDENT (Identify) Button
ICS (Intercom System) Mode Switch

• FWD: PTT (Push-to-Talk), the ICS will only transmit when the
ICS PTT (push-to-talk) switch is pressed.
• MIDDLE: VOX (Voice), the ICS will transmit automatically
when the pilot speaks loud enough to break squelch. This
helps reduce transmission of unwanted background noise.
• AFT: HOT MIC (Microphone), the ICS transmits continuously,
whether the pilot speaks or not.
Radio Volume Knobs

• VHF Auxiliary System Volume Knobs
• UHF • IFF (Identify-Friend-or-Foe)
• FM 1 Transponder
• FM 2 • RLWR (Radar Laser Warning
• HF Receiver)
• ATA (No Function)
• VCR (Video Cassette Recorder)
Radio Squelch Knobs • ADF (Automatic Direction Finder)
(FWD: Squelch ON)
• VHF
• UHF Radio Master
• FM 1 Volume Control Knob
• FM 2
• HF
62
AH-64D
Pilot Cockpit
Canopy Handle
63
Pilot Cockpit
APACHE
AH-64D
M4 Carbine
HDU (Helmet Display Unit)

Storage Holster
64
AH-64D
Pilot Cockpit
Circuit Breakers
65
AH-64D
Pilot Cockpit
66
Pilot Cockpit HDU (Helmet Display Unit) Monocle
APACHE AN/AVS-6 Night Vision Goggles
AH-64D

Display Sight System) Helmet
Head-Tracking Sensors
67
Pilot Cockpit
HDU (Helmet Display Unit) Monocle

Displays IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and
APACHE
AH-64D
Display Sight System) Data

• Use “I” binding to show/hide IHADSS.
68
Pilot Cockpit Alternate Sensor
Ownship Heading Tape Bearing Flight Path Vector (FPV)
• FWD: “CT” toggles between Cruise
APACHE
Head Tracker
AH-64D
and Transition symbology on the

IHADSS helmet monocle.
• DEPRESS: Brings FLT (Flight) page Command Heading Caret
on MPD Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle
• AFT: “HB” toggles between Hover and Cueing Dots
and Bob-Up symbology on the
Cued Line-of-Sight Reticle
Barometric Altitude (ft)
Engine Torque (%)
Navigation Fly-To Cue

(Waypoint Symbol)
Pitch Ladder
Radar Altimeter (ft)

True Airspeed (kts) Rate of Climb / Vertical Speed

Notes about IHADSS CRUISE Mode: Scale (ft/min)
• This mode is selected by toggling the Cruise Horizon Line
Symbology Select Switch FWD (toggles Acquisition Source
• PHS (Pilot Helmet Sight)
between Cruise and Transition modes). • GHS (Gunner Helmet Sight)
CRUISE is typically used for instrument Distance to Waypoint (km) Trim Ball • SKR (Tracking Missile Seeker)
flying in low visibility conditions, but • RFI (Radio Frequency Interferometer)
overall it is not very useful during normal • FCR (Fire Control Radar)
Waypoint Selected • FXD (Fixed Forward, aircraft centerline)
flying operations.
• W##, H##, C##, T## (Waypoint, Hazard,
Ground Speed (kts) Control Measure or Target/Threat)
• TRN (Cursor-Selected terrain location on the
TSD)
Time to Waypoint (minutes:seconds) • TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight)
Sight Selection (Crewmember’s selected sight)

• HMD (Helmet Display)
• FCR (Fire Control Radar)
• TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight)
Range (km) & Range Source Field-of-View Box &

IHADSS Mode Selected: Cued Line-of-Sight Dot
Field-of-Regard Box CRUISE 69
Pilot Cockpit
Acceleration Cue
APACHE
AH-64D

• DEPRESS: Brings FLT (Flight) page
on MPD
• AFT: “HB” toggles between Hover
Engine Torque (%) Velocity Vector
Rate of Climb / Vertical Speed

Scale (ft/min)
Transition Horizon Line

True Airspeed (kts)
Notes about IHADSS TRANSITION Mode:
• This mode is selected by toggling the
Symbology Select Switch FWD (toggles
between Cruise and Transition modes).
TRANSITION is typically used during most Trim Ball Radar Altimeter Tape
phases of flight unless you want to takeoff,
land, or hover.
Helmet Line-of-Sight
Reticle and Cueing Dots
IHADSS Mode Selected:

TRANSITION 70
Pilot Cockpit

• FWD: “CT” toggles between Cruise Acceleration Cue
APACHE
AH-64D

on MPD


Notes about IHADSS HOVER Mode: Indicator (ft/min)
• This mode is selected by toggling the
Symbology Select Switch AFT (toggles
between Hover and Bob-Up modes). Radar Altimeter Tape
True Airspeed (kts)
HOVER is typically used whenever you Trim Ball
want to bring the helicopter into a hover.

HOVER 71
Pilot Cockpit

• FWD: “CT” toggles between Cruise Acceleration Cue
APACHE
AH-64D

on MPD

True Airspeed (kts)

Notes about IHADSS BOB-UP Mode: Indicator (ft/min)
Bob-Up Box
• This mode is selected by toggling the • Represents a 12 square-foot box anchored
Symbology Select Switch AFT (toggles to the position it was on the ground at the
between Hover and Bob-Up modes). time Bob-Up mode was entered. This is Radar Altimeter Tape
BOB-UP is typically used whenever you termed “dropping a Bob-Up box”. The box
want to settle the helicopter into a hover will remain in this position until the crew
changes symbology modes. When the Bob- Trim Ball
and stay at the current position. The Up box has reached the edge of the display
Bob-Up box symbol moves as you drift (“saturated”), the aircraft has travelled 40
away from the reference point (bob-up feet. Helmet Line-of-Sight
box) set when engaging this mode. Reticle and Cueing Dots

BOB-UP 72
AH-64D
Pilot Cockpit
73
Pilot Cockpit
APACHE
AH-64D

PNVS (Pilot Night Vision System) Overlay


• Note: When the pilot selects one NVS source, the other source
is automatically assigned to the CPG (Co-pilot/Gunner) 74
Pilot Cockpit
APACHE
AH-64D
Night Vision Goggles (NVG) Controls:

• RSHIFT+H: On/Off
• RSHIFT+RALT+H: Gain Night Vision Goggles Down
• RSHIFT+RCTRL+H: Gain Night Vision Goggles Up
75
Pilot Cockpit
APACHE
AH-64D
Flashlight Control
• ON/OFF: LALT + L
76
AH-64D
Co-Pilot/Gunner Cockpit
77
Co-Pilot/Gunner Cockpit Tip: Co-Pilot/Gunner body can be toggled on/off by pressing “RSHIFT+P”
APACHE
AH-64D
78
APACHE
AH-64D
Air Conditioning Outlet Air Conditioning Outlet

(Gasper) (Gasper)
79
AH-64D
Armor Panel
80
APACHE
AH-64D
Cockpit Map Light
81
APACHE
AH-64D

Pushbuttons
Left Tip (LTIP) Station Jettison • L OUTBD: Left Outboard Station
Arm/Select Pushbutton • L INBD: Left Inboard Station
• No function • R INBD: Right Inboard Station
Cockpit Flood Lights Control Knob

• Note: Moving the FLOOD rheostat past the
midpoint position (towards bright) automatically
JETT (Jettison) Button changes SIGNAL light brightness to day-time
• Jettisons all selected/armed stations levels
Signal Lights Control Knob

• Sets the brightness of the warning, caution,
and advisory indicators/switches
Lights Test Button

Right Tip (RTIP) Station Jettison
• No function
Primary Cockpit Lights Control Knob

• Controls the brightness of the illuminated light
plates behind all control panels 82
Tail Wheel Lock/Unlock Button
• Pressing this button toggles on or off
Co-Pilot NVS (Night Vision System) Mode Switch the tail wheel lock, which will engage
APACHE
•
AH-64D
FWD: FIXED, commands the selected NVS to fixed forward at -4.9 deg in elevation. when the tail wheel reaches center
• MIDDLE: NORM, commands the selected NVS to IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and and prevents it from turning.
83
APACHE
AH-64D
Power (PWR) Levers (Left/Right Engines)

• OFF
• IDLE: Sets Ground IDLE RPM
• FLY: Sets NR (Rotor RPM) for flight operations. Controlled NR is
101 %, maintained by the PAS (Power Available Spindle)
• LOCK OUT: Disables the turbine gas temperature (TGT) limiting
• Note: After moving the power lever to LOCK OUT, it
should immediately be returned to an intermediate
position between IDLE and FLY. The pilot can then
control engine RPM directly using the power lever.
84
Co-Pilot/Gunner Cockpit Emergency Guard Frequency Button Emergency Transponder (XPNDR) Button
• Tunes the UHF radio to guard frequency • Sets the Mode 3/A transponder code to 7700
(243.0 MHz) and changes RTS (Radio (standard emergency code). The text “ON” is
Transmit Select) to UHF. highlighted on the button face. Note that the
APACHE
transponder must be on, and Mode 3 must
AH-64D
be active.
Zeroize Switch
• FWD:Zeroes-out classified data (targets, radio
frequencies, etc.). The ZEROIZE switch must be
Emergency Hydraulic Switch
pulled out and up, then forward, then down and
• When pressed, opens a solenoid that allows
in, to start the zeroization process.
hydraulic accumulator pressure to pressurize
• AFT: OFF 85
the utility side of the flight controls only.
Data Field
APACHE
AH-64D
KU (Keyboard Unit)
• The Keyboard Unit (KU) allows crewmembers to enter
Keyboard Unit Brightness

Control Knob
86
AH-64D
Helmet Hook
87
AH-64D
First Aid Kit
88
Co-Pilot/Gunner Cockpit FCR (Fire Control Radar) Mode Selector FCR (Fire Control Radar) Scan FOV (Field-
• FWD: GTM (Ground Targeting Mode)
of-View) Size Selector
• AFT: ATM (Air Targeting Mode)
• FWD: Z (Zoom FOV), scans 15 deg arc
• LEFT: TPM (Terrain Profile Mode)
• AFT: M (Medium FOV), scans 45 deg arc
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AH-64D

• Deflecting the control moves the MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) cursor Sight Selector Switch
• Pressing DOWN on the cursor selects the item under the MPD cursor • FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects IHADSS
line-of-sight
• AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-To-
Cursor Display Select Button Shoot (NTS). If the CPG’s active sight is TADS and the
pilot commands LINK, the CPG’s active sight will become
HMD.
Collective • LEFT: FCR (Fire Control Radar)
• RIGHT: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight),
but only functional for CPG.
FCR (Fire Control Radar) Scan Control

Boresight/Polarity Selector • FWD: S (Single) Scan

• AFT: C (Continuous) Scan
• RIGHT: PLRT, toggles FLIR image polarity between Black Hot and White Hot
NVS (Night Vision System) Select Switch FCR Cued Search Button
• Note: When the pilot selects one NVS source, the other source Search Light ON/OFF Switch
is automatically assigned to the CPG (Co-pilot/Gunner) • FWD (ON) / MIDDLE (OFF) / AFT (STOW)
Search Light Position Control

Engine Chop Button • FWD (Extend) / AFT (Retract) / LEFT / RIGHT
• Pressing this button electronically
retards the engines to IDLE.
Immediate reduction of the collective
is required to maintain rotor RPM. If
the chop button is used, say as a result Stabilator Control
of a loss of tail rotor thrust, the power • FWD: Nose DOWN
levers MUST be retarded to idle. • DOWN: Resets Stabilator control mode to automatic
• AFT: Nose UP
89
APACHE
AH-64D
Cursor Enter Trigger

launch.
90
Co-Pilot/Gunner Cockpit Boresight Reticle Unit (BRU) EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display)
• Used to align/boresight HDU (Helmet Display Unit) • Provides up-front control of radios and communications equipment and
APACHE display of warning/caution/advisory (WCA) messages.
AH-64D
Right MPD (Multi-

Left MPD (Multi-Purpose Purpose Display)
Display)
TEDAC RHG (Right Hand Grip)

• TEDAC: TADS Electronic Display and Control
• TADS: Target Acquisition and Designation Sight
TEDAC LHG (Left Hand Grip) TDU (TEDAC Display Unit)

• TEDAC: TADS Electronic Display and Control • TEDAC: TADS Electronic Display and Control
• TADS: Target Acquisition and Designation Sight • TADS: Target Acquisition and Designation Sight
91
Co-Pilot/Gunner Cockpit Mirror • Illuminates when engine 1 (left) fire is
APU (Auxiliary Power Unit) Fire Pushbutton

APACHE
AH-64D
• Illuminates when APU fire is detected, shuts off

fuel valve when pressed

• Illuminates when engine 2 (right) fire is

Cockpit Light
Canopy Jettison Control

A/S (Arm/Safe) Button

• Toggles Master Arm status
Reserve Fire Extinguisher between ARM and SAFE
GND ORIDE (Ground Override) Button

• Overrides the on-ground weapon safety, allowing
the crew to WAS and ARM weapons on the ground. 92
Co-Pilot/Gunner Cockpit TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation TEDAC LHG (Left Hand Grip)
Sight) FOV (Field-of-View) Selector • TEDAC: TADS Electronic Display and Control
• FWD: Z (Zoom FOV) • TADS: Target Acquisition and Designation Sight
• AFT: M (Medium FOV)
•
APACHE
LEFT: N (Narrow FOV)
AH-64D
• RIGHT: W (Wide FOV) TADS Sensor Select Switch

• Selects the optical sensor used for TADS. No function if the TADS is
IAT/OFS Switch being used by either crewmember as an NVS sensor.
• FWD: IAT (Image Auto-Track) • FWD: FLIR (Forward-Looking Infrared) used by TADS
• Short Press: Enables image-auto track and establishes the • MIDDLE: DTV (Daytime Television) Sensor
object under the cursor as the primary track. • AFT: DVO, no function.
• Long Press: Activates manual sizing of the tracking gates.
• AFT: OFS (Offset). When offset tracking, returns TADS Line-of-Sight Weapon Action Switch (WAS)
to the primary track. When not offset tracking, deletes the current • FWD: “G” selects the gun.
track (primary or secondary). • LEFT: “R” selects rockets.
• RIGHT: “M” selects Hellfire missiles.
• AFT: “A” selects Air-to-Air Weapons (no
Video Record Button function in our DCS AH-64D variant)
• Toggles the VCR between STOP/STANDBY
and RECORD mode. Store/Update Switch

• Stores position information or performs position updates.
• FWD: STORE, Stores selected sensor line-of-sight as a point
FCR (Fire Control Radar) Mode Selector • AFT: UPDATE, Performs a flyover or TADS position update.
• FWD: GTM (Ground Targeting Mode)
• LEFT: TPM (Terrain Profile Mode) FCR (Fire Control Radar) Scan Control
• RIGHT: RMAP (Radar Map Mode) • FWD: S (Single) Scan
Cursor Control/Enter Switch
• Deflecting the control moves the MPD FCR Cued Search Button
(Multi-Purpose Display) cursor • Rapidly orients the FCR antenna towards a threat emitter detected by the RFI. Scans in the
• Pressing DOWN on the cursor selects the direction of the emitter and attempts to correlate the location of the emitter in the GTM, ATM, or
item under the MPD cursor RMAP targeting modes. No function if FCR is not the active sight and the master arm isn't in ARM.
Cursor Display Select Button

• Toggles the cursor to the other MPD and
centers it on the screen. Cage Button (No Function)
(Opposite Side)
LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) Button (Opposite Side)

TEDAC LHG Weapon Trigger (opposite side of grip) • Toggles the linear motion compensator (LMC) during manual tracking.
• Fires the actioned weapon system if that weapon was actioned using Compensates for helicopter and/or target movement.
the Weapon Action Switch on the left TEDAC grip.
93
Co-Pilot/Gunner Cockpit TAD (Target Acquisition and FCR (Fire Control Radar) PNV (Pilot Night Vision
Designation Sight) Video Source Button Video Source Button System) Video Source Button G/S (Grayscale Calibration Display) Button
TDU (TEDAC Display Unit)

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AH-64D
• TEDAC: TADS Electronic Display and Control TDU Display Mode Selector
• TADS: Target Acquisition and Designation Sight • Day / Night / OFF
FLIR (Forward-Looking
Infrared) Level Control Knob
FLIR (Forward-Looking TDU Symbology Brightness

Infrared) Gain Control Knob Adjustment Rocker Switch
TDU Range/Focus Adjustment TDU Image Brightness

Rocker Switch Adjustment Rocker Switch
TDU Elevation Drift TDU Contrast Adjustment

Adjustment Rocker Switch Rocker Switch
TDU Asterisk (*) Default Settings Button

• Resets brightness and contrast of the CPG HDU or
TDU to default setting. The day/night setting
determines whether a bright or dim default is used.
TDU Azimuth Drift
Adjustment Rocker Switch
Filter Button
AZ/EL (Azimuth/Elevation) Enable Button
Freeze Button 94
ACM (Automatic Contrast Mode) Button
FCR (Fire Control Radar) Scan FOV (Field-
TEDAC RHG (Right Hand Grip) of-View) Size Selector
APACHE
•
AH-64D
AFT: M (Medium FOV), scans 45 deg arc

LST (Laser Spot Tracker) Mode Switch

• FWD: A (Automatic)
• MIDDLE: OFF
• AFT:M (Manual) FCR (Fire Control Radar) C-Scope Button
• Slews TADS line-of-sight when "Slave mode"
is not enabled (tracking mode is Manual).
• FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects IHADSS line-
of-sight
FLIR Polarity Button
• AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-To-Shoot
• Toggles FLIR (Forward-Looking
(NTS). If the CPG’s active sight is TADS and the pilot
Infrared) image polarity (black-hot or
commands LINK, the CPG’s active sight will become HMD.
white-hot).
•
LEFT: FCR (Fire Control Radar)

• RIGHT: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight)
Sight Slave Button
• Toggles the FCR or TADS tracking mode
IAT (Image Auto Tracker) Polarity Switch between Slave and Manual (de-slaved).
• FWD: WHITE, bright objects are tracked by the IAT. When in Slave, FCR or TADS line-of-sight is
• MIDDLE: AUTO, polarity is automatically selected by the IAT slaved to target acquisition line-of-sight.
• AFT: BLACK, dark objects are tracked by the IAT. When in Manual, FCR antenna angle or
TADS line-of-sight is controlled by the sight
manual tracker.
TADS MTT (Multi-Target Tracker) Track Promote Switch
• FWD:Steps to the next TADS track and promotes it to primary
• AFT:Steps to the previous TADS track and promotes it to primary MAN TRK (Sight Manual Tracker
Controller) Switch, also known as
“Thumb Force Controller”
Cursor Enter Button
TEDAC RHG LRFD (Laser Rangefinder & Designator) Trigger (opposite side of grip) • Alternatively, it can slew the FCR antenna
• First detent: LRFD determines target range. angle.
• Second detent: LRFD determines target range and designates target for laser guidance and
engages the TSE (Target State Estimator).
FCR (Fire Control Radar) Zoom Button
HDD Button (No Function) • Changes the FCR targeting format to a 6× zoom,
(Opposite Side) centered around the Next-To-Shoot (NTS). A
Missile Advance Button (Opposite Side) second press restores the normal FCR format.
• Manually steps the next Hellfire missile for launch.
No function unless the missile mode is Manual. 95
Co-Pilot/Gunner Cockpit WCA (Warning/Caution/Advisory) EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display)
Area • Provides up-front control of radios and communications equipment and
WCA (Warning/Caution/Advisory) Radio Frequency Area
APACHE
AH-64D
Rocker Switch
IDM (Improved Data Modem)

Radio Rocker Switch
EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front
Display) Brightness Control Knob
PRESET Function Button

• Toggles display of the Preset window
ENTER Function Button

• Tunes the currently selected
radio to the selected preset
SWAP Function Button

• Swaps the radio frequency,
encryption mode, and IDM net
RTS (Radio Transmit Select) Rocker configuration with the standby
Switch values of the currently selected radio.
STOPWATCH Function Button

Total Fuel Quantity • Starts and stops the stopwatch. Holding
Indicator (lbs) this button for >2 seconds resets the
stopwatch and removes it from the EUFD.
Transponder Current Time (Clock)

Information Area
96
(Gasper)
APACHE
AH-64D

(Gasper) 97
APACHE
AH-64D
Master Zeroize Switch

• Zeroes-out (deletes) classified data.
98
Co-Pilot/Gunner Cockpit • FWD: “CT” toggles between Cruise and Transition
symbology on the IHADSS helmet monocle.
Weapon Action Switch (WAS) • DEPRESS: Brings FLT (Flight) page on MPD
• FWD: “G” selects the gun. • AFT: “HB” toggles between Hover and Bob-Up
APACHE
AH-64D
• LEFT: “R” selects rockets. symbology on the IHADSS helmet monocle.

• AFT: “A” selects Air-to-Air Weapons
(no function in our DCS AH-64D
variant)

Weapons Trigger Switch
• First Detent
Cyclic Force Trim / Hold Modes Switch • Second Detent (Spacebar)
• FWD: “R” (Release). When held, • Trigger Guard
releases the force trim system and
attitude hold mode. When released, re-
engages the force trim system, using
the cyclic’s current position as the new
center point.
• AFT: “D” (Disengage). Disengages

No Function attitude and altitude hold.
• LEFT: “AT” (Attitude Hold).
• RIGHT: “AL” (Altitude Hold)

up to VHF.
FMC (Flight Management • LEFT: “RADIO” transmits over the selected
Computer) Release Button radio
• Disengages all FMC SCAS (Stability • RIGHT: “ICS” transmits over the Intercom
and Augmentation Control System) System to your other crew member.
channels.
99
Anti-Torque Pedal
Anti-Torque Pedal
APACHE
AH-64D
Floor-Mounted Radio Floor-Mounted ICS (Intercom

Transmit Switch System) Transmit Switch 100
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AH-64D
Stick (Cyclic) Folding Mechanism (folded)

Stick (Cyclic) Folding Mechanism (not folded) • When folded, cyclic cannot be moved. The pilot cyclic 101
• Click to fold stick. should override the co-pilot/gunner’s cyclic input.
SENS (Sensitivity) Control Knob
• Adjusts the sensitivity of the ICS squelch circuit when the ICS
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AH-64D
volume levels exceed the selected sensitivity.
Mode 3 Transponder
ICS (Intercom System) Mode Switch

• FWD: PTT (Push-to-Talk), the ICS will only transmit when the
ICS PTT (push-to-talk) switch is pressed.
• MIDDLE: VOX (Voice), the ICS will transmit automatically
• AFT: HOT MIC (Microphone), the ICS transmits continuously,
whether the pilot speaks or not.
Radio Volume Knobs

• VHF
• UHF
• FM 1
• FM 2
• HF
Radio Master
Volume Control Knob
Radio Squelch Knobs
(FWD: Squelch ON) Auxiliary System Volume Knobs
• VHF
• IFF (Identify-Friend-or-Foe)
• UHF
Transponder
• FM 1
• RLWR (Radar Laser Warning
• FM 2
Receiver)
• HF
• ATA (No Function)
• VCR (Video Cassette Recorder)
• ADF (Automatic Direction Finder)
102
Canopy Handle
APACHE
AH-64D
SP (System Processor) Select Switch

• Allows the Co-Pilot/Gunner (CPG) to manually select the primary system
processor. In the AUTO mode, if a system processor becomes unreliable,
Windshield Wiper Control Knob the other system processor will automatically become primary. In the
two manual modes, the CPG must change the system processor
manually if it becomes degraded.
• FWD: SP1 is primary, SP2 is secondary
• MIDDLE: AUTO, healthiest system processor is automatically
selected as primary
• AFT: SP2 is primary, SP1 is secondary
Primary SP (System Processor) Indicator

• Provides a lighted indication as to which
system processor is primary (“SP1” or “SP2”)
Windshield Defog Button 103
APACHE
AH-64D
HDU (Helmet Display Unit)

Storage Holster 104
AH-64D
M4 Carbine
105
AH-64D
106
APACHE
AH-64D


107
Co-Pilot/Gunner Cockpit HDU (Helmet Display Unit) Monocle
AN/AVS-6 Night Vision Goggles
APACHE
AH-64D
Head-Tracking Sensors
108

APACHE
AH-64D

109
AH-64D
110
APACHE
AH-64D
M261 Rocket Launcher

Search Light
AGM-114 Hellfire Missile

111
APACHE
AH-64D
M139 AWS (Area Weapon System)

M230 30 mm Chain-Driven Gun
112
AH-64D
Flame-Resistant Balaclava
113
AH-64D
Wipers
114
APACHE
AH-64D
Search Light ON/OFF Switch

• FWD (ON) / MIDDLE (OFF) / AFT (STOW)
Search Light Position Control

• FWD (Extend) / AFT (Retract) / LEFT / RIGHT
Search Light
115
Navigation/Position Lights Switch
APACHE • DIM/OFF/BRIGHT
AH-64D
Formation Lights Control Knob
Anti-Collision Light Switch

Formation Light • RED/OFF/WHITE
Formation Light
Formation Light White Position

Light
Anti-Collision Light
Red Position Light

Formation Light
116
Green Position Light
Anti-Collision Light
APACHE
AH-64D
Navigation/Position Lights Switch

• DIM/OFF/BRIGHT
Anti-Collision Light Switch

• RED/OFF/WHITE
117
Main Rotor
Tail Rotor
APACHE
AH-64D
Stabilator
Tail Wheel
Engine Nose Gearbox

• Provides the 90 degrees (right angle)
drive conversion to the main transmission
Main Landing Gear 118
APACHE
AH-64D
Engine Exhaust
CMWS (Common Missile
Warning System) Detector 119
APACHE
AH-64D
Temperature Probe
HADS (Helicopter Air Data

Sensor) Probe
Temperature Probe

Warning System) Detector
120
HADS (Helicopter Air Data
Sensor) Probe
APACHE
AH-64D
APU (Auxiliary Power Unit) Exhaust
Static Discharge Wick
121
APACHE
AH-64D
WSPS (Wire Strike Protection

System) Cutter

Pitot Probe
System) Cutter
122
APACHE
AH-64D

System) Cutter
Static Port
123
APACHE
AH-64D
LWR (Laser Warning Flare Dispenser Chaff Dispenser

Maintenance Step
Receiver) Detector Maintenance Step 124
APACHE
AH-64D
LWR (Laser Warning

Receiver) Detector

125
APACHE
AH-64D

RWR (Radar Warning RWR (Radar Warning

Receiver) Antenna 126
Receiver) Antenna
VHF/FM1 Antenna
LWR (Laser Warning
APACHE
AH-64D
Receiver) Detector
HF Radio Antenna
Lower Transponder Antenna
Rotor Tie-Down Point FM2 Antenna
RWR (Radar Warning Receiver) Antenna
Radar Altimeter Doppler Radar Velocity Radar Altimeter

Sensor Antenna Antenna
127
UHF Radio Antenna Antenna
AH-64D
PART 3 – COCKPIT & EQUIPMENT APACHE Receiver) Antenna
RWR (Radar Warning
128
Ice Detection Sensor
Upper Transponder Antenna
APACHE
AH-64D
EW (Electronic Warfare) Antenna

129
APACHE
AH-64D
AN/AAQ-11 PNVS (Pilot

AN/ASQ-170 TADS (Target Night Vision System)
Acquisition & Designation Sight)
TADS DTV, LRFD and LST Assembly

• TADS: Target Acquisition & Designation Sight
TADS FLIR Assembly • DTV: Day Television
• LRFD: Laser Rangefinder & Designator
• TADS: Target Acquisition &

Designation Sight • LST: Laser Spot Tracker
• FLIR: Forward-Looking Infrared
130
AH-64D
PART 3 – COCKPIT & EQUIPMENT APACHE AN/APG-78 FCR (Fire Control Radar)
131
AH-64D
132
BEFORE FLIGHT
Before flying, it is important to plan ahead. Your allowable weapon and fuel payload will depend on
APACHE
AH-64D
the free air temperature (FAT), the humidity and the pressure-altitude (PA). In DCS, we can neglect
PA (Pressure-Altitude)
the effect of humidity on performance as a simplification. The Pre-Flight planning is a tedious task
(ft)
and a good example is available in my UH-1H Huey guide. I recommend you check this out.
In the meantime, I will simply introduce you the general idea of the parameters you should take into
account when flying the AH-64.
We will use three parameters as an example for this section:

• Gross Weight (lbs): 17732 lbs
• PA (Pressure-Altitude, ft): 71 ft AMSL (Above Mean Sea Level)
• FAT (Free Air Temperature): +20 deg C

(FAT) Gauge (deg C)
PART 4 – MISSION PLANNING
Total Weight (lbs)
133
PERF PAGE
Maximum takeoff weight for out of ground effect (OGE) vertical takeoff (landing) (OGE
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AH-64D
max hover weight) is typically displayed in performance charts. This is also the case for
Maximum takeoff weight for in ground effect (IGE) vertical takeoff (landing) (IGE
maximum hover weight). Thankfully, there is a MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) page that
calculates these values for you: the PERF (Performance) page.
Additional Notes:
The single most important value on this page is the Maximum Takeoff Weight OGE and
Go-No/Go Torque OGE. To effectively use these values:
1. You first have to compare your required IGE torque against your indicated torque.
So long as these values are within around 1 to 2% of each other, the page can be
considered "valid".
2. Next, compare your indicated TQ to your go-no/go torque OGE. If the indicated is
less than the go-no/go OGE value, then the helicopter has OGE power, and can
perform all maneuvers requiring OGE power (OGE hovers, termination to an OGE
hover, altitude over airspeed and continuous angle takeoff, and NOE flight).
For the purposes of DCS, use the Maximum gross weight OGE to load the aircraft for
combat. The sum total of all ammunition and fuel loaded on the aircraft must remain
below this value. As a rule, a minimum 5% power margin should be maintained. Use the
rule that 1% of torque = 200 lbs to achieve this. This means you should subtract 1000
lbs from the max gwt OGE value, for this example, the aircraft should be loaded to no
more than 17,290 lbs.
It should be noted that required IGE, go-no/go ige and oge are all calculated and
measured at a 5 foot hover height. The required OGE torque is calculated at an 80 foot
hover height. Additionally it is important to understand that the aircraft is considered to
be OGE when greater than 1 rotor diameter, or 48 feet.
134
MAXIMUM TAKEOFF WEIGHT
You can access the Max Gross Weight values for OGE and IGE hover by doing the following:
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AH-64D
1. Make sure the helicopter MPDs are powered up. This can be done by starting the engines or the APU (Auxiliary Power Unit).
2. Press the A/C (Aircraft) FAB (Fixed Action Button) to display the ENG (Engine) page while helicopter is on the ground.
3. Press the VAB (Variable Action Button) next to PERF to select the Performance page.
• Alternatively, you can go through the PERF page by using the “M” FAB and select “PERF” with its corresponding VAB.
4. Max Gross Weight for IGE (In Ground Effect) and OGE (Out of Ground Effect) hover is displayed in lbs for the selected Performance mode
(CUR, MAX or PLAN) for PA (Pressure-Altitude) and FAT (Free Air Temperature) conditions. APU (Auxiliary Power
1
5. “DE” refers to “Dual Engine” operation, while “SE” refers to “Single Engine” operation. SE is also known as “OEI” (One Engine Inoperative). Unit) Start Button
3
4
Max Gross Weight (GWT)
(lbs)
IGE: In Ground Effect

OGE: Out of Ground Effect
DE: Dual Engine
SE: Single Engine
2 135
CALCULATING HOVER TORQUE (Q)
The PERF page can calculate the hover torque (Hover Q) values based on ambient conditions and gross weight. As an example:
APACHE
AH-64D
1. Access the PERF page as shown previously.

2. Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to MAX PERF MODE. 3b
3. Press VAB next to PA (Pressure-Altitude), enter elevation (“71” ft) on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER on the KU.
4. Press VAB next to FAT (Free Air Temperature), enter ambient temperature (“+20” deg C) on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER on the KU.
• Do not forget the + or – sign, otherwise the data entry will be invalid.
5. Press VAB next to GWT (Gross Weight), enter gross weight (“17732” lbs) on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER on the KU.
3c
Gross Weight (lbs): 17732 lbs

PA (Pressure-Altitude, ft): 71 ft AGL (Above Ground Level)
FAT (Free Air Temperature): +20 deg C
1
4c
3a 4b
4d
4a
5b
3d
5a 4e
2
5d
5c
136
CALCULATING HOVER TORQUE (Q)
6. The following data is computed and is of interest to us:
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AH-64D
• Required Hover Q (Torque, %): Torque needed for IGE (In Ground Effect) and OGE (Out of Ground Effect) conditions
• GO/NO-GO Hover Q (Torque, %): Provides the crew with a value, calculated at a 5 foot hover height to determine that whether or not the helicopter has OGE hover power. The
required TQ IGE/OGE is what tells the crew the required power to hover IGE and OGE.
• Note: The flight crew can compare indicated torque to go/no-go torque when performing a hover check to determine if they are above maximum gross weight.
• Indicated Torque (%): combined torque that the engines are presently generating. It is colored green, yellow, or red based on published torque limits.
• Max DE Q (Torque, %): Displays 10-minute max dual-engine (DE) torque. Value is displayed in yellow if above 100% and red if above 115%.
• Max SE Q (Torque, %): Displays 2.5-minute maximum single-engine (SE) torque. Value is displayed in yellow if above 110% and red if above 125%.
• VNE (Do Not Exceed Speed) and VSSE (Safe Single-Engine Speed), in knots (TAS, True Airspeed)
• RNG: Maximum Range Cruising Speed, in knots
• END: Maximum Endurance Cruising Speed, in knots
6
137
PERF MODES AND WT (WEIGHT) FORMAT
In the PERF page, there are three PERF Modes selectable with the VABs (Variable Action Buttons) which set the conditions for performance calculations:
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AH-64D
• CUR: Calculates performance using current conditions. When selected, the PA, FAT, and GWT values cannot be modified. In CUR mode, the current
anti-ice setting (on or off) is used for calculations.
• MAX: Performance calculations are made using the values entered for PA, FAT, and GWT.
• PLAN: Performance calculations are made using the values loaded from the DTU (Data Transfer Unit). A flight plan can be already set up in a DTC
(Data Transfer Cartridge) loaded by the helicopter.
Also, from the PERF page, you can press the VAB (Variable Action Button) next to WT (Weight). This will allow you to modify weight data as required.
Your CPG (Co-Pilot/Gunner) had a big breakfast? There’s a modifiable field to take that into consideration for performance calculation.
PERF Page Selected

PERF – WT Page Selected
CUR Perf Mode

Selected
138
AH-64D
PART 5 – START-UP PROCEDURE APACHE
139
COLD START PROCEDURE OVERVIEW
• A – Before Start-Up
APACHE
AH-64D
• B – APU (Auxiliary Power Unit) Start
• C – DMS (Data Management System) Sweep

• Load DTU (Data Transfer Unit)
• A/C (Aircraft) Setup
• ASE (Aircraft Survivability Equipment) Setup
• TSD (Tactical Situation Display) Setup
• WPN (Weapon) Setup
• FCR (Fire Control Radar) Setup
PART 5 – START-UP PROCEDURE
• COM (Communications) Setup
• D – IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) Boresight
• E – Engine Start
• F – After Start-Up
140
AH-64D
A – BEFORE START-UP
141
A – BEFORE START-UP 3
NOTE: Some steps will be omitted to keep the procedure concise and practical. We will assume that your helicopter is in 1
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AH-64D
pristine condition and that the ground crew did their job properly.
• Steps preceded by [P] are performed by the Pilot.

• Steps preceded by [CPG] are performed by the Co-Pilot Gunner (or the George AI if no player is manning the front cockpit).
• Steps preceded by [P+CPG] are performed by both the Pilot and the Co-Pilot Gunner (or the George AI if no player is
manning the front cockpit).
• Steps preceded by [P/CPG] can be performed by either the Pilot or the Co-Pilot Gunner.
• Steps preceded by an asterisk * are optional for an expedited start-up.
1. [P+CPG] If required during night operations, turn on flashlight by using ”LALT+L”.

2. [P+CPG] To view the cockpit more easily, you can remove the IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System)
monocle by pressing “I” (“IHADSS SHOW/HIDE” control).
3. [P] Insert Ignition Key and set MSTR IGN (Master Ignition) Selector – BATT (Battery)

Display Sighting System) Monocle
142
4. *[P] Set Navigation Lights Switch – BRIGHT (FWD)
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AH-64D
5. [P+CPG] Set Primary Cockpit Lights Control Knob – BRT (Bright) 8 7

6. *[P] Set Standby Instruments Lights Control Knob – BRT (Bright)
7. [P+CPG] Set Signal Lights Control Knob – BRT (Bright)
8. *[P+CPG] Set Cockpit Flood Lights Control Knob – As required
9. [P+CPG] Set NVS (Night Vision System) Mode Switch – OFF (AFT)
9
5
Pilot Cockpit
4
8
9
5
6 143
10. [P+CPG] Set KU (Keyboard Unit) Brightness Knob – Bright (Turn Clockwise As Required)
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11. [P+CPG] Set MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) Brightness Control (BRT) Knobs – Bright (Turn Clockwise As Required)
12. [P+CPG] Set MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) Video Control (VID) Knobs – Bright (Turn Clockwise As Required)
13. [P+CPG] Set MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) Mode Selector – DAY for day operations, or NT for night operations
14. [P+CPG] Set EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display) Brightness Control Knob – Bright (Turn Clockwise As Required)
14
12
13 12
11 13
11
10
144
10. [P+CPG] Set KU (Keyboard Unit) Brightness Knob – Bright (Turn Clockwise As Required)
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11. [P+CPG] Set MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) Brightness Control (BRT) Knobs – Bright (Turn Clockwise As Required)
12. [P+CPG] Set MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) Video Control (VID) Knobs – Bright (Turn Clockwise As Required)
13. [P+CPG] Set MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) Mode Selector – DAY for day operations, or NT for night operations
14. [P+CPG] Set EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display) Brightness Control Knob – Bright (Turn Clockwise As Required)
15. [CPG] Set TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) Mode Selector – DAY for day operations, or NT for night operations
15 14
12
12
11 13
13
11
10
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16. [P+CPG] Adjust VHF, UHF, FM1, FM2 and HF Radio Volume – As Required (Turn Clockwise)
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17. [P+CPG] Set VHF, UHF, FM1, FM2 and HF Radio Squelch Switches – FWD (ON) momentarily, then release to center position.
18. [P+CPG] Adjust Radio Master Volume Control Knob – As Required (Turn Clockwise towards MAX)
19. [P+CPG] Adjust SENS (Sensitivity) Control Knob – As Required (Turn Clockwise)
20. [P+CPG] Set ICS (Intercom System) Switch – VOX (MIDDLE).
• ICS will transmit automatically when the pilot speaks loud enough to break squelch.
21. [P+CPG] Adjust IFF (Identify-Friend-or-Foe Transponder), RLWR (Radar Laser Warning Receiver), and ADF (Automatic
Direction Finder) Auxiliary Systems Volume – As Required (Turn Clockwise)
Pilot Cockpit Co-Pilot/Gunner Cockpit

21 21
20
20
16
19
16
19
17
21
17
18
21
18
21
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21
Pilot Cockpit
22. *[P+CPG] Press the Lights Test Button and confirm all signal lights illuminate properly.
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22
22
147
23. *[P/CPG] Hold the Fire Detection Circuit Test Switch – LEFT (Position 1).
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AH-64D
24. *[P/CPG] For the duration of the test for the fire detection loop No. 1, confirm
the following:
• MSTR WARN, ENG 1, APU and ENG 2 FIRE buttons illuminate
24
• AFT DECK FIRE warning is displayed on the EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front
Display)
• Voice warning system is activated and the aural cues “Aft Deck Fire”,
“Engine 1 Fire”, “Engine 2 Fire”, and “APU Fire” are audible.
25. *[P/CPG] Release the Fire Detection Circuit Test Switch (switch springs back to
center position) and press the MSTR WARN button to reset the master warning.
26. *[P/CPG] Hold the Fire Detection Circuit Test Switch – RIGHT (Position 2).
27. *[P/CPG] For the duration of the test for the fire detection loop No. 2, confirm
the following:
• MSTR WARN, ENG 1, APU and ENG 2 FIRE buttons illuminate
• DISCH buttons illuminate 23
• AFT DECK FIRE warning is displayed on the EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front

Display)
• Voice warning system is activated and the aural cues “Aft Deck Fire”,
“Engine 1 Fire”, “Engine 2 Fire”, and “APU Fire” are audible.
28. *[P/CPG] Release the Fire Detection Circuit Test Switch (switch springs back to
center position) and press the MSTR WARN button to reset the master warning.
25a 27
28a
25b
28b
26
148
29. [P+CPG] Close Cockpit Door using “LCTRL + C” or by clicking on the door handle.
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29
29
149
B – APU (AUXILIARY POWER UNIT) START
The APU is primarily used to start the engines without requiring external ground power sources
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AH-64D
but can be used as an emergency or auxiliary source of electric or hydraulic power.
1. [P] Flip the APU Start Button Guard

2. [P] Press the APU Start Button for 1 to 2 seconds, then release it.
3. [P] During the APU start-up sequence, the following advisories are visible on the EUFD
(Enhanced Up-Front Display):
• APU POWER ON: APU ECU (Electronic Control Unit) has power and APU is not yet
ON, meaning that APU RPM has not reached above 95%.
• APU START: APU start-up sequence is active
• ACCUM OIL PRES LO: Utility hydraulic accumulator has discharged into the APU
start motor 3
4. [P] When the APU start-up sequence is complete:
• “ON” light illuminates on the APU Start Button
• On the EUFD, APU POWER ON, APU START and ACCUM OIL PRES LO advisories are
extinguished, indicating the utility hydraulic accumulator has recharged.

• On the EUFD, APU ON advisory is visible
1
2 4
150
B – APU (AUXILIARY POWER UNIT) START ENG Main Page
5. [P] Once the APU is started, the APU generator provides power to the MPDs (Multi-Purpose Displays) and other helicopter
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systems. The ENG page should be visible on the left MPD, while the DMS (Data Management System) DTU (Data Transfer Unit)
page should be visible on the right MPD.
6. [P] During extended APU operations, monitor the XMSN OIL (transmission oil) temperature on the ENG SYS page (press on the
VAB (Variable Action Button) next to SYS on the left MPD). Do not exceed operations on APU power for greater than 5 minutes
while at a XMSN OIL temperatures of 120 deg C to 130 deg C. To return to ENG main page, press on VAB next to SYS again.
5
6a
ENG – SYS Sub-Page

ENG Page
DMS DTU Page
XMSN OIL
Temperature (deg C)
6b 151
C – DMS (DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM) SWEEP
The Data Management System (DMS) sweep is meant to pre-configure aircraft pages for use
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during flight. These steps can be performed by either the pilot or co-pilot/gunner, or dispatched
between both crew members to accelerate the DMS sweep process. As a suggestion:
• The Pilot selects MASTER LOAD, configures COMs, sets up their own TSD and WPN page
settings.
• The co-pilot/gunner will handle weapons initialization (i.e. laser codes, Laser
Rangefinder/Designator and Laser Spot Tracker setup), their own TSD page settings, perform
TADS operational checks.
• Either crewmember can perform the FCR (Fire Control Radar) check.
4
This version of the DMS sweep is very much abbreviated and based on my personal preference. 2a
Feel free to make your own version of it or use other sweeps better suited to your needs.
Load DTU (Data Transfer Unit)

1. [P/CPG] The right MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) should already be set to the DMS (Data
Management System) DTU (Data Transfer Unit) page once APU is running.
2. *[P/CPG] Verify the DATA field displays CURRENT MSN (Current Mission).
3. *[P/CPG] Verify the DTU Mode field displays OPER (Operational).
4. [P/CPG] Press the VAB (Variable Action Button) next to MASTER LOAD. The aircraft will then
load all content of the DTU cartridge required for the current mission. The loading process
can take a minute or two.
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A/C (Aircraft) Setup: FLT Page
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5. [P/CPG] Press on the M (Menu) Button to access the main MPD menu. 8b
6. [P/CPG] Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to AIRCRAFT – FLT. 9b
7. [P/CPG] Press VAB next to SET.
8. *[P/CPG] If desired, press VAB next to HI, enter the High Altitude Warning value (in
feet) on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER. I typically use a 200 ft setting.
9. *[P/CPG] If desired, press VAB next to LO, enter the Low Altitude Warning value (in 8c
feet) on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER. I typically use a 22 ft setting. 9b
10. *[P/CPG] If desired, press VAB next to UNIT (next to IN/MB) to toggle between
barometric pressure units (inches of mercury or millibars). You can also select
distance units displayed using VAB next to UNIT (next to KM/NM).
11. *[P/CPG] Verify that the ALT (current altitude/elevation) is correct. You can
manually change it with the KU if necessary.
12. *[P/CPG] Verify that the PRESS (barometric pressure setting) is correct. You can 5 6
manually change it with the KU if necessary. 10a

9a (inch Hg) 11
9d 12
8a
8d
10b 153
(km)
Radar Altimeter OFF
A/C (Aircraft) Setup: FLT Page
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13. *[P/CPG] If desired, press VAB next to UNIT (next to KM/NM) to toggle between distance
units (nm or km).
14. [P/CPG] Turn on radar altimeter by pressing VAB next to RDR ALT.
• Hollow circle means OFF. Solid Circle means ON. Radar Altimeter ON
15. [P/CPG] To exit the FLT SET sub-menu, press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to SET again.
2a
13
14a 14b
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A/C (Aircraft) Setup: PERF Page 18a
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16. *[P/CPG] Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to PERF.

17. *[P/CPG] Press VAB next to WT (Weight).
18. *[P/CPG] If required, update AC BASIC WEIGHT field and other weight fields for LEFT AFT 18b
BAY, SURVIVAL KIT, PILOT and CPG (in lbs). We will assume all those fields are correct and
leave them as is.
• To enter a custom Basic Weight:
a) Press the VAB next to AC BASIC WEIGHT, which is boxed when selected.
b) Type the BASIC WT (basic empty weight in lbs, which is the weight of the
helicopter + all permanently installed equipment, full hydraulic fluid, full 18c
oil, and unusable fuel) on the KU (Keyboard Unit).
c) Press ENTER on the KU.
d) Type the MOMENT (basic empty moment, which is the weight x arm).
Note: The arm value is not available in DCS.
e) Press ENTER on the KU.
16
18d
18e
17
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A/C (Aircraft) Setup: PERF Page
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19. *[P/CPG] Press VAB next to WT (Weight) to return to main PERF page.
20. *[P/CPG] Verify that PERF Mode selected is CUR (Current).
21. *[P/CPG] Check PA (Pressure-Altitude, in ft), FAT (Free Air Temperature, in deg C) and GWT
(Gross Weight, in lbs). We will assume that they are correct.
22. *[P/CPG] Ensure aircraft is within CG (Center-of-Gravity) forward and aft limits.
19b
21
FWD CG Limit 22
AFT CG Limit
19a
20 156
A/C (Aircraft) Setup: UTIL Page
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23. [P/CPG] Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to UTIL (Utility).
24. [P/CPG] Press VAB next to Anti-Ice System Mode to set MANUAL mode.
• The reason to leave it in MANUAL is that the pilot is then in control of when they lose 20% of their maximum
engine power and not the computer.
25. *[P/CPG] Check ECS (Environmental Control System) is ON.
• Hollow circle means OFF. Solid Circle means ON.
• Adjust cockpit temperature if desired (in deg F). 23
24
25
ECS ON
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ASE (Aircraft Survivability Equipment) Setup
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26. [P/CPG] Press on the M (Menu) Button to access the main MPD menu.
27. [P/CPG] Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to MISSION – ASE. 27
28. [P/CPG] Press VAB next to Chaff Arm/Safe Setting to toggle from SAFE to ARM (you must be airborne when doing so since Weight
on Wheels sets Chaff to SAFE automatically).
29. *[P/CPG] Press VAB next to ASE AUTOPAGE Setting to select desired threat level that will result in an Autopage to the TSD (Tactical
Situation Display) format. I typically leave it at SEARCH.
• SEARCH: ASE will Autopage when a search radar is detected.
• ACQUISITION: ASE will Autopage when a radar acquisition is detected.
• TRACK: ASE will Autopage when a tracking radar is detected.
• OFF: ASE will not Autopage.
30. [P/CPG] Press VAB next to UTIL.
31. *[P/CPG] If desired, press VABs next to Chaff Program Settings and KU (Keyboard Unit) to modify your countermeasure programs. I
typically leave the default settings as is. 26
32. [P/CPG] Turn on Radar/Laser Warning Receiver by pressing VAB next to RLWR.
28 30a 30b
Radar/Laser Warning Receiver OFF
29
31
32
Radar/Laser Warning Receiver ON
158
DRVS (Doppler Radar Velocity Sensor) OFF 34
TSD (Tactical Situation Display) Setup
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33. [P/CPG] Press on the TSD FAB (Fixed Action Button) to access the Tactical Situation Display
menu.
34. [P/CPG] Press on VAB (Variable Action Button) next to UTIL (Utility). DRVS (Doppler Radar Velocity Sensor) ON
35. [P/CPG] Turn on Doppler Navigation System by pressing VAB next to DOPPLER.
36. [P/CPG] While navigation systems alignment is under way, wait until position confidence is at
least 95%-probable CEP (Circular Error Probability) for INU1 and INU2 (refer to EGI, the
Embedded GPS/Inertial Navigation Units). It should decrease from 0.055 km to an acceptable
position confidence (values equal to or smaller than 0.012 km are deemed acceptable in DCS). 33
37. [P/CPG] Once navigation system alignment is complete (it should take roughly 4 to 5 minutes),
position confidence data will change from white to green (value smaller than 0.012 km is OK).
36
Position Confidence Not Acceptable 37

Position Confidence Acceptable
35a 35b
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38. *[P/CPG] Press on VAB (Variable Action Button) next to UTIL (Utility) to return to main TSD page.
39. *[P/CPG] Adjust TSD scale using VABs next to the TSD Scale Level Setting.
40. *[P/CPG] Press VAB next to SHOW. The SHOW menu toggles on or off display of different map icons and windows.
38 40
39
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45
41. *[P/CPG] By default, the NAV (Navigation) Phase is selected.
42. *[P/CPG] Use VABs (Variable Action Buttons) to select what data is displayed on the TSD in NAV phase.
• I like to have WAYPOINT DATA, OBSTACLES, CPG CURSOR, ENDR (Endurance Status) and WIND selected.
43. *[P/CPG] Press VAB next to PHASE to select ATK (Attack) Phase.
44. *[P/CPG] Use VABs (Variable Action Buttons) to select what data is displayed on the TSD in ATTACK phase.
• I like to have CURRENT ROUTE, INACTIVE ZONES, FCR TGTS/OBSTACLES, CPG CURSOR, ENDR (Endurance
Status) and WIND selected.
45. *[P/CPG] If desired, use VAB next to THRT SHOW to select which threat types to show. I typically leave it with
default settings.
46. *[P/CPG] Press VAB next to PHASE to return to NAV (Navigation) Phase.
47. *[P/CPG] Press VAB next to SHOW to return to main TSD page.
47
42 44
42 44
46
43
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41
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48. *[P/CPG] If desired, set a Control Measure on your starting location. Control Measures are points for
depicting friendly and enemy units, airfields, and other graphical control measures for controlling a mission.
a) On TSD page, press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to POINT.
b) Press VAB next to ADD
c) Press VAB next to CM (Control Measure)
d) Press VAB next to IDENT (Identity). KU (Keyboard Unit) will then display “IDENT:”.
e) On KU (Keyboard Unit), type “FC”, then press ENTER. “FC” is the Control Measure code for FARP
(Forward Arming & Refueling Point) FUEL/AMMO.
f) KU will display “FREE:” (free text, which has a 3-character limit). Since this is our home base, type
“HOM” for “Home”), then press ENTER. This way you have a nice readable bit of text directly above
the control measure.
g) KU will display coordinates for your aircraft’s current position. Press ENTER.
h) KU will display MSL (Mean Sea Level) altitude of your aircraft’s current position. Press ENTER.
48d 48f
48e
48d
48b
48g 48h
48a
48c
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49. *[P/CPG] Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to POINT to return to main TSD page.
50. *[P/CPG] You now have a Control Measure labeled “HOM” (for “Home”) and marked with
a FARP icon for you to set as a direct-to when you want to find your way home.
• If no free text was entered, the Control Measure will be labeled as “C51”.
50
49
163
WPN (Weapon) Setup: Gun
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51. *[P/CPG] Press on the WPN FAB (Fixed Action Button) to access the Weapon menu.
55b
52. *[P/CPG] Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to GUN to select the Gun.
53. *[P/CPG] Use VABs to select desired Gun Burst Limit.
54. *[P/CPG] Use VAB next to MODE to select Normal Mode, which means the gun follows IHADSS
line-of-sight.
55. *[P/CPG] Press VAB next to MAN RNG, enter desired Gun Ranging Distance Parameter (in meters)
55c
on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER.
• I typically use a fixed manual ranging setting of 800 m.
• If you want to use automatic ranging, enter “A” on the KU, then press ENTER instead.
Keep in mind that the radar altimeter must be on in order to use automatic ranging.
53
54
52b
51 55a
164
52a
WPN (Weapon) Setup: Missiles
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56. *[P/CPG] Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to MSL to select Missiles if equipped.
57. *[P/CPG] By default, Missile type is set to SAL (Semi-Active Laser), Missile mode is set to Normal and Missile
trajectory is set to DIR (Direct). Change if required.
58. *[P/CPG] The PRI setting shows the missile’s primary laser code channel is A.
59. *[P/CPG] The ALT setting shows the missile’s alternate laser code channel is B.
60. *[P/CPG] By default, LST (Laser Spot Tracker) is set to Channel A and LRFD (Laser Rangefinder/Designator) is set
to Channel A as well. If you fly with a wingman, it is good practice to set the LST Channel to your wingman’s
LRFD Channel. As an example, your wingman will designate his targets using LRFD code for Channel B.
61. *[P/CPG] To change your LST channel code, press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to CODE.
61a
61b
60
60
57a
58
59 57b
57c
56b
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56a
62a
WPN (Weapon) Setup: Missiles

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62. *[P/CPG] Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to SET to switch from LRFD (Laser
Rangefinder/Designator) to LST (Laser Spot Tracker) settings.
63. *[P/CPG] Press VAB next to “B” to select Channel B (laser code 2111 by default) for LST.
64. *[P/CPG] Press VAB next to CODE to return to WPN menu. As you can see, the LRFD
window shows that you will designate with Laser Channel A (Code 1688) and the LST
window shows that you can search for your wingman’s laser designation, which is assumed
to be Channel B (Code 2111).
LST: A LST: B 64a

LRFD: A LRFD: A 64b
64c 62b
63
166
WPN (Weapon) Setup: Rockets
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65. *[P/CPG] Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to RKT to select Rocket Pods (if equipped).
66. *[P/CPG] Use VABs (Variable Action Button) to select desired rocket types (a single pod can
contain multiple rocket types).
67. *[P/CPG] Use VAB next to QTY to select the desired number of rockets fired per trigger press.
68. *[P/CPG] Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to RKT to return to main WPN menu.
67c
66 67b
67a
65b
68
65a 167
Laser Power OFF
WPN (Weapon) Setup: Laser
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69. [CPG] From the WPN page, press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to UTIL to select
Weapon Utility page.
70. [CPG] Press VAB next to LASER to power on the laser rangefinder/designator (LRFD) and Laser Power ON
laser spot tracker (LST) systems.
• Note: powering up the laser can only be performed by the Co-Pilot/Gunner.
71. [CPG] Press VAB next to UTIL to return to main WPN page.
71
69
70a 70b
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FCR (Fire Control Radar) Setup
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• Note: these steps are not required if the Fire Control Radar is not installed on your AH-64D.
72. [P/CPG] Press on the FCR FAB (Fixed Action Button) to access the Fire Control Radar menu.
• Not simulated yet.
74
169
COM (Communications) Setup
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73. *[P/CPG] Press on the COM FAB (Fixed Action Button) to access the Communications menu.
74. *[P/CPG] Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to MAN to select the manual radio frequency sub-page.
74
73
170
COM (Communications) Setup
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75. *[P/CPG] If you want to change a frequency for a specific radio, press VAB (Variable
75d
Action Button) next to the desired radio in the COM – MAN sub-page. Then, enter
desired radio frequency (“249.5” as an example) on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then
press ENTER. The radio frequency will change on both the COM page and on the
EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display).
75a
75d
75b
75c
171
D – IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) Boresight IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and
1. [P+CPG] Put on the IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) monocle by pressing “I” (“IHADSS
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SHOW/HIDE” control).
2. [P+CPG] Make sure the Primary Cockpit Lights Control Knob is set to BRT (Bright). This knob is needed for the boresight
alignment symbology on the BRU (Boresight Reticle Unit) to be visible.
3. [P+CPG] Press on the WPN FAB (Fixed Action Button) to access the Weapon menu.
4. [P+CPG] Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to BORESIGHT.
5. [P+CPG] Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to IHADSS to activate Boresight Reticle Unit (BRU).
Boresight Reticle Unit (BRU): Bullseye Pattern

Used to align/boresight HDU (Helmet Display Unit)
2
3
172
D – IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) Boresight
6. [P+CPG] Position your head at a natural posture and aim the HDU’s (Helmet-Display Unit) line-of-sight reticle at the center of the
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BRU’s (Boresight Reticle Unit) illuminated bullseye pattern (yellow rings). Bullseye pattern rings should be concentric and centered.
7. [P+CPG] When the HDU (Helmet Display Unit) is aligned within the bullseye (as shown on picture), press the B/S NOW button.
Alternatively, you can Depress the Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch since the cursor automatically snaps to B/S NOW.
8. [P+CPG] If the boresight position is accepted, the BRU bullseye pattern will extinguish, the B/S NOW option will be removed from IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and
the MPD page, and the IHADSS button will become un-boxed. Display Sighting System) Monocle
HDU (Helmet Display Unit) Line-of-Sight Reticle: Green Cross

2a
7 Boresight Reticle Unit (BRU): Bullseye Pattern
7
Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch 6
DEPRESS
IHADSS B/S REQUIRED Indication

7 173
B/S NOW Button
9. [P+CPG] Adjust HDU (Helmet Display Unit) Symbology Brightness – As Required
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• For the pilot, the SYM BRT (Symbology Brightness) Control Knob is used.
Pilot Cockpit
SYM BRT (Symbology Brightness) Control

• Controls the brightness of IHADSS symbology displayed on the HDU (Helmet Display Unit)
174
Pilot Cockpit
9. [P+CPG] Adjust HDU (Helmet Display Unit) Symbology Brightness – As Required
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• For the co-pilot/gunner, the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) Symbology Brightness Adjustment Rocker Switch is used.
• The TDU Symbology Brightness control will only work if the TDU Display Mode Selector is set to either DAY or NIGHT.
TDU Display Mode Selector

• Day / Night / OFF
TDU Symbology Brightness

175
E – ENGINE START
1. *[P] Set Anti-Collision Light Switch:
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• White (FWD) for day operations

• Red (AFT) for night operations
2. [P] Set RTR BRK (Rotor Brake) Switch – FWD (OFF)
3. [P] Set Collective – Fully DOWN
4. [P] Check that both Power Levers (PWR LVR) are set to OFF (Fully 2
AFT)
• RALT+END for left PWR LVR
• RSHIFT+END for right PWR LVR
5. [P] Check that APU (Auxiliary Power Unit) is running. The APU will
provide air pressure supply for the engine starters.
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E – ENGINE START
6. [P] Select ENG (Engine) page by pressing the A/C FAB (Fixed Action Button).
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AH-64D
7. [P] Set Left (No. 1) Engine Start Switch to START (FWD) for 1 to 2 seconds, then release switch. Switch will
spring back to the OFF (CENTER) position. Monitor EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display) for advisories.
8. [P] Confirm initiation of left (No. 1) engine start sequence. Confirm:
a) Increase in NG (Gas Generator Speed, %)
b) ON START indication on ENG page
c) Increase in engine oil pressure (psi)
d) Increase in TGT (Turbine Gas Temperature, deg C)
9. [P] Move left PWR LVR (Power Lever) to IDLE (RALT+HOME). Fuel flow will kick in, engine ignition
(lightoff) will occur and NG will increase to IDLE power.
10. [P] Wait until left engine parameters stabilize to the following: Abort Start Conditions:
• NG (Gas Generator Speed): 66 % • During the start if the TGT (Turbine Gas Temperature) appears it will exceed 851°C prior to NG idle speed of 63%
• NP (Power Turbine Speed) and NR (Main Rotor Speed): 49 % • TGT, NP and ENG OIL PSI do not increase within 45 seconds after moving power lever to idle
• Torque (Q, %): 10 % • ENG START advisory is removed prior to attaining 52% NG, abort the start by taking the power lever to OFF.
7
10
177
E – ENGINE START
11. [P] Set Right (No. 2) Engine Start Switch to START (FWD) for 1 to 2 seconds, then release switch. Switch will
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AH-64D
spring back to the OFF (CENTER) position. Monitor EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display) for advisories.
12. [P] Confirm initiation of right (No. 2) engine start sequence. Confirm:
a) Increase in NG (Gas Generator Speed, %)
b) ON START indication on ENG page
c) Increase in engine oil pressure (psi)
d) Increase in TGT (Turbine Gas Temperature, deg C)
13. [P] Move right PWR LVR (Power Lever) to IDLE (RSHIFT+HOME). Fuel flow will kick in, engine ignition
(lightoff) will occur and NG will increase to IDLE power.
14. [P] Wait until right engine parameters stabilize to the following:
• NG (Gas Generator Speed): 66 % Abort Start Conditions:
• NP (Power Turbine Speed) and NR (Main Rotor Speed): 58 % • During the start if the TGT (Turbine Gas Temperature) appears it will exceed 851°C prior to NG idle speed of 63%
• Torque (Q, %): 6 % (combined torque shared between both engines) • TGT, NP and ENG OIL PSI do not increase within 45 seconds after moving power lever to idle
• Engine oil pressure: Below 70 psi • ENG START advisory is removed prior to attaining 52% NG, abort the start by taking the power lever to OFF.
10
9 6
178
E – ENGINE START
15. [P] If required, reset MSTR WARN (Master Warning) and MSTR CAUT (Master Caution) pushbuttons
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AH-64D
by pressing them.
16. [P] Confirm Main Rotor Speed (NR) has increased above 50 % RPM.
17. [P] Monitor ENG page for any abnormal engine parameter.
18. [P] Monitor ENG SYS sub-page for any abnormal engine parameter by pressing the VAB (Variable
Action Button) next to SYS.
19. [P] Prior to advancing the power levers to FLY, confirm that both ENG 1 and 2 OIL PSI (Engine Oil
Pressure) readouts are less than 70 psi and the NGB TEMP (Nose Gearbox Oil Temperature) readouts
are both above 20 deg C. Keep the engine torque below 30% while doing so.
15b
15a ENG Page ENG SYS Sub-Page
Power Levers at IDLE 16 19

NR
18
179
E – ENGINE START
20. [P] Slowly advance both power levers to FLY.
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AH-64D
21. [P] Engine parameters should stabilize to the following:

22
• NG (Gas Generator Speed): 86 %
• NP (Power Turbine Speed) and NR (Main Rotor Speed): 101 %
• Torque (Q, %): 18 %
• Engine oil pressure: Below 70 psi
22. [P] Confirm LOW ROTOR RPM advisory is not visible on the EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display).
ENG Page ENG SYS Sub-Page

21 21
20
Power Levers at FLY
180
E – ENGINE START
23a
23. [P] Press the APU Start Button for 1 to 2 seconds, then release it.
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AH-64D
24. [P] The APU shutdown sequence will initiate.

25. [P] When APU shutdown sequence is complete:
• “ON” light on the APU Start Button is extinguished
• On the EUFD, APU ON advisory is extinguished
25
23b 25
181
AH-64D
E – ENGINE START
182
F – AFTER START-UP
1. [P] Uncage SAI (Standby Attitude Indicator) by pulling and turning the SAI caging
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AH-64D
knob. Confirm that red OFF flag disappears.

2. [P] Set CMWS (Common Missile Warning System) Power/Test Knob – ON
3. [P] Set CMWS Display Brightness Control Knob – As Required
4. [P] Set CMWS/NAV Switch – CMWS (UP)
1c
1a Uncaged
Caged
1b
SAI Caging Knob
183
AH-64D
AH-64D
PART 6 – TAXI, HOVER & TAKEOFF APACHE
185
TAXI 2
1. [P/CPG] Unlock the Tail Wheel by pressing the Tail

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AH-64D
Wheel Lock/Unlock Button once the helicopter is rolling

forward to prevent yaw instability, unless performing an
in-place turn.
2. [P/CPG] Confirm that UNLOCK light is visible on the
button and that “TAIL WHL UNLK SEL” indication is
visible on the EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display). 3a
3. [P] Disengage parking brake and verify it is released Parking Brake Engaged
(Parking Brake Lever – IN). (Lever OUT)
PART 6 – TAXI, HOVER & TAKEOFF
3b
Parking Brake Disengaged
(Lever IN)
1
2
Tail Wheel
186
TAXI
4. [P] Select IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) Transition Symbology by
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pressing the Symbology Select Switch FWD (“CT”) to toggle between Cruise and Transition
symbology on the HDU (Helmet Display Unit). You will recognize Transition mode with the
dashed “Transition Horizon Line” on the HDU.
5. [P] Raise collective to increase torque between 27 % and 30 %.

• FWD: “CT” toggles between Cruise and
Transition symbology on the IHADSS helmet
monocle.
• DEPRESS: Brings FLT (Flight) page on MPD
• AFT: “HB” toggles between Hover and Bob-Up
Torque (%)
187
TAXI
6. [P] Apply forward cyclic until the acceleration cue is at the tip of the line-of-
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sight reticle.
7. [P] Maintain approximately 5 to 6 knots ground speed.
8. [P] Prior to initiating a turn, verify the TAIL WHEEL UNLOCKED light is
illuminated and the tailwheel is unlocked. Apply pedal in the direction of turn
and maintain a constant rate of turn with pressure/counter pressure on the
pedals. Apply cyclic in the direction of the turn to maintain a level horizon
line.
9. [P] To stop the helicopter, first lock the tailwheel and verify the TAIL WHEEL
UNLOCKED light is not illuminated, then apply aft cyclic to center the Acceleration Cue
acceleration cue in the center of the line-of-sight reticle. Reference the trim
ball and maintain the trim ball centered with left/right cyclic. When the
aircraft has stopped, neutralize the flight controls, and reduce the collective.
10. [P] You can apply a small amount of pressure on the toe brakes to come to a
full stop. Torque (%)
Anti-Torque Pedal
(Toe Brake) True Airspeed (kts)
Trim Ball
Line-of-Sight Reticle
Ground Speed (kts)
Anti-Torque Pedal
(Toe Brake)
Collective Cyclic 188
AH-64D
TAXI
189
NIGHT OPERATION CONSIDERATIONS
The AH-64 is like Batman: it operates best at night. Taxiing in pitch dark can be quite challenging on its own, but the Apache has a few tools to make it easier:
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AH-64D
• Night Vision Goggles (NVGs)

• The PNVS (Pilot Night Vision System), which is equipped with its own FLIR sensor
• The TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight), which is equipped with a FLIR (Forward-Looking Infrared) sensor as well. However, the TADS is not really used for
taxiing… so we will come back to it in the Sensors & Sights section instead.
Night Vision Goggles


Night Vision System)
AN/ASQ-170 TADS (Target

190
NVGs (Night Vision Goggles) are easy to put on and off but they do not display the symbology provided by the IHADSS monocle.
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Night Vision Goggles (NVG) Controls:

• RSHIFT+RALT+H: Gain Night Vision Goggles Down
191
You can use the PNVS (Pilot Night Vision System) FLIR sensor to see in front of the helicopter during taxi. To do so:
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AH-64D
1. Set NVS Select Switch on the collective - AFT (PNVS)

2. Set Pilot NVS Mode Switch to either MIDDLE (NORM, which commands the NVS to follow your helmet line-of-sight) or
FWD (FIXED, which commands the NVS to stay at a fixed forward position).
3. The PNVS FLIR overlay will be visible on your IHADSS monocle.
4. If needed, adjust the quality of the FLIR image with the FLIR knobs. The small inner knob adjusts the FLIR LEVEL and the
larger outer knob adjusts the FLIR GAIN.
5. If needed, adjust overall image quality for the FLIR using IHADSS knobs. The small inner knob controls the IHADSS BRT
(Brightness) and the larger outer knob adjusts the IHADSS CON (Contrast).
6. The FLIR can be operated in either WHOT (white hot) or BHOT (black hot) mode by selecting the collective 2
Boresight/Polarity switch located on the collective.
Boresight/Polarity Selector • FWD: FIXED, commands the selected NVS to fixed forward at -4.9 deg in elevation.
6
• LEFT: Boresight, no function • MIDDLE: NORM, commands the selected NVS to IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and
• RIGHT: PLRT, toggles FLIR image polarity between Display Sighting System) line of sight.
Black Hot and White Hot • AFT: OFF, stows the selected NVS.
PNVS (Pilot Night
Vision System) Overlay
3

• FWD: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight) 1
• Note: When the pilot selects one NVS source, the other source is 192
automatically assigned to the CPG (Co-pilot/Gunner)
AH-64D
HOVER
193
HOVERING FLIGHT BASICS
1. Apply left pedal to stay centered and avoid drifting.
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AH-64D
2. Use cyclic to remain straight and level and counter translating tendency (left & aft
cyclic input).
3. Raise collective very gently to initiate a hover.
4. Hovering is hard at first. Failure to predict the helicopter’s reaction after cyclic input
will often result in you dancing the French Cancan for a long time. Think of it like
doing plate-spinning: you need to put yourself in a position of equilibrium, so you
always need to think one step ahead.
5. Hold the Force Trim switch FWD (on your cyclic) and your stick will remember that
“hover” position. Keep in mind that trim works a bit differently from a plane’s
trimming. Helicopter naturally
6. Anticipate the rotorcraft’s reaction when you trim. rotates to the right
Note: it is important to be able to master hover flight without the HDU (Helmet Display
Unit) symbology. The Hover symbology on the HDU is very helpful at night or in low
visibility conditions, but during VMC (Visual Meteorological Conditions) it is much easier
to hover by looking outside the cockpit rather than focusing on the HDU symbols.

• FWD: “R” (Release). When held, releases the force trim Left Anti-Torque pedal input is
system and attitude hold mode. When released, re- required to counter torque
engages the force trim system, using the cyclic’s current
position as the new center point.
Apply left pedal,

Cyclic left & aft
194
HOVER POWER CHECK
From the A/C – PERF (Aircraft – Performance) page, you can perform a Hover Power Check. This
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AH-64D
4
check is basically a verification that your engines provide enough power to maintain a 5-ft hover
GO-NO/GO OGE Q (%)
with a torque that matches the helicopter performance charts. The PERF page contains 1
3
information that we can use as a comparison. The following steps are an example of a power REQUIRED IGE Q (%)
check.
1. Go in the PERF page (see Section 4 – Mission Planning).

2. Select CUR Performance Mode (Calculates performance using current conditions).
3. While maintaining a 5-ft hover, then verify that the HOVER Q INDICATED value (your current
torque) matches the REQUIRED IGE value (Minimum torque needed for hover In Ground
Effect).
4. While maintaining a 5-ft hover, verify that the HOVER Q INDICATED value (your current
torque) is less than the GO-NO/GO OGE value. If the INDICATED value is greater than the GO-
NO/GO OGE value, the aircraft does not have enough power to perform certain manoeuvers
that require OGE power (Approach to an OGE hover, Masking/Unmasking, NOE (Nap-of-the-
Earth) Flight).
3
4
HOVER Q INDICATED (%)
195
IHADSS HOVER MODE • FWD: “CT” toggles between Cruise and
monocle.
1. Select IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) Hover Symbology by pressing the Symbology Select • DEPRESS: Brings FLT (Flight) page on MPD
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AH-64D
Switch AFT (“HB”) to toggle between Hover and Bob-Up symbology on the HDU (Helmet Display Unit). • AFT: “HB” toggles between Hover and Bob-Up
2. The Hover Mode symbology is based on the orientation of the Velocity Vector (line) and Acceleration Cue (circle) in symbology on the IHADSS helmet monocle.
relationship to the Line-of-Sight reticle (cross).
• In simple terms, Hover symbology is basically a top-down view of the direction and speed the aircraft is
going.
• The velocity vector line’s length represents ground speed, which will reach maximum saturation at 6 kts. It
originates from the center of the line-of-sight reticle, which represents a point approximately at the mast
of the helicopter.
Torque (%)
Acceleration Cue
Acceleration Cue

Velocity Vector
True Airspeed (kts) Rate of Climb / Vertical Speed

Indicator (ft/min)
Fwd
Right
196
IHADSS HOVER MODE
Here are a few examples to help you have a mental image of how the hover symbology works in practice.
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AH-64D
Drifting forward
Drifting slightly forward
and to the right
Drifting aft
and to the left
197
IHADSS HOVER BOB-UP MODE • FWD: “CT” toggles between Cruise and
monocle.
1. Select IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) Bob-Up Symbology by pressing the Symbology • DEPRESS: Brings FLT (Flight) page on MPD
APACHE
AH-64D
Select Switch AFT (“HB”) to toggle between Hover and Bob-Up symbology on the HDU (Helmet Display Unit). • AFT: “HB” toggles between Hover and Bob-Up
2. When Bob-Up mode is engaged, the system will “drop a Bob-Up box”. Think of it as if you were dropping an anchor. symbology on the IHADSS helmet monocle.
The box will remain in this position until the crew changes symbology modes. The Bob-Up box represents a 12
square-foot box anchored to the position it was on the ground at the time Bob-Up mode was entered.
3. The symbology in Bob-Up mode is almost identical to the Hover mode symbology with the exception of the Bob-Up
box symbol, which represents the location where you initially “dropped” the Bob-up box.
4. The Bob-Up box symbol moves as you drift away from the reference point. You can see the symbology as a top-
down view; the line-of-sight reticle represents the position of the aircraft in relationship to the bob-up box when it
was first dropped (octagon symbol).
• Note: The box will remain in this position until the crew changes symbology modes. When the Bob-Up box
has reached the edge of the display (“saturated”), the aircraft has travelled 40 ft.
4
2
Velocity Vector
Acceleration Cue
Bob-Up Box Drop

(helicopter is on the box)
Bob-Up Box
(shows we have drifted in
front of the reference point) 198
IHADSS HOVER BOB-UP MODE
Here are a few examples to help you have a mental image of how the bob-up symbology works in practice.
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AH-64D
Bob-Up Box is to your

forward right
Bob-Up Box is to your left
Bob-Up Box is to your rear
Bob-Up Box
Your Position
Drop Reference
Your Position Your Position

Bob-Up Box
Drop Reference
Bob-Up Box
Drop Reference 199
TAKEOFF TYPES OVERVIEW
In the AH-64D, there are four primary types of VMC (Visual Meteorological
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AH-64D
Conditions) takeoff performed:
• VMC Normal Takeoff

• From a hover, cyclic is pushed forward and collective is
increased more than 10 % above hover power (or as necessary
to establish the desired climb, 500 ft/min minimum). The climb Takeoff from Hover
is performed at 90 kts.
• VMC Level Acceleration Takeoff

• From a hover, cyclic is pushed forward and collective is
increased 10 % above hover power (or as necessary to
establish the desired climb, 500 ft/min minimum). The climb is
performed at 90 kts. This type of takeoff is performed when
surface conditions and obstacles permit accelerating the

aircraft through VSSE (Velocity for Safe Single Engine
operation) prior to initiating a climb. This is done to avoid
operating the helicopter in conditions where an engine failure
would mean insufficient power is available to recover.
• This is the preferred takeoff method.
• VMC Minimum Power Takeoff from the Ground/Hover

• The pilot is limited to use only IGE hover power (In Ground Running/Rolling Takeoff
Effect) in situations when surface conditions are not suitable
for a rolling takeoff. The climb is performed at max rate of
climb/endurance airspeed in order to provide the maximum
power for climbing.
• Rolling Takeoff
• When the helicopter is IGE power-limited (In Ground Effect)
and surface conditions are suited for a rolling takeoff, the pilot
is limited to 10 % below hover power (for training) and takes off
from the ground by pushing the cyclic power and accelerating
until liftoff. The climb is performed at max endurance/rate of
climb airspeed to maximum climb ability.
200
VMC LEVEL ACCELERATION TAKEOFF
1. Line up the helicopter with the direction you will takeoff from. Verify the parking brake lever is released (handle IN).
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AH-64D
201
2. Straighten the tailwheel by moving forward while the wheel is unlocked.
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AH-64D
3. Lock the tailwheel by pressing the Tail Wheel Lock/Unlock Button. Verify that the tailwheel is locked and the UNLOCK light
is extinguished on the button.
4. Select IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) Hover Symbology by pressing the Symbology Select Switch
AFT (“HB”) to toggle between Hover and Bob-Up symbology on the HDU (Helmet Display Unit).
5. Perform a 5-ft stable hover.
6. Select IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) Transition Symbology by pressing the Symbology Select
Switch FWD (“CT”) to toggle between Cruise and Transition symbology on the HDU (Helmet Display Unit). You will
recognize Transition mode with the dashed “Transition Horizon Line” on the HDU.
7. Press and hold the force trim release button and apply forward cyclic for a 90-knot climb attitude (wings level) while
increasing the collective approximately 10% above hover power (or as necessary to establish the desired climb, 500 ft/min
minimum).
4

• FWD: “CT” toggles between Cruise and 4 3 Hover Mode
Tail Wheel Locked
monocle. 6

• FWD: “R” (Release). When held, releases the force trim
system and attitude hold mode. When released, re-
Transition Mode 202

8. Release the force trim upon establishing a 90-knot attitude and trim as necessary
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AH-64D
to maintain a level vertical speed until through VSSE (Velocity Safe Single Engine).
Maintain ground track alignment with the pedals and center the trim ball into
coordinated flight once clear of all obstacles or 50 ft, whichever occurs first. The
velocity vector line should be pointing straight up with your takeoff direction.
9. Continue adjusting the controls as necessary to achieve 50 knots by the time an
altitude of 50 ft AGL (Above Ground Level) is reached or as required to clear
obstacles. Maintain the flight path vector above any obstacles to assist in
ensuring obstacle clearance.
10. Once clear of obstacles, adjust for a 70-knot attitude and 500+ ft/min rate of
climb or as desired.
Flight Path Vector (FPV)

Acceleration Cue
Velocity Vector
Trim Ball
203
ROLLING TAKEOFF
1. Line up the helicopter with the center of the runway. Verify the parking brake lever is released (handle IN).
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AH-64D
204
ROLLING TAKEOFF
2. Straighten the tailwheel by moving forward while the wheel is unlocked.
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AH-64D
3. Lock the tailwheel by pressing the Tail Wheel Lock/Unlock Button. Verify that the tailwheel is locked and the UNLOCK light
is extinguished on the button.
4. Select IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) Transition Symbology by pressing the Symbology Select
Switch FWD (“CT”) to toggle between Cruise and Transition symbology on the HDU (Helmet Display Unit). You will
recognize Transition mode with the dashed “Transition Horizon Line” on the HDU. Transition Horizon Line
5. Press and hold the Force Trim switch FWD (Release) while increasing the collective to 30 % torque.
6. Continue increasing the collective to the simulated power limit (10 % below the torque needed to perform a 5-ft hover
check) while simultaneously applying forward cyclic for a 90-knot attitude (wings level), then release the force trim.
7. Helicopter will gradually accelerate until liftoff. Do not allow the nose to go below wings level until the helicopter is off the
ground to prevent ground contact with the gun.
8. Use Force Trim switch FWD (Release) as necessary to maintain a level attitude.

• FWD: “CT” toggles between Cruise and 4 3
Transition symbology on the IHADSS helmet Tail Wheel Locked
monocle.

• FWD: “R” (Release). When held, releases the force trim
position as the new center point. 4
7 Transition Mode
205
ROLLING TAKEOFF Flight Path Vector (FPV)
9. Do not allow the nose to drop below wings level until after liftoff to prevent ground contact with the gun. Maintain Acceleration Cue
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AH-64D
the velocity vector straight up and down the 12 o’clock post of the line-of-sight reticle with the pedals. The velocity
vector line should be pointing straight up as you fly along the runway. Velocity Vector
10. As the aircraft lifts off, continue to apply forward cyclic for a level vertical speed while accelerating to achieve 50
knots. Use the pedals to center the trim ball into coordinated flight. Avoid pitch attitudes more than 10 degrees
below the horizon to avoid ground contact with the rotor system.
11. As the aircraft approaches 50 knots, adjust for a 70-knot attitude to initiate a climb. Ensure the flight path vector is
above the obstacles.
12. Once clear of the obstacles, adjust for a 500+ ft/min rate of climb or as desired. The manoeuver is terminated when
a positive rate of climb has been established, the aircraft is clear of obstacles and at or near max endurance/rate-of-
climb or desired airspeed.
13. If performing this manoeuver in a power limited environment (high/hot/heavy), it is recommended the pilot use 5% Trim Ball
below the maximum dual engine torque available to avoid potentially drooping the rotor.
206
AFTER TAKEOFF
1. After takeoff, go in the FUEL page.
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2. Set XFER (Transfer) Option – AUTO. Fuel will be automatically transferred between the tanks to maintain leveling.
3. If an internal auxiliary fuel tank is installed, the C AUX option is available. In most missions in DCS, the internal auxiliary fuel tank
(also nicknamed “Robbie Tank”, referring to “Robertson Fuel Systems”, the company that manufactures the fuel tank) is installed
by default. However, fuel transfer from the internal auxiliary tank to the main forward and aft fuel tanks needs to be enabled for
fuel transfer to take place.
4. Enable fuel transfer for the internal auxiliary tank by pressing VAB (Variable Action Button) next to C AUX.
5. A solid line will be depicted on the synoptic indicating the transfer.
1b
3a 3a
C AUX OFF C AUX ON
5
207
1a
AH-64D
PART 7 – LANDING APACHE
208
VMC APPROACH TO A HOVER
Landing using a VMC (Visual Meteorological Conditions) Approach to a Hover is a technique Transition Horizon Line
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used when the landing area is small and little space is available to slow down. The approach
is performed to stop the helicopter into a hover, then land on a helipad or a FARP (Forward
Arming & Refueling Point) landing zone. This landing technique can be difficult (or even
impossible) to achieve if you are power-limited (power to maintain a hover is very high due
to a heavy configuration, hot day or high altitude) or in case of a single engine failure.
1. Verify the parking brake lever is released (handle IN).

2. Lock the tailwheel by pressing the Tail Wheel Lock/Unlock Button. Verify that the
tailwheel is locked and the UNLOCK light is extinguished on the button.
3. Select IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) Transition Symbology by
pressing the Symbology Select Switch FWD (“CT”) to toggle between Cruise and
Transition symbology on the HDU (Helmet Display Unit). You will recognize Transition
mode with the dashed “Transition Horizon Line” on the HDU.

monocle.
• AFT: “HB” toggles between Hover and Bob-Up 3
PART 7 – LANDING
2
Tail Wheel Locked
Transition Mode
209
4. We will assume Control Measure C51 (waypoint set on the 9
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Forward Arming & Refueling Point) is already created and

located on the landing FARP. 9
5. Select TSD (Tactical Situation Display) page.
6. Select NAV Phase.
7. Select RTE (Route).
8. Select DIR (Direct To). 10b
8
9. Select POINT (?).
10. On the KU (Keyboard Unit), enter “C51”, then press ENTER.
11. De-Select RTE (Route).
12. On the HDU (Helmet Display Unit), a “Homeplate” symbol
(Navigation Fly-To Cue) will appear on the FARP (Control
Measure C51).
Homeplate Symbol 12
(Navigation Fly-To Cue) 5
6 7
PART 7 – LANDING
10a
Control Measure C51 Selected
Ground Speed: 61 kts
0,9 km to Waypoint
0:34 Time-to-Waypoint
210
11
13. From an altitude and airspeed that affords the best observation of the
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AH-64D
landing area (like 1000 ft altitude AGL), place the line-of-sight reticle on the Acceleration Cue
intended point of landing. Flight Path Vector (FPV)
14. Press and hold Force Trim switch FWD (Release) and reduce the collective
approximately 20 % below cruise torque (torque required to maintain level
flight at a constant speed). Velocity Vector
15. Place the acceleration cue at the 40-knot ground speed position (upper tip
of the velocity vector line when ground speed is 40 kts) and adjust the Engine Torque (%)
collective for a 500 ft/min or desired rate or descent. Line-of-Sight Reticle
16. Maintain the flight path vector (FPV) slightly above the intended point of
landing to prevent “under-arcing” the approach.
17. Control the flight path vector (FPV) vertically with the collective and
horizontally with the left/right cyclic. Radar Altimeter (ft)
18. Maintain the acceleration cue behind the tip of the velocity vector to ensure
a smooth, consistent deceleration while maintaining a 500 ft/min or desired
rate of descent. Prior to descending below the obstacles or 50 ft, keep the True Airspeed (kts)
trim ball centered.

• FWD: “R” (Release). When held, releases the force trim Ground Speed (kts) Rate of Climb / Vertical Speed
system and attitude hold mode. When released, re- Indicator (ft/min)
PART 7 – LANDING
Trim Ball
211
19. Once below the obstacles or below 50 ft, use the pedals to align the nose with the
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landing direction. The decision to abort the approach should be made prior to
descending below the obstacles.
PART 7 – LANDING
212
20. When the velocity vector is within the line-of-sight reticle, select Hover symbology
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AH-64D
(Symbology Select Switch AFT to toggle between Hover and Bob-Up modes) and
terminate to a 5-foot stationary hover. Use your cyclic to come to a full stop, and
raise your collective to “cushion” the sudden drop caused by the loss of
translational lift (which is caused by the loss of airspeed). 20a
Transition Mode

• FWD: “CT” toggles between Cruise and 20
monocle.
20b
Hover Mode
PART 7 – LANDING
213
21. Once you have come to a full stop in a 5 ft hover, you can slowly reduce collective to safely land on the ground.
APACHE
AH-64D
22. Neutralize the flight controls and reduce the collective after the aircraft has landed.
PART 7 – LANDING
214
APACHE
AH-64D
Rapid Deceleration or Quick Stop
Steep Approach to a Hover

PART 7 – LANDING
215
ROLLING LANDING
Landing using a Rolling Landing technique is used whenever you have enough space to
APACHE
AH-64D
decelerate using a prepared landing surface like a runway and aerobraking. A Rolling
Landing is very useful when you are power-limited (power to maintain a hover is very high
due to a heavy configuration, hot day or high altitude) or in case of a single engine failure.
1. Verify the parking brake lever is released (handle IN).

2. Lock the tailwheel by pressing the Tail Wheel Lock/Unlock Button. Verify that the
tailwheel is locked and the UNLOCK light is extinguished on the button.
3. Select IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) Transition Symbology
by pressing the Symbology Select Switch FWD (“CT”) to toggle between Cruise and
Transition symbology on the HDU (Helmet Display Unit). You will recognize Transition
mode with the dashed “Transition Horizon Line” on the HDU.

monocle.
symbology on the IHADSS helmet monocle. 3
PART 7 – LANDING
2
Tail Wheel Locked
Transition Mode
216
ROLLING LANDING
4. We will assume Waypoint 4 (W04) is located on the landing
APACHE
AH-64D
airport.
5. Select TSD (Tactical Situation Display) page. 9
6. Select NAV Phase.
7. Select RTE (Route).
8. Select DIR (Direct To).
9. Select WP04.
8
10. De-Select RTE (Route).
11. On the HDU (Helmet Display Unit), a “Homeplate” symbol
(Navigation Fly-To Cue) will appear on the destination airport.
Homeplate Symbol 11
(Navigation Fly-To Cue) 5
6 7
PART 7 – LANDING
Waypoint 04 Selected
Ground Speed: 52 kts
4.7 km to Waypoint
2:57 Time-to-Waypoint
217
10
ROLLING LANDING
12. From an altitude and airspeed that affords the best observation of the
APACHE
AH-64D
landing area (like 1000 ft altitude AGL), place the line-of-sight reticle on the Acceleration Cue
intended point of landing.
13. Press and hold the Force Trim switch FWD (Release) and reduce the
collective approximately 20% below cruise torque (torque required to
maintain level flight at a constant speed). Velocity Vector
14. Place the acceleration cue at the 40-knot ground speed position (upper tip
of the velocity vector line when ground speed is 40 kts) and adjust the Engine Torque (%)
collective for a 300 to 500 ft/min or desired rate of descent.
15. Maintain the flight path vector (FPV) slightly above the intended point of Radar Altimeter (ft)
landing to prevent “under-arcing” the approach (coming in too low). Plan to
touch down in the first third of the useable landing area.
16. Control the flight path vector (FPV) vertically with the collective and
horizontally with the left/right cyclic.
17. Maintain the acceleration cue behind the tip of the velocity vector to ensure
a smooth, consistent deceleration while maintaining a 300 to 500 ft/min or True Airspeed (kts)
desired rate of descent. Prior to descending below the obstacles or 50 ft,
keep the trim ball centered.
Force Trim / Hold Modes Switch Indicator (ft/min)
• FWD: “R” (Release). When held, releases the force trim Ground Speed (kts)
PART 7 – LANDING
Trim Ball
218
ROLLING LANDING
18. Once below the obstacles or below 50 ft, use the pedals to align the nose with the
APACHE
AH-64D
landing direction. Maintain the velocity vector straight up and down the 12 o’clock
post of the line-of-sight reticle with the pedals and lateral cyclic.
19. Maintain at or above ETL (Effective Translational Lift, typically between 16-24 kts)
or VSDE (Velocity Safe Dual Engine) until touch down, or if single engine maintain at
or above VSSE (Velocity Safe Single Engine) until 30 ft.
20. Once the aircraft touches down, reduce the collective slightly to settle the aircraft,
then increase the collective to 30% torque with dual engine (60% torque with single
engine) or more prior to applying aft cyclic to aerodynamically brake the aircraft.
21. Maintain heading with the pedals and a level attitude with lateral cyclic.
Velocity Vector
PART 7 – LANDING
219
ROLLING LANDING
22. When the velocity vector is within the line-of-sight reticle, select Hover symbology
APACHE
AH-64D
(Symbology Select Switch AFT to toggle between Hover and Bob-Up modes) and
maintain the acceleration cue in the center of the line-of-sight reticle.
23. Neutralize the flight controls and reduce the collective after the aircraft has
stopped. It is permissible to utilize the toe brakes to assist in stopping the aircraft. 22a
Transition Mode

• FWD: “CT” toggles between Cruise and 22
monocle.
22b
Hover Mode
PART 7 – LANDING
220
ROLLING LANDING
APACHE
AH-64D
Shallow Approach and Running Landing

PART 7 – LANDING
221
SECTION SUMMARY
• 1 – Powerplant
APACHE
AH-64D
• 1.1 – General Electric T700-GE-701C Engines

• 1.2 – Engine Controls
• 1.3 – Engine Indications
• 1.4 – Engine Operation Limits
• 2 – APU (Auxiliary Power Unit)

PART 8 – ENGINES & ANCILLARY SYSTEMS
• 3 – Fuel System
• 3.1 – Overview
• 3.2 – Fuel Indications
• 3.3 – Fuel Controls
• 3.4 – Fuel Planning
• 4 – Hydraulic System
• 5 – Electrical System
• 6 – Pneumatic Systems
• 6.1 – Integrated Pressurized Air System (IPAS)
• 6.2 – Environmental Control System (ECS)
• 7 – Anti-Ice System
• 7.1 – Ice Detection System
• 7.2 – Ice Protection System Controls
• 8 – Fire Protection System
222
1 – Powerplant
1.1 – General Electric T700-GE-701C Engines
APACHE
AH-64D
The AH-64D is powered by two General Electric T700-GE-701C turboshaft engines, each generating 1,940 shaft horsepower. The engines are front drive and regulated by a Digital Electronic Control
(DEC) and Hydromechanical Unit (HMU) integral with each engine. Each engine consists of a cold section, hot section, power turbine section, and accessory section.
The cold section consists of an inlet particle separator for dust and sand protection, six-stage compressor, variable inlet guide vanes (IGVs), and variable stator vanes. The DEC is mounted to the cold
section.
The hot section consists of the annular combustor, nozzle assembly and gas generator turbine stages. The gas generator is connected to the cold section’s compressor through a central shaft, which
rotates the compressor stage to produce self-sustaining engine power.
T700 Cutaway from Cutaway Creations Accessory Gear Box Cold Section
The power turbine section consists of two
turbine stages and the exhaust frame. The
power turbine shaft rotates within the gas
Combustion Chamber Compressor
generator compressor shaft and runs the Hot Section
full length of the engine to the front-
mounted nose gearbox. The engine turbine
gas temperature (TGT) thermocouples are
mounted to this stage, just aft of the gas
generator stages, along with the engine
speed and torque sensors that provide
cockpit indications of NP (Power Turbine
Speed) and TQ (Torque) respectively.
The accessory section includes the HMU,

NG (Gas Generator Speed) sensor, engine-
driven fuel pump, oil system, and the Air
Turbine Starter (ATS). Each engine’s nose-
mounted reduction gearbox powers the
main transmission through an over-running
“sprag” clutch that will disengage the
engine from the main transmission if the
powertrain system is operating at a higher
RPM than the engine power turbine.
Gas Generator Turbine Rotors
Power Turbine Rotors
223
1 – Powerplant
APACHE
AH-64D
The DEC (Digital Electronic Control) and HMU (Hydromechanical Unit) work together to manage each engine, setting power based on the position of the power levers and collective. The power
lever position is mechanically transmitted to the HMU via a Power Available Spindle (PAS), and the collective position mechanically via a Load Demand Spindle (LDS).
During normal operation, the HMU:

• controls fuel flow to the combustor according to the PAS and LDS.
• schedules the inlet guide vanes, controls the anti-ice and start bleed valve
• regulates discharge air pressure and NG (Gas Generator Speed).

• includes a mechanical (fly-weights) NG overspeed protection system that will flame out the engine to prevent an engine overspeed.
During normal operation, the DEC:

• coordinates automatic torque load-sharing between
the two engines
• monitors NP (Power Turbine Speed), and limits
turbine gas temperature (TGT)
• Includes an electrical NP overspeed protection (like Engine Exhausts
the HMU’s mechanical NG overspeed protection)
The DEC is normally powered by the engine’s alternator

but can use aircraft power as a backup. The DEC for each
engine can be disabled by placing the engine’s power
lever into the “lock-out” position momentarily.
The DEC has a contingency power feature that

automatically activates during single-engine operations.
If an engine fails, the DEC of the opposite engine
increases the TGT limiter of the remaining engine
automatically.
During high-torque manoeuvers (e.g., left pedal turns

with no change in collective position), the DEC’s
maximum torque rate attenuator (MTRA) will
automatically reduce fuel flow to assist in preventing an
over-torque when the torque exceeds 100% and the pilot
has made no adjustments to the collective (also called an Engine Nose Gearbox
'uncompensated' maneuver. • Provides the 90 degrees
224 (right angle)
drive conversion to the main transmission
1 – Powerplant
APACHE
AH-64D
An accessory gearbox (AGB) is mounted to the aft side of the main transmission. This gearbox provides mechanical power to the aircraft’s two electrical AC generators and two hydraulic pumps, one
for the Primary hydraulic system and the other for the Utility hydraulic system. This prevents the loss of generator and hydraulic power during an autorotation when both engines have failed. The
APU (Auxiliary Power Unit) powers the transmission’s accessory gearbox via the APU drive shaft, which provides full electrical power to the aircraft avionics and hydraulic power to the flight
controls prior to starting the main engines. The accessory gearbox also includes the rotor brake and the NR (Main Rotor Speed) sensor.
The tail rotor drive system consists of the tail rotor drive shaft, intermediate gearbox, and tail rotor gearbox. The tail rotor drive shaft (TGB, Tail Rotor Gearbox) consists of four sections within the
tail boom. The sections are connected with flexible couplings and mounted with hanger bearings to accommodate aerodynamic and manoeuvering loads from the tail boom. The intermediate
gearbox (IGB) is at the base of the vertical stabilizer, and the tail rotor gearbox is at the base of the tail rotor static mast. Both gearboxes reduce the transmission RPM and change the angle of the
drive. The main and tail rotor drive shafts are designed to carry torque loads only. Each of these shafts pass through and rotate within a static mast. The main rotor static mast carries all vertical and
bending loads, and the tail rotor static mast absorbs all tail rotor loads. This allows the aircraft to perform aggressive or aerobatic manoeuvers while minimizing stresses to the drive train system.
Reference: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual
225
Rotor Brake (RTR BRK) Switch
1 – Powerplant • FWD: OFF
Power (PWR) Levers (Left/Right Engines)
• OFF
•
1.2 – Engine Controls MIDDLE: BRK (Brake), Utility hydraulic system
pressure is used to slow the rotor brake
•
•
IDLE: Sets Ground IDLE RPM
FLY: Sets NR (Rotor RPM) for flight operations. Controlled NR is
APACHE
•
AH-64D
AFT: Utility hydraulic system pressure is trapped 101 %, maintained by the PAS (Power Available Spindle)
to lock the main rotor in place. • LOCK OUT: Disables the turbine gas temperature (TGT) limiting
The collective is mechanically connected to the Load
Demand Spindle (LDS) and directly controls rotor
blade pitch. • Note: After moving the power lever to LOCK OUT, it
should immediately be returned to an intermediate
The Power (PWR) Levers’ position is mechanically position between IDLE and FLY. The pilot can then
transmitted to the HMU (Hydromechanical Unit) via a control engine RPM directly using the power lever.
Power Available Spindle (PAS).
The fuel flow to the engine, as mentioned earlier, is

controlled by the Load Demand Spindle and Power
Available Spindle. The DEC (Digital Electronic Control)
and HMU (Hydromechanical Unit) both work together
to manage engine parameters based on the LDS and
PAS.
Left (No. 1) Engine Start Switch
The rotor brake is used to slow engine with the ignition system off)
down the main rotor (when main • MIDDLE: OFF
rotor Nr is below 50%) until it stops • FWD: Start
moving once the engines have been
shut down. Engaging the rotor brake Right (No. 2) Engine Start Switch
when Nr is above 50% can cause • AFT: Ignition Override (Motors the
damage to the system. engine with the ignition system off)
• MIDDLE: OFF
Collective
• FWD: Start
Power Lever Friction Control Lever
Engine Chop Button

• Pressing this button electronically retards the engines
to IDLE. Immediate reduction of the collective is
required to maintain rotor RPM. If the chop button is
used, say as a result of a loss of tail rotor thrust, the 226
power levers MUST be retarded to idle.
HDU (Helmet Display Unit) A/C ENG Page NP (Power Turbine
1 – Powerplant Torque (%) Speed) (%RPM)
1.3 – Engine Indications
APACHE
AH-64D
Keep an eye on the following engine parameters (“1” is for left engine, “2”
is for right engine):
• NG (Gas Generator Speed) – used to monitor health and power setting

of the engine.
• NP (Power Turbine Speed) / NR (Main Rotor Speed) – used to monitor
rotor overspeed or underspeed.

• Torquemeter – used to define reference power settings for different
phases of flight.
• TGT (Turbine Gas Temperature) – must be monitored to prevent
engine overheat.
NG (Gas Generator / Compressor Rotation Speed in %RPM)
Torque (%) NG (Gas Generator

Speed) (%RPM)
TGT (Turbine Gas
Temperature) (deg C)
NR (Main Rotor Speed) & NP
(Power Turbine Speed) (%RPM)
NP (Power Turbine Speed in %RPM)
Incidentally, since the Power Turbine drives the Main Rotor shaft, in
normal operation NP is equal to the Main Rotor Speed (NR, in %RPM)
227
3
1 – Powerplant
APACHE
AH-64D
To monitor engine parameters, press A/C FAB (Fixed Action Button), which displays the FLT (Flight)
page when in the air or the ENG (Engine) page when on the ground. To consult the ENG page while
in the air, simply press the A/C, then press the upper VAB (Variable Action Button) next to “ENG”.
The ENG page format will display additional engine parameters when on ground (“1” is for left
engine, “2” is for right engine), such as Engine Oil Pressure and Hydraulic Pressure.
ENG Page – In Flight
Engine Oil Pressure

(psi)
FLT Page
1
228
ENG Page – On Ground
1 – Powerplant
APACHE
AH-64D
Additional engine parameters are visible from the SYS (System) page. From the ENG
page, press bottom VAB (Variable Action Button) next to “SYS”.
2
Engine Oil Pressure
(psi)
Nose Gearbox (NGB)

Oil Pressure (psi)
Nose Gearbox (NGB) Oil

Temperature (deg C)
Transmission (XMSN)
Oil Pressure (psi)
Transmission (XMSN)
Oil Temperature (deg C)
ENG Page 1 SYS Page

229
ENG Page
1 – Powerplant
1.4 – Engine Operation Limits
APACHE
AH-64D
Torque:
• 2.5-Minute Single-Engine Contingency Range if NR >90%: 111 to 122% (yellow)
• 6-Second Dual-engine Transient Operating Range if NR >90%: 101 to 115% (yellow)
• 6-Second Single-engine Transient Operating Range if NR >90%: 123 to 125% (yellow)
• Red maximum limit is dynamic (red)
• If NR is <50%, TQ redline is 30%.
• If NR is <90%, TQ redline is 70%.

• If NR is >90% in AEO (All Engines Operating) conditions, TQ redline is 115%
• If NR is >90% in OEI (One Engine Operating) conditions, TQ redline is 125%
NP (Power Turbine Speed):

• Intermediate Operating Range (yellow): 106 to 121 %
• Overspeed (red): At or above 121 %
NG (Gas Generator Speed):

• Intermediate Operating Range (yellow): 102.3 to 105.1 % LOW ROTOR RPM Warning
• Underspeed (red): At or below 63.1 %
• Overspeed (red): At or above 105.1 %
NR (Main Rotor Speed):

• Intermediate Operating Range (yellow): 106 to 111 %
• Underspeed (red): At or below 95 %, displays LOW ROTOR RPM Warning
• Overspeed (red): At or above 110 %, displays HIGH ROTOR RPM Warning
LOW ROTOR RPM Warning

230
1 – Powerplant
APACHE
AH-64D
TGT (Turbine Gas Temperature):

• TGT Limiter (AOE, All Engines Operating): 867 deg C TGT Intermediate Range Bar
• TGT Limiter (OEI, One Engine Operating): 896 deg C TGT 10-Minute Intermediate Range Bar
TGT Maximum Limit
• If either engine’s TQ indicates <51%, the other engine’s TGT limiter is increased to TGT 2.5 Minute Single-Engine Contingency Range Bar
896 °C, allowing the healthy engine to operate in a single-engine contingency mode. ENG Page
• Intermediate Operating Range (yellow): 811 to 870 deg C
• 10-Minute Intermediate Operating Range (yellow): 871 to 878 deg C

• 2.5-Minute Single-Engine Contingency Range (yellow): 879 to 896 deg C
• 12-Second Transient Range: 897 to 949 deg C
• Maximum limit (red): 949 deg C
Countdown Timer
231
1 – Powerplant
APACHE
AH-64D
Engine Oil Pressure:

• Maximum allowable: 120 psi (red)
• Minimum allowable: 23 psi (red)
SYS Page
Nose Gearbox (NGB) Oil Pressure:
Nose Gearbox (NGB) Oil Temperature:

• Maximum allowable: 134 deg C (red)
Transmission (XMSN) Oil Pressure:

Transmission (XMSN) Oil Temperature):

• Maximum allowable: 134 deg C (red)
232
2 – APU (Auxiliary Power Unit)
The APU (Auxiliary Power Unit) is a self-contained turbine engine that
APACHE
AH-64D
can power the accessory section of the main transmission to generate

electric and hydraulic power, as well as pressurized air, without the
need for engine power. The APU is primarily used to start the engines
without requiring external ground power sources but can be used as
an auxiliary source of electric or hydraulic power. The APU is started or
APU POWER ON Indication APU START Indication APU ON Indication
stopped by pressing the APU Start Button on the engine control panel. • APU ECU (Electronic Control Unit) • APU start sequence is active • APU is running with a RPM
has power and APU is not yet ON, above 95 %
The APU draws fuel from the aft fuel cell only and consumes meaning that APU RPM has not
approximately 175 pounds per hour when active. The APU is reached above 95%.
automatically monitored by an Electronic Control Unit (ECU), which
detects overspeed and overcurrent anomalies, as well as abnormal oil
pressure. The ECU will automatically shut down the APU when an
anomaly is detected. The ECU also controls the power takeoff (PTO)
clutch engagement to the accessory section of the main transmission.
APU (Auxiliary Power Unit) Start

Button (with cover guard)
233
APU (Auxiliary Power Unit) Exhaust
3 – Fuel System
3.1 – Fuel System Overview
APACHE
AH-64D
The AH-64D includes two internal self-sealing, crash-resistant fuel cells. The forward fuel cell holds up to 156 gallons,
and the aft fuel cell holds up to 220 gallons. Fuel is normally balanced between the two cells automatically.
Aft Fuel Cell (220 US gal)
Forward Fuel
Cell (156 US gal) 234
3 – Fuel System
3.1 – Overview
APACHE
AH-64D
A 230-gallon external fuel tank can be mounted on each of the four stub wing pylons. The external fuel tank mounted under the left inboard pylon feeds the forward fuel cell, and
external fuel tank mounted under the right inboard pylon feeds the aft fuel cell. If an additional two fuel tanks are mounted under the outboard pylons, the outboard external fuel
tanks feed fuel to the inboard-mounted external fuel tanks.
External Fuel Tank (230 US Gal)

235
3 – Fuel System
3.1 – Overview
APACHE
AH-64D
An Internal Auxiliary Fuel System (IAFS) can be installed into the ammunition bay, storing 98 gallons at the expense of reducing the
1200 round ammunition capacity to 300 rounds. In most missions in DCS, the internal auxiliary fuel tank (also nicknamed “Robbie Tank”,
referring to “Robertson Fuel Systems”, the company that manufactures the fuel tank) is installed by default.
Note: The installation/removal of the Robbie Tank is not available yet; the IAFS is installed by default.
Auxiliary Fuel Tank Quantity (lbs)
236
3 – Fuel System
3.2 – Fuel Indications
APACHE
AH-64D
Fuel indications are displayed on the EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display) and A/C FUEL page.
Auxiliary Fuel Tank Quantity (lbs)

Forward Fuel Tank Quantity (lbs)
2
FUEL Page
Fuel Line (Dashed)

• Indicates transfer between the forward and aft fuel tanks
Fuel Line (Solid)
for auto leveling
• Indicates the flow of fuel from the forward and aft tanks to
the #1 and #2 engines, respectively
SFR (Specific Fuel Range) External Fuel Tank

• Displayed above the fuel flow window when the helicopter is
moving. SFR is equal to ground speed divided by fuel flow
and is used to determine best economy power setting. Aft Fuel Tank Quantity (lbs)
Fuel Flow Calculation (lbs/hour)

• Displays the fuel flow (in pounds per hour) to engines #1 and Fuel Line (Solid)
#2, and the total fuel flow. • Indicates the flow of fuel from the forward and aft tanks to
the #1 and #2 engines, respectively
Fuel Totalizer Indicator Fuel Type

• INT: Internal Fuel Quantity (lbs)
• TOT: Total Fuel Quantity (lbs)
Endurance (Hours:Minutes)
• Displays the remaining time until fuel is exhausted based on
current fuel flow. If external tanks are installed, displays the
remaining time until internal fuel is exhausted, and the
remaining time until all fuel is exhausted. Time remaining
turns white when 20 minutes or fewer remain.
237
1
3 – Fuel System
3.2 – Fuel Indications
APACHE
AH-64D
Fuel indications are displayed on the EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display) and A/C FUEL page.
Total Fuel Quantity

Indicator (lbs)
238
3 – Fuel System
3.3 – Fuel Controls
APACHE
AH-64D
Fuel Transfer
• Fuel is transferred between the forward and aft cells using IPAS (Integrated Pressurized Air System) air pressure. Transfer is normally automatic but can be manually controlled by the aircrew.
• Fuel transfer from the IAFS or external tanks is one-way only. Transfer from the external tanks to the internal cells is pneumatic, and an electric fuel pump transfers fuel from the IAFS to the
internal cells. If fuel is being transferred between the forward and aft fuel cells, any fuel transfer from external or internal fuel systems will be paused.
• Normally, the forward cell feeds engine 1 and the aft cell feeds engine 2.
• The aircrew can control crossfeed modes, where both engines feed from one fuel cell, as necessary in abnormal circumstances.
• IPAS air provides power to the fuel boost pump located in the aft fuel cell. During start the crossfeed is commanded ON and the fuel boost pump is commanded ON when the crossfeed has
finished rotating aft. This boost pump can also be manually turned on during an emergency or operations in extreme cold temperatures.
• The APU has its own electric boost pump that also draws from the aft cell.
2
FUEL Page Right Auxiliary Tank (External Tank) Control
• Solid Circle, fuel transfer ON: transfers right auxiliary
tank fuel to the forward and aft fuel tank
Left Auxiliary Tank (External Tank) Control • Hollow Circle, fuel transfer OFF
• Solid Circle, fuel transfer ON: transfers left auxiliary
tank fuel to the forward and aft fuel tank
• Hollow Circle, fuel transfer OFF Boost Pump Control
• Solid Circle, boost pump ON: crossfeed mode is
automatically set to AFT
Center Auxiliary Tank (IAFS, Internal Auxiliary • Hollow Circle, boost pump OFF, mode is automatically
Fuel System) Control set to NORM.
• Solid Circle, fuel transfer ON: transfers center auxiliary
tank fuel (IAFS) to the forward and aft fuel tank
• Hollow Circle, fuel transfer OFF Fuel Crossfeed Selection Controls
• NORM. Engine #1 feeds from the forward tank,
and engine #2 feeds from the aft tank.
Fuel Transfer Selection Control • FWD. Both engines feed from the forward tank.
• AUTO: Fuel is automatically transferred between the tanks to • AFT. Both engines feed from the aft tank.
maintain leveling
• FWD: Fuel is transferred from the aft tank to the forward tank.
• AFT: Fuel is transferred from the forward tank to the aft tank FUEL CHECK Format Selector
• OFF: Fuel is not transferred and no auto-leveling occurs • Use this feature to calculate time until entering IFR
reserve (30 minutes), VFR reserve (20 minutes), and
External Auxiliary Fuel (External Tank) Input Control fuel burnout. Pressing CHECK displays options for 15-,
• The 230-gallon external auxiliary fuel tanks lack fuel quantity sensing 20-, and 30-minute checks
probes. If external auxiliary tanks are installed, the aircrew must input the
amount of fuel in the external auxiliary tanks using this button.
• The internal auxiliary tank has a fuel quantity probe which provides 239
automatic fuel quantity indication. 1
3 – Fuel System
APACHE
AH-64D
External Fuel Tanks Operation
1. Go in the FUEL page.

3. If an external auxiliary fuel tank is installed, the L/R AUX options are available. However, fuel transfer from the external auxiliary tank to the main forward and aft fuel tanks
needs to be enabled for fuel transfer to take place.
4. The 230-gallon external auxiliary fuel tanks lack fuel quantity sensing probes. If external auxiliary tanks are installed, the aircrew must input the amount of fuel in the
external auxiliary tanks using this button. Press the VAB (Variable Action Button) next to « AUX GALLONS EXT ? »
5. On the KU (Keyboard Unit), enter the fuel quantity of external fuel tanks (230 US Gal), then press ENTER.
6. Enable fuel transfer for the external auxiliary tank by pressing VAB (Variable Action Button) next to L AUX and R AUX.
3 6
L AUX OFF 1b R AUX ON
6
3 L AUX N
R AUX OFF
5a
5b
4 240
1a
3 – Fuel System
APACHE
AH-64D
External Fuel Tanks Jettison

2. Set XFER (Transfer) Option – AUTO. Fuel will be automatically transferred
between the tanks to maintain leveling.
3. Disable fuel transfer for the external auxiliary tank by pressing VAB (Variable
Action Button) next to L AUX and R AUX.

4. Press the desired Station Jettison Arm/Select Pushbutton of the station you
have external tanks installed on.
5. Press the JETT (Jettison) Button.
5
3a 3a
1b
L AUX N R AUX ON 3b
L AUX OFF 3b
R AUX OFF
4 4
241
1a
3 – Fuel System
APACHE
AH-64D
Internal Auxiliary Fuel System (IAFS, or “Robbie Tank”) Operation

3. If an internal auxiliary fuel tank is installed, the C AUX option is available. However, fuel transfer from the internal auxiliary tank to
the main forward and aft fuel tanks needs to be enabled for fuel transfer to take place.
4. Enable fuel transfer for the internal auxiliary tank by pressing VAB (Variable Action Button) next to C AUX.
1b
3a
3a C AUX ON
C AUX OFF
5
242
1a
1b
3 – Fuel System
3.3 – Fuel Controls 3
APACHE
AH-64D
FUEL CHECK Feature
The “Fuel Check” feature is used to calculate time until entering IFR
(Instrument Flight Rules) reserve (30 minutes), VFR (Visual Flight
Rules) reserve (20 minutes), and fuel burnout.
To perform a fuel check:

1. Go in the FUEL page. 4a
2. Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to CHECK
3. Press VAB next to the desired option (15 minutes, 20 minutes or
30 minutes) for the check duration. We will select 15 minutes as
an example.
4. Press VAB next to START to begin the fuel check, during which the
average fuel flow is determined. 2
5. After the timer has expired, the burnout and reserve times are 1a
displayed.
• BURNOUT: Time displayed in zulu time (or local time, as
set on the TSD > UTIL page) at which the helicopter will
run out of fuel. 5
• VFR RES (Visual Flight Rules Reserve): Time displayed in
zulu time (or local time, as set on the TSD > UTIL page) at
which the fuel state in the helicopter will be just enough 4b
fuel to fly to your first landing point and then still have 20
minutes of fuel remaining at a normal cruise speed.
• IFR RES (Instrument Flight Rules Reserve): Time displayed
in zulu time (or local time, as set on the TSD > UTIL page)
at which the fuel state in the helicopter will be just
enough fuel to fly to your first landing point and then still
have 30 minutes of fuel remaining at a normal cruise
speed.
243
1b
3 – Fuel System
3.4 – Fuel Planning
Bingo Fuel Calculation Example:
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• 100 minutes for time of flight with a fuel

Useful Formulas flow of 1000 lbs/hour gives a Bingo Fuel of
1666 lbs, which is the minimum fuel quantity
The KU (Keyboard Unit) can be used to calculate rapidly certain parameters such as required to get back to base
Bingo Fuel, Objective Time, Specific Fuel Range Factor and Flight Range.
• Note: *, ÷, + and – keys are used as operators, and ENTER is used as the equal sign.
• Bingo Fuel (lbs) = (Time of Flight ÷ 60) × Fuel Flow

• Objective Time (mins) = ([Total Fuel – Bingo Fuel] ÷ Fuel Flow) × 60
• Specific Fuel Range (SFR) Factor = Ground Speed ÷ Fuel Flow
• Flight Range (nm) = SFR × Total Fuel
1 3
SFR (Specific Fuel Range)

• Displayed above the fuel flow window when
the helicopter is moving. SFR is equal to
ground speed divided by fuel flow and is used
to determine best economy power setting.
Fuel Flow Calculation (lbs/hour)

• Displays the fuel flow (in pounds per hour) to
engines #1 and #2, and the total fuel flow.
2 4
Fuel Totalizer Indicator

• INT: Internal Fuel Quantity (lbs)
• TOT: Total Fuel Quantity (lbs)
Obiective Time (mins)

• With a total fuel of 1850 lbs, a Bingo Fuel of 1666 lbs and a fuel flow of 1000 lbs/hour, 244
we get an Objective Time of about 11 minutes.
4 – Hydraulic System
The AH-64D has two independent hydraulic systems: the primary hydraulic system and
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the utility hydraulic system.

SYS Page
Primary Hydraulic
The Primary system exclusively powers the hydraulic flight control system via the FMC
System Pressure (psi)
(Flight Management Computer). It’s powered by the main transmission and has a total
capacity of six pints with a one-pint reservoir.
Utility Hydraulic
The Utility system is a secondary source of hydraulic power for the flight controls System Pressure (psi)
(bypassing the FMC). The utility system is powered by the main transmission. Because
of the higher loads placed on the utility system, it has a higher-volume manifold and
larger reservoir. The utility system powers all other hydraulic systems:
• Rotor brake Hydraulic Accumulator
• Area Weapon System (gun) turret drive System Pressure (psi)
• Ammunition handling system
• APU start motor
• Tailwheel unlock actuator
• External stores elevation actuators.
The utility system charges a 3,000-psi hydraulic accumulator. The hydraulic

accumulator is used to:
• Provide hydraulic damping during gun fire
• Provide hydraulic power to the rotor brake
• Provide hydraulic power to the APU starter
• Temporarily power the flight controls via the utility system in an emergency
Emergency Hydraulic Switch

• When pressed, opens a solenoid that
allows hydraulic accumulator pressure to
pressurize the utility side of the flight
controls only.
245
5 – Electrical System GENERATOR FAIL Advisory
Electrical aircraft power is managed by the Electrical Power Management System (EPMS).
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The EPMS is a fully redundant and automatic power system consisting of a distributor for
battery, AC, and DC power. Power is distributed by four AC busses, four DC busses, four
battery busses, and a battery hot bus. Each bus and power consumer is protected by a
resettable circuit breaker.
The 24-volt battery can provide power for normal flight loads for up to 12 minutes, assuming
at least an 80% charge.
AC power is provided by two brushless, air-cooled generators. Each generator outputs 45

kVA three-phase four-wire power at 115 or 200 volts and 400 Hz. Each generator has its own
Generator Control Unit (GCU). A single generator is capable of handling full flight loads
without shedding. The generators are mounted to the transmission accessory gearbox.
DC power is provided by two Transformer-Rectifier Units (TRUs), each providing 28 volts and
350 amps of DC power. Like the generators, a single TRU can provide sufficient power for
full flight loads without shedding.
An external power receptacle can provide DC and AC power for all systems from an AGPU
(Aircraft Ground Power Unit).
ENG Page
SYS Page
GENERATOR FAIL Advisory
Master Ignition (MSTR IGN) Selector

• OFF
• BATT: Connects the battery to the
battery busses
Generator 1 & 2 Power VABs
• EXT PWR: Connects external power
(Variable Action Buttons)
• Toggles Generator #1 or #2 off.
Generators must be reset in the Pilot
crewstation to be toggled back on.
• Hollow circle means generator is OFF.
Generator Reset Switch Solid Circle means generator is ON.
• LEFT (Generator 1) / MIDDLE (OFF) / RIGHT (Generator 2)
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6 – Pneumatic Systems
6.1 – Integrated Pressurized Air System (IPAS)
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The IPAS (Integrated Pressurized Air System) provides pressurized air to aircraft
pneumatic systems. Bleed air is drawn from two ports: a high-pressure port is UTIL Page 2
exclusively used to pressurize the hydraulic systems, and a low-pressure port is
used by all other consumers. Low-pressure air is used by the engine air turbine
starters, fuel boost and transfer pumps, anti-ice system, ice detection probe,
nitrogen inerting unit, vapor cycle cooling system, and environmental control
system.
IPAS bleed air can be provided by one or both engines, the APU, or an external
source such as an AGPU (Aircraft Ground Power Unit).
Engine No. 1 & No. 2 Bleed Air Control VABs

(Variable Action Buttons)
• Enables or disables bleed air from engine #1 or #2.
• Hollow circle means bleed air is OFF. Solid Circle
means bleed air is ON.
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6.2 – Environmental Control System (ECS)
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The ECS (Environmental Control System) provides crewmember comfort through ventilation, heating, and air conditioning. Ventilation is provided by Pilot and Co-Pilot/Gunner gaspers (air
conditioning outlets), which can be opened to admit outside air into the cockpit. The ECS also powers ventilation fans that provide forced air exchange between the cockpits and for
avionics cooling. Cockpit heating and windshield defogging are both provided by regulated bleed air from the IPAS (Integrated Pressurized Air System).
Air conditioning is provided from two independent vapor cycle cooling systems. One system provides cooled air for the Pilot and aft sections of each Extended Forward Avionics Bay
(EFAB); the other system provides cooled air for the CPG, the TADS & PNVS turrets, and the forward sections of each EFAB. A digital control unit (DCU) manages the flow of cooled air for
each system. In the event of a failure of one of the ECS systems, the DCU of the functioning system will automatically open an interconnect valve between the two cockpits. The
ventilation fans in the failed cockpit will stop, and the functional cockpit’s ventilation fans will force cooled air into both cockpits.
ECS 1 (Environmental
Control System)
ECS 2 (Environmental
Control System)
248
UTIL Page 2
6.2 – Environmental Control System (ECS) Free Air Temperature
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(FAT) (deg C)
AH-64D
ECS controls are available in the A/C UTIL page and on the Windshield Control Panel.
To set a cockpit temperature:

a) Make sure the ECS Power VAB (Variable Action Button) is ON (solid)
b) Press Cockpit Temperature Target Setting VAB
c) On KU (Keyboard Unit), enter target temperature in Fahrenheit, then press ENTER.
Cockpit Temperature 1
(deg F)
(FAT) Gauge (deg C) b Cockpit Temperature Target Setting VAB
(Variable Action Button)
• Sets the desired crew station temperature using
ECS Power VAB (Variable Action Button)
the KU (Keyboard Unit). Each crewmember can set
• Powers ECS system ON or OFF.
their own temperature in deg Fahrenheit.
• Hollow circle means bleed air is OFF. Solid
• Example: 70 deg F = 21 deg C
Circle means bleed air is ON.
• When powered off, the ECS will not regulate
cockpit or EFAB temperature.
c a
c
Windshield Defog Button 249
6.2 – Environmental Control System (ECS)
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ECS temperature indications are available in the A/C SYS page.

SYS Page
ECS Temperatures (deg F)

• EFAB (Extended Forward Avionics Bay) – Forward
Section
• EFAB – Aft Section
• Cockpit CPG (Co-Pilot Gunner)
• Cockpit PLT (Pilot)
250
7 – Anti-Ice System
Ice Detection Probe
7.1 – Ice Detection System
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Ice detection is provided by an aspirating ice detection probe, powered by pneumatic air
from the IPAS (Integrated Pressurized Air System). The ice detection probe activates
whenever free air temperature drops to 5° C or below.
2 Ice Detector Status

UTIL Page
• Displays level of ice accumulation
sensed by the ice detection probe.
Anti-Ice System Control Mode Selector

• MANUAL: Anti-Ice equipment is manually turned ON or OFF with their respective VAB
(Variable Action Button)
• AUTO: Anti-Ice equipment is automatically turned ON or OFF based on ice detection
(FAT) (deg C) Free Air Temperature
(FAT) Gauge (deg C)
Ice Detection Probe
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7 – Anti-Ice System
7.2 – Ice Protection System Controls
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Ice protection is provided by engine inlet anti-ice from main engine bleed air, electrical heat to the pitot and helicopter air data system (HADS) sensors,
electric sensor aperture anti-ice, and electrically heated canopies.
• When in AUTO mode, anti-ice system controls are enabled automatically when ice is detected by the ice detect probe. When ice is no longer detected,
they can be disabled manually by the aircrew; they are not disabled automatically.
• In MANUAL mode, the aircrew must enable and disable the anti-icing systems manually depending on the presence of ice.
The anti-Ice system controls are available in the A/C UTIL sub-page.
UTIL Page 2
Anti-Ice System Control Mode Selector

• MANUAL: Anti-Ice equipment is manually turned ON or OFF with their respective
VAB (Variable Action Button)
• AUTO: Anti-Ice equipment is automatically turned ON or OFF based on ice detection
Pitot Anti-Ice Selector

• Solid circle: ON, enables electrical pitot and HADS (Helicopter Air Data
Sensor) heat.
• Hollow circle: OFF
Inlet Anti-Ice Selector
• Solid circle: ON, enables bleed air heat for the engine and inlet fairings,
and electrical heating for nose gearbox fairings.
Canopy Anti-Ice Selector

• Solid circle: ON, enables electrical heating elements embedded in the
middle forward windshields for the pilot and co-pilot/gunner stations.
Sensor Anti-Ice Selector

• Solid circle: ON, enables electrical heating of the turret shrouds, boresight, and
sensor windows for the TADS/PNVS.
Note: Sensor anti-ice is automatically disabled and « barriered » while on the ground.
1 252
8 – Fire Protection System
Engine fire detection is provided by two optical flame detectors in each engine compartment, and two in the APU (Auxiliary Power Unit) compartment. Two nitrogen fire bottles provide fire
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suppression. The bottles, labeled PRI (primary) and RES (reserve), can be discharged into either engine or the APU.
Three pneumatic fire/overheat detectors are located in the aft deck area. A transmission aft deck fire warning is provided by crewstation voice message, flashing master warning pushbutton,
EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display) and MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) warning messages. There is no extinguishing agent for the aft deck area.
APU (Auxiliary Power Unit) Fire Pushbutton

• Illuminates when APU fire is detected, shuts off Engine 2 Fire Pushbutton
Engine 1 Fire Pushbutton fuel valve when pressed • Illuminates when engine 2 (right) fire is
• Illuminates when engine 1 (left) fire is detected, shuts off fuel valve when pressed

Reserve Fire Extinguisher
Engine Fire Warning
253
8 – Fire Protection System
Engine Fire Emergency Procedure
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AH-64D
1. When a fire is detected, the FIRE push-light of the affected engine (or APU) will illuminate.
2. Configure aircraft controls (cyclic and collective) for single-engine operation.
3. Flip the illuminated FIRE push-light guard UP.
4. Press the FIRE push-light of the affected engine (or APU). This will arm the fire extinguishing system, shut off fuel flow to the indicated engine (or APU), shut off
bleed air from the indicated engine (or APU), close the cooling louvers to the indicated engine, turn off the voice warning message, and turn off the master
warning light.
5. When the fire extinguishing system is armed, the RDY light will illuminate.
6. Press the illuminated PRI DISCH (Primary Discharge) pushbutton to discharge the primary fire extinguishing agent bottle and extinguish the DISCH light.
• Alternatively, pressing the RES DISCH (Reserve Discharge) pushbutton will discharge the reserve fire extinguishing agent bottle and extinguish the DISCH
light.
7. The FIRE light will extinguish once fire is extinguished.
8. Press the same FIRE pushbutton a second time (in the same crew station) to reverse the functions listed in step 3) and disarm the fire extinguishing system.
3
1
5
6
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INTRODUCTION
The AH-64 has one of the most interesting aerodynamic models in DCS. We will look at some aerodynamic concepts to help you understand why the helicopter behaves the way it
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does. Don’t worry, I’ll keep it short and simple. The following principles are simply what you MUST understand as an Apache pilot if you want to fly worth a darn.
PART 9 – PRINCIPLES OF HELICOPTER FLIGHT
255
FLIGHT CONTROLS
The AH-64D flight controls are hydromechanical, consisting of mechanical Anti-Torque Pedal
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Anti-Torque Pedal
AH-64D
linkages between the flight controls and control surfaces, augmented by

transmission-driven hydraulic power. The flight controls are conventional
and consist of a cyclic, collective, and anti-torque pedals. Complete
controls are provided for both pilot and co-pilot/gunner.
The system includes the following:
• Cyclic system:
• Moving the cyclic (stick) in any direction will produce a
corresponding movement of the helicopter which is a result of
a change in the plane of rotation of the main rotor. The cyclic
is mechanically connected to a swashplate on the rotor mast,
which tilts the main rotor. Collective
• Collective control system:

• The amount of lever movement determines the angle of
attack and lift developed by the main rotor, and results in
ascent or descent of the helicopter: When the lever is in the
full down position, the main rotor is at minimum pitch. When Cyclic
the lever is in the full up position, the main rotor is at
maximum pitch. The collective is mechanically connected to
the Load Demand Spindle (LDS) and directly controls rotor
blade pitch.
• Anti-Torque pedals:
• Moving the pedals allow you to turn the helicopter left or right
in the yaw axis. The anti-torque pedals control tail rotor blade
pitch.
256
FLIGHT CONTROLS
Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual
• Tail Rotor system:
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• The tail rotor control system is operated by pilot/copilot anti-torque pedals. Pushing an anti-torque pedal will change the pitch
of the tail rotor blades, resulting in directional control.
• Force Trim system:

• Force centering devices are incorporated in the cyclic controls and directional pedal controls. The lateral and longitudinal force
trim springs and magnetic solenoids engage and disengage the force trim. These devices furnish a force gradient or "feel” to
the cyclic control stick and anti-torque pedals. A Force Trim / Hold Modes switch on the cyclic disengages the force trim
system, allowing the cyclic to move freely without resistance. When re-engaged, the force trim springs hold the cyclic in its
current position and provide an increasing force gradient as the cyclic is deflected away from this center point.
• Horizontal Stabilator:
• The AH-64D has an articulating horizontal stabilator controlled by an electric actuator. The horizontal stabilator improves pitch Force Trim / Hold Modes Switch
angle control and improves over-the-nose visibility at low airspeeds. • FWD: “R” (Release). When held, releases the force trim system and
• In automatic mode, the FMC (Flight Management Computer) schedules the horizontal stabilator position according to attitude hold mode. When released, re-engages the force trim
collective position, airspeed, and pitch rate. In nap of the earth (NOE)/approach mode, the horizontal stabilator is system, using the cyclic’s current position as the new center point.
driven to the 25 deg trailing edge down position when below 80 knots, to further improve over-the-nose visibility. • AFT: “D” (Disengage). Disengages attitude and altitude hold.
• In manual mode, the Pilot controls stabilator position with a switch on the collective. • RIGHT: “AL” (Altitude Hold)
Main Rotor Tail Rotor

Horizontal Stabilator Control
• FWD: Nose DOWN
• DOWN: Resets Stabilator control
mode to automatic
• AFT: Nose UP
Horizontal Stabilator
(Asymmetric Gurney Flaps)
257
UTIL Page 2
FLIGHT CONTROLS
FMC Controls (in UTIL page) VABs (Variable
• SCAS (Stability and Control Augmentation System) Action Buttons)
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• The Hydraulic augmentation is provided by the Stability and • PITCH: SCAS dampens longitudinal (pitch) rates and can
command longitudinal cyclic in command mode.
Control Augmentation System (SCAS), which consists of • ROLL: SCAS dampens lateral (roll) rates and can
electro-hydraulic actuators controlled by the Flight command lateral cyclic in command mode.
Management Computer (FMC). The FMC provides rate • YAW: SCAS dampens directional (yaw) rates and
damping to smooth flight control inputs and command provide heading hold and turn coordination.
augmentation. It also provides limited attitude and altitude • COLL: SCAS can command collective application in
hold capability for hands-off flying. We will go in more detail command mode.
• TRIM: Toggles the force trim magnetic brakes on the
about these hold modes in the Aircraft Control Systems cyclic and anti-torque pedals.
section. The command augmentation system provides • NOE/A: Activates FMC (Flight Management Computer)
consistent control feel across the full range of helicopter nap-of-the-earth/approach mode. In NOE/approach
airspeeds. mode, the horizontal stabilator is commanded to 25 deg
trailing edge down when airspeed is below 80 kts. This
Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual provides better over-the-nose visibility for low-altitude
flying.
1
Directional (Yaw) Servo-Actuator Lateral (Roll) Servo-Actuator
Collective Servo-Actuator
FMC (Flight Management

Computer) Release Button
• Disengages all FMC SCAS (Stability
Longitudinal (Pitch) Servo-Actuator and Augmentation Control System)
channels.
258
FLIGHT CONTROLS
• BUCS (Back-Up Control System)
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• The BUCS is a single-channel, four-axis, non-redundant electric fly-by-wire (FBW) system. The FBW system is designed to replicate the feel of the
hydromechanical controls but does not replicate SCAS functionality. BUCS can only be active for the Pilot or the CPG station.
• Normally, the Pilot and Co-Pilot/Gunner flight controls are mechanically linked. The mechanical linkages are protected by shear pins and mis-track
sensors to prevent a control jam or severance from affecting both sets of flight controls.
• If the flight controls are decoupled by the shear pin, or a mis-track is otherwise sensed, the Back-Up Control System is automatically activated.
• Either the Pilot or the Co-Pilot/Gunner can transfer BUCS control to their station if necessary, depending on the nature and location of the jam or
severance within the flight controls.
• The “BUCS Select Trigger” under the CPG collective manually switches the Back-Up Control System (BUCS) control priority to the CPG cockpit controls.
Be aware that this process is non-reversible.
BUCS Select Trigger (CPG Only)
Co-Pilot/Gunner Collective, Bottom View
259
FORCES: TORQUE, TRANSLATIONAL & VERTICAL LIFT
IN A NUTSHELL…
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In a hover, you will most likely generate vertical lift only since the lift vector is pointing upwards. However, if you push
your nose down and gain horizontal speed, you will notice that you will generate much more lift as you gain speed. This
is called “Translational Lift”: your blades gain much more lift efficiency as you accelerate.
You might also wonder why you need to apply left pedal when you are hovering. This is simply to counter the torque
created by the main rotor blades’ rotation in the yaw axis. In a prop airplane, the torque will force you to use pedal on
takeoff to stay straight. The same principle applies for a helicopter, but in a different axis.
Translating tendency is a right lateral movement of the helicopter that is a combination of tail rotor thrust and main
rotor torque; translating tendency is countered with left cyclic.
A tail rotor is designed to produce thrust in a direction opposite torque. The
thrust produced by the tail rotor is sufficient to move the helicopter laterally.
Y
Forces Acting on a Helicopter
Trotor Ty
Tx The airflow pattern for 1-5 knots of forward airspeed. Note how the downwind vortex is beginning
to dissipate and induced flow down through the rear of the rotor system is more horizontal.
X Q
Air Flow
G
The airflow pattern for 10-15 knots. At this increased airspeed, the airflow continues to become more horizontal.
The leading edge of the downwash pattern is being overrun and is well back under the nose 260
of the helicopter.
GYROSCOPIC PRECESSION
IN A NUTSHELL…
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The spinning main rotor of a helicopter acts like a gyroscope. What we call “gyroscopic precession” is the resultant action or deflection of a spinning object when a force is applied to this object. This
action occurs 90 degrees in the direction of rotation from the point where the force is applied, like on a rotating blade.
Now, what does this mean and why should you care about such mumbo jumbo? This means that if you want to push your nose down, you push your cyclic forward. What happens in reality is that
pilot control input is mechanically offset 90 degrees “later”, as shown on the pictures below.
Gyroscopic Precession
261
IN A NUTSHELL…
RETREATING BLADE STALL & DISSYMMETRY OF LIFT Did you ever wonder why your helicopter can never stay straight when you
center your cyclic stick? The reason why you always need to hold your stick to
In forward flight, the relative airflow through the main rotor disk is different on the advancing and retreating side. your left and towards you is because the lift generated by your rotor blade is
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The relative airflow over the advancing side is higher due to the forward speed of the helicopter, while the relative not equal everywhere on your blades. Therefore, the lift profile is not
airflow on the retreating side is lower. This dissymmetry of lift increases as forward speed increases. To generate symmetric. “Lift dissymmetry” is just other fancy ways to refer to this
the same amount of lift across the rotor disk, the advancing blade flaps up while the retreating blade flaps down. phenomenon.
This causes the AOA to decrease on the advancing blade, which reduces lift, and increase on the retreating blade,
which increases lift. “Retreating Blade Stall” is a major factor in limiting a helicopter's maximum
forward airspeed. Just as the stall of a fixed wing aircraft wing limits the low-
At some point as the forward speed increases, airspeed flight envelope, the stall of a rotor blade limits the high-speed
the low blade speed on the retreating blade, potential of a helicopter.
and its high AOA cause a stall and loss of lift.
Retreating blade stall is a major factor in limiting
a helicopter’s never-exceed speed (VNE) and its
development can be felt by a low frequency
vibration, pitching up of the nose, and a roll in
the direction of the retreating blade. High
weight, low rotor rpm, high density altitude,
turbulence and/or steep, abrupt turns are all
conducive to retreating blade stall at high
forward airspeeds. As altitude is increased,
higher blade angles are required to maintain lift
at a given airspeed.
Thus, retreating blade stall is encountered at a

lower forward airspeed at altitude. Most Normal Cruise Lift Pattern
manufacturers publish charts and graphs
showing a VNE decrease with altitude.
Lift Pattern at Critical Airspeed

262
Airflow in forward flight
OGE VS IGE: UNDERSTANDING GROUND EFFECT IN A NUTSHELL…
Ground Effect is what gives you additional lift when you are flying close to the
Ground effect is the increased efficiency of the rotor system caused by interference of the airflow when ground. A hover, for instance, is much easier to maintain close to the ground
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near the ground. The air pressure or density is increased, which acts to decrease the downward velocity torque-wise since ground effect is nullified at higher altitudes.
of air. Ground effect permits relative wind to be more horizontal, lift vector to be more vertical, and
induced drag to be reduced. Ground effect is specially important on missions where you need to fly NOE (Nap-
Of-Earth, where even lawnmowers dare not set foot).
These conditions allow the rotor system to be more efficient. Maximum ground effect is achieved when
hovering over smooth hard surfaces. When hovering over surfaces as tall grass, trees, bushes, rough
terrain, and water, maximum ground effect is reduced. Rotor efficiency is increased by ground effect to a
height of about one rotor diameter (measured from the ground to the rotor disk) for most helicopters.
Since the induced flow velocities are decreased, the AOA is increased, which requires a reduced blade
pitch angle and a reduction in induced drag. This reduces the power required to hover IGE.
The benefit of placing the helicopter near the ground is lost above IGE altitude, which is what we call
OGE: Out of Ground Effect.
Airflow when Out of Ground Effect (OGE) Airflow when In Ground Effect (IGE) 263
(UH-1H) (UH-1H)
VORTEX RING STATE (VRS)
Vortex ring state describes an aerodynamic condition in which a helicopter may be in a vertical descent with 20 percent up to maximum
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power applied, and little or no climb performance. The term “settling with power” comes from the fact that the helicopter keeps settling
even though full engine power is applied.
In a normal out-of-ground-effect (OGE) hover, the helicopter is able to remain stationary by propelling a large mass of air down through
the main rotor. Some of the air is recirculated near the tips of the blades, curling up from the bottom of the rotor system and rejoining
the air entering the rotor from the top. This phenomenon is common to all airfoils and is known as tip vortices. Tip vortices generate
drag and degrade airfoil efficiency. As long as the tip vortices are small, their only effect is a small loss in rotor efficiency. However, when
the helicopter begins to descend vertically, it settles into its own downwash, which greatly enlarges the tip vortices. In this vortex ring
state, most of the power developed by the engine is wasted in circulating the air in a doughnut pattern around the rotor.
A fully developed vortex ring state is characterized by an unstable condition in which the helicopter experiences uncommanded pitch
and roll oscillations, has little or no collective authority, and achieves a descent rate that may approach 6,000 feet per minute (fpm) if
allowed to develop. Vortex Ring State
WHY SHOULD YOU CARE?

One of the biggest issues new pilots have is that they do not understand what VRS is, what it does, why it happens and how to
counter it. In simple terms, if your airspeed is below the ETL (Effective Translational Lift) speed of 16-24 kts (which is the speed
at which VRS usually occurs), you will experience a sudden loss of lift that will cause you to drop like a rock. VRS also occurs in
situations where you have a descent rate of 300 ft/min or greater. More often than not, VRS happens when you are trapped in a
column of disrupted air created by your own rotor blades, and this (unfortunately) often occurs at the most critical part of flight:
on LANDING.
Oh, now I’ve got your attention? Good. One of the biggest problems Peter Pilots experience is to land their chopper. Even in real
life, there are many pilots who do what we call a “hard landing” because they did not anticipate correctly the sudden loss of lift
caused by VRS. A hard landing is when you impact the ground at a vertical speed that is too great, which causes structural
damage to the skids, and possibly other structural components. The helicopter is not a total loss, but it will require extensive
inspection and repairs, which costs time, money, and temporarily deprives the operator from one of its main sources of income.
Countering VRS is easy if you pay attention to your airspeed and descent rate. Once you enter VRS, raising the collective (which is
instinctively what someone would do) will do nothing at best, or aggravate the situation at worst. To reduce the descent rate, you
need to get out of that column of disrupted air. You counter VRS by pointing the nose down (or in any direction) to pick up some
speed and get away from these nasty vortices.
Note: Many pilots confuse VRS with the inertia of your machine. If you come in too fast and raise your collective too slowly, it is to
be expected that you will crash.
VRS: VERIFY DESCENT RATE & SPEED
264
VRS Video by Matt Wagner: https://youtu.be/np5dpEXcmNU
AH-64D
PART 9 – PRINCIPLES OF HELICOPTER FLIGHT APACHE
265
AUTOROTATION
Autorotation is a flight state where your engine is disengaged from the rotor system and rotor blades are driven solely by the upward flow of air through
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the rotor. It can be caused by engine malfunction or engine failure, tail rotor failure or a sudden loss of tail rotor effectiveness.
PART 10 – AUTOROTATION
During an autorotation, the upward flow of relative wind permits the main rotor blades to rotate at their normal speed. In effect, the blades are “gliding” in their rotational plane.
266
AUTOROTATION – CORRECTIVE ACTIONS
WHY SHOULD YOU WANT TO SIMULATE AUTOROTATION?
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AH-64D
Real life does not come with a “re-spawn” button. Life is imperfect: there is always a chance that you could lose engine
power for a million reasons. In the world of DCS, odds are that you will be sent on dangerous (read: SUICIDAL) missions.
There are very high chances that you will be fired upon. With so much crap flying in the air, you are bound to get zinged
by something. This is why if you enter in an autorotation state, you MUST know what you do.
HOW TO SIMULATE AUTOROTATION
Autorotation can be simulated if you reduce one of your power levers to IDLE. Train yourself to deal with autorotation
and you will be surprised to see how much better your flying will become.
AUTOROTATION RECOVERY EXAMPLE:
1. Find a good place to land first and make sure you are at 1500 ft or more. Power (PWR) Levers (Left/Right Engines)
• OFF
2. Jettison weapons installed on pylons. • IDLE: Sets Ground IDLE RPM
3. Simulate engine loss of power by reducing a Power Lever to IDLE. • FLY: Sets NR (Rotor RPM) for flight operations. Controlled NR is 101 %, maintained by
4. Use TRIM RESET TO DEFAULT binding (LCTRL+T). This “simulator feature” allows the cyclic to be reset to its center the PAS (Power Available Spindle)
PART 10 – AUTOROTATION
position. • LOCK OUT: Disables the turbine gas temperature (TGT) limiting system by locking out
5. Apply right anti-torque pedal to center the helicopter, lower collective and pull up cyclic to compensate for sudden the DEC (Digital Engine Computer), allowing for manual control of engine RPM.
RPM loss: make sure the power turbine of the “live” engine reaches 101% NP RPM. • Note: After moving the power lever to LOCK OUT, it should immediately be
returned to an intermediate position between IDLE and FLY. The pilot can
6. Adjust cyclic for a constant descent between 77 kts (minimum rate of descent airspeed) and 107 kts (maximum then control engine RPM directly using the power lever.
glide distance airspeed). In autorotation, as airspeed increases above 70 – 80 kts, the rate of descent and glide
distance increase significantly. Below 70 kts, the rate of descent will also increase but glide distance decreases.
7. Maintain 101 % Main Rotor (NR) RPM and 77-107 kts airspeed. Maximum autorotation airspeed is 145 kts.
8. RECOVERY MODE: TOUCHDOWN (no power, continue descent and land)
a) Once condition at step 7) is respected , continue descent and do not touch power levers.
b) At 75 to 125 ft AGL, apply aft cyclic to level out and decelerate. Descent rate should be around 300-500
ft/min.
c) At 15 ft AGL, start flaring and raise collective with decision to cushion the landing: not too fast, not too
slow.Keep in mind that you have wheels, not skids. This will be very helpful on landing. Tap your brake
pedals to slow down once you are on the ground.
Here is a video demonstration of a touchdown autorotation recovery by “Eagle 7”.

LINK: https://youtu.be/fOsnba4-Hv8
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PART 11 – MISSION TYPES & OPERATION APACHE
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AIRCRAFT SPEEDS & SPECIFICATIONS
From the PERF (Performance) page, the following data is computed:
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• HOVER Q:
• Required Hover Q (Torque, %): Minimum torque needed for IGE (In Ground Effect) and OGE (Out of
Ground Effect) conditions
• GO/NO-GO Hover Q (Torque, %): Minimum torque needed to maintain a 5-ft hover at maximum gross
weight.
• Note: The flight crew can compare indicated torque to go/no-go torque when performing a
hover check to determine if they are above maximum gross weight.
PART 11 – MISSION TYPES & OPERATION
• Indicated Torque (%): combined torque that the engines are presently generating. It is colored green,
yellow, or red based on published torque limits.
• CRUISE:
• Q RNG/END: Maximum-range (RNG) or maximum-endurance (END) torque value (in percent).
• FF RNG/END: Maximum-range (RNG) or maximum-endurance (END) fuel flow value (in pounds per hour).
• MAX GWT:
• DE IGE/OGE: Maximum Gross Weight for maximum dual-engine (DE) operation In-Ground Effect (IGE) or
Out of Ground Effect (OGE)
• SE IGE/OGE: Maximum Gross Weight for 2.5-minute maximum single-engine (SE) operation In-Ground
Effect (IGE) or Out of Ground Effect (OGE)
• TAS:
• VNE (Do Not Exceed Speed), in knots (TAS, True Airspeed)
• VSSE (Safe Single-Engine Speed), in knots (TAS, True Airspeed)
• RNG: Maximum Range Cruising Speed, in knots (TAS, True Airspeed)
• END: Maximum Endurance Cruising Speed, in knots (TAS, True Airspeed)
• MAX Q:
• Max DE Q (Torque, %): Displays 10-minute max dual-engine (DE) torque. Value is displayed in yellow if
above 100% and red if above 115%.
• Max SE Q (Torque, %): Displays 2.5-minute maximum single-engine (SE) torque. Value is displayed in
yellow if above 110% and red if above 125%.
• CG LIMITS:
• CG Status: Displays the forward and aft center of gravity limits and the current center of gravity (in
inches).
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AIRSPEED & MANOEUVERING LIMITS
• VNE (Never Exceed Speed): Determined as a function of weight, altitude and temperature (see PERF page).
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• Maximum Airspeed for Autorotation: 145 kts

• Maximum Rearward/Sideward Flight Speed: 45 kts (for all gross weights)
• Maximum Airspeed for Searchlight Extension: 90 kts.
• Maximum Airspeed with Symmetrically Loaded External Fuel Tanks (2 or 4) installed: 130 kts
• Maximum Airspeed for Stores Jettison: 130 kts
• Maximum Airspeed for External Tanks Jettison: 100 kts
• Intentional manoeuvers beyond attitude +/- 30 deg in pitch or +/- 60 deg in roll are prohibited.
• Avoid large pedal step inputs in arresting right hovering/low speed yawing turns greater than 60 deg/sec.
• Do not complete a landing on terrain which produces a pitch attitude change from a hover greater than 7 deg nose
up or 12 deg nose down or a roll attitude greater than 10 deg.
• Do not exceed 2 Gs when flying with external fuel tanks.
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COMBAT EMPLOYMENT
The basic building block of any attack helicopter unit is an Air Weapons Team (AWT or simply “team”) of two AH-64’s under the control of an Air Mission Commander (AMC), which is typically the
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most experienced Pilot-in-Command (PC) in the flight. The AMC’s responsibilities include:
• Ensuring success of the team’s mission Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual
• Managing the movement and manoeuver of the team
• Weapons release authority for the team
In the general sense, manoeuverability is the primary consideration for the Air Weapons Team. Here are a few guidelines:
• The “Lead” should manoeuver in predictable ways for the “Wing” to facilitate formation cohesion.
• The Wing should never inhibit the Lead’s ability to manoeuver and should always be able to provide suppressive fire for Lead.
• Distance between helicopters can vary based on terrain, proximity to the ground, illumination/visibility, and expected or known enemy threats. Typical distances range from 3 to 5 rotor discs up
to a kilometer or more. Distances are typically greater when over open terrain, whereas distances between aircraft will be less when operating in restrictive terrain (like valleys or urban areas).
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COMBAT EMPLOYMENT
Combat Cruise is the standard formation for AWT employment. It is generally more useful at very low
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altitudes and provides the most flexibility for the flight while minimizing predictability. The Wing’s
position aims to provide support to the Lead if unexpected enemy units are encountered.
Combat Cruise
Combat Spread is meant to maximize forward firepower with overlapping sensor fields-of-view and
weapons coverage, but at the expense of ease of manoeuverability and team flexibility. Combat
Spread requires a high degree of scanning and coordination between pilots in each aircraft,
particularly at night due to NVS (Night Vision Sensor) limitations. Distance between aircraft should be
based on manoeuvering room, visibility, terrain, and expected enemy contact.
Formation Distances
Combat Spread
Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual 272

COMBAT EMPLOYMENT
The purpose of terrain flight and the associated modes of flight is to deny enemy forces the ability to acquire, track and engage the aircraft. Terrain flight requires
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constant scanning to locate and avoid obstacles, particularly at night. The modes of terrain flight are defined as:
• Nap-of-the-earth (NOE) flight is as close to the earth’s surface as vegetation and obstacles permit, typically up to 25 feet above the highest obstacle (AHO). Crews
will typically perform “Bounding Overwatch” movement, where one aircraft provides cover while the other aircraft moves. This mode of flight requires good training
and a lot of concentration in order to avoid colliding with obstacles.
• Contour flight is at low altitude conforming to the contours of the earth, typically between 25 to 80 feet AHO. Crews will typically perform “Traveling Overwatch”
movement and utilize Combat Cruise as their formation.
• Low-level flight is at constant altitude and airspeed, typically between 80 to 200 feet AHO. Crews typically perform “Travelling” movement to rapidly transit from
one place to another. Keep in mind that this method provides the least amount of security for unexpected enemy encounters.
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Terrain Flight Modes
COMBAT EMPLOYMENT
Planning is an essential aspect of flying the AH-64. Even before climbing into the cockpit, air routes, terrain, suspected/known enemy positions, enemy weapon systems, and even the
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weather, should all be evaluated to understand how each factor will affect the aircrew’s ability to operate. Terrain allows you to mask your position and movements from the enemy. Blindly
bounding from one position to the next without performing reconnaissance of the route to that next position, and any potential fields of observation or fire, is a good way to catch lead in the
face.
Whenever possible, an attack helicopter aircrew should always choose a Battle Position (BP, a defensive location oriented on a likely enemy avenue of approach) that places the enemy
within the maximum effective range of their weapons, while remaining outside the maximum effective range of the enemy’s range (standoff). When standoff cannot be maintained due to
changes on the battlefield, the aircrew can utilize its mobility to rapidly re-position the attack helicopter to regain and maintain that standoff for as long as possible. This maximizes the attack
helicopter’s effectiveness against the enemy, while minimizing the enemy’s ability to engage it.
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Reconnaissance next to BP (Battle Position) with alternative sources of cover
COMBAT EMPLOYMENT
Attack helicopters should use cover and concealment whenever possible
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(known as “masking”), bounding from one battle position to the next to

minimize exposure to enemy fire. The best practice is to remain
undetected for as long as possible until ready to attack. To perform
sensor scans of the battlefield or engage enemy targets with their
weapon systems, attack helicopters must “un-mask” from behind
cover/concealment.
Depending on the nature of the cover/concealment and the tactical

situation, attack helicopters can un-mask vertically or laterally (from the

side) to expose their sensors or weapon systems while keeping an escape
route available if things go pear-shaped. Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual
When an attack is initiated, the

enemy should be engaged within the
shortest amount of time possible
before re-masking and relocating to a
different battle position.
Weapon fire reveals your presence to

the enemy, just as a sniper reveals his
position by firing on the enemy. This
is why constantly relocating is crucial
to ensure your survival.
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Un-masking from behind cover
QUICK TIPS
I recommend the “10 RULES TO LIVE BY: DCS Black Shark Tactics Primer” by Realandsimulatedwars. It’s an oldie but a goldie;
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these concepts are explained for the Ka-50 Black Shark, but most of them are also very much applicable to the AH-64 as well.
Link: http://realandsimulatedwars.yolasite.com/dcs-black-shark-tactics-primer.php
• Rule #1: Never fly over the objective

• Rule #2: Fire munitions from their maximum range
• Rule #3: Avoid the "Dead Man's Zone"
• Rule #4: New Area = DANGER ZONE!
• Rule #5: There is no such thing as too much reconnaissance

• Rule #6: Identify your targets
• Rule #7: Preserve ammunition
• Rule #8: Know the operational situation
• Rule #9: Attack the enemy from your maximum munition range and on its flanks
• Rule #10: Lack of patience will kill you
There are other great resources such as KriegSimulation’s “Nap-of-the-Earth” article

http://kriegsimulation.blogspot.ca/2009/10/dcs-black-shark-nap-of-earth-noe-flying.html
Robdcamp’s forum thread on SIMHQ is also enlightening to help you survive AAA threats:
http://simhq.com/forum/ubbthreads.php/topics/2915432/Guide_to_Surving_MANPADS_AAA_a.html#Post2915432
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HOCAS (HANDS-ON COLLECTIVE AND STICK)
CYCLIC
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Cyclic monocle.
Weapon Action Switch (WAS)
• FWD: “G” selects the gun.
• LEFT: “R” selects rockets. Chaff Dispense Button
variant)
• FWD: “R” (Release). When held, releases the
released, re-engages the force trim system, using
PART 12 – HOCAS & TEDAC GRIPS

point.
• AFT: “D” (Disengage). Disengages attitude and
altitude hold.
No Function • RIGHT: “AL” (Altitude Hold)
• First Detent
• Second Detent (Spacebar)
RTS/ICS (Radio Transmit Select/Intercom • Trigger Guard
up to VHF.
FMC (Flight Management • LEFT: “RADIO” transmits over the selected
Computer) Release Button radio
• Disengages all FMC SCAS (Stability • RIGHT: “ICS” transmits over the Intercom
and Augmentation Control System) System to your other crew member.
channels.
277
FCR (Fire Control Radar) Scan FOV (Field-
HOCAS (HANDS-ON COLLECTIVE AND STICK) of-View) Size Selector
COLLECTIVE • AFT: M (Medium FOV), scans 45 deg arc
•
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FCR (Fire Control Radar) Mode Selector LEFT: N (Narrow FOV), scans 30 deg arc
AH-64D
• FWD: GTM (Ground Targeting Mode) • RIGHT: W (Wide FOV), scans 90 deg arc
• LEFT: TPM (Terrain Profile Mode)

• FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects IHADSS line-of-sight
• AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-To-Shoot (NTS). If the CPG’s active sight is
TADS and the pilot commands LINK, the CPG’s active sight will become HMD.
• LEFT: FCR (Fire Control Radar)
Cursor Display Select Button • RIGHT: No function for pilot collective.
FCR (Fire Control Radar) Scan Control

• FWD: S (Single) Scan

Collective

NVS (Night Vision System) Select Switch • RIGHT: PLRT, toggles FLIR image polarity
• FWD: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight) between Black Hot and White Hot
• Note: When the pilot selects one NVS source, the other
Search Light ON/OFF Switch
source is automatically assigned to the CPG (Co-
• FWD (ON) / MIDDLE (OFF) / AFT (STOW)
pilot/Gunner)
Engine Chop Button Search Light Position Control

• Pressing this button activates the chop • FWD (Extend) / AFT (Retract) / LEFT / RIGHT
circuit, which reduces engine power to
IDLE. Pressing it again resets the chop
circuit and restores normal engine
power. Cursor Enter Trigger
Stabilator Control
• FWD: Nose DOWN Missile Advance Button
• DOWN: Resets Stabilator control mode to automatic
• Manually steps the next Hellfire
• AFT: Nose UP
missile for launch.
• No function unless the missile mode
278
is Manual.
TEDAC (TADS ELECTRONIC DISPLAY AND CONTROL) TEDAC LHG (Left Hand Grip)
LEFT HAND GRIP • TADS: Target Acquisition and Designation Sight
TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation
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Sight) FOV (Field-of-View) Selector TADS Sensor Select Switch

• FWD: Z (Zoom FOV) • Selects the optical sensor used for TADS. No function if the TADS is
• AFT: M (Medium FOV) being used by either crewmember as an NVS sensor.
• LEFT: N (Narrow FOV) • FWD: FLIR (Forward-Looking Infrared) used by TADS
• RIGHT: W (Wide FOV) • MIDDLE: DTV (Daytime Television) Sensor
• AFT: DVO, no function.
IAT/OFS Switch
• FWD: IAT (Image Auto-Track) Weapon Action Switch (WAS)
• Short Press: Enables image-auto track and establishes the object under the • FWD: “G” selects the gun.
cursor as the primary track. • LEFT: “R” selects rockets.
• Long Press: Activates manual sizing of the tracking gates. • RIGHT: “M” selects Hellfire missiles.
• AFT: OFS (Offset). When offset tracking, returns TADS Line-of-Sight to the primary • AFT: “A” selects Air-to-Air Weapons (no
track. When not offset tracking, deletes the current track (primary or secondary). function in our DCS AH-64D variant)
Video Record Button Store/Update Switch

• Toggles the VCR between STOP/STANDBY • Stores position information or performs position updates.
and RECORD mode. • FWD: STORE, Stores selected sensor line-of-sight as a point
• AFT: UPDATE, Performs a flyover or TADS position update.
FCR (Fire Control Radar) Mode Selector
• FWD: GTM (Ground Targeting Mode) FCR (Fire Control Radar) Scan Control
• AFT: ATM (Air Targeting Mode) • FWD: S (Single) Scan
• LEFT: TPM (Terrain Profile Mode) • AFT: C (Continuous) Scan
Cursor Control/Enter Switch • Rapidly orients the FCR antenna towards a threat emitter
• Deflecting the control moves the MPD detected by the RFI. Scans in the direction of the emitter and
(Multi-Purpose Display) cursor attempts to correlate the location of the emitter in the GTM,
• Pressing DOWN on the cursor selects the ATM, or RMAP targeting modes. No function if FCR is not the
item under the MPD cursor active sight and the master arm isn't in ARM.
Cursor Display Select Button Cage Button (No Function)

• Toggles the cursor to the other MPD and (Opposite Side)
centers it on the screen.
279
TEDAC (TADS ELECTRONIC DISPLAY AND CONTROL) FCR (Fire Control Radar) Scan FOV (Field-
of-View) Size Selector
RIGHT HAND GRIP • FWD: Z (Zoom FOV), scans 15 deg arc
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•
AH-64D
TEDAC RHG (Right Hand Grip) AFT: M (Medium FOV), scans 45 deg arc
• TEDAC: TADS Electronic Display and Control • LEFT: N (Narrow FOV), scans 30 deg arc
• TADS: Target Acquisition and Designation Sight • RIGHT: W (Wide FOV), scans 90 deg arc
LST (Laser Spot Tracker) Mode Switch

• MIDDLE: OFF FCR (Fire Control Radar) C-Scope Button
• AFT:M (Manual) • Slews TADS line-of-sight when "Slave mode"
of-sight FLIR Polarity Button
• AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-To-Shoot • Toggles FLIR (Forward-Looking
(NTS). If the CPG’s active sight is TADS and the pilot Infrared) image polarity (black-hot or
commands LINK, the CPG’s active sight will become HMD. white-hot).

• RIGHT: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight)
Sight Slave Button
IAT (Image Auto Tracker) Polarity Switch • Toggles the FCR or TADS tracking mode
• FWD: WHITE, bright objects are tracked by the IAT. between Slave and Manual (de-slaved).
• MIDDLE: AUTO, polarity is automatically selected by the IAT When in Slave, FCR or TADS line-of-sight is
• AFT: BLACK, dark objects are tracked by the IAT. slaved to target acquisition line-of-sight.
When in Manual, FCR antenna angle or
TADS MTT (Multi-Target Tracker) Track Promote Switch manual tracker.
• AFT:Steps to the previous TADS track and promotes it to primary
MAN TRK (Sight Manual Tracker
Cursor Enter Button
TEDAC RHG LRFD (Laser Rangefinder & Designator) Trigger (opposite side of grip) is not enabled (tracking mode is Manual).
• First detent: LRFD determines target range. • Alternatively, it can slew the FCR antenna
• Second detent: LRFD determines target range and designates target for laser guidance and angle.
FCR (Fire Control Radar) Zoom Button

HDD Button (No Function)
• Changes the FCR targeting format to a 6× zoom,
(Opposite Side) centered around the Next-To-Shoot (NTS). A
second press restores the normal FCR format.
Missile Advance Button (Opposite Side)
• Manually steps the next Hellfire missile for launch. 280
No function unless the missile mode is Manual.
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PART 13 – SENSORS & SIGHTS APACHE
281
SECTION SUMMARY
• 1 – Introduction • 4 - AN/AAQ-11 PNVS (Pilot Night Vision System)
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• 1.1 – Sensors & Sights Overview • 4.1 – Introduction

• 1.2 – Sight Selection • 4.2 – Symbology
• 1.3 – Acquisition Sources • 4.3 – Controls
• 1.4 – Powering Up Sensors • 4.4 – Tutorial
• 2 – HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display) • 5 – AN/APG-78 FCR (Fire Control Radar)

• 2.1 – IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) Components
• 2.2 – IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) Boresight • 6 – AN/APR-48A RFI (Radio Frequency Interferometer)
• 2.3 – HDU (Helmet Display Unit) Symbology
• 2.4 – TADS & PNVS Integration
• 2.5 – Target Storing with HMD
• 3 – AN/ASQ-170 TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight)

• 3.1 – Introduction
• 3.2 – Display
•
PART 13 – SENSORS & SIGHTS
3.3 – Controls
• 3.4 – Laser Range Finder & Designator (LRFD)
• 3.5 – Target Storing with TADS
• 3.6 – Linear Motion Compensator (LMC) & Target State Estimator (TSE)
• 3.7 – Image Auto Tracker (IAT)
• 3.8 – Multi-Target Tracker (MTT)
• 3.9 – Laser Spot Tracker (LST)
• 3.10 – Target Slaving to Acquisition Sources
• 3.10.1 – PHS (Pilot Helmet Sight) Slaving
• 3.10.2 – GHS (Gunner Helmet Sight) Slaving
• 3.10.3 – SKR (Tracking Missile Seeker) Slaving
• 3.10.4 – FXD (Fixed) Slaving
• 3.10.5 – Waypoint/Target Slaving
• 3.10.6 – CAQ/TRN (Cursor Acquisition/Terrain) Slaving
• 3.10.7 – FCR (Fire Control Radar) Slaving
• 3.11 – Using George AI
• 3.12 – Targeting Methods
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1 – INTRODUCTION
1.1 – Sensors & Sights Overview
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The AH-64 is equipped with an impressive variety of sights and sensors. The main sensors are:
• The AN/ASQ-170 TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight), which has the ability to locate, track, and laser designate targets day and night, and in bad weather conditions.
• The AN/AAQ-11 PNVS (Pilot Night Vision System), which provides day- and night-capable infrared vision.
• The AN/APG-78 FCR (Fire Control Radar), which is an air-to-ground and air-to-air radar with the capability to locate and independently track up to 128 surface targets.
• The AGM-114K Hellfire Missile Seeker, which has its own ability to detect and track laser-designated targets.
• The AN/APR-48A RFI (Radio Frequency Interferometer), which provides coverage identification and direction of radar emitters.
AN/APG-78 FCR (Fire Control Radar)

AN/APR-48A RFI (Radio Frequency Interferometer)


TADS FLIR Assembly

• TADS: Target Acquisition &
Designation Sight

• DTV: Day Television
• LST: Laser Spot Tracker AGM-114K Hellfire Missile Seeker 283
1 – INTRODUCTION
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The TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) displays the TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight) video feed. The TDU can also
be used to interface with the FCR (Fire Control Radar) and the PNVS (Pilot Night Vision System).

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1 – INTRODUCTION 3

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MPDs (Multi-Purpose Displays) can show video from aircraft sensors and allows the crewmembers to set video
underlays and configure video settings. This is useful for the pilot to use the VIDEO page as a repeater.
2
In this example, the pilot selects the TADS feed on the VIDEO page.
1 4
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1 – INTRODUCTION
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The primary sensor and sighting system for the AH-64 is the IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System). The IHADSS displays sensor, targeting, and aircraft information
in the crewmember’s line-of-sight on the HDU (Helmet Display Unit) monocle, helping the crewmembers to locate and track targets and maintain situational awareness. The HDU
symbology format changes depending on its display mode, which is controlled by the crew.

IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sight System)
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1 – INTRODUCTION
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The IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) HDU (Helmet Display Unit) is also capable of overlaying calibrated video data from
Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR) or Day Television (DTV) sensors. The video data can come from the TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight) or
the PNVS (Pilot Night Vision System) depending on what video source is selected.

on Pilot HDU (Helmet Display Unit)
TADS Overlay on Co-Pilot/Gunner HDU

(Helmet Display Unit)
TADS Feed on TDU

(TEDAC Display Unit)
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1 – INTRODUCTION
1.2 – Sight Selection
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The principle of “Sight Selection” in the AH-64 can be simplified as: what am I using to aim with?
Controlling which sight is selected is fairly straightforward: there are Sight Select switches on both the pilot and co-pilot
collective, but there is also a Sight Select switch on the TEDAC Right Hand Grip that can be used exclusively by the co-pilot.

Collective

of-sight
• 288 Sight), but
RIGHT: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation
only functional for CPG.
1 – INTRODUCTION
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The indication of which sight is selected can be found in:

• The Weapon Page
• The TDU (TADS Display Unit)
• On both the pilot and the co-pilot/gunner HDU (Helmet Display Unit) monocle.

• TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight) HDU (Helmet Display Unit) Monocle
Weapon MPD Page
TDU (TADS Display Unit)
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1 – INTRODUCTION IHADSS HDU (Helmet Display
Unit) Monocle
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Here are two scenarios to illustrate how sight selection works. More practical examples will be shown in the Weapons section.
• Scenario 1: C-HMD (Co-Pilot Helmet Display) Sight is selected. This means that the helmet is used as the primary sight.
Incidentally, TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) controls for Symbology will only affect the HDU (Helmet Display Unit).
• Scenario 2: TADS is selected as a sight. This means that the TADS is used as the primary sight, which will overlay the TADS FLIR
on the co-pilot’s HDU (Helmet Display Unit). Your monocle will look “through” the TADS, and TDU controls will affect the TADS.
Scenario 1 Scenario 2
C-HMD Sight Selected TADS Sight Selected
Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight)

TDU (TADS)
Video Feed
TDU (TADS)
Video Feed
TDU Controls
TDU Controls
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1 – INTRODUCTION TADS (Slaved to PHS)
1.3 – Acquisition Sources

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The principle of an “Acquisition Source” in the AH-64 can be simplified as: what
am I acquiring my target from? An acquisition source is used to slave or cue the Gun Selected
selected sight to a line-of-sight or point on the ground. Acquisition sources allow and Armed
either the pilot or co-pilot/gunner to slave onboard sensors to them. As an
example, you could be using a stored target or a waypoint as an acquisition
source, which can be used by the TADS to maintain visibility over a fixed point of
interest in space.
In the example below, the PHS (Pilot Helmet Sight) has been selected as an
acquisition source and the co-pilot pressed the Sight Slave button to “snap” the
TADS sensor to the pilot helmet’s line-of-sight.
Acquisition Source: PHS

(Pilot Helmet Sight)
Acquisition Source: PHS

Sight Slave Button
between Slave and Manual (de-slaved).
When in Slave, FCR or TADS line-of-sight is
slaved to target acquisition line-of-sight.
manual tracker.
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1 – INTRODUCTION
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Each crewmember has the ability to select and receive cueing information from the
following selectable Acquisition sources:
• PHS (Pilot Helmet Sight): Useful when the pilot has found a target and the co-
pilot/gunner wants to slave the TADS to where the pilot helmet’s line-of-sight.
• GHS (Gunner Helmet Sight): Useful when the co-pilot/gunner has found a target
visually and wants to slave the TADS to his helmet’s line-of-sight.
• SKR (Tracking Missile Seeker): Useful when the Hellfire missile’s seeker has
spotted a laser from another laser designator (like another AH-64 or a JTAC) and
the gunner wants to slave sensors to the location where the missile seeker is
looking. This is a “primitive” form of LST (Laser Spot Tracker).
• FXD (Fixed): Useful when you want to quickly “boresight” sensors and weapons in
the forward position, which is fixed 0 deg in azimuth and elevation with the aircraft
centerline.
Acquisition Sources on the Battlefield (Source: Eagle Dynamics Manual)
• Waypoint/Target (W##, H##, C##, T##): Useful when co-pilot/gunner wants to
slave the TADS to specific coordinates stored in a Waypoint, Hazard, Control
Measure or Target/Threat. ## refers to the number of the point.
• CAQ/TRN (Cursor Acquisition/Terrain): Useful when you want to slave sensors to

a specific terrain location on the TSD (Tactical Situation Display) page, which is
done by using the cursor controls on either the pilot or co-pilot’s Cursor Control on
the collective or on the co-pilot’s TEDAC Left Hand Grip.
• FCR (Fire Control Radar): Not yet implemented.
• RFI (Radio Frequency Interferometer): Not yet implemented.
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1 – INTRODUCTION
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The selected acquisition source is displayed on:
• The Weapon page

• The TDU (TEDAC Display Unit)
• The TSD (Tactical Situation Display) page
• The HDU (Helmet Display Unit) monocle
Acquisition Source
Weapon MPD Page TDU (TADS Display Unit)

TSD (Tactical Situation Display)
Acquisition Source
Acquisition Source
2a
Acquisition Source
Acquisition
293 Source
1 – INTRODUCTION • TEDAC: TADS Electronic Display and Control
1.3 – Acquisition Sources 5
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Sight Slave Button

To change acquisition source: • Toggles the FCR or TADS tracking mode
1. Go through either the Weapon or TSD (Tactical Situation Display) page. slaved to target acquisition line-of-sight.
2. Press on the VAB (Variable Action Button) next to ACQ. When in Manual, FCR antenna angle or
3. Select VAB next to desired acquisition source. TADS line-of-sight is controlled by the sight
4. And… That’s it! The process is a bit clunky when you keep having to switch back and manual tracker.
forth between acquisition sources, but it is what it is.
5. If you want to slave sensors to the selected acquisition source, the co-pilot gunner
has to press the Sight Slave button on the TEDAC Right Hand Grip.
Weapon MPD Page

4
Acquisition Source Status
3
2
1 294
1 – INTRODUCTION
1.4 – Powering Up Sensors
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Sensors can be powered on by accessing the WPN (Weapon) page from the Co-Pilot/Gunner seat, then selecting the
“UTIL” sub-menu. From the UTIL sub-menu, you can press the VABs (Variable Action Buttons) next to:
• IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System)
• RFI (Radio Frequency Interferometer)
• FLIR (TADS Forward-Looking Infrared)
• LASER (Radar/Laser Warning Receiver)
2b
• Additional Note: Hollow circle means OFF. Solid Circle means ON.
WPN Page Accessed from CPG

(Co-Pilot/Gunner) Cockpit
Sensor Power VABs

Hollow = OFF
2a Solid = ON
Sensor Stowing VABs

Unboxed = Unstowed
Boxed = Stowed
1
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2 – HMD (HELMET-MOUNTED DISPLAY)
2.1 – IHADSS (Integrated Helmet & Display Sighting System) Components
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The IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) allows the crewmembers to view
flight and navigation information, sensor video, targeting information, and weapon status. The
IHADSS can be toggled ON/OFF using the “IHADSS Show” binding, which is “i” by default.

• Use “I” binding to show/hide IHADSS. 296
2 – HMD (HELMET-MOUNTED DISPLAY) Head-Tracking Sensors

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The IHADSS consists of the Helmet Display Unit (HDU), a small, collimated display placed in front of the
crewmember’s right eye (on a rotatable arm); the Sensor Surveying Units (SSU) and Integrated Helmet Unit
(IHU), a series of sensors in the cockpit that determine crewmember head position and line-of-sight; the
Boresight Reticle Units (BRU), which establishes sensor boresight; and avionics systems that can slave
sensor and weapon systems to the IHADSS line of sight.
The IHADSS also allows each crewmember to independently cue weapons and sensors using their head
movements and is integral in performing flight operations at night. The pilot is presented with a Flight
symbology format within the Helmet Display Unit (HDU). The co-pilot/gunner is either presented with Flight
symbology format or Weapon symbology format within the HDU, depending on sight selection.

297
Both crewmembers can use the IHADSS independently
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For the pilot, the SYM BRT Control knob is used to adjust the HDU symbology’s brightness. The IHADSS Button’s inner
and outer knobs controls video contrast and brightness.
The IHADSS is aligned using the BRU (Boresight Reticle Unit) and the Weapon Page.
Boresight Reticle Unit (BRU)
• Used to align/boresight HDU (Helmet Display Unit)
Pilot Cockpit
Pilot Cockpit
IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display

Sighting System) Knobs
• Inner knob controls video contrast
• Outer knob controls video brightness.
SYM BRT (Symbology

Brightness) Control
• Controls the brightness of IHADSS
symbology displayed on the HDU
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For the co-pilot/gunner, the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) Symbology Brightness Adjustment Rocker Switch is used to • FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects IHADSS
adjust the HDU brightness. line-of-sight
• The TDU Symbology Brightness control will only work if the TDU Display Mode Selector is set to either DAY or NIGHT. • AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-To-Shoot
• Another subtlety when using the TDU Symbology Brightness Adjustment Rocker Switch is that you should make sure commands LINK, the CPG’s active sight will become HMD.
the Sight Selector Switch has been pressed FWD on the collective to select the Helmet-Mounted display as the sight. • LEFT: FCR (Fire Control Radar)
The IHADSS is aligned using the BRU (Boresight Reticle Unit) and the Weapon Page, just like in the pilot cockpit. but only functional for CPG collective.
Boresight Reticle Unit (BRU)

• Used to align/boresight HDU (Helmet Display Unit)


C-HMD (Co-Pilot Helmet

Mounted Sight) Selected 299
2.2 – IHADSS (Integrated Helmet & Display Sighting System) Boresight
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During the aircraft’s start-up procedure, the IHADSS for each crew station must be “boresighted” to provide the aircraft
systems with accurate azimuth and elevation position data of each crewmember’s helmet.
1. Put on the IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) monocle by pressing “I” (“IHADSS SHOW/HIDE”
control).
2. Make sure the Primary Cockpit Lights Control Knob is set to BRT (Bright). This knob is needed for the boresight
alignment symbology on the BRU (Boresight Reticle Unit) to be visible.
3. Press on the WPN FAB (Fixed Action Button) to access the Weapon menu.
4. Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to BORESIGHT.
5. Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to IHADSS to activate Boresight Reticle Unit (BRU).
Boresight Reticle Unit (BRU): Bullseye Pattern
2
3
300
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6. Position your head at a natural posture and aim the HDU’s (Helmet-Display Unit) line-of-sight reticle at the center of the BRU’s
(Boresight Reticle Unit) illuminated bullseye pattern (yellow rings). Bullseye pattern rings should be concentric and centered.
7. When the HDU (Helmet Display Unit) is aligned within the bullseye (as shown on picture), press the B/S NOW button.
Alternatively, you can Depress the Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch since the cursor automatically snaps to B/S NOW.
HDU (Helmet Display Unit) Line-of-Sight Reticle: Green Cross
7 Boresight Reticle Unit (BRU): Bullseye Pattern

7
Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch 6
DEPRESS
IHADSS B/S REQUIRED Indication

7 301
B/S NOW Button
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8. If the boresight position is accepted, the BRU bullseye pattern

will extinguish, the B/S NOW option will be removed from the
MPD page, and the IHADSS button will become un-boxed.
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2.3 – HDU (Helmet Display Unit) Symbology
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IHADSS symbology can change based on which IHADSS Mode is selected. IHADSS mode selected is done with the Symbology Select Switch. The Symbology Select
Switch toggles between Cruise and Transition each FWD press, and it also toggles between Hover and Bob-Up each AFT press. You can select four distinct modes:
• Cruise Mode
• Transition Mode
• Hover Mode
• Bob-Up Mode
Transition Mode is typically used during normal flight, while Hover Mode is better suited when flying in, well, a hover (d’uh). There is no specific indication to tell you
which mode is selected... You will have to recognize the mode based on what information is available on the HDU.


on MPD
303
Alternate Sensor
2.3 – HDU (Helmet Display Unit) Symbology Ownship Heading Tape Bearing Flight Path Vector (FPV)
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Head Tracker
Cruise Mode is selected by toggling the
Symbology Select Switch FWD (toggles Command Heading Caret
between Cruise and Transition modes). Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle
and Cueing Dots
CRUISE is typically used for instrument Cued Line-of-Sight Reticle
flying in low visibility conditions, but overall Barometric Altitude (ft)
it is not very useful during normal flying Engine Torque (%)
operations. CRUISE can also be useful to see
your MSL (Mean Sea Level) altitude when Navigation Fly-To Cue
you need to know your flight level since (Waypoint Symbol)
TRANSITION mode does not show that. Pitch Ladder

• FWD: “CT” toggles between Cruise True Airspeed (kts) Rate of Climb / Vertical Speed
Scale (ft/min)

• DEPRESS: Brings FLT (Flight) page Cruise Horizon Line
on MPD Acquisition Source
• AFT: “HB” toggles between Hover • PHS (Pilot Helmet Sight)
and Bob-Up symbology on the • GHS (Gunner Helmet Sight)
Distance to Waypoint (km) Trim Ball • SKR (Tracking Missile Seeker)
Waypoint Selected • FXD (Fixed Forward, aircraft centerline)
Ground Speed (kts) Control Measure or Target/Threat)
TSD)
Time to Waypoint (minutes:seconds) • TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight)

Range (km) & Range Source Field-of-View Box &

IHADSS Mode Selected: Cued Line-of-Sight Dot
Field-of-Regard Box CRUISE 304
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Acceleration Cue
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Transition Mode is selected by toggling the

Symbology Select Switch FWD (toggles
between Cruise and Transition modes).
TRANSITION is typically used during most

phases of flight unless you want to takeoff,
land, or hover. Engine Torque (%) Velocity Vector

True Airspeed (kts)
Trim Ball Radar Altimeter Tape
on MPD
IHADSS helmet monocle. IHADSS Mode Selected:
TRANSITION 305
Acceleration Cue
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Hover Mode is selected by toggling the

Symbology Select Switch AFT (toggles between
Hover and Bob-Up modes).
HOVER is typically used whenever you want to

bring the helicopter into a hover.

Indicator (ft/min)
Radar Altimeter Tape

True Airspeed (kts)
Trim Ball

on MPD
HOVER 306
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Acceleration Cue
Bob-Up Mode is selected by toggling the
Symbology Select Switch AFT (toggles between
Hover and Bob-Up modes).
BOB-UP is typically used whenever you want to

settle the helicopter into a hover and stay at the
current position. The Bob-Up box symbol moves Engine Torque (%) Velocity Vector
as you drift away from the reference point (bob-
up box) set when engaging this mode.

True Airspeed (kts)

Indicator (ft/min)
Bob-Up Box
• Represents a 12 square-foot box anchored
to the position it was on the ground at the
time Bob-Up mode was entered. This is Radar Altimeter Tape
termed “dropping a Bob-Up box”. The box
will remain in this position until the crew
changes symbology modes. When the Bob- Trim Ball
Up box has reached the edge of the display
(“saturated”), the aircraft has travelled 40
feet. Helmet Line-of-Sight

on MPD
BOB-UP 307
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The High Action Display (HAD) displays symbology used mainly for targeting
and weapon employment. It also provides additional information such as the
selected sight and selected acquisition source.
The Field-of-View (FOV) Box indicates the relative position of the PNVS (Pilot
Night Vision System) or TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight) field-
of-view (30 deg x 40 deg) within the Field-of-Regard Box.
The Field-of-Regard (FOR) Box indicates azimuth limits for the current
sensor selected. Tick mark around the edges of the FOR box assist in marking
the sensor limits for each sensor.
PNVS Field-of-Regard Box Limits

TADS Field-of-Regard Box Limits High Action Display
Field-of-View Box
Field-of-Regard Box
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The Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle provides a fixed reference for aircraft Cued Line-of-Sight Reticle
pitch attitude and for weapon aiming. The reticle flashes when: Target selected with the TADS by
• The line-of-sight is invalid, or; the Co-Pilot/Gunner
• When the NVS (Night Vision System) switch is set to NORM and
TADS/PNVS sensors are at their slew limits.
The Cued Line-of-Sight Reticle is a representation of the location of the

acquisition source (target designated with the TADS, a waypoint, etc.). It
appears when the selected acquisition source is located within the HDU
field-of-view.
The Cueing Dots indicate the quadrant direction of the selected acquisition
source in relationship to the crewmember’s Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle.
• As an example, a cueing dot to the left with a cueing dot above the
Cueing Dot
Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle means the selected acquisition source Cueing Dot
(which is represented by the Cued Line-of-Sight Reticle in our case) is

to the top left, as shown in this screenshot.
The Cued Line-of-Sight Dot indicates the relative azimuth and elevation of
the selected acquisition source within the field-of-regard box.
Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle

Acquisition Source
Selected
Pilot NVS (Night Vision System) Mode
Switch
• FWD: FIXED, commands the selected NVS to
fixed forward at -4.9 deg in elevation.
• MIDDLE: NORM, commands the selected
NVS to IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and
Display Sighting System) line of sight. Cued Line-of-Sight Dot
• Note: The selected NVS is set using the NVS
SELECT switch on the collective.
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2.4 – TADS & PNVS Integration
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The HDU (Helmet Display Unit) can overlay calibrated video data from Forward-
Looking Infrared (FLIR) or Day Television (DTV) sensors. The video data can come
from the TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight) or the PNVS (Pilot Night PNVS (Pilot Night Vision System) Overlay
Vision System) depending on what video source is selected. Keep in mind that the on Pilot HDU (Helmet Display Unit)
PNVS and the TADS are two independent sensors.
From the Pilot Seat:

• When the Pilot NVS (Night Vision System) switch is set to NORM (Middle position),
the PNVS overlay is displayed by default.
• When the Pilot NVS switch is set to OFF (Aft position), the TADS or PNVS overlay is
removed.
• You can switch between PNVS and TADS overlay using the NVS Select Switch FWD
(TADS) or AFT (PNVS) on the collective.

• FWD: FIXED, commands the selected NVS to fixed forward at -4.9 deg in
elevation.
• MIDDLE: NORM, commands the selected NVS to IHADSS (Integrated Helmet
and Display Sighting System) line of sight.

• Note: When the pilot selects one NVS source, the other
source is automatically assigned to the CPG (Co- 310
pilot/Gunner)
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From the Co-Pilot/Gunner Seat: Co-Pilot NVS (Night Vision

• To display TADS video overlay: System) Mode Switch
a) Set the Co-Pilot NVS (Night Vision System) switch to OFF (Aft position).
b) Set the Sight Select Switch to RIGHT (TADS) on the collective.
• To display PNVS video overlay:
a) Set the Co-Pilot NVS (Night Vision System) switch to NORM (Middle position).
b) Set the Sight Select Switch to FWD (HMD, Helmet-Mounted Display) on the collective.
c) Set the Co-Pilot NVS Select switch to PNVS (AFT)
PNVS (Pilot Night Vision System) Overlay TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight)
on Co-Pilot HDU (Helmet Display Unit) Overlay on Co-Pilot HDU (Helmet Display Unit)

• FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display),
selects IHADSS line-of-sight
• AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR
Next-To-Shoot (NTS). If the CPG’s active
sight is TADS and the pilot commands LINK,
the CPG’s active sight will become HMD.
• RIGHT: TADS (Target Acquisition &
Designation Sight), but only functional for
CPG collective.

• Note: When the pilot selects one NVS source, the other source 311
is automatically assigned to the CPG (Co-pilot/Gunner)
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From the Co-Pilot/Gunner Seat:

• When the TADS is selected with the Sight Select Switch to RIGHT, the overlay on the HDU may be annoying,
especially when operating in day conditions where you would prefer using the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit).

TADS Feed on TDU

(TEDAC Display Unit)
312
TADS Feed on TDU
2 – HMD (HELMET-MOUNTED DISPLAY) (TEDAC Display Unit)
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From the Co-Pilot/Gunner Seat:

• To remove the TADS overlay from the HDU, there are two methods to do so:
• Method 1: Flip away the HDU using the “IHADSS Show” binding, which is
“i” by default.
• Method 2: Reduce the TADS Overlay brightness b
a) Set the Sight Select Switch to FWD (HMD, Helmet-Mounted
Display). The HDU sight selected should display “C-HMD”. a c
b) Press the TDU Image Brightness Adjustment Rocker Switch
DOWN a few times to bring the brightness all the way down. • FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects IHADSS line-
c) Set the Sight Select Switch to RIGHT (TADS) on the collective. of-sight
The TADS overlay should not be visible. • AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-To-Shoot
• RIGHT: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight), but
only functional for CPG collective.
c
a
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General Notes:
• Keep in mind that in most cases, the pilot will want the PNVS overlay on his own HDU while the co-pilot will want the TADS overlay on his own HDU.
• TADS and PNVS video overlay can only be displayed on one HDU (Helmet Display Unit) at a time. This means that if the pilot selects TADS feed on his HDU, the Co-Pilot/Gunner
will lose it from his own HDU if he has it selected. The same goes for the PNVS; if the Co-Pilot/Gunner selects it, the pilot will lose the ability to use it. Always warn the other
crew member if you want to switch between sensors on your HDU monocle in order to avoid confusion.

on Pilot HDU (Helmet Display Unit) TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight)
Overlay on Co-Pilot HDU (Helmet Display Unit)
314
Click Here for the
2 – HMD (HELMET-MOUNTED DISPLAY) Navigation Section
2.5 – Target Storing with HMD
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How to Store a Point (HMD, Automatic Range)
The Co-Pilot/Gunner can “store” a point set on a target within its range. Using automatically
computed ranging is one of the less accurate methods compared to laser ranging. Here is a
tutorial on how to store a target using automatic ranging.
1. [CPG] Set the Sight Select Switch to FWD (HMD) on the collective. Performing this action
will select the TADS and display the “C-HMD” (Co-Pilot Helmet-Mounted Display) indication
on the lower left of the HDU (Helmet Display Unit).
2. [P/CPG] Press A/S (Arm/Safe) Pushbutton to set Master Arm ON (ARM).
3. [CPG] On the WPN page, press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to MAN RNG to select
ranging parameter/option.
4. [CPG] Type “A” on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER on the KU. This will select
automatic ranging.
3a
3b
1
4
• FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects IHADSS
line-of-sight
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5. [CPG] Select Press on the TSD FAB (Fixed Action Button) to access the Tactical Situation
Display menu.
6. [CPG] Press on VAB (Variable Action Button) next to POINT.
7. [CPG] Press on VAB next to STO (Store).
8. [CPG] Press on VAB next to TYPE to toggle between either WP (Waypoint) or TG (Target).
We will select TG to store target coordinate data.
8
7
6
5
316
2 – HMD (HELMET-MOUNTED DISPLAY) 9
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9. [CPG] Place the Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle on the target you want to store as a target point.
10. [CPG] Press the TEDAC Left Hand Grip Store/Update Switch FWD (STORE) to store the TADS
line-of-sight as a target point.
11. [CPG] A “T” followed by the Target Point number will be displayed on the HDU (Helmet Display
Unit). As an example, “T01” indicates that Target Point 01 coordinates have been stored.
12. [CPG] On the TSD (Tactical Situation Display) page, selecting the ATK (Attack) Phase allows you
to display stored target points. This is useful when multiple targets are saved and you want to
quickly figure out where they are in relationship to you.
Store/Update Switch 10
• FWD: STORE, Stores selected sensor line-of-sight as a point A: Automatic Ranging
11
T01
T01 Target 01 Stored
Target 01 Stored
ATK Phase
12 317
3 – AN/ASQ-170 TADS (TARGET ACQUISITION & DESIGNATION SIGHT)
3.1 – Introduction
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The AN/ASQ-170 TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight) has the ability to locate, track, and laser designate
targets day and night, and in bad weather conditions. It consists of both FLIR (Forward-Looking Infrared) and Day TV
(DTV) video systems, a laser rangefinder/designator (LRF/D), and a laser spot tracker (LST).

TADS FLIR Assembly


• LST: Laser Spot Tracker
318
3.2 – Display
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In the AH-64D, the CPG’s (Co-Pilot/Gunner) uses the TDU

(TEDAC Display Unit) to display the TADS (Target
Acquisition & Designation Sight) video feed. The TDU can TDU (TEDAC Display Unit)
also be used to interface with the FCR (Fire Control • TEDAC: TADS Electronic Display and Control
Radar) and the PNVS (Pilot Night Vision System). • TADS: Target Acquisition and Designation Sight
319
3.2 – Display
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Various TDU image controls are available on

buttons surrounding the display. PNV (Pilot Night Vision
FCR (Fire Control Radar) System) Video Source Button
Video Source Button G/S (Grayscale Calibration Display) Button

TAD (Target Acquisition and
Designation Sight) Video Source Button
Infrared) Level Control Knob

Infrared) Gain Control Knob
TDU Image Brightness

TDU Range/Focus Adjustment Adjustment Rocker Switch
Rocker Switch
TDU Contrast Adjustment

Rocker Switch
TDU Elevation Drift
Adjustment Rocker Switch TDU Asterisk (*) Default Settings Button
• Resets brightness and contrast of the CPG
HDU or TDU to default setting. The day/night
TDU Azimuth Drift setting determines whether a bright or dim
default is used.
Filter Button
AZ/EL (Azimuth/Elevation) Enable Button
Freeze Button 320
ACM (Automatic Contrast Mode) Button
3.2 – Display
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Aircraft Heading
Here is a quick overview of the TDU symbology.
Take note that the information displayed TADS Sensor Bearing
changes depending on what weapon and
delivery mode is selected. LRFD (Laser Rangefinder & Designator)
Indicator
TADS LOS (Line-of-Sight) Reticle

Alternate Sensor Bearing
FOV (Field-of-View) Brackets
Selected Sensor Radar Altimeter (ft)

• FLIR: Forward-Looking
Infrared Sensor
• DTV: Day Television Acquisition Source

• PHS (Pilot Helmet Sight)
• GHS (Gunner Helmet Sight)
True Airspeed (kts) • SKR (Tracking Missile Seeker)
• FXD (Fixed Forward, aircraft centerline)
Control Measure or Target/Threat)
Sight Selection (Crewmember’s selected sight) TSD)
• HMD (Helmet Display) • TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight)
Range (m or km) & Range Source
Field-of-Regard Box
Field-of-View Box &

Cued Line-of-Sight Dot
321
3.2 – Display
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The High Action Display (HAD) shows symbology used mainly for targeting
and weapon employment. It also provides additional information such as
the selected sight and selected acquisition source.
The Field-of-View (FOV) Box indicates the relative position of TADS (Target
Acquisition & Designation Sight) field-of-view (30 deg x 40 deg) within the
Field-of-Regard Box. Field-of-Regard Box Field-of-View Box
The Field-of-Regard (FOR) Box indicates azimuth limits for the current
TADS Field-of-Regard Box
sensor selected. Tick mark around the edges of the FOR box assist in
marking the sensor limits for each sensor.
High Action Display
322
3.2 – Display
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TADS Limitations (displayed on Field-of-Regard Box)

• Elevation range of motion: + 30 deg to -60 deg
TADS Field-of-Regard Box Limits
• Azimuth range of motion: +/- 120 deg
• Slew rate: 60 deg/sec
+30 deg
-60 deg
120 deg 120 deg
323
3.2 – Display
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DTV (Daytime TV) is selected with the TADS Sensor Select Switch set to MIDDLE FLIR Polarity Button
(DTV), which is located on the left TEDAC grip. (Right TEDAC Grip)
• Toggles FLIR (Forward-
Looking Infrared) image
FLIR (Forward-Looking Infrared) is selected with the TADS Sensor Select Switch set to
polarity (black-hot or
FWD (FLIR), which is located on the left TEDAC grip. white-hot).
• FLIR Polarity can be toggled between BHOT (Black Hot) and WHOT (White Hot) by
using either:
• The Boresight/Polarity Selector on the collective or;
TADS Sensor Select Switch (Left TEDAC Grip)
• The FLIR Polarity Button on the right TEDAC grip. • Selects the optical sensor used for TADS. No function if the
TADS is being used by either crewmember as an NVS sensor.
Boresight/Polarity Selector • FWD: FLIR (Forward-Looking Infrared) used by TADS
• LEFT: Boresight, no function • MIDDLE: DTV (Daytime Television) Sensor
• RIGHT: PLRT, toggles FLIR image polarity • AFT: DVO, no function.
between Black Hot and White Hot
BHOT (Black Hot) FLIR Polarity DTV (Day Television)

WHOT (White Hot) FLIR Polarity Zoom levels: Wide, Narrow, & Zoom
Zoom levels: Wide, Medium, Narrow, & Zoom Zoom levels: Wide, Medium, Narrow, & Zoom
324
3.2 – Display
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Depending on whether you are operating during the day or at night, I recommend
you set the TDU Display Mode selector accordingly. It can make your life much
easier and provide better visibility on the TDU (TADS Display Unit).

TDU In Day Mode TDU In Day Mode TDU In Night Mode 325
(in Daylight Conditions) (in Night Conditions) (in Night Conditions)
Pilot Perspective
3.2 – Display
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Notes for the Pilot: On your IHADSS HDU (Helmet Display Unit), the Cued Line-of-Sight Reticle represents where the TADS is
looking if your acquisition (ACQ) source is set to the TADS. If another acquisition source is selected, the Cued Line-of-Sight
Reticle will be pointing to this other acquisition source instead of the TADS.
To set the TADS as the ACQ (acquisition) source:

1. [P] From the WPN or TSD page, press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to ACQ (Acquisition Source).
2. [P] Press VAB next to “TADS”. Your current acquisition source will then be the TADS.
3. [P] The Cued Line-of-Sight Reticle on the HDU will then be where the TADS is looking since the ACQ source is set to “TADS”.
3 Acquisition Source: TADS
2b
1a 2a
1b
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3.2 – Display
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Notes for the Pilot: You can also look at the TADS video feed, but you cannot slew the TADS by yourself;
that’s the Co-Pilot/Gunner’s job.
To see the TADS feed:

1. [P] Press on the VID FAB (Fixed Action Button) to access the Video menu
2. [P] Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to TADS to select TADS feed underlay.
3. [P] Press VAB next to VID option to collapse underlay options.
4. [P] Zoom settings can be selected via the W, N and Z VABs to the left.
2 4
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3.3 – Controls (Overview)
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The TADS is mainly controlled by the CPG (Co-Pilot/Gunner).

• The main controls are located on the Left and Right TEDAC grips.
• Display-related settings are available on the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit).
• Some TADS functions are also duplicated on the collective as well.

TEDAC LHG (Left Hand Grip)
Collective
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3 – AN/ASQ-170 TADS (TARGET ACQUISITION & DESIGNATION SIGHT) TEDAC LHG (Left Hand Grip)
3.3 – Controls (TEDAC Left Hand Grip) • TADS: Target Acquisition and Designation Sight
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Sight) FOV (Field-of-View) Selector TADS Sensor Select Switch

Here is an overview of the TADS controls on the left TEDAC grip. • FWD: Z (Zoom FOV) • Selects the optical sensor used for TADS. No function if the TADS is
• AFT: M (Medium FOV) being used by either crewmember as an NVS sensor.
• LEFT: N (Narrow FOV) • FWD: FLIR (Forward-Looking Infrared) used by TADS
• RIGHT: W (Wide FOV) • MIDDLE: DTV (Daytime Television) Sensor
• AFT: DVO, no function.

IAT/OFS Switch function in our DCS AH-64D variant)
• FWD: IAT (Image Auto-Track)
• Short Press: Enables image-auto track and establishes the object under
the cursor as the primary track.
Store/Update Switch
•
Stores position information or performs position updates.

• AFT: OFS (Offset). When offset tracking, returns TADS Line-of-Sight to the primary
track. When not offset tracking, deletes the current track (primary or secondary).
Video Record Button

• Toggles the VCR between STOP/STANDBY
and RECORD mode.
Cursor Control/Enter Switch

• Deflecting the control moves the MPD
(Multi-Purpose Display) cursor
• Pressing DOWN on the cursor selects the
item under the MPD cursor
Cursor Display Select Button Cage Button (No Function)

• Toggles the cursor to the other MPD and (Opposite Side)
centers it on the screen.
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3.3 – Controls (TEDAC Right Hand Grip)
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Here is an overview of the TADS controls on the right TEDAC grip.

LST (Laser Spot Tracker) Mode Switch FCR (Fire Control Radar) C-Scope Button
• MIDDLE: OFF
• AFT:M (Manual)
Sight Selector Switch FLIR Polarity Button

• FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects IHADSS line- • Toggles FLIR (Forward-Looking
of-sight Infrared) image polarity (black-hot or
• AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-To-Shoot white-hot).
• LEFT: FCR (Fire Control Radar) Sight Slave Button
• RIGHT: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight) • Toggles the FCR or TADS tracking mode
IAT (Image Auto Tracker) Polarity Switch slaved to target acquisition line-of-sight.
• FWD: WHITE, bright objects are tracked by the IAT. When in Manual, FCR antenna angle or
• MIDDLE: AUTO, polarity is automatically selected by the IAT TADS line-of-sight is controlled by the sight
• AFT: BLACK, dark objects are tracked by the IAT. manual tracker.
TADS MTT (Multi-Target Tracker) Track Promote Switch MAN TRK (Sight Manual Tracker
• AFT:Steps to the previous TADS track and promotes it to primary Controller) Switch, also known as
Cursor Enter Button
• Alternatively, it can slew the FCR antenna
TEDAC RHG LRFD (Laser Rangefinder & Designator) Trigger (opposite side of grip) angle.
• First detent: LRFD determines target range.
• Second detent: LRFD determines target range and designates target for laser guidance and
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3.3 – Controls (Collective)
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Here is an overview of the TADS controls on the collective.
• RIGHT: PLRT, toggles FLIR image polarity

line-of-sight
NVS (Night Vision System) Select Switch • AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-To-
Shoot (NTS). If the CPG’s active sight is TADS and the

pilot commands LINK, the CPG’s active sight will become
• Note: When the pilot selects one NVS source, the other source
HMD.
is automatically assigned to the CPG (Co-pilot/Gunner)
but only functional for CPG.
Collective
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3.3 – Controls (WPN – UTIL Sub-Page)
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Take note that selecting the WPN page, then the UTIL sub-page allows you to access TADS power options and functions such as:
• TADS: Powers the TADS on/off. TADS is normally powered on automatically one minute after aircraft power-on.
• FLIR: Powers the TADS FLIR on/off. The FLIR is normally powered on automatically one minute after aircraft power-on.
• LASER: Powers the TADS LRFD on/off.
• TADS STOW: Stows the TADS turret, facing 180° aft.
WPN Page WPN – UTIL Sub-Page

TADS Power Controls
TADS Power Functions
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3.4 – Laser Range Finder & Designator (LRFD)
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1. [CPG] From the WPN page, press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to UTIL to select Weapon Utility page.
2. [CPG] If required, press VABs next to TADS and FLIR to power on the TADS and FLIR systems.
3. [CPG] Press VAB next to LASER to power on the laser rangefinder/designator (LRFD) system.
1b
1a
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5. [CPG] Set the Sight Select Switch to RIGHT (TADS) on the collective. Performing this action will select the TADS and display the “TADS”
indication on the lower left of the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) and HDU (Helmet Display Unit).
6. [CPG] Once the TADS becomes the selected sight, the TADS overlay will be visible on the HDU. If you want to remove the TADS overlay
from the HDU, you can use one of these two methods:
• Method 1: Flip away the HDU using the “IHADSS Show” binding, which is “i” by default.
• Method 2: Reduce the TADS Overlay brightness
a) Set the Sight Select Switch to FWD (HMD, Helmet-Mounted Display). The HDU sight selected should display “C-HMD”.
b) Press the TDU Image Brightness Adjustment Rocker Switch DOWN a few times to bring the brightness all the way down.
c) Set the Sight Select Switch to RIGHT (TADS) on the collective. The TADS overlay should not be visible.
5a

• FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display),
selects IHADSS line-of-sight
• AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR
5b Next-To-Shoot (NTS). If the CPG’s active
sight is TADS and the pilot commands LINK,
the CPG’s active sight will become HMD.
• RIGHT: TADS (Target Acquisition &
Designation Sight), but only functional for
5b
CPG collective. 334
10a
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9b
7. [CPG] By default, the LRFD (Laser Rangefinder/Designator) is set to Channel A. From the WPN (Weapon)
page, any laser channel and its associated code can be selected and changed as desired.
• In this example, we will select Channel A and change it to a designation laser code of 1686
instead of the default laser code of 1688.
8. [CPG] To change your LRFD channel code, press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to CODE.
9. [CPG] Press VAB next to FREQ to select the laser frequency page.
10. [CPG] Press VAB next to Channel A, type the desired laser code of 1686 on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then
press ENTER on the KU. Channel A will then have a laser code of 1686.
11. [CPG] To select the LRFD channel you will designate with, press VAB next to CODE, then press VAB next
to Channel A to make it the active laser channel/code.
12. [CPG] Press VAB next to CODE to return to WPN menu.
8a
9a
10b
8b
7
11a 12
11b
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3 – AN/ASQ-170 TADS (TARGET ACQUISITION & DESIGNATION SIGHT) Boresight/Polarity Selector
3.4 – Laser Range Finder & Designator (LRFD) 18b

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14. [CPG] Confirm the selected sight is the TADS via the WPN page.
15. [CPG] Select TADS video feed source by pressing the TAD button.
16. [CPG] Adjust TDU (TADS Display Unit) Symbology Brightness (SYM), Image Brightness (BRT), Contrast (CON)
– As Required.
17. [CPG] On TEDAC Left Hand Grip, set TADS Sensor Select Switch to either FLIR (FWD) for TADS infrared
imagery or to DTV (MIDDLE) for Day TV.
18. [CPG] If FLIR is selected: 15
a) Adjust FLIR Level and Gain – As Required.
b) Toggle FLIR polarity using TEDAC Right Hand Grip FLIR Polarity Button or Collective
Boresight/Polarity Selector RIGHT (PLRT) – As Desired.
18a
16
18b FLIR Polarity Button
13 17 18a
16
16
14
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19. [CPG] On TEDAC Left Hand Grip, set TADS FOV (Field-of-View) Selector – As Desired
(Zoom, Medium, Narrow or Wide)
20. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, slew TADS Line-of-Sight using the MAN TRK (Sight 22 LRFD (Laser Rangefinder &
Manual Tracker Controller) Switch, also known as “Thumb Force Controller”. Designator) Indicator
21. [CPG] While using the MAN TRK Switch, the TADS is not ground-stabilized. You may
need to make constant adjustments to keep the Reticle on the target.
22. [CPG] Squeeze and hold the TEDAC Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger to lase and TADS Sensor Bearing
designate the target.
• First detent held: LRFD determines the target range
• Second detent held: LRFD determines target range and designates target for Selected Sensor
laser guidance. TADS LOS (Line-of-
Designated Target Sight) Reticle
19
22
True Airspeed (kts)

22
20 Target Range (meters)
* Symbol indicates range is being
computed by laser range finder Field-of-View Box
Field-of-Regard Box
22
TEDAC RHG LRFD (Laser Rangefinder & Designator)

Trigger (opposite side of grip) 337
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The TSD (Tactical Situation Display) page displays the TADS line-of-sight. Pressing the TEDAC Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger (First Detent) to lase
updates the TADS line-of-sight line position. The line-of-sight line is white when lasing and green when not lasing.
TSD (Tactical Situation

Display) Page
LRFD (Laser Rangefinder &
Designator) Indicator
TADS LOS (Line-of-

Sight) Reticle
TADS LOS (Line-of-

TADS Line-of-Sight Sight) Reticle
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Notes for the CPG: In situations where you need to be looking somewhere else than the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit), keep in mind that having the TADS feed
overlayed on the IHADSS HDU (Helmet Display Unit) is very useful, especially if you need to keep track of an existing target while looking for other targets.
Notes for the Pilot: On your IHADSS HDU (Helmet Display Unit), the Cued Line-of-Sight Reticle represents where the TADS is looking if your ACQ source is the
TADS.
Co-Pilot/Gunner Perspective Pilot Perspective

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3.5 – Target Storing with TADS Click Here for the
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Navigation Section
How to Store a Point (TADS, Laser Range)
The Co-Pilot/Gunner can “store” a point set on a target within its range. Using a laser for ranging is one of the more
accurate methods. Here is a tutorial on how to store a target using laser ranging. 3
4a
1. [CPG] Set the Sight Select Switch to RIGHT (TADS) on the collective. Performing this action will select the TADS
and display the “TADS” indication on the lower left of the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) and HDU (Helmet Display
Unit).
• Once the TADS becomes the selected sight, the TADS overlay will be visible on the HDU. If you want to
remove the TADS overlay from the HDU, use any procedure from section 2.4 (TADS & PNVS 2
Integration).
2. [CPG] Verify that TADS, FLIR and LASER are powered from the WPN – UTIL (Weapon Utility) page. Hollow circle
means OFF, solid circle means ON. Also check that Co-Pilot NVS (Night Vision System) Mode Switch is OFF (AFT).
4. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, slew TADS Line-of-Sight using the MAN TRK (Sight Manual Tracker Controller)
Switch, also known as “Thumb Force Controller”.

5. [CPG] While using the MAN TRK Switch, the TADS is not ground-stabilized. You may need to make constant
adjustments to keep the Reticle on the target.
4b
1
2 Sight Selector Switch
line-of-sight
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3.5 – Target Storing with TADS
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6. [CPG] Select Press on the TSD FAB (Fixed Action Button) to access the Tactical
Situation Display menu.
9. [CPG] Press on VAB next to TYPE to toggle between either WP (Waypoint) or TG
(Target). We will select TG to store target coordinate data.
6 341
3 – AN/ASQ-170 TADS (TARGET ACQUISITION & DESIGNATION SIGHT) Designator) Indicator
3.5 – Target Storing with TADS 10b

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Designated Target
10. [CPG] Squeeze and hold the TEDAC Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger to lase and designate the target.
• First detent held: LRFD determines the target range TADS LOS (Line-of-
• Second detent held: LRFD determines target range and designates target for laser guidance. Sight) Reticle
11. [CPG] Press the TEDAC Left Hand Grip Store/Update Switch FWD (STORE) to store the TADS line-of-
sight as a target point.
12. [CPG] A “T” followed by the Target Point number will be displayed on the TDU (TADS Display Unit). As
an example, “T01” indicates that Target Point 01 coordinates have been stored.
• The Co-Pilot can then call out to the pilot something like “BMP stored target 01” to let him
know what has been spotted and stored in which target point.
Store/Update Switch 11a

11b
T01
Target 01 Stored
10a

Trigger (opposite side of grip)
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13. [CPG] On the TSD (Tactical Situation Display) page, selecting the ATK (Attack) Phase
allows you to display stored target points. This is useful when multiple targets are
saved and you want to quickly figure out where they are in relationship to you.
T01
Target 01 Stored
TADS Line-of-Sight
ATK Phase
NAV Phase
13a 13b
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Navigation Section
How to Store a Point (TADS, Automatic Range)
The Co-Pilot/Gunner can “store” a point set on a target within its range. Using automatically computed ranging is one of
2 3
the less accurate methods compared to laser ranging. Here is a tutorial on how to store a target using automatic ranging.
1. [CPG] Set the Sight Select Switch to RIGHT (TADS) on the collective. Performing this action will select the TADS and
display the “TADS” indication on the lower left of the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) and HDU (Helmet Display Unit).
• Once the TADS becomes the selected sight, the TADS overlay will be visible on the HDU. If you want to
remove the TADS overlay from the HDU, use any procedure from section 2.4 (TADS & PNVS Integration).
means OFF, solid circle means ON. Also check that Co-Pilot NVS (Night Vision System) Mode Switch is OFF (AFT).
4. [CPG] On the WPN page, press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to MAN RNG to select ranging parameter/option.
5. [CPG] Type “A” on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER on the KU. This will select automatic ranging.
4a
4b
1
2 Sight Selector Switch
line-of-sight
5
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6. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, slew TADS Line-of-Sight using the MAN TRK (Sight Manual
Tracker Controller) Switch, also known as “Thumb Force Controller”.
7. [CPG] While using the MAN TRK Switch, the TADS is not ground-stabilized. You may need to
make constant adjustments to keep the Reticle on the target. 6b
6a
8. [CPG] Select Press on the TSD FAB (Fixed Action Button) to access the Tactical Situation
Display menu.
11. [CPG] Press on VAB next to TYPE to toggle between either WP (Waypoint) or TG (Target).
We will select TG to store target coordinate data.
11
10
9
8
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13. [CPG] A “T” followed by the Target Point number will be displayed on the TDU (TADS Display Unit).
As an example, “T02” indicates that Target Point 02 coordinates have been stored.
• The Co-Pilot can then call out to the pilot something like “BMP stored target 02” to let him TADS LOS (Line-of-
know what has been spotted and stored in which target point. Sight) Reticle
14. [CPG] On the TSD (Tactical Situation Display) page, selecting the ATK (Attack) Phase allows you to
display stored target points. This is useful when multiple targets are saved and you want to quickly
figure out where they are in relationship to you. A: Automatic Ranging
T02
Target 02 Stored
13
TADS Line-of-Sight T02

Target 02 Stored
ATK Phase
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How to Slave TADS to a Stored Point (COORD Page Method)
The useful aspect of stored point is that the TADS can be “slaved” to it, meaning that it will “snap” on its coordinates and keep tracking its
position in a “ground-stabilized” manner. In this example, we have three existing target points T01, T02 and T03. We will slave the TADS to
Target Point T02 and use the COORD page to select T02 as the acquisition source.
1. [CPG] On the TSD (Tactical Situation Display) page, select ATK (Attack) Phase. This will allow you to see existing target points on the TSD.
2. [CPG] Press on VAB (Variable Action Button) next to COORD (Coordinates).
3. [CPG] Press on VAB next to T02 to select Target Point 2.
4. [CPG] Target Point T02 is now the acquisition source, which we will need to slave the TADS to.
2a T02 is the
T02
Acquisition Source
2b Target 02 Stored
1b
1a
TADS Line-of-Sight
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TADS Reticle Slaved
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5. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button. The TADS will then
lock on the selected acquisition source, which is Target Point T02 in this case.
Sight Slave Button 2a
6. [CPG] The TADS will keep tracking the target point, which means that MAN TRK
switch (Sight Manual Tracker Controller, or “Thumb Force Controller”) input will 5
not be able to move the TADS line-of-sight.
7. [CPG] If desired, on TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button to “de- 7
TADS Reticle De-Slaved
slave” the TADS from the target point acquisition source. This will allow you to use
MAN TRK switch (Sight Manual Tracker Controller, or “Thumb Force Controller”)
input to make adjustments to the TADS line-of-sight.
5 5
TADS De-Slaved
TADS Line-of-Sight
TADS Slaved to T02
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Navigation Section
How to Slave TADS to a Stored Point (Cursor Acquisition Method)
In this example, we have three existing target points T01, T02 and T03. We will slave the
TADS to Target Point T01 and use the CAQ (Cursor Acquisition) method with the TSD
(Tactical Situation Display) page to select T01 as the acquisition source.
1. [CPG] On the TSD (Tactical Situation Display) page, select ATK (Attack) Phase. This will
allow you to see existing target points on the TSD.
2. [CPG] Press on VAB (Variable Action Button) next to CAQ (Cursor Acquisition).
3. [CPG] Move the MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) Cursor on the desired target symbol 3 4
(T01 is our case) using the Cursor Control Hat Switch on the collective or on the
TEDAC Right Hand Grip. Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch
4. [CPG] Once cursor is over Target T01, depress the Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch. • Pressing DOWN on the cursor selects the item under the MPD cursor
This will select the target point as the acquisition source.
T01 is the
3a Cursor Cursor (over 3b 4 Acquisition Source
Target Point T01)
Target Point
T01
TADS Line-of-Sight
1b
2
1a
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3.5 – Target Storing with TADS TADS Reticle Slaved
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5. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button. The TADS will then lock on the selected Sight Slave Button
acquisition source, which is Target Point T01 in this case. 5
6. [CPG] The TADS will keep tracking the target point, which means that MAN TRK switch (Sight Manual
Tracker Controller, or “Thumb Force Controller”) input will not be able to move the TADS line-of-sight. 7
7. [CPG] If desired, on TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button to “de-slave” the TADS from TADS Reticle De-Slaved
the target point acquisition source. This will allow you to use MAN TRK switch (Sight Manual Tracker
Controller, or “Thumb Force Controller”) input to make adjustments to the TADS line-of-sight.
5 5 7
TADS De-Slaved
TADS Line-of-Sight
TADS Slaved to T01
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3.6 – Linear Motion Compensator (LMC) & Target State Estimator (TSE)
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What if a target is not sitting perfectly still? Vehicles could be moving, or the helicopter itself could be manoeuvering around a target, causing the TADS to drift away from the target.
Thankfully, the Apache has a feature called LMC (Linear Motion Compensator), which is a toggleable slew logic within the TADS that allows the co-pilot/gunner to adjust and maintain
continuous (linear speed) turret slew rates instead of using raw MAN TRK (Sight Manual Tracker Controller Switch, also known as “Thumb Force Controller) controller inputs. In other words,
LMC helps you track a target by compensating for helicopter movement and/or target movement and is meant to reduce co-pilot/gunner’s workload. Take note that the LMC slew rate gains
are reduced when fields-of-view of higher magnification are selected by the co-pilot/gunner to aid in targeting stabilization.
The LMC can be used in conjunction with TSE (Target State Estimator), which provides lead-angle compensation when employing the gun or rockets. Basically, if you have LMC engaged and
the reticle’s speed matches the target’s speed, the cannon can automatically apply some lead to make sure the rounds hit where the target is going to be while taking into account its current
speed and direction. TSE is engaged by pulling the LRFD (Laser Rangefinder & Designator) trigger to the second detent.
General guidance with regards to the laser are:

LMC & TSE Example by Matt Wagner: https://youtu.be/eQEuD_qQGGs
• If neither the target nor the aircraft is moving use first detent ranging
• Otherwise, use continuous second detent designation (with LRFD Trigger) to employ the TSE.
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5
3 – AN/ASQ-170 TADS (TARGET ACQUISITION & DESIGNATION SIGHT) Designator) Indicator
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Example of use of LMC with a moving vehicle
1. [CPG] Set the Sight Select Switch to RIGHT (TADS) on the collective. Performing this action will select the TADS and Designated Target
2. [CPG] Verify that TADS, FLIR and LASER are powered from the WPN – UTIL (Weapon Utility) page. Hollow circle means
OFF, solid circle means ON.
4. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, slew TADS Line-of-Sight on the target using the MAN TRK (Sight Manual Tracker TADS LOS (Line-of-
Controller) Switch, also known as “Thumb Force Controller”. Sight) Reticle
5. [CPG] Squeeze and hold the TEDAC Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger to lase and designate the target to obtain ranging
information.
• First detent held: LRFD determines the target range
• Second detent held: LRFD determines target range and designates target for laser guidance.
6. [CPG] On TEDAC Left Hand Grip, press LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) Button to engage LMC.
TEDAC LHG (Left Hand Grip) TEDAC RHG (Right Hand Grip) Sight Selector Switch
• TEDAC: TADS Electronic Display
and Control 1
MAN TRK (Sight Manual Tracker 4
• Slews TADS line-of-sight when TADS LOS
when Slave is not enabled (tracking mode is
Manual). 3
• Alternatively, it can slew the FCR antenna
angle. Target Lased & Designated LMC ON
LMC OFF (Reticle moves with constant rate)
5
LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) Button (Opposite Side) 6

• Toggles the linear motion compensator (LMC) during manual tracking.
Compensates for helicopter and/or target movement. 352
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TEDAC LHG (Left Hand Grip) TEDAC RHG (Right Hand Grip)
Example of use of LMC with a moving vehicle
7. [CPG] Once LMC is engaged, use the MAN TRK (Sight Manual Tracker Controller)
Switch to gradually increase reticle slewing rate until the reticle’s speed matches
the moving vehicle’s speed.
• LMC can also be used the other way around; if the vehicle is static and
the helicopter is manoeuvering around it, the reticle slewing rate can be MAN TRK (Sight Manual Tracker
adjusted in a similar fashion to keep the reticle “fixed” on the vehicle. Controller) Switch, also known as
8. [CPG] Once the reticle is following the vehicle, you can squeeze and hold the “Thumb Force Controller”
TEDAC Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger to the second detent to engage TSE (Target
State Estimator). If you have selected the cannon or rockets, the TSE will 7
automatically apply some lead to make sure the rounds hit where the target is
going to be while taking into account its current speed and direction.
9. [CPG] On TEDAC Left Hand Grip, press LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) Button
again to disengage LMC.

9 LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) Button (Opposite Side) Trigger (opposite side of grip)
Vehicle Speed: 15 km/h Vehicle Speed: 15 km/h Vehicle Speed: 15 km/h
Reticle Vehicle
Reticle Slewing Rate: 10 km/h Reticle Slewing Rate: 15 km/h

Reticle is too slow, lagging behind vehicle Reticle is following vehicle at the same speed Reticle Slewing Rate: 20 km/h
Reticle is too fast, going faster than vehicle
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3.7 – Image Auto Tracker (IAT)
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Tracking a moving target through the TADS is usually done with the Linear Motion Compensator (LMC). However, using LMC effectively can take a lot of practice, and it can be quite difficult to
use if you do not have a controller with a good mini stick.
Image Auto Tracker (IAT) mode will make target tracking much easier since the TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight) uses image contrast to control turret slew. IAT can be used
with either the FLIR or Day TV cameras. IAT is employed in a similar fashion to “point track” designation with the LITENING targeting pod for the DCS A-10C, F/A-18C or F-16C pilots. When a
target is tracked with IAT mode, you can also designate and lase the tracked target as seen previously in the “Linear Motion Compensator (LMC) & Target State Estimator (TSE)” section.
Note: Image Auto Tracker has a sub-mode called Multi-Target Tracker (MTT), which will be explained in the next section.
Image Auto Tracker Example by Matt Wagner: https://youtu.be/dG2fRltdpaw

354
6
3.7 – Image Auto Tracker (IAT) Total Number of Tracks
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AH-64D
Example of use of IAT with a moving vehicle Tracking Gate

Tracked Target
4. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, slew TADS Line-of-Sight on the target using the MAN TRK (Sight Manual Tracker Track #1
Controller) Switch, also known as “Thumb Force Controller”. TADS LOS (Line-of-
5. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, set IAT Polarity Switch as desired. We will leave it to the AUTO (Middle) position. Sight) Reticle
6. [CPG] On TEDAC Left Hand Grip, press IAT/OFS Switch FWD (short press) to engage Image Auto-Track. The TADS line-of-
sight will follow the moving target based on contrast. A tracking gate and track number will appear next to the target.
and Control TEDAC RHG (Right Hand Grip)
IAT/OFS Switch IAT not tracking target yet IAT tracks target
6
• FWD: IAT (Image Auto-Track) (Reticle does not move) (Reticle moves with target)
the cursor as the primary track.
6
MAN TRK (Sight Manual Tracker Controller)
Switch, also known as “Thumb Force
4
4 IAT (Image Auto Tracker) Polarity Switch Controller”
• FWD: WHITE, bright objects are tracked by the IAT. • Slews TADS line-of-sight when TADS LOS when
• MIDDLE: AUTO, polarity is automatically selected by the IAT Slave is not enabled (tracking mode is Manual). 355
• AFT: BLACK, dark objects are tracked by the IAT. • Alternatively, it can slew the FCR antenna angle.
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AH-64D
7. [CPG] If desired, you can slew TADS Line-of-Sight reticle away from the target using the MAN TRK (Sight Manual
Tracker Controller) Switch. When the target is out of the TADS line-of-sight (this is called “offset tracking”), a line
with the track number indicates its position relative to the TADS line-of-sight reticle.
8. [CPG] On TEDAC Left Hand Grip, press IAT/OFS Switch AFT (Offset) to return the TADS line-of-sight reticle to the
primary track. The tracking gates will re-appear and the reticle will resume following the primary track again.
9. [CPG] Pressing the IAT/OFS Switch AFT a second time when there is no offset tracking will delete the current
track, displaying the “TRK 1 DEL” in a case where tracked target #1 is deleted.
Tracked Target (TADS Line-of-

Sight Reticle follows target)

Track deleted
9
Track #1 Line (target is to the right

of the TADS Line-of-Sight Reticle)
IAT/OFS Switch 8 9
the cursor as the primary track. 7
• AFT: OFS (Offset). When offset tracking, returns TADS Line-of-Sight to the primary Offset Tracking
Controller”
• Slews TADS line-of-sight when TADS LOS when
Slave is not enabled (tracking mode is Manual). 356
7 • Alternatively, it can slew the FCR antenna angle.
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AH-64D
10. [CPG] If a track is obscured (i.e. a target is moving behind a building, losing contrast in the process), the
tracking gates will sequentially:
a) Display “tracking gates”, following the target contrast as long as it is not obstructed.
b) Display “inertial indicators”, shown as four rectangles. The tracking gates will still move at the
same speed the target was last being tracked.
c) Display “low confidence indicators”, shown as sixteen smaller rectangles.
d) Lose track of the target, indicated by the message “TRK 1 DROP” in a case where tracked target
#1 is dropped by the Image Auto Tracker.
Tracking Gates
Target Tracked (Target Visible) Inertial Indicators (Target Obscured) Low Confidence Indicators (Target Obscured) Track Dropped (Target Obscured)
10a 10b 10c 10d
Target
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3.8 – Multi-Target Tracker (MTT)
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AH-64D

Image Auto Tracker (IAT) allows you to track a single target… but you can also track multiple targets at • TADS: Target Acquisition and Designation Sight
once! Multi-Target Tracker (MTT) mode is an IAT sub-mode that allows you to track multiple moving
targets using image contrast to control turret slew.
The tracking process in MTT is almost identical to IAT. However, there are useful additional functions TADS MTT (Multi-Target Tracker) Track Promote Switch
available with the TADS MTT Track Promote Switch that allow you to step between tracked targets. • FWD:Steps to the next TADS track and promotes it to primary
• AFT:Steps to the previous TADS track and promotes it to primary
Up to three targets can be tracked simultaneously: a primary track, and two secondary tracks.
358
6
Tracked Target
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AH-64D
Total Number of Tracks

Example of use of IAT with multiple moving vehicles
1. [CPG] Set the Sight Select Switch to RIGHT (TADS) on the collective. Performing this action will select the TADS and Tracking Gate
4. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, slew TADS Line-of-Sight on the target using the MAN TRK (Sight Manual Tracker
Controller) Switch, also known as “Thumb Force Controller”. TADS LOS (Line-of- Track #1
5. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, set IAT Polarity Switch as desired. We will leave it to the AUTO (Middle) position. Sight) Reticle
6. [CPG] On TEDAC Left Hand Grip, press IAT/OFS Switch FWD (short press) to engage Image Auto-Track. The TADS line-of-
sight will follow the moving target based on contrast. A tracking gate and track number will appear next to the target.
IAT/OFS Switch 6
the cursor as the primary track. 3
4
4 IAT (Image Auto Tracker) Polarity Switch Controller”
• FWD: WHITE, bright objects are tracked by the IAT. • Slews TADS line-of-sight when TADS LOS when
• MIDDLE: AUTO, polarity is automatically selected by the IAT Slave is not enabled (tracking mode is Manual). 359
• AFT: BLACK, dark objects are tracked by the IAT. • Alternatively, it can slew the FCR antenna angle.
3 – AN/ASQ-170 TADS (TARGET ACQUISITION & DESIGNATION SIGHT) • TEDAC: TADS Electronic Display
IAT/OFS Switch
APACHE
8 12
AH-64D

7. [CPG] To track a second target, slew TADS Line-of-Sight reticle on • Short Press: Enables image-auto track
the second target using the MAN TRK (Sight Manual Tracker and establishes the object under the
Controller) Switch. cursor as the primary track.
8. [CPG] On TEDAC Left Hand Grip, press IAT/OFS Switch FWD (short • Long Press: Activates manual sizing of
the tracking gates.
press) to engage Image Auto-Track on the second target. A tracking
• AFT: OFS (Offset). When offset tracking, returns
gate and track number “2” will appear next to the target, becoming TADS Line-of-Sight to the primary track. When
the new primary target. not offset tracking, deletes the current track
9. [CPG] Target #1 will remain tracked as well. A numbered flag (primary or secondary).
indicates it has become a secondary target.
10. [CPG] Repeat previous steps to track a third target. Target #3 will
become the new primary target, while targets #1 and #2 will
become secondary targets.
11. [CPG] A maximum of three targets can be tracked simultaneously.
7
12. [CPG] Just like with IAT for a single target, pressing the TEDAC Left 13 TADS MTT (Multi-Target Tracker) Track Promote Switch
Hand Grip IAT/OFS Switch AFT (Offset) returns the TADS line-of- • FWD:Steps to the next TADS track and promotes it to primary MAN TRK (Sight Manual Tracker Controller)
sight reticle to the primary track. • AFT:Steps to the previous TADS track and promotes it to primary Switch, also known as “Thumb Force Controller”
13. [CPG] To step between tracks, press the TADS MTT Track Promote • Slews TADS line-of-sight when TADS LOS when Slave is
Switch FWD or AFT to cycle between targets. not enabled (tracking mode is Manual).
• Alternatively, it can slew the FCR antenna angle.
8 11
Total Number of Tracks Total Number of Tracks

Total Number of Tracks
Track #1
Tracking Gate Tracking Gate

Tracking Gate Track #2
TADS LOS (Line-of- Track #1 TADS LOS (Line-of-
TADS LOS (Line-of- Track #1 (Primary) Track #2 (Primary) Track #3 (Primary)
Sight) Reticle Sight) Reticle
Sight) Reticle 9
360
3 – AN/ASQ-170 TADS (TARGET ACQUISITION & DESIGNATION SIGHT) TEDAC LHG (Left Hand Grip)
3.8 – Multi-Target Tracker (MTT) and Control
APACHE
AH-64D
IAT/OFS Switch 14 15
14. [CPG] Pressing the IAT/OFS Switch AFT SHORT when there is no offset tracking will delete the currently • FWD: IAT (Image Auto-Track)
selected primary track, displaying the “TRK 1 DEL” in a case where tracked target #1 is deleted. In this • Short Press: Enables image-auto track
example, deleting track #1 will make track #3 the primary track. and establishes the object under the
cursor as the primary track.
15. [CPG] Pressing the IAT/OFS Switch AFT LONG will delete all tracks, displaying the “ALL TRKS DEL”.
• Long Press: Activates manual sizing of
the tracking gates.
• AFT: OFS (Offset). When offset tracking, returns
TADS Line-of-Sight to the primary track. When
not offset tracking, deletes the current track
(primary or secondary).
Total Number of Tracks Total Number of Tracks
Track #1 is Deleted
Track #2
Track #1 (Primary)
Track #2 All Tracks Deleted

14b
14a
Track #3 Track #3 (Primary) 15
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3.9 – Laser Spot Tracker (LST)
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AH-64D
Not Implemented Yet.

362
3.10 – Target Slaving to Acquisition Sources
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3.10.1 – PHS (Pilot Helmet Sight) Slaving

AH-64D
Note: A crewmember can never select their current sight to also be their current acquisition source. For example, the co-
pilot/gunner cannot select TADS as their sight and their acquisition source at the same time, because you can’t slave the
TADS to the TADS (it is already looking where it is currently looking). 1
PHS (Pilot Helmet Sight) slaving is mainly used by the co-pilot/gunner (CPG) in a situation where: Sight Selector Switch
• The pilot’s helmet is looking at a target of interest • FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects IHADSS
• The CPG wants to slave the TADS to the pilot helmet’s line-of-sight in order to have better visibility and to eventually line-of-sight
attack this target. • AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-To-Shoot
1. [CPG] Set the Sight Select Switch to RIGHT (TADS) on the collective. Performing this action will select the TADS and • LEFT: FCR (Fire Control Radar)
display the “TADS” indication on the lower left of the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) and HDU (Helmet Display Unit). • RIGHT: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight), but
• Once the TADS becomes the selected sight, the TADS overlay will be visible on the HDU. If you want to only functional for CPG collective.
remove the TADS overlay from the HDU, use any procedure from section 2.4 (TADS & PNVS Integration).
means OFF, solid circle means ON.
3. [CPG] From the WPN or TSD page, press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to ACQ (Acquisition Source). Then, press
VAB next to “PHS” (Pilot Helmet Sight). Your current acquisition source will then be the pilot’s helmet sight.
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4. [P] Move helmet to place the helmet line-of-sight reticle on a target of opportunity.
5. [P] Call out to the co-pilot/gunner: “Target, my line-of-sight.”
• This will tell the co-pilot/gunner that he needs to change his acquisition source to the
PHS (Pilot Helmet Sight) in order to slave the helicopter’s sensors to it.
Pilot Perspective
364
3 – AN/ASQ-170 TADS (TARGET ACQUISITION & DESIGNATION SIGHT) TADS Slaved to
Pilot Helmet Sight
3.10 – Target Slaving to Acquisition Sources Enemy Vehicles
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AH-64D
6. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button. The TADS will then lock on the
selected acquisition source, which is the Pilot Helmet Sight (PHS) in this case.
• The Co-Pilot/Gunner can then call out “slaved” to the Pilot to tell him that the TADS is
slaved to the acquisition source.
• The Pilot should keep his helmet line-of-sight reticle pointed on the target since the
TADS will follow it as long as the TADS is slaved to it.
• While TADS is slaved, MAN TRK switch (Sight Manual Tracker Controller, or “Thumb
Force Controller”) input will not be able to move the TADS line-of-sight.
7. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button again to “de-slave” the TADS from
the target point acquisition source. This will allow you to use MAN TRK switch (Sight Manual
Tracker Controller, or “Thumb Force Controller”) input to make adjustments to the TADS line-of-
sight if required.
• The Co-Pilot/Gunner can then call out “de-slaved” to the Pilot to tell him that the TADS is
not slaved to an acquisition source (his helmet) and is free to move.

TADS Reticle Slaved
TADS Reticle Slaved

to PHS TADS Reticle De-Slaved
7
Sight Slave Button
6 7 Acquisition Source: PHS 365

Selected Sensor: TADS
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AH-64D
Note: here is an example of a “flow” to use Pilot Helmet Sight slaving:

• Pilot spots target, places helmet reticle on target, then calls out “Target, my line-of-sight”.
• Co-Pilot/Gunner selects acquisition source to PHS, slaves TADS to acquisition source, then calls out “slaved” to remind the pilot that the TADS is slaved to his helmet reticle.
• When TADS reticle is roughly on target, Co-Pilot/Gunner de-slaves TADS, calls out “de-slaved” to tell the pilot that he can start looking elsewhere. Target can then be lased, designated, and stored.
366
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3.10.2 – GHS (Gunner Helmet Sight) Slaving

AH-64D
GHS (Gunner Helmet Sight) slaving is mainly used by the co-pilot/gunner (CPG) in a situation where:
• The co-pilot’s helmet is looking at a target of interest
• The CPG wants to slave the TADS to his own helmet’s line-of-sight in order to have better visibility and to eventually 1
attack this target.
1. [CPG] Set the Sight Select Switch to RIGHT (TADS) on the collective. Performing this action will select the TADS and • FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects IHADSS
display the “TADS” indication on the lower left of the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) and HDU (Helmet Display Unit). line-of-sight
• Once the TADS becomes the selected sight, the TADS overlay will be visible on the HDU. If you want to remove • AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-To-Shoot
the TADS overlay from the HDU, use any procedure from section 2.4 (TADS & PNVS Integration). commands LINK, the CPG’s active sight will become HMD.
2. [CPG] Verify that TADS, FLIR and LASER are powered from the WPN – UTIL (Weapon Utility) page. Hollow circle means • LEFT: FCR (Fire Control Radar)
OFF, solid circle means ON. • RIGHT: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight), but
3. [CPG] From the WPN or TSD page, press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to ACQ (Acquisition Source). Then, press only functional for CPG collective.
VAB next to “GHS” (Gunner Helmet Sight). Your current acquisition source will then be your (the gunner’s) helmet
sight.
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3 – AN/ASQ-170 TADS (TARGET ACQUISITION & DESIGNATION SIGHT) TADS Slaved to
Co-Pilot/Gunner Helmet Sight
3.10 – Target Slaving to Acquisition Sources Enemy Vehicles
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AH-64D
4. [CPG] Move helmet to place the helmet line-of-sight

reticle on a target of opportunity.
Co-Pilot/Gunner Perspective
368
TADS Overlay on HDU
3.10 – Target Slaving to Acquisition Sources Co-Pilot/Gunner Perspective
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AH-64D
5. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button. The TADS will then lock
on the selected acquisition source, which is the Gunner Helmet Sight (GHS) in this case.
• The Co-Pilot/Gunner should keep his helmet line-of-sight reticle pointed on the
target since the TADS will follow it as long as the TADS is slaved to it.
• While TADS is slaved, MAN TRK switch (Sight Manual Tracker Controller, or
“Thumb Force Controller”) input will not be able to move the TADS line-of-sight.
• Using the TADS overlay on the HDU (Helmet Display Unit) is quite useful here.
6. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button again to “de-slave” the
TADS from the target point acquisition source. This will allow you to use MAN TRK switch
(Sight Manual Tracker Controller, or “Thumb Force Controller”) input to make
adjustments to the TADS line-of-sight if required.
TADS Reticle Slaved TADS Reticle De-Slaved
to GHS

TADS Reticle Slaved
TADS Reticle Slaved

TADS Reticle De-Slaved to GHS TADS Reticle De-Slaved
Sight Slave Button
5 6 Acquisition Source: GHS 369

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AH-64D
Note: here is an example of a “flow” to use Gunner Helmet Sight slaving:

• Co-Pilot/Gunner selects acquisition source to GHS, slaves TADS to acquisition source.
• When TADS reticle is roughly on target, Co-Pilot/Gunner de-slaves TADS. Target can then be lased, designated, and stored.
370
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3.10.3 – SKR (Tracking Missile Seeker) Slaving

AH-64D
SKR (Tracking Missile Seeker) slaving is mainly used by the co-pilot/gunner (CPG) in a situation where the
Hellfire missile’s seeker has spotted a laser from another laser designator (like another AH-64 or a JTAC)
and the gunner wants to slave sensors to the location where the missile seeker is looking. This is a 1
“primitive” form of LST (Laser Spot Tracker).
Note: Using the SKR acquisition source is different from the LST (Laser Spot Tracker) of the TADS. The • FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects IHADSS
missile seeker head has a narrower laser detection field-of-view. In this example, another AH-64 Apache line-of-sight
is lasing a target for us. • AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-To-Shoot
1. [CPG] Set the Sight Select Switch to RIGHT (TADS) on the collective. Performing this action will select • LEFT: FCR (Fire Control Radar)
the TADS and display the “TADS” indication on the lower left of the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) and • RIGHT: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight), but
HDU (Helmet Display Unit). only functional for CPG collective.
• Once the TADS becomes the selected sight, the TADS overlay will be visible on the HDU. If 2
you want to remove the TADS overlay from the HDU, use any procedure from section 2.4
(TADS & PNVS Integration).
2. [CPG] Verify that TADS, FLIR and LASER are powered from the WPN – UTIL (Weapon Utility) page.
Hollow circle means OFF, solid circle means ON.
4. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press WAS (Weapon Action Switch) RIGHT to select missiles.

function in our DCS AH-64D variant)
Hellfire Missile
Seeker Head
371
APACHE

AH-64D
5. [CPG] From the WPN or TSD page, press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to ACQ (Acquisition
Source). Then, press VAB next to “SKR” (Seeker). Your current acquisition source will then be the
Hellfire missile’s seeker head (and, indirectly, the location of a target being laser designated if the
laser is spotted).
6. [P] Fly the helicopter roughly in the direction of the laser-designated target. The missile seeker has a
narrow field-of-view to detect the laser.
5a 5c
5b 5d 372
APACHE

AH-64D
7. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button. The TADS will then be slaved to the location of the missile seeker track of a
laser (if the missile seeker “spots” the laser).
• While TADS is slaved, MAN TRK switch (Sight Manual Tracker Controller, or “Thumb Force Controller”) input will not be able to
move the TADS line-of-sight.
8. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button again to “de-slave” the TADS from the target point acquisition source. This
will allow you to use MAN TRK switch (Sight Manual Tracker Controller, or “Thumb Force Controller”) input to make adjustments to the
TADS line-of-sight if required.
TADS Reticle Slaved

to Fixed (FXD) position

TADS Reticle Slaved
TADS Reticle De-Slaved TADS Reticle De-Slaved
Sight Slave Button
7 8 Acquisition Source: SKR 373

TSD (Tactical Situation Display) Page
APACHE

AH-64D
The pilot should be able to see a cued line-of-sight reticle on his HDU (Helmet Display
Unit), which indicates the TADS line-of-sight.
TADS Line-of-Sight
(slaved to missile seeker
tracking the laser)
Pilot Perspective Enemy Vehicle Co-Pilot/Gunner Perspective

Target selected with the TADS by
the Co-Pilot/Gunner
374
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3.10.4 – FXD (Fixed) Slaving

AH-64D
FXD (Fixed) slaving is useful when you want to quickly “boresight” sensors and weapons in the forward position, which is
fixed 0 deg in azimuth and elevation with the aircraft centerline.
1
display the “TADS” indication on the lower left of the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) and HDU (Helmet Display Unit). Sight Selector Switch
• Once the TADS becomes the selected sight, the TADS overlay will be visible on the HDU. If you want to • FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects IHADSS
remove the TADS overlay from the HDU, use any procedure from section 2.4 (TADS & PNVS Integration). line-of-sight
2. [CPG] Verify that TADS, FLIR and LASER are powered from the WPN – UTIL (Weapon Utility) page. Hollow circle • AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-To-Shoot
means OFF, solid circle means ON. commands LINK, the CPG’s active sight will become HMD.
3. [CPG] From the WPN or TSD page, press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to ACQ (Acquisition Source). Then, press • LEFT: FCR (Fire Control Radar)
VAB next to “FXD” (Fixed). Your current acquisition source will then be the “fixed” (boresighted) position. • RIGHT: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight), but
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APACHE

AH-64D
4. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button. The TADS will then “boresight” the TADS in the forward position,
which is fixed 0 deg in azimuth and elevation with the aircraft centerline.
• While TADS is slaved, MAN TRK switch (Sight Manual Tracker Controller, or “Thumb Force Controller”) input will not be able
to move the TADS line-of-sight.
5. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button again to “de-slave” the TADS from the target point acquisition source.
This will allow you to use MAN TRK switch (Sight Manual Tracker Controller, or “Thumb Force Controller”) input to make
adjustments to the TADS line-of-sight if required.
TADS Reticle Slaved

to Fixed (FXD) position

TADS Reticle Slaved
TADS Reticle De-Slaved TADS Reticle De-Slaved
Sight Slave Button
4 5 Acquisition Source: FXD 376

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AH-64D
FXD slaving can be seen as a “boresight” function that is helpful when you want to quickly “slave”
everything back to the front of the helicopter.
377
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3.10.5 – Waypoint/Target Slaving

AH-64D
Waypoint/Target (W##, H##, C##, T##) slaving is useful when co-pilot/gunner wants to slave the TADS to specific coordinates stored
in a Waypoint, Hazard, Control Measure or Target/Threat. ## refers to the number of the point.
1
1. [CPG] Set the Sight Select Switch to RIGHT (TADS) on the collective. Performing this action will select the TADS and display the
“TADS” indication on the lower left of the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) and HDU (Helmet Display Unit). Sight Selector Switch
• Once the TADS becomes the selected sight, the TADS overlay will be visible on the HDU. If you want to remove the • FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects IHADSS
TADS overlay from the HDU, use any procedure from section 2.4 (TADS & PNVS Integration). line-of-sight
2. [CPG] Verify that TADS, FLIR and LASER are powered from the WPN – UTIL (Weapon Utility) page. Hollow circle means OFF, • AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-To-Shoot
solid circle means ON. commands LINK, the CPG’s active sight will become HMD.
3. [CPG] From the WPN or TSD page, press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to COORD (Coordinates). Then, press VAB next to • LEFT: FCR (Fire Control Radar)
the relevant waypoint/target category, which is WPTHZ since we want to select a waypoint (WPTHZ for Waypoints and • RIGHT: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight), but
Hazards, CTRLM for Control Measures). only functional for CPG collective.
• If targets are already stored, entering the COORD page will display existing TARGETS AND THREATS (T01, T02, etc.)
4. [CPG] Press VAB next to desired waypoint you want to use as an acquisition source; we will select Waypoint W02.
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3a 4a
4b
378
3.10 – Target Slaving to Acquisition Sources TSD (Tactical Situation Display) Page
APACHE
3.10.5 – Waypoint/Target Slaving

AH-64D
5. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button. The TADS will then slave the TADS to
the selected waypoint (W02).
• While TADS is slaved, MAN TRK switch (Sight Manual Tracker Controller, or “Thumb Force
Controller”) input will not be able to move the TADS line-of-sight.
6. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button again to “de-slave” the TADS from the
target point acquisition source. This will allow you to use MAN TRK switch (Sight Manual Tracker TADS Line-of-Sight
Controller, or “Thumb Force Controller”) input to make adjustments to the TADS line-of-sight if (slaved to Waypoint W02)
required.
TADS Reticle Slaved 5

to Waypoint W02

TADS Reticle Slaved

Sight Slave Button
5 6 Acquisition Source: W02 379

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3.10.6 – CAQ/TRN (Cursor Acquisition/Terrain) Slaving

AH-64D
Cursor Acquisition and Terrain Acquisition are useful features when you want to slave sensors to a specific waypoint/target symbol or
terrain location on the TSD (Tactical Situation Display) page, which is done by using the cursor controls on either the pilot or co-pilot’s Cursor
Control on the collective or on the co-pilot’s TEDAC Left Hand Grip. 1
1. [CPG] Set the Sight Select Switch to RIGHT (TADS) on the collective. Performing this action will select the TADS and display the “TADS” Sight Selector Switch
indication on the lower left of the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) and HDU (Helmet Display Unit). • FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects IHADSS
• Once the TADS becomes the selected sight, the TADS overlay will be visible on the HDU. If you want to remove the TADS line-of-sight
overlay from the HDU, use any procedure from section 2.4 (TADS & PNVS Integration). • AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-To-Shoot
2. [CPG] Verify that TADS, FLIR and LASER are powered from the WPN – UTIL (Weapon Utility) page. Hollow circle means OFF, solid circle commands LINK, the CPG’s active sight will become HMD.
means ON. • LEFT: FCR (Fire Control Radar)
3. [P/CPG] On the TSD (Tactical Situation Display) page, select NAV (Navigation) Phase or ATK (Attack) Phase. NAV will display navigation • RIGHT: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight), but
waypoints and flight plan, while ATK will display target points. In this tutorial, the selected phase is not important since we will use only functional for CPG collective.
Cursor Acquisition on the terrain map displayed on the TSD.
4. [P/CPG] Press on VAB (Variable Action Button) next to CAQ (Cursor Acquisition).
TSD – NAV Phase TSD – ATK Phase
Cursor
3b
3a 380
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AH-64D
5. [P/CPG] Move the MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) Cursor using the Cursor Control Hat
Switch on the collective or on the TEDAC Right Hand Grip. Cursor can be moved on
either:
• A target symbol (i.e. T01)
• A navigation symbol (i.e. W02)
• A specific location on the TSD map
6. [P/CPG] Once cursor is over desired location on the TSD, depress the Cursor
Control/Enter Hat Switch. This will select this location as the acquisition source.
• Since we set the cursor on a terrain feature of the TSD map as the co-
5 6
pilot/gunner, the “CPG” white cross symbol will appear on the TSD to show
that this point has been selected as the terrain acquisition point (TRN). Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch
Cursor Terrain Cursor Acquisition

Designated (CPG)
TADS Line-of-Sight
Terrain Cursor Acquisition (TRN CAQ)

is the Acquisition Source
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TADS Reticle Slaved
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7. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button. The TADS will then lock on the
selected acquisition source, which is the TSD cursor designated on the map terrain (TRN) in this case.
Sight Slave Button
8. [CPG] The TADS will keep tracking the terrain point, which means that MAN TRK switch (Sight
Manual Tracker Controller, or “Thumb Force Controller”) input will not be able to move the TADS 7
line-of-sight.
9. [CPG] If desired, on TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button to “de-slave” the TADS from 9
the target point acquisition source. This will allow you to use MAN TRK switch (Sight Manual Tracker TADS Reticle De-Slaved
Controller, or “Thumb Force Controller”) input to make adjustments to the TADS line-of-sight.
Terrain Cursor Acquisition

7 7 9
Designated (CPG)
TADS De-Slaved
TADS Slaved to TRN

(Terrain Cursor Acquisition)
TADS Line-of-Sight
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3.10.7 – FCR (Fire Control Radar) Slaving

AH-64D

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3.11 – Using George AI
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You can use the “George” AI to use the TADS to find, store and designate/lase
targets. Here is a brief overview of how to make “George” use the TADS.
5
1. [P] Show the George Menu by using « LCTRL+V ».
2. [P] The pilot’s HDU (Helmet Display Unit) reticle is used as a Designation 6
Reticle to point an area where “George” can identify and track targets.
3. [P] From the WPN (Weapon) page, set the Pilot Acquisition Source to
TADS. Then, fly towards the target and ensure the the helicopter attitude
remains stable. Pilot Perspective
4. [P] Move your head (HDU Reticle / Designation Reticle) near the area you
want the Co-Pilot/Gunner to search for targets, then press « W » SHORT
(less than 0.5 sec).
5. [CPG] George will select the acquisition source to PHS (Pilot Helmet
Sight), then slave the TADS to the acquisition source, then call out
“slaving” to remind the pilot that the TADS is slaved to his helmet reticle.
6. [CPG] When George has set the TADS reticle is roughly on the area
pointed at by the pilot’s HDU reticle, George will de-slave the TADS, call
out “de-slaved” to tell the pilot that he can start looking elsewhere.
Target can then be spotted, designated, lased and stored by him.
Pilot ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS 3 384

3.11 – Using George AI
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7. [CPG] George will then start scanning for targets in the designated area. When targets are found, a menu with a list of targets
appears.
8. [P] Cycle through the target list using « W » SHORT (UP) or « S » SHORT (DOWN) until desired target is selected by the > symbol.
9. [P] Press « D » SHORT (RIGHT) to select target.
• Note: Pressing “S” SHORT (DOWN) undesignates George’s target.
10. [CPG] George will then designate, lase and store the target with the TADS, calling out “lased and stored” in the process.
11. [P] The pilot should be able to see a cued line-of-sight reticle on his HDU (Helmet Display Unit), which indicates the TADS line-of-
sight and the designated target if your acquisition (ACQ) source is set to the TADS.
Pilot Perspective
Cued Line-of-Sight Reticle Pilot ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS
the Co-Pilot/Gunner
11
8
ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS
10
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3.12 – Targeting Methods
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There are different methods to operate the TADS when flying a mission. Here are two “flows” that are
generally used by DCS players.
• The first method is very straightforward since it is a “find and destroy target” kind of approach.
• The second method is a bit more complicated but allows you to have a much better picture of the
battlefield. It also allows you to easily switch between stored targets.
Method 1 (Direct):
1. Find target with the TADS
2. Designate and lase target with TEDAC Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger
3. Perform attack and release weapons on target
Method 2 (Target Storing):

1. Find target with the TADS
2. Designate and lase target with TEDAC Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger
3. Store target with the TEDAC Left Hand Grip Store/Update Switch FWD (STORE)
4. Find other targets and repeat steps 1 through 3

5. Make the target of your choice the acquisition source via the COORD menu of the TSD (Tactical
Situation Display) page
6. Slave TADS to desired Target Point (i.e. T01).
7. Perform attack and release weapons on target
8. De-slave TADS
9. Select another target as the acquisition source via the COORD menu of the TSD (Tactical Situation
Display) page
10. Repeat steps 6 through 8.
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4 – AN/AAQ-11 PNVS (PILOT NIGHT VISION SYSTEM)
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The AN/AAQ-11 PNVS (Pilot Night Vision System) is a FLIR-only (Forward-Looking Infrared)
steerable turret that is designed to aid the Pilot in the back seat to fly under total darkness. While
it provides day- and night-capable infrared vision, the PNVS is mainly used for night operations.
Either crewmember can select either the PNVS.
The PNVS is not a sight per se; it cannot be used to perform targeting or aim any weapon
systems. It is simply a sensor that allows either crew member to have better night visibility and to
“see through” the cockpit. Seeing through the helicopter is incredibly useful when flying at night,
especially in situations where you fly close to the ground and need to avoid collisions with
buildings, trees or other obstacles.
The PNVS allows you to see through the
cockpit due to the position of the FLIR sensor.
PNVS (Pilot Night


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PNVS Limitations (displayed on Field-of-Regard Box)

• Slew rate: 120 deg/sec PNVS Field-of-Regard Box Limits
90 deg 90 deg
+20 deg
-45 deg
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Pilot Perspective
4 – AN/AAQ-11 PNVS (PILOT NIGHT VISION SYSTEM) PNVS (Pilot Night
4.2 – Symbology
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The PNVS video feed is displayed on the HDU (Helmet Display Unit) monocle and its
symbology is pretty much identical to IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sight
System) symbology in terms of information.
PNVS symbology can also be repeated on the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) in the co-
pilot/gunner’s cockpit. The co-pilot can monitor PNVS feed by pressing the “PNV
Video Source Button”.

Co-Pilot/Gunner Perspective PNV (Pilot Night Vision

System) Video Source Button
PNVS Video Feed Repeater

on TDU (TEDAC Display Unit)
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4.3 – Controls
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Pilot Controls
The PNVS is used primarily by the pilot and its controls are mainly located
on the collective, left panel, IHADSS VIDEO and FLIR VIDEO knobs.

FLIR (Forward-Looking Infrared) Control (applicable to TADS or PNVS)

• Inner knob controls FLIR gain / Outer knob controls FLIR level
IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) Knobs

• Inner knob controls video contrast / Outer knob controls video brightness.

Co-Pilot NVS (Night Vision System) Mode Switch
4 – AN/AAQ-11 PNVS (PILOT NIGHT VISION SYSTEM) • FWD: FIXED, commands the selected NVS to fixed forward at -4.9 deg in elevation.
4.3 – Controls Display Sighting System) line of sight.
•
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AFT: OFF, stows the selected NVS.

AH-64D
While the PNVS is mainly used by the pilot, the co-pilot/gunner can also use it if desired. However,
keep in mind that PNVS video overlay can only be displayed on one HDU (Helmet Display Unit) at a
time. From the CPG seat, PNVS brightness, contrast and gain controls are located on the TDU
(TEDAC Display Unit). However, for these controls to work on the PNVS overlay, the following two
conditions need to be met:
1. Set the Co-Pilot NVS (Night Vision System) switch to NORM (Middle position).
2. Set the Sight Select Switch to FWD (HMD, Helmet-Mounted Display) on the collective.
C-HMD (Co-Pilot Helmet-

Mounted Display) Sight Selected

FLIR (Forward-Looking PNV (Pilot Night Vision

Infrared) Level Control Knob System) Video Source Button
FLIR (Forward-Looking TDU Symbology Brightness

Infrared) Gain Control Knob Adjustment Rocker Switch
• FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects IHADSS TDU Image Brightness
line-of-sight Adjustment Rocker Switch
commands LINK, the CPG’s active sight will become HMD. TDU Contrast Adjustment
• LEFT: FCR (Fire Control Radar) Rocker Switch
only functional for CPG.
TDU Asterisk (*) Default Settings Button
• Resets brightness and contrast of the CPG HDU or
NVS (Night Vision System) Select Switch TDU to default setting. The day/night setting
• FWD: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight) determines whether a bright or dim default is used.
4.3 – Controls
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PNVS Polarity Control (applicable to both Pilot and Co-Pilot/Gunner)
BHOT (Black Hot) or WHOT (White Hot) FLIR polarity can be toggled by the
Boresight/Polarity Selector Switch being set to the RIGHT position on the collective.
• RIGHT: PLRT, toggles FLIR image polarity
White Hot (WHOT) Polarity Black Hot (BHOT) Polarity
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4.4 – Tutorial
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1. Set NVS Select Switch on the collective - AFT (PNVS)

2. Set Pilot NVS Mode Switch to either MIDDLE (NORM, which commands the NVS to follow your helmet line-of-sight) or FWD (FIXED, which
commands the NVS to stay at a fixed forward position).
3. The PNVS FLIR overlay will be visible on your IHADSS monocle.
4. If needed, adjust the quality of the FLIR image with the FLIR knobs. The small inner knob adjusts the FLIR LEVEL and the larger outer knob
adjusts the FLIR GAIN.
5. If needed, adjust overall image quality for the FLIR using IHADSS knobs. The small inner knob controls the IHADSS BRT (Brightness) and the
larger outer knob adjusts the IHADSS CON (Contrast).
6. The FLIR can be operated in either WHOT (white hot) or BHOT (black hot) mode by selecting the collective Boresight/Polarity switch located 2
on the collective.
7. To turn OFF the PNVS, set Pilot NVS Mode Switch to AFT (OFF).
Boresight/Polarity Selector 6 Display Sighting System) line of sight.
• LEFT: Boresight, no function • AFT: OFF, stows the selected NVS.
• RIGHT: PLRT, toggles FLIR image polarity between PNVS (Pilot Night
Black Hot and White Hot Vision System) Overlay

• FWD: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight) 1
5 – AN/APG-78 FCR (FIRE CONTROL RADAR)
Not Implemented Yet
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394
6 – AN/APR-48A RFI (RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFEROMETER)
Not Implemented Yet
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AH-64D
PART 14 – OFFENCE: WEAPONS & ARMAMENT APACHE
396
SECTION SUMMARY
• 1 – Introduction • 4 – AGM-114 Hellfire Missile
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• 1.1 – Armament Introduction • 4.1 – Introduction

• 1.2 – Armament Overview • 4.2 – Laser-Guided Hellfire (AGM-114K)
• 1.3 – Weapon Interface (Pilot) • 4.2.1 – Missile Operation by Multicrew
• 1.4 – Weapon Interface (Co-Pilot/Gunner) • 4.2.1.1 – LOBL (Lock-On Before Launch)
• 1.5 – WASing Weapons & Trigger Guard • 4.2.1.2 – LOAL-DIR (Lock-On After Launch – Direct)
• 1.6 – Weapon Delivery Techniques • 4.2.1.3 – LOAL-LO / LOAL-HI (Lock-On After Launch – Low / High)
• 4.2.1.4 – Operating with a JTAC/AFAC
• 2 – M139 AWS (Area Weapon System) / M230 30 mm Gun • 4.2.1.4.1 – Introduction to JTAC, FAC & AFAC
PART 14 – OFFENCE: WEAPONS & ARMAMENT
• 2.1 – Introduction • 4.2.1.4.2 – Using Coordinates + IR Pointer

• 2.2 – Gun Operation by Pilot • 4.2.1.4.3 – Using Laser Designation
• 2.2.1 – NORM Mode with HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display) • 4.2.2 – Missile Operation by George AI as Co-Pilot/Gunner
• 2.2.2 – FIXED Mode • 4.3 – Radar-Guided Hellfire (AGM-114L)
• 2.3 – Gun Operation by Co-Pilot/Gunner
• 2.3.1 – NORM Mode with HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display) • 5 – Ordnance Jettison
• 2.3.2 – NORM Mode with TADS • 5.1 – Selective Stores Jettison
• 2.4 – Gun Operation by George AI as Co-Pilot/Gunner • 5.2 – Emergency Stores Jettison
• 3 – Unguided Aerial Rockets

• 3.2 – Rocket Operation by Pilot
• 3.2.1 – Hover Fire with HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display)
• 3.2.2 – Running/Diving Fire with HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display)
• 3.3 – Rocket Operation by Multicrew
• 3.3.1 – Direct Fire with COOP Mode & TADS
• 3.3.2 – Indirect Fire with COOP Mode & TADS
• 3.4 – Rocket Operation by George AI as Co-Pilot/Gunner
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1 – INTRODUCTION
1.1 – Armament Introduction
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The AH-64 may seem like a complicated weapon platform at first, but its operation is relatively simple. Here are a few things to remember:
• The main duty of the pilot is to fly the helicopter towards the target, manage countermeasure programs and perform attack profiles.
• The main duty of the Co-Pilot/Gunner (CPG) is to power up and operate sensors (like the TADS, or Target Acquisition and Designation Sight), designate and
store targets, and operate guided weapons like the Hellfire missile.
• Weapon Master Arm control is available in both the pilot and co-pilot/gunner cockpits, which means either crew member can launch weapons. Keep in
mind that ultimately, target designation with the TADS is the Co-Pilot’s job.
• In case the pilot is incapacitated, it is possible for the co-pilot/gunner to fly the helicopter and to employ unguided weapons.
• The key to operate the AH-64 successfully is efficient communication between both crew members.
Pilot
CPG (Co-pilot/Gunner)
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1 – INTRODUCTION
1.2 – Armament Overview
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The AH-64 has three primary weapons at its disposal:

• The M139 Area Weapon System (AWS), which has a hydraulically steered M230 30 mm chain-driven gun
• The M261 Aerial Rocket Sub-System (ARS)
• The Longbow Hellfire Modular Missile System (LBHMMS), which allows employment of the AGM-114 Hellfire Missile
M261 Rocket Launcher
AGM-114 Hellfire Missile
M139 AWS (Area Weapon System) 399

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CANNON
NAME DESCRIPTION
M139 AWS (Area Weapon System) 30 mm flexible chain-driven gun (300 rounds if Internal Auxiliary Fuel System (IAFS) or « Robbie Tank » is installed, 1200 rounds if IAFS is not installed).
M230 30 mm Chain-Driven Gun Ammunition available:
• M789 HEDP (High Explosive Dual Purpose)
• M788 TP (Target Practice) rounds.
ROCKETS
NAME DESCRIPTION
M261 ARS (Aerial Rocket Sub-System) 19 x Hydra 70 (2.75 in / 70 mm) Rockets
Hydra 70 Rockets (2.75 in / 70 mm) Rocket types available:
• M151 HE: « 10-pounder » high explosive, good against lightly armored and soft targets, comes with both M423 point-detonating (PD) and M433
resistance-capacitance (RC) programmable delay fuzes.
• M156: White Phosphorus, nicknamed « Willy Pete »), used for target marking, comes with M423 PD (Point-Detonating) fuze
• M229 HE: « 17-pounder » high explosive aerial artillery, comes with both M423 point-detonating (PD) and M433 resistance-capacitance (RC)
programmable delay fuzes
• M257 IL: Illumination rockets
• M259: White Phosphorus, nicknamed « Willy Pete », used for smoke screen concealment, comes with M439 variable time delay fuze
• M261 MPSM: Multi-purpose sub-munition, used against lightly- to medium-armored vehicles and soft targets, comes with an M439 variable time
delay fuze for an airburst just prior to the target.
• M264: Red Phosphorus, used for smoke screen, comes with M439 variable time delay fuze
• M274 TP-SM « blue spear »: training rocket that produce a brief smoke signature for target practice.
• M282 MPP: Multi-purpose penetrator, used against lightly armored vehicles and bunkers, comes with a modified M423 fuze providing a fixed delay for
penetration effects.
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1 – INTRODUCTION
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AIR-TO-GROUND MISSILES
NAME DESCRIPTION
Semi-active laser-homing anti-ground and anti-armor missile, with a 20 lbs high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead, which includes a tandem shaped-charge for
AGM-114K defeating reactive armor. The missile can be laser-guided by the copilot-gunner looking with the TADS LRFD (Laser Range-Finder/Designator) or another laser
(Laser-Guided) designator.
• Note: The M299 four-rail missile launcher can fire all variants of the Hellfire missile.
Active radar-guided, anti-ground and anti-armor missile, with a 20 lbs high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead, which includes a tandem shaped-charge for defeating
AGM-114L reactive armor. This variant is a fire-and-forget weapon.
(Radar-Guided) • Note: The M299 four-rail missile launcher can fire all variants of the Hellfire missile.
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1 – INTRODUCTION
1.3 – Weapon Interface (Pilot)
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The pilot uses the WPN MPD page to configure weapons, and the KU (Keyboard Unit) is used to input certain parameters. The WAS (Weapon Action Switch) on the cyclic is used for
weapon selection. Weapon release is performed with the Weapons Trigger Switch, which has two stages and a trigger guard. The A/S (Arm/Safe) Button is used as a “Master Arm”.
WPN (Weapon) MPD (Multi-

Purpose Display) Page

variant)
KU (Keyboard Unit)

• First Detent
• Trigger Guard
A/S (Arm/Safe) Button Cyclic

between ARM and SAFE

• Overrides the on-ground weapon safety, allowing 402
1 – INTRODUCTION Collective
1.3 – Weapon Interface (Pilot)
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Sight selection is performed with the Sight Selector Switch on the collective. In certain situations, the
IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) Monocle can be used to aim weapons with. Sight Selector Switch
The High Action Display (HAD) displays symbology used mainly for targeting and weapon employment. It • AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-
also provides additional information such as the selected sight and selected acquisition source. To-Shoot (NTS). If the CPG’s active sight is TADS
sight will become HMD.

• RIGHT: No function for pilot collective.

High Action Display
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1 – INTRODUCTION
1.4 – Weapon Interface (Co-Pilot/Gunner)
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The co-pilot uses the WPN MPD page to configure weapons, and the KU (Keyboard Unit) is used to input certain parameters. The WAS (Weapon
Action Switch) on the cyclic is used for weapon selection, but there is also a WAS selector on the TEDAC Left Hand Grip. Weapon release is
performed with the Weapons Trigger Switch, which has two stages and a trigger guard (available on both the cyclic and TEDAC Left Hand Grip). The
A/S (Arm/Safe) Button is used as a “Master Arm”.

A/S (Arm/Safe) Button • Overrides the on-ground weapon safety, allowing

between ARM and SAFE
WPN (Weapon) MPD (Multi-

Cyclic
Purpose Display) Page

• First Detent
• Trigger Guard

variant)
TEDAC LHG Weapon Trigger (opposite side of grip)

• Fires the actioned weapon system if that weapon was actioned using
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KU (Keyboard Unit)
1 – INTRODUCTION
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The TADS (Target Acquisition and Designation Sight) is the main sensor of the AH-64 and is controlled by the CPG (Co-Pilot/Gunner). The main controls for the
TADS are located on the Left and Right TEDAC grips, including weapon controls as well. Some TADS functions are also duplicated on the collective as well.

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1 – INTRODUCTION Collective
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Sight selection is performed with the Sight Selector Switch on the collective, but
there is also a Sight selector switch on the TEDAC Right Hand Grip.
In certain situations, the IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) • FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects
Monocle can be used to aim weapons with. IHADSS line-of-sight
• AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-

• RIGHT: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation
IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Sight), but only functional for CPG.
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1 – INTRODUCTION
1.5 – WASing Weapons & Trigger Guard
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The state of the WPN (Weapon) MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) page changes based on what weapon is selected
with the Weapon Action Switch, which is nicknamed “WAS” (pronounced “wahz” or “woz”). When hearing
“WASing Gun” or “WASing Rockets” or “WASing Hellfire”, this basically means that the Weapon Action Switch is
being actioned to select a specific weapon.
Cyclic
Take note that the Weapon Action Switches (WAS) on the pilot and co-pilot/gunner cyclics override each other.
The co-pilot/gunner has an additional Weapon Action Switch on the TEDAC Left Hand Grip.
Very important:
• If the co-pilot/gunner (CPG) uses the TEDAC LHG WAS, only the CPG’s TEDAC LHG trigger will be active.
• If the CPG uses the cyclic WAS, only the CPG’s cyclic trigger will be active. Weapon Action Switch (WAS)
Gun Selected Rockets Selected Hellfire Missile Selected
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1 – INTRODUCTION Weapons Trigger Guard Binding
1.5 – WASing Weapons & Trigger Guard

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The cyclic Weapons Trigger Switch has a guard that has to be flipped before pressing the
trigger. I recommend mapping “Weapons Trigger Guard – OPEN/CLOSE” to a binding easy to
remember like “LSHIFT+SPACEBAR”. Yes, I am well aware of the irony of this last sentence.
Take note that there is a Special Option that allows you to disable the need to flip the trigger
guard.

• First Detent (in red)
• Second Detent (in red, “Spacebar”
binding)
• Trigger Guard (in grey)
Weapons Trigger Guard Enable Option

• ON (ticked): guard has to be flipped for
trigger employment
• OFF (unticked): guard is removed and is not
required for trigger employment
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1 – INTRODUCTION
1.6 – Weapon Delivery Techniques
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There are three main techniques for weapons delivery:
• Hover Fire: technique conducted at speeds less than Hover, Running and Diving Fire
Reference: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual
effective translational lift (ETL, roughly 16-24 knots
airspeed) and may be either moving or stationary.
• Running Fire: technique conducted at speeds greater than

ETL (15-24 kts). Forward airspeed adds stability to the

helicopter and increases the delivery accuracy of
unguided weapon systems, particularly rockets.
• Diving Fire: engagement conducted in a diving profile,

typically between -10° to -30° pitch attitudes. Airspeed
and altitude will be determined by the expected threat
level from enemy defenses and desired weapons effects,
with a steeper dive providing a smaller “beaten zone” and
improved accuracy. However, a steep dive will also
require more altitude for recovery. Diving fire may be
performed from low altitude with a climb or “bump” from
behind cover or from level flight at high altitude.
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2 – M139 AWS (AREA WEAPON SYSTEM) / M230 30 MM GUN
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The M230 30 mm automatic chain-driven gun mounted on the underside of the helicopter is a component of the M139 Area Weapon System (AWS).
Keep in mind that this weapon is mainly used for soft targets for suppressing an area… and therefore does not have the precision of a laser beam.
M139 AWS (Area Weapon System)

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Ammunition
The M230 fires 30x113 millimeter link-less, tracer-less ammunition, consisting of either M789 High
Explosive Dual Purpose (HEDP) rounds for tactical operations or M788 Target Practice rounds for non-
combat use. The M789 has a light armor penetrating capability as well as a bursting fragmentation effect
for anti-material and anti-personnel use. Ammunition type can be selected via the Mission Editor.
The M230 has a magazine of 1200 rounds and fires up to 625 rounds per minute. When the Internal
Auxiliary Fuel System (IAFS, also nicknamed “Robbie Tank”) is installed, magazine size is reduced to 300
rounds.
Note: The installation/removal of the Robbie Tank is not available yet; the IAFS is installed by default.
WPN Page A/C FUEL Page

Gun Ammunition Counter Internal Auxiliary Fuel System (Robbie Tank)
Ammo Type
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Gun Aiming
The gun is mounted on a hydraulically steered turret that can be slaved to either the TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight)
line-of-sight or IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System) line-of-sight, or fixed to a forward-firing position.
IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and Display Sight System)

M139 AWS (Area Weapon System) 412

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Gun Turret Limitations

Gun Limit Indication

• BAL LIMIT: Sight is aimed beyond the gun’s maximum ballistic range
• COINCIDENCE: Lack of convergence between the point at which the
sight is being directed and the point at which the gun barrel is
directed. Usually appears while the gun turret is still moving and it has
not yet synced up with the sight.
• EL LIMIT: Sight is aimed too high or too low for the gun elevation limits
• AZ LIMIT: Sight is aimed beyond the gun azimuth limits
86 deg 86 deg
+11 deg
-60 deg
413
APACHE
AH-64D
Ranging Considerations
The M230 gun is designed to be used as a close-in weapon when employed by the aircrew’s helmet sights. Range source can be
either set to manual (fixed range set through the WPN page) or automatic.
When the HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display) is selected as the sight and the gun is selected with the WAS (Weapon Action Switch),
the range source is automatically reverted to the Manual Range setting (set on the WPN page). Why? Because this prevents any un-
intended ranging value from being used when hasty close-in firing is needed. As an example, a NAV range to a target could
potentially make the gun attempt to elevate for a ballistic solution that does not match where the HMD sight is looking.
Take note that you can still use a different range source like Automatic or NAV after the gun is WASed (selected).
M: Manual Range Source
Weapon Action Switch (WAS) 0.8: 0.8 km
WPN Page Ranging Setting (meters)

A: Automatic Range Source
0.4: 0.4 km
414
2
APACHE
AH-64D
Setting Manual Range Source

3b
1. [P/CPG] Press on the WPN FAB (Fixed Action Button) to access the Weapon menu.
2. [P/CPG] Press WAS (Weapon Action Switch) UP to select the Gun.
3. [P/CPG] Press VAB next to MAN RNG, enter desired Gun Ranging Distance Parameter (in meters) on
the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER.
• I typically use a fixed manual ranging setting of 800 m.
4. [P/CPG] New Gun Ranging Distance Parameter is visible on the WPN page and HMD (Helmet-Mounted 3c
Display). The Distance is preceded by “M” for “Manual”.
1 4
4
3a Manual Range
0.8 km
415
2.1 – Introduction 2
APACHE
AH-64D
Setting Automatic Range Source

56b
1. [P/CPG] Press on the WPN FAB (Fixed Action Button) to access the Weapon menu. 3b
2. [P/CPG] Press WAS (Weapon Action Switch) UP to select the Gun.
3. [P/CPG] Press VAB next to MAN RNG, enter “A” on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER.
• Keep in mind that the radar altimeter must be on in order to use automatic ranging.
4. [P/CPG] Gun Ranging Distance Parameter is visible on HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display). The 56c
Distance is preceded by “A” for “Automatic”.

3c
1 Manual Distance Setting

4
(not used since in AUTO)
3a Automatic Range
0.5 km
416
2.2 – Gun Operation by Pilot
APACHE
2.2.1 – NORM Mode with HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display)

AH-64D
1. [P] Set the Sight Select Switch to FWD (HMD, Helmet-Mounted Display). The HDU
sight selected should display “P-HMD”.
2. [P] Press A/S (Arm/Safe) Pushbutton to set Master Arm ON (ARM). 2
3. [P] Press WAS (Weapon Action Switch) UP to select the Gun.
• The range source will automatically change to a Manual range (MANRNG)
based on the range value set on the WPN page.
4. [P] Flip Weapons Trigger Switch Guard – UP (Safety OFF/OPEN).
• Set the “Weapons Trigger Guard – OPEN/CLOSE” to a binding easy to

remember like “LSHIFT+SPACEBAR”.
• This step is not required if the “Weapons Trigger Guard Enable Special
Option” is disabled (unticked). 1b
3b

1a Sight Selector Switch • AFT: “A” selects Air-to-Air Weapons (no
• FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects function in our DCS AH-64D variant)
• AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next- 3a
Weapons Trigger Guard Binding

4

• First Detent
417
• Trigger Guard
APACHE

AH-64D
5. [P] Press on the WPN FAB (Fixed Action Button) to access the Weapon menu.
6. [P] Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to MAN RNG, enter desired Gun Ranging Distance Parameter (in meters)
on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER. In this case, we will use automatic ranging. 6b
• For manual ranging, a setting of 800 m is recommended.
• For automatic ranging, enter “A” on the KU, then press ENTER instead. Keep in mind that the radar altimeter
must be on in order to use automatic ranging.
7. [P] Press VAB next to desired BURST LIMIT setting. We will select 10 rounds per burst.
8. [P] Press VAB next to MODE to select NORM. 6c
6a
6d
A: Automatic Ranging 418
APACHE

AH-64D
11
9. [P] Verify no COINCIDENCE, AZ LIMIT, EL LIMIT or BAL LIMIT messages are displayed in the High Action Display. Weapons Trigger Switch
10. [P] Move your head to keep the Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle on the target. The gun turret will follow the reticle • First Detent
and compensate for range. • Second Detent (Spacebar)
11. [P] The maximum supported software ballistic range of the gun is 4200 m, but as a personal preference, I • Trigger Guard
typically like to get within a range to target between 500 m and 1800 m.
12. [P] Fire the gun by squeezing the Weapons Trigger Second Detent (“Spacebar” binding) on the cyclic.
Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle 12
Field-of-Regard Box
Ammunition Counter
9
Automatic Range
0.5 km
419
Field-of-View Box
APACHE

AH-64D
420
APACHE
2.2.2 – FIXED Mode

AH-64D
1. [P] Set the Sight Select Switch to FWD (HMD, Helmet-Mounted Display). The HDU
sight selected should display “P-HMD”.
3. [P] Press WAS (Weapon Action Switch) UP to select the Gun.
• The range source will automatically change to a Manual range (MANRNG)
based on the range value set on the WPN page. However, this will not affect
the range compensation for the gun.

• This step is not required if the “Weapons Trigger Guard Enable Special 1b
Option” is disabled (unticked).
3b


4

• First Detent
421
• Trigger Guard
APACHE

AH-64D
6. [P] Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to desired BURST LIMIT setting. We will select 20
rounds per burst.
7. [P] Press VAB next to MODE to select FXD (Fixed).
8. [P] When employing the gun in Fixed mode with the Helmet-Mounted Display, the gun is fixed
forward at a ballistic solution of 1575 meters. The Fixed Gun Reticle represents the virtual
location in front of the aircraft that coincides with the 1575-meter ballistic solution.
8
Fixed Gun Reticle
422
APACHE

AH-64D
10
9. [P] Manoeuver the helicopter to aim the Fixed Gun Reticle at the target. Weapons Trigger Switch
10. [P] Fire the gun by squeezing the Weapons Trigger Second Detent (“Spacebar” binding) on the cyclic. • First Detent
11. [P] Observe round impacts and adjust aim as required if further attacks are needed. • Second Detent (Spacebar)
• Trigger Guard
9
Fixed Gun Reticle
Gun in Fixed Position

423
2.3 – Gun Operation by Co-Pilot/Gunner
APACHE

AH-64D
1. [CPG] Set the Sight Select Switch to FWD (HMD, Helmet-Mounted Display). The HDU sight
selected should display “C-HMD”.
2. [CPG] Press A/S (Arm/Safe) Pushbutton to set Master Arm ON (ARM). 2
3. [CPG] Press TEDAC Left Hand Grip WAS (Weapon Action Switch) UP to select the Gun.
• The range source will automatically change to a Manual range (MANRNG) based
on the range value set on the WPN page.
4. [CPG] Flip TEDAC Left Hand Grip Weapons Trigger Switch Guard – UP (Safety OFF/OPEN).
• Set the “Weapons Trigger Guard – OPEN/CLOSE” to a binding easy to remember

like “LSHIFT+SPACEBAR”.
• This step is not required if the “Weapons Trigger Guard Enable Special Option” is 1b
disabled (unticked).
3b
• FWD: “G” selects the gun. 3a
1a
• Fires the actioned weapon system if that weapon was actioned using TEDAC RHG Sight Selector Switch
the Weapon Action Switch on the left TEDAC grip. • FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects
4 • AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-
Weapons Trigger Guard Binding • RIGHT: TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation
Sight), but only functional for CPG.
424
APACHE

AH-64D
5. [CPG] Press on the WPN FAB (Fixed Action Button) to access the Weapon menu.
6. [CPG] Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to MAN RNG, enter desired Gun Ranging Distance Parameter (in meters)
on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER. In this case, we will use automatic ranging. 6b
• For manual ranging, a setting of 800 m is recommended.
• For automatic ranging, enter “A” on the KU, then press ENTER instead. Keep in mind that the radar altimeter
must be on in order to use automatic ranging.
7. [CPG] Press VAB next to desired BURST LIMIT setting. We will select 10 rounds per burst.
8. [CPG] Press VAB next to MODE to select NORM. 6c
6a
6d
A: Automatic Ranging 425
APACHE

AH-64D
11
9. [CPG] Verify no COINCIDENCE, AZ LIMIT, EL LIMIT or BAL LIMIT messages are displayed in the
High Action Display. TEDAC LHG Weapon Trigger (opposite side of grip)
10. [CPG] Move your head to keep the Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle on the target. The gun turret • Fires the actioned weapon system if that weapon was
will follow the reticle and compensate for range. actioned using the Weapon Action Switch on the left
11. [CPG] The maximum supported software ballistic range of the gun is 4200 m, but as a personal TEDAC grip.
preference, I typically like to get within a range to target between 500 m and 1800 m.
12. [CPG] Fire the gun by squeezing the TEDAC Left Hand Grip Weapons Trigger Second Detent.
Field-of-Regard Box
Ammunition Counter
9
Automatic Range
0.5 km
426
Field-of-View Box
APACHE

AH-64D
427
APACHE
2.3.2 – NORM Mode with TADS (Target Acquisition and Designation Sight)
AH-64D
1b
1a
428
APACHE
AH-64D
5. [CPG] Set the Sight Select Switch to RIGHT (TADS). Performing this action will select the TADS and display the “TADS” indication on the lower left of
the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) and HDU (Helmet Display Unit).
6. [CPG] Once the TADS becomes the selected sight, the TADS overlay will be visible on the HDU. If you want to remove the TADS overlay from the
HDU, you can use one of these two methods:
5a
TEDAC RHG Sight Selector Switch

5b Sight), but only functional for CPG.
5b 429
APACHE
AH-64D
7. [CPG] Press A/S (Arm/Safe) Pushbutton to set Master Arm ON (ARM).

8. [CPG] Press TEDAC Left Hand Grip WAS (Weapon Action Switch) UP to select the Gun.
• Set the “Weapons Trigger Guard – OPEN/CLOSE” to a binding easy to remember like “LSHIFT+SPACEBAR”.
• This step is not required if the “Weapons Trigger Guard Enable Special Option” is disabled (unticked).
7
11. [CPG] Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to desired BURST LIMIT setting. We will select 10 rounds per burst.
12. [CPG] Press VAB next to MODE to select NORM.
11 Weapon Action Switch (WAS)

8
12 • RIGHT: “M” selects Hellfire missiles.

10
430
2 – M139 AWS (AREA WEAPON SYSTEM) / M230 30 MM GUN Boresight/Polarity Selector
2.3 – Gun Operation by Co-Pilot/Gunner 17b

APACHE
AH-64D
15. [CPG] Adjust TDU (TADS Display Unit) Symbology Brightness (SYM), Image Brightness (BRT), Contrast
(CON) – As Required.
17. [CPG] If FLIR is selected:
a) Adjust FLIR Level and Gain – As Required. 14

17a
15
16
17a
13 15
15
431
APACHE
AH-64D
18. [CPG] On TEDAC Left Hand Grip, set TADS FOV (Field-of-View) Selector – As Desired (Zoom,
Medium, Narrow or Wide)
Tracker Controller) Switch, also known as “Thumb Force Controller”. TADS Sensor Bearing
make constant adjustments to keep the Reticle on the target.
21. [CPG] If the target or the helicopter is moving, on TEDAC Left Hand Grip, press LMC Button to Selected Sensor
engage the Linear Motion Compensator. The TADS Line-of-Sight Reticle will become much TADS LOS (Line-of-
easier to manage since it will compensate for helicopter and/or target movement. LMC also Sight) Reticle
enables the Target State Estimator (TSE). LMC is Active
19
21
18
Field-of-View Box
Field-of-Regard Box
19

21
LMC (Linear Motion Compensator)

Button (Opposite Side) 432
APACHE
AH-64D
22 LRFD (Laser Rangefinder &

22. [CPG] Squeeze and hold the TEDAC Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger to lase and designate the target. Designator) Indicator
• First detent held: LRFD (Laser Range Finder & Designator) determines the target range
• If LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) is active, squeezing and holding the TEDAC Right TADS Sensor Bearing
Hand Grip LRFD Trigger to the second detent engages TSE (Target State Estimator).
TSE will automatically apply some lead to make sure the gun rounds hit where the Selected Sensor
target is going to be while taking into account its current speed and direction.
23. [CPG] The maximum supported software ballistic range of the gun is 4200 m, but as a personal
preference, I typically like to get within a range to target between 500 m and 1800 m. TADS LOS (Line-of-
Designated Target
24. [CPG] Fire the gun by squeezing the TEDAC Left Hand Grip Weapons Trigger Second Detent. Sight) Reticle
25. [CPG] If target is destroyed and LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) has been engaged, on TEDAC Left
Hand Grip, press LMC Button again to disengage LMC. 22
LMC is Active
22 Ammunition
Counter
Target Range (meters)
Field-of-View Box
Field-of-Regard Box
24
TEDAC LHG Weapon Trigger

(opposite side of grip)
22

LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) 25
Pilot Perspective
2 – M139 AWS (AREA WEAPON SYSTEM) / M230 30 MM GUN Cued Line-of-Sight Reticle
APACHE
AH-64D
Note for the pilot if operating in multicrew: On the pilot’s IHADSS HDU (Helmet Display Unit), the Cued Line-of-Sight
Reticle represents where the TADS is looking if your ACQ (acquisition) source is the TADS.
434
APACHE
AH-64D
Notes for the CPG: In situations where a target of opportunity is spotted visually by either crew member, it is good
practice for the co-pilot/gunner to select either his helmet (GHS, Gunner Helmet Sight) or the pilot’s helmet (PHS, Pilot
Helmet Sight), then press the Sight Slave Button to slave the TADS to the helmet’s line-of-sight reticle.
Once the TADS line-of-sight is on the target, pressing the Sight Slave Button a second time will de-slave the TADS and
allow the co-pilot/gunner to make fine adjustments from the TADS display directly using the MAN TRK (Sight Manual
Tracker Controller) Switch.

• TADS: Target Acquisition and Designation Sight Acquisition Source:
GHS (Gunner Helmet Sight)
Sight Slave Button

manual tracker.
Helmet Line-of-
Sight Reticle
Selected Sight:
TADS

Acquisition Source:
435
2.4 – Gun Operation by George AI as Co-Pilot/Gunner
APACHE
AH-64D
2
1. [P] Set the Sight Select Switch to FWD (HMD, Helmet-Mounted Display). The
HDU sight selected should display “P-HMD”.
2. [P] Press A/S (Arm/Safe) Pushbutton to set Master Arm ON (ARM).
4. [P] Press « A » SHORT (LEFT) for less than 0.5 sec to cycle between weapons
until GUN is selected.
5. [P] Press « D » SHORT (RIGHT) for less than 0.5 sec to cycle between gun
burst settings. We will select 20 rounds per burst.

6. [P] The George Menu changes color depending on the active rules of Pilot Perspective
engagement (ROE):
• Yellow: Weapons hold
• Green: Weapons free
7. [P] Confirm that the George Menu color is yellow. If it is green (weapons
free), press « W » LONG (UP) for more than 0.5 sec to set ROE back to
weapons hold.
8. [P] The pilot’s HDU (Helmet Display Unit) reticle is used as a Designation
8
3 5
George Interface
1a Sight Selector Switch

1b
sight will become HMD. 4
• RIGHT: No function for pilot collective. 436
APACHE
AH-64D
TADS. Then, fly towards the target and ensure the the helicopter
attitude remains stable.
11
10. [P] Move your head (HDU Reticle / Designation Reticle) near the area
you want the Co-Pilot/Gunner to search for targets, then press « W » 12
SHORT (less than 0.5 sec).
Sight), then slave the TADS to the acquisition source, then call out Pilot Perspective
10
9 Pilot ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS

437
APACHE
AH-64D
13. [CPG] George will then start scanning for targets in the designated area. When targets are found, a menu with a list of targets appears.
17. [P] The pilot should be able to see a cued line-of-sight reticle on his HDU (Helmet Display Unit), which indicates the TADS line-of-sight
and the designated target if your acquisition (ACQ) source is set to the TADS.
Pilot Perspective Cued Line-of-Sight Reticle 17

the Co-Pilot/Gunner
Pilot ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS
13
ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS 14
16
438
APACHE
AH-64D
18. [P] Use the « Consent To Fire » command to order George to fire on the selected target.
• Alternatively, you could press « W » LONG (more than 0.5 sec) to set ROE to
weapons free. The George Menu will then switch to green (weapons free).
19. [CPG] George will then fire on the target with the burst setting selected previously.
20. [P] If you want George to stop engaging the target, press “S” SHORT (DOWN) to
undesignate George’s target.
21. [P] You can hide the George Menu by using « LCTRL+V ».
19a
18 “Consent to Fire” Command
19b
439
Rocket Types
3 – UNGUIDED AERIAL ROCKETS
Label Motor Fuzing Warhead
6PD Mk. 66 Point Detonation High Explosive
APACHE
AH-64D
The Aerial Rocket Sub-system (ARS) consists of M261 lightweight rocket launchers, capable of firing 2.75-inch folding fin aerial 6RC Mk. 66 Penetration High Explosive
rockets (FFARs), primarily variants of the Hydra-70 rocket. The M261 has 19 rocket tubes, and can be loaded on all four pylons,
6MP Mk. 66 Time Delay Multipurpose Submunition
for a maximum of 76 rockets. Each M261 rocket launcher is "zoned", allowing for carriage of up to three different rocket types
with one pair of launchers mounted, or up to five rocket types with two pairs of rocket launchers mounted. Each tube provides 6IL Mk. 66 Time Delay Illumination
individual firing and fusing circuits.
6SK Mk. 66 Time Delay Smoke
The interesting feature of the ARS system is its integration with articulated hardpoints; this allows any crew member to aim 6FL Mk. 66 Time Delay Flechette
with the HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display) Line-of-Sight Reticle, and the articulated hardpoint will move to control rocket
elevation (but not in azimuth) to ensure the rocket lands on the aimpoint when fired. Of course, this takes into account that
pylon articulation elevation limits are respected and that the helicopter is positioned correctly and flies at an adequate attitude.
Rocket Types
Articulated M261 Rocket Launcher 440

APACHE
AH-64D
Articulated Hardpoint Limits
The Aerial Rocket Sub-system provides the

AH-64 with a direct and indirect fire
capability akin to a light rocket artillery
battery. Each hardpoint is capable of
articulating between +4 deg to -15 deg in
elevation.
Pylons articulated to +4 deg up
Pylons articulated to -15 deg down
“PYLON LIMIT” Message is visible if

pylon limits are exceeded
441
3.1 – Introduction Head Tracker Symbol
APACHE
Armament Datum Line (ADL)

AH-64D
Aircraft Datum Line (ADL)
The Aircraft Datum Line (ADL) is a line that is drawn straight out from the nose at -4.9 deg elevation and is
represented by the Head Tracker symbol within the Helmet-Mounted Display flight symbology. In a stable
hover with no winds, the ADL will be level with the horizon and is typically at an approximate mid-point
between the upper and lower articulation limits of the pylons.
ADL (Armament Datum Line)
442
3 – UNGUIDED AERIAL ROCKETS Rocket Steering Cursor with 8 deg
of total permittable ADL travel
3.1 – Introduction above the aimpoint
APACHE
AH-64D
Rocket Steering Cursor Rocket Steering Cursor
The Rocket Steering Cursor is a steering/manoeuver cue that indicates the direction to turn the aircraft (by either cyclic or pedal inputs) and the required
pitch angle of the aircraft to place the calculated ballistic solution within the articulation limits of the pylons. In other words, the Rocket Steering Cursor HMD Line-of-Sight
represents the required position in azimuth and elevation the ADL (Armament Datum Line) of the aircraft needs to be placed relative to the aimpoint to keep Reticle (Aimpoint)
the ballistic solution within the pylon articulation range.
When the HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display) is the crewmember’s selected sight, the Line-of-Sight reticle is used to designate the target location. In this
situation, you can consider the HMD Line-of-Sight as the aimpoint reference. This is done regardless of wherever the crewmember is looking, and the ballistic Rocket Steering Cursor with 11 deg
solution is updated continuously as the crewmember looks around. There are also cases where other sensors are used to designate the aimpoint reference. of total permittable ADL travel
below the aimpoint
The remaining factors that influence where the Rocket Steering Cursor is placed are the range to the target and the relative winds and air mass as calculated
by the High Integrated Air Data Computer (HIADC).
Head Tracker Symbol

0 deg Reference Axis

Rocket Steering Cursor (Aligned with aircraft nose)
HMD Line-of-Sight
Reticle (Aimpoint)
443
APACHE
AH-64D
Rocket Steering Cursor
• Scenario 1: Rocket Steering Cursor indicates to turn right since HMD Line-of-Sight (aimpoint) is to the right of the ADL.
• Scenario 2: Rocket Steering Cursor, HMD Line-of-Sight (aimpoint) and ADL are lined up. Rockets will land on HMD Line-
of-Sight.
• Scenario 3: Rocket Steering Cursor indicates to turn left since HMD Line-of-Sight (aimpoint) is to the left of the ADL.
• Scenario 4: Rocket Steering Cursor is dashed and indicates that HMD Line-of-Sight (aimpoint) is out of the pylon
articulation range.
Scenario 4
Head Tracker Symbol

HMD Line-of-Sight 444Scenario 3

Reticle (Aimpoint) Scenario 1 Scenario 2
Hover Fire with HMD
APACHE
AH-64D
Engagement Methods
There are four primary methods of using rockets in the AH-64:
• Hover Fire with Helmet-Mounted Display (HMD): This method has the pilot fly in a hover and use the HMD
Line-of-Sight reticle to aim with. Steering commands are provided by the Rocket Steering Cursor to align the
helicopter with the aimpoint (HMD Line-of-Sight). Running/Diving Fire with HMD
• Running/Diving Fire with Helmet-Mounted Display (HMD): This method has the pilot perform a
running/diving attack and use the HMD Line-of-Sight reticle to aim with. Steering commands are provided
by the Rocket Steering Cursor to align the helicopter with the aimpoint (HMD Line-of-Sight).
• Direct Fire with COOP Mode and TADS: COOP Mode implies that both the pilot and co-pilot/gunner have
selected rockets and work in cooperation to designate and fire rockets on the target. The co-pilot/gunner’s
job is to use the TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight) to designate the target. The pilot’s job is to
steer the helicopter using the Rocket Steering Cursor as a steering cue and fire rockets. Direct fire means
that there is a clear line-of-sight between the TADS and the target.
Direct Fire with COOP Mode and TADS
• Indirect Fire with COOP Mode and TADS: COOP Mode implies that both the pilot and co-pilot/gunner have
selected rockets and work in cooperation to designate and fire rockets on the target. The co-pilot/gunner’s
job is to use the TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight) to designate the target. The pilot’s job is to
steer the helicopter using the Rocket Steering Cursor as a steering cue and fire rockets. Indirect fire means
that there is not necessarily any line-of-sight between the TADS and the target; slaving the TADS to a
waypoint or a target point is the preferred procedure for this method.
Indirect Fire with COOP Mode and TADS
Target Point
445
3.2 – Rocket Operation by Pilot
APACHE
3.2.1 – Hover Fire with HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display)

AH-64D
3. [P] Press WAS (Weapon Action Switch) LEFT to select the Rockets.
• “TYPE?” indication means that we have not selected a rocket type yet.

3b


4

• First Detent
446
• Trigger Guard
APACHE

AH-64D
5. [P] Press on the WPN FAB (Fixed Action Button) to access the Weapon
menu.
6. [P] Press on the VAB (Variable Action Button) next to the rocket type you 7b
want to select. We will select type “6PD”, which is a high explosive
warhead with point detonation fuzing. The rocket counter is below the
type data field.
7. [P] Press VAB next to MAN RNG, enter desired Rocket Ranging Distance
Parameter (in meters) on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER. In 7c

this case, we will use automatic ranging.
• For automatic ranging, enter “A” on the KU, then press ENTER
instead. Keep in mind that the radar altimeter must be on in
order to use automatic ranging.
8. [P] Press VAB next to desired Salvo Quantity setting. We will select 4 7d
rockets per salvo. A: Automatic Ranging
8c
6 8a 8b
7a
447
Articulated Hardpoint
APACHE

AH-64D
9. [P] Bring the helicopter into a stable hover.

10. [P] Move your head to keep the Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle on the target.
11. [P] Use pedal inputs to turn the helicopter in the direction of the Rocket Steering Cursor
while maintaining the HMD Line-of-Sight reticle on the target.
12. [P] When Rocket Steering Cursor is aligned with the HMD Line-of-Sight reticle, stop turning
and stabilize the helicopter attitude and heading.
13. [P] The articulated hardpoints will move to control rocket elevation (but not in azimuth) to
ensure the rocket lands on the aimpoint (in this case, the HMD Line-of-Sight) when fired.
14. [P] Verify no weapon inhibit messages (i.e. PYLON LIMITS) are displayed in the High Action
Display. Rocket Trajectory

Aligned with Rocket Steering Cursor

(Indicates to steer left)
Field-of-Regard Box
11
Automatic Range 448

1.0 km Field-of-View Box
APACHE

AH-64D
15
15. [P] Fire rockets by squeezing the Weapons Trigger Second Detent (“Spacebar” binding) on the cyclic.
• First Detent
• Trigger Guard
449
APACHE
3.2.2 – Running/Diving Fire with HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display)

AH-64D

3b


4

• First Detent
450
• Trigger Guard
APACHE

AH-64D
6. [P] Press on the VAB (Variable Action Button) next to the rocket type you want to
select. We will select type “6PD”, which is a high explosive warhead with point 7b
detonation fuzing. The rocket counter is below the type data field.
Parameter (in meters) on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER. In this case,
we will use automatic ranging.
• For automatic ranging, enter “A” on the KU, then press ENTER instead. 7c
Keep in mind that the radar altimeter must be on in order to use
automatic ranging.
8. [P] Press VAB next to desired Salvo Quantity setting. We will select 4 rockets per
salvo.
7d
A: Automatic Ranging
8c
6 8a 8b
7a
451
APACHE

AH-64D
9. [P] Spot the target visually start flying towards it.

10. [P] Move your head to keep the Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle on the target.
11. [P] Use cyclic roll inputs to turn the aircraft in the direction of the Rocket Steering Cursor
while maintaining the HMD Line-of-Sight reticle on the target.
12. [P] When Rocket Steering Cursor is aligned with the HMD Line-of-Sight reticle in the lateral
axis, stop turning and stabilize the helicopter attitude and heading with cyclic inputs.
Maintain the trim ball centered with the pedals. Articulated Hardpoint
• If performing a dive, use cyclic to adjust the pitch attitude of the helicopter and
maintain applied power setting with the collective.
13. [P] The articulated hardpoints will move to control rocket elevation (but not in azimuth) to
ensure the rocket lands on the aimpoint (in this case, the HMD Line-of-Sight) when fired.

Rocket Steering Cursor Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle
(Indicates to steer right) Aligned with Rocket Steering Cursor
Field-of-Regard Box
Trim Ball
Automatic Range
12
1.1 km 452
Field-of-View Box
APACHE

AH-64D
15
14. [P] Verify no weapon inhibit messages (i.e. PYLON LIMITS) are displayed in the High Action Display. Weapons Trigger Switch
15. [P] Fire rockets by squeezing the Weapons Trigger Second Detent (“Spacebar” binding) on the cyclic. • First Detent
• Trigger Guard
453
3.3 – Rocket Operation by Multicrew
APACHE
3.3.1 – Direct Fire with COOP Mode & TADS

AH-64D

3b


4

• First Detent
454
• Trigger Guard
APACHE

AH-64D
6. [P] Press on the VAB (Variable Action Button) next to the rocket type you want
to select. We will select type “6PD”, which is a high explosive warhead with 7b
point detonation fuzing. The rocket counter is below the type data field.
Parameter (in meters) on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER. In this
case, we will use automatic ranging.
• For automatic ranging, enter “A” on the KU, then press ENTER instead. 7c
Keep in mind that the radar altimeter must be on in order to use
automatic ranging.
8. [P] Press VAB next to desired Salvo Quantity setting. We will select 4 rockets
per salvo. 7d
9. [P] Press VAB next to ACQ and select TADS. This will ensure you are using the A: Automatic Ranging
Co-Pilot/Gunner’s Target Acquisition & Designation Sight as your acquisition
source.
8c
6 8a 8b
7a
9
455
APACHE

AH-64D
13
10b
11
11
12
10a
456
APACHE

AH-64D
14a

14b
14b 457
16
3 – UNGUIDED AERIAL ROCKETS •
•
FWD: “G” selects the gun.
LEFT: “R” selects rockets.
3.3 – Rocket Operation by Multicrew •
•
RIGHT: “M” selects Hellfire missiles.
AFT: “A” selects Air-to-Air Weapons (no
APACHE

AH-64D

16. [CPG] Press TEDAC Left Hand Grip WAS (Weapon Action Switch) LEFT to select the Rockets.
18. [CPG] Press on the VAB (Variable Action Button) next to the rocket type you want to select. We will
select type “6PD”, which is a high explosive warhead with point detonation fuzing. The rocket counter
is below the type data field.
19. [CPG] Press VAB next to MAN RNG, enter desired Rocket Ranging Distance Parameter (in meters) on
the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER. In this case, we will use automatic ranging.
• For automatic ranging, enter “A” on the KU, then press ENTER instead. Keep in mind that the
radar altimeter must be on in order to use automatic ranging.
18
19b
17
19c
19a
458
APACHE

AH-64D
20. When both the pilot and co-pilot/gunner have selected rockets, the “COOP” indication
appears, meaning that rockets are used in “cooperation” mode and need both the pilot and
co-pilot/gunner to work together to aim/designate and fire.
20
20
459
3 – UNGUIDED AERIAL ROCKETS Boresight/Polarity Selector
3.3 – Rocket Operation by Multicrew 25b

APACHE

AH-64D

25a
23
24
25a
23
21
23
460
APACHE

AH-64D
29. [CPG] If the target or the helicopter is moving, on TEDAC Left Hand Grip, press LMC Button to Selected Sensor
engage the Linear Motion Compensator. The TADS Line-of-Sight Reticle will become much TADS LOS (Line-of-
easier to manage since it will compensate for helicopter and/or target movement. LMC also Sight) Reticle
enables the Target State Estimator (TSE).
27
26
LMC is Active
29
Field-of-Regard Box
Field-of-View Box
27

29

APACHE

AH-64D

• Second detent held: LRFD determines target range and designates target for laser
guidance. TADS Sensor Bearing
• If LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) is active, squeezing and holding the TEDAC
Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger to the second detent engages TSE (Target State Selected Sensor
Estimator). TSE will automatically apply some lead to make sure the rockets hit
where the target is going to be while taking into account its current speed and
direction. TADS LOS (Line-of-
31. [CPG] Instruct the Pilot to align the aircraft with the Rocket Steering Cursor and fire using the Sight) Reticle
phrase “Match and Shoot”. 31
30
Designated Target
LMC is Active
30

Field-of-View Box
Field-of-Regard Box
30

APACHE

AH-64D
32. [P] When pilot is told “Match and Shoot” by the co-pilot/gunner, steer the helicopter in the direction of the Rocket Steering Cursor to
“match” (align) the helicopter properly with the target designated by the co-pilot/gunner by using the HMD LOS (Helmet-Mounted
Display Line-of-Sight) Reticle and the Rocket Steering Cursor.
• If in a hover, use pedal inputs to turn the aircraft in the direction of the Rocket Steering Cursor. When Rocket Steering
Cursor is aligned with the HMD Line-of-Sight reticle, stop turning and stabilize the aircraft attitude and heading.
• If flying with forward airspeed above ETL (Effective Translational Lift, which is typically between 16-24 kts), use cyclic roll
inputs to turn the aircraft in the direction of the Rocket Steering Cursor. When Rocket Steering Cursor is aligned with the
HMD Line-of-Sight reticle in the vertical axis, stop turning and stabilize the aircraft attitude and heading with cyclic.
Maintain the trim ball centered with the pedals.
and the designated target if your acquisition (ACQ) source is set to the TADS. Pilot ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS
Pilot Perspective

Field-of-Regard Box

the Co-Pilot/Gunner
Laser Ranging/Designation ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS

2623 m 463
Field-of-View Box
3 – UNGUIDED AERIAL ROCKETS Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle
3.3 – Rocket Operation by Multicrew Aligned with Rocket Steering Cursor
APACHE

AH-64D
34. [P] The articulated hardpoints will move to control rocket elevation (but not in azimuth) to ensure
the rocket lands on the aimpoint (in this case, the TADS Line-of-Sight) when fired.
35. [P] Verify no weapon inhibit messages (i.e. PYLON LIMITS) are displayed in the High Action Display.
36. [P] Fire rockets by squeezing the Weapons Trigger Second Detent (“Spacebar” binding) on the
cyclic.
36
• First Detent
Articulated Hardpoint • Trigger Guard
464
APACHE

AH-64D
37. Once rockets are fired, a TOF (Time-of-Flight) indication in seconds is displayed until rocket impact.
38. [CPG] After rockets are fired, the co-pilot/gunner should be “sensing”, meaning he decreases the TADS field-of-view
(FOV) one level (with TEDAC Left Hand Grip TADS FOV (Field-of-View) Selector) to observe for rocket impacts. Make
required adjustments to aimpoint and repeat rocket salvo with the pilot as necessary until target effects are achieved.

Sight) FOV (Field-of-View) Selector Pilot Perspective
• FWD: Z (Zoom FOV)
• LEFT: N (Narrow FOV)
• RIGHT: W (Wide FOV)
TOF (Time-of-Flight)
(sec)
(sec)
“Sensing” (observing 465

while zoomed out)
APACHE

AH-64D
466
APACHE
3.3.2 – Indirect Fire with COOP Mode & TADS

AH-64D
Indirect rocket fire can be performed either using a diving attack or from a hover; the
AH-64 can be employed as mobile aerial rocket artillery.
Here is a flow I like to use to perform indirect fire using Rocket COOP mode:
Co-Pilot/Gunner finds, lases, designates and stores target with the TADS
Co-Pilot/Gunner selects stored target (Target Point)
Co-Pilot/Gunner slaves TADS to Target Point (NAV Ranging)
Pilot and Co-Pilot/Gunner both select rockets
Pilot selects TADS as ACQ (Acquisition Source)
Pilot “matches and shoots” target by using Rocket Steering Cursor
467
APACHE

AH-64D

Option” is disabled (unticked).
1b
3b


4

• First Detent
468
• Trigger Guard
APACHE

AH-64D
6. [P] Press on the VAB (Variable Action Button) next to the rocket type you
want to select. We will select type “6PD”, which is a high explosive warhead 7b
with point detonation fuzing. The rocket counter is below the type data field.
Parameter (in meters) on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER. In this
case, we will use automatic ranging.
• For automatic ranging, enter “A” on the KU, then press ENTER 7c
instead. Keep in mind that the radar altimeter must be on in order to
use automatic ranging.
8. [P] Press VAB next to desired Salvo Quantity setting. We will select 4 rockets
per salvo.
9. [P] Press VAB next to ACQ and select TADS. This will ensure you are using the 7d
Co-Pilot/Gunner’s Target Acquisition & Designation Sight as your acquisition A: Automatic Ranging
source.
8c
6 8a 8b
7a 9
469
APACHE

AH-64D
13
10b
11
11
12
10a
470
APACHE

AH-64D
13a

13b
13b 471
16
3 – UNGUIDED AERIAL ROCKETS •
•
FWD: “G” selects the gun.
LEFT: “R” selects rockets.
3.3 – Rocket Operation by Multicrew •
•
RIGHT: “M” selects Hellfire missiles.
AFT: “A” selects Air-to-Air Weapons (no
APACHE

AH-64D

16. [CPG] Press TEDAC Left Hand Grip WAS (Weapon Action Switch) LEFT to select the Rockets.
18. [CPG] Press on the VAB (Variable Action Button) next to the rocket type you want to select. We will
select type “6PD”, which is a high explosive warhead with point detonation fuzing. The rocket counter
is below the type data field.
19. [CPG] Press VAB next to MAN RNG, enter desired Rocket Ranging Distance Parameter (in meters) on
the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER. In this case, we will use automatic ranging.
• For automatic ranging, enter “A” on the KU, then press ENTER instead. Keep in mind that the
radar altimeter must be on in order to use automatic ranging.
18
19b
17
19c
19a
472
APACHE

AH-64D
20. When both the pilot and co-pilot/gunner have selected rockets, the “COOP” indication
appears, meaning that rockets are used in “cooperation” mode and need both the pilot and
co-pilot/gunner to work together to aim/designate and fire.
20
20
473
3 – UNGUIDED AERIAL ROCKETS Boresight/Polarity Selector
3.3 – Rocket Operation by Multicrew 25b

APACHE

AH-64D

25a
23
24
25a
23
21
23
474
APACHE

AH-64D
28. [CPG] If the target or the helicopter is moving, on TEDAC Left Hand Grip, press LMC Button to Selected Sensor TADS LOS (Line-of-
engage the Linear Motion Compensator. The TADS Line-of-Sight Reticle will become much Sight) Reticle
easier to manage since it will compensate for helicopter and/or target movement. LMC also
enables the Target State Estimator (TSE). 26
25
LMC is Active
28
Field-of-Regard Box
Field-of-View Box
26

28

APACHE

AH-64D

• Second detent held: LRFD determines target range and designates target for laser 29
guidance. TADS Sensor Bearing
• If LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) is active, squeezing and holding the TEDAC TADS LOS (Line-of-
Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger to the second detent engages TSE (Target State Selected Sensor Sight) Reticle
direction.
30. [CPG] Press the TEDAC Left Hand Grip Store/Update Switch FWD (STORE) to store the TADS line-
of-sight as a target point.
31. [CPG] A “T” followed by the Target Point number will be displayed on the TDU (TADS Display
Unit). As an example, “T01” indicates that Target Point 01 coordinates have been stored.
LMC is Active
• The Co-Pilot can then call out to the pilot something like “BMP stored target 01” to let
Rocket Steering
him know what has been spotted and stored in which target point.
Cursor
31 Target T01 Stored
• Stores position information or performs position updates. TEDAC RHG (Right Hand Grip)
• FWD: STORE, Stores selected sensor line-of-sight as a point Designated Target
29

Field-of-View Box
Field-of-Regard Box
29

APACHE

AH-64D
32. [CPG] On the TSD (Tactical Situation Display) page, select ATK (Attack) Phase. This will allow you to
see existing target points on the TSD.
33a T01 is the

T01
Acquisition Source
33b Target 01 Stored
34
32a 32b
TADS Line-of-Sight
477
APACHE

AH-64D
36. CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button. The TADS will then lock on the selected acquisition source, which is Target Point T01
in this case. Even if you lose line-of-sight with the target, the TADS will still remember the coordinates of the stored target.
• Note: alternatively, you could also use the Cursor Acquisition method to slave the TADS to a target point.
37. CPG] Verify that Range Source is set to NAV (Navigation). Range indication should be preceded by “N”, which means that the range is computed
from the target point coordinates.
38. [CPG] Instruct the Pilot to align the aircraft with the Rocket Steering Cursor and fire using the phrase “Match and Shoot”.
36
TADS Slaved to T01
Rocket Steering
Cursor
Sight Slave Button
36
N2.5
Range: 2.5 km
Ranging Source: Navigation
478
APACHE

AH-64D
39. [P] When pilot is told “Match and Shoot” by the co-pilot/gunner, steer the helicopter in the direction of the Rocket Steering Cursor to
“match” (align) the helicopter properly with the target designated by the co-pilot/gunner by using the HMD LOS (Helmet-Mounted
Display Line-of-Sight) Reticle and the Rocket Steering Cursor.
• If in a hover, use pedal inputs to turn the aircraft in the direction of the Rocket Steering Cursor. When Rocket Steering
Cursor is aligned with the HMD Line-of-Sight reticle, stop turning and stabilize the aircraft attitude and heading.
inputs to turn the aircraft in the direction of the Rocket Steering Cursor. When Rocket Steering Cursor is aligned with the
HMD Line-of-Sight reticle in the vertical axis, stop turning and stabilize the aircraft attitude and heading with cyclic.
Maintain the trim ball centered with the pedals.
and the designated target if your acquisition (ACQ) source is set to the TADS. Pilot ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS

Pilot Perspective Target selected with the TADS by
the Co-Pilot/Gunner

Field-of-Regard Box
N2.5 ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS

Range: 2.5 km
479
Ranging Source: Navigation Field-of-View Box
3 – UNGUIDED AERIAL ROCKETS Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle
3.3 – Rocket Operation by Multicrew Aligned with Rocket Steering Cursor
APACHE

AH-64D
41. [P] The articulated hardpoints will move to control rocket elevation (but not in azimuth) to ensure
the rocket lands on the aimpoint (in this case, the TADS Line-of-Sight) when fired.
42. [P] Verify no weapon inhibit messages (i.e. PYLON LIMITS) are displayed in the High Action Display.
43. [P] Fire rockets by squeezing the Weapons Trigger Second Detent (“Spacebar” binding) on the
cyclic.
43
• First Detent
• Trigger Guard
Articulated Hardpoint
480
APACHE

AH-64D
44. Once rockets are fired, a TOF (Time-of-Flight) indication in seconds is displayed until rocket impact.
45. [CPG] After rockets are fired, the co-pilot/gunner should be “sensing”, meaning he decreases the TADS field-of-view
(FOV) one level (with TEDAC Left Hand Grip TADS FOV (Field-of-View) Selector) to observe for rocket impacts. Make
required adjustments to aimpoint and repeat rocket salvo with the pilot as necessary until target effects are achieved.

Sight) FOV (Field-of-View) Selector Pilot Perspective
• FWD: Z (Zoom FOV)
• LEFT: N (Narrow FOV)
• RIGHT: W (Wide FOV)
(sec)
(sec)
“Sensing” (observing 481

while zoomed out)
APACHE

AH-64D
482
3.4 – Rocket Operation by George AI as Co-Pilot/Gunner
APACHE
AH-64D
2
2. [P] Press A/S (Arm/Safe) Pushbutton to set Master Arm ON (ARM).
4. [P] Press « A » SHORT (LEFT) for less than 0.5 sec to cycle between weapons
until RKTS (Rockets) are selected.
5. [P] Press « A » LONG (LEFT) for more than 0.5 sec to cycle between rocket
types. We will select HE (High Explosive) rockets. Pilot Perspective

6. [P] Press « D » SHORT (RIGHT) for less than 0.5 sec to cycle between rocket
salvo quantity settings. We will select 4 rockets per salvo.
7. [P] The George Menu changes color depending on the active rules of
engagement (ROE):
8. [P] Confirm that the George Menu color is yellow. If it is green (weapons
free), press « W » LONG (UP) for more than 0.5 sec to set ROE back to
weapons hold.
9. [P] The pilot’s HDU (Helmet Display Unit) reticle is used as a Designation
6
3
George Interface
9
1a Sight Selector Switch 1b

To-Shoot (NTS). If the CPG’s active sight is TADS 5
• RIGHT: No function for pilot collective. 4 483
APACHE
AH-64D
10. [P] From the WPN (Weapon) page, set the Pilot Acquisition Source
to TADS. Then, fly towards the target and ensure the the helicopter
12
11. [P] Move your head (HDU Reticle / Designation Reticle) near the
area you want the Co-Pilot/Gunner to search for targets, then press 13
« W » SHORT (less than 0.5 sec).
“slaving” to remind the pilot that the TADS is slaved to his helmet Pilot Perspective
reticle.
pointed at by the pilot’s HDU reticle, George will de-slave the TADS,
call out “de-slaved” to tell the pilot that he can start looking
elsewhere. Target can then be spotted, designated, lased and
stored by him.
11

484
APACHE
AH-64D
Pilot Perspective
18 Cued Line-of-Sight Reticle Pilot ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS

the Co-Pilot/Gunner
14
15
17
485
APACHE
AH-64D
19. [P] Steer the helicopter in the direction of the Rocket Steering Cursor to “match” (align) the helicopter properly with the target
designated by the co-pilot/gunner by using the HMD LOS (Helmet-Mounted Display Line-of-Sight) Reticle and the Rocket Steering Cursor.
• If in a hover, use pedal inputs to turn the aircraft in the direction of the Rocket Steering Cursor. When Rocket Steering Cursor is
aligned with the HMD Line-of-Sight reticle, stop turning and stabilize the aircraft attitude and heading.
inputs to turn the aircraft in the direction of the Rocket Steering Cursor. When Rocket Steering Cursor is aligned with the HMD
Line-of-Sight reticle in the vertical axis, stop turning and stabilize the aircraft attitude and heading with cyclic. Maintain the trim
ball centered with the pedals.

Pilot Perspective Cued Line-of-Sight Reticle Aligned with Rocket Steering Cursor
the Co-Pilot/Gunner

Field-of-Regard Box

Laser Ranging/Designation
3165 m 486
Field-of-View Box
APACHE
AH-64D
20. [P] Use the « Consent To Fire » command to order George to

fire on the selected target.
• Alternatively, you could press « W » LONG (more than
0.5 sec) to set ROE to weapons free. The George Menu
will then switch to green (weapons free).
21. [CPG] George will then fire rockets on the target by himself
when you have a good firing solution (HMD LOS (Helmet-
Mounted Display Line-of-Sight) Reticle and the Rocket Steering

Cursor are lined up).
22. [P] If you want George to stop engaging the target, press “S”
SHORT (DOWN) to undesignate George’s target.
21a
21b
487
APACHE
AH-64D
488
4 – AGM-114 HELLFIRE MISSILE
APACHE
AH-64D
The AGM-114 Hellfire air-to-ground missile was primarily designed

as a “tank killer” weapon. It was originally developed under the
name ”Heliborne Laser Fire-and-Forget Missile”, which led to the
colloquial name "Hellfire" ultimately becoming the missile's formal
name.
Our variant of the Apache comes with the AGM-114K “Kilo” and
AGM-114L “Lima” Hellfires. The “Kilo” Hellfire is a semi-active laser-

guided (SAL) variant, while the “Lima” Hellfire (sometimes referred
as the “Longbow Hellfire”) has an active radar frequency seeker (RF)
that is guided by the AN/APG-78 Fire Control Radar.
489
AGM-114K Hellfire AGM-114L Hellfire
APACHE
AH-64D
Longbow Hellfire Modular Missile System (LBHMMS)
The Longbow Hellfire Modular Missile System (LBHMMS) provides precision fire capability against point targets at long range. The LBHMMS includes the M299 missile launcher rack, but it
is also integrated with the AN/APG-78 FCR (Fire Control Radar) and the AN/ASQ-170 TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight).
The “Longbow” system is basically a software communication architecture built around a network (commonly referred as “tactical internet”) that enables aircraft to transmit data (targets,
waypoints, text messaging, etc.) between themselves. Targets acquired can be shared across the Longbow Net to other helicopters, even those that are not equipped with a radar.
AN/APG-78 FCR (Fire Control Radar)

AN/APR-48A RFI (Radio Frequency Interferometer)
M299 Missile Launcher Rack Acquisition & Designation Sight)
490
AGM-114K Hellfire Missile Seeker
APACHE
AH-64D
Missile Constraints Box
When selecting the Hellfire, the “Missile Constraints Box” is used to assist in successful launch and destruction of ground targets. This box is visible on the HDU (Helmet Display Unit) monocle and on
the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) as well. The location of the constraints box is used to indicate the position of the missile seeker itself relative to the missile datum line (0° in azimuth and elevation from
the missile body). Keep in mind that the constraints box location does not correspond with a real-world location “out-the-window”. Box sizes indicate how far the aircraft nose can be offset from the
target while still allowing a successful engagement.
The constraints box is displayed in two sizes, and these boxes can be either dashed or solid:
• Small (LOAL) box: Missile seeker is not detecting laser energy with a frequency that matches the laser frequency assigned to it by the aircraft. Referred as “LOAL box” (Lock-On After Launch)
since this box is visible in situations when the laser designates the target AFTER firing the missile.
• Big (LOBL) box: Missile seeker is detecting and tracking a laser designation that matches the laser frequency assigned to it by the aircraft. Referred as “LOBL box” (Lock-On Before Launch) since
this box is visible in situations when the laser designates the target BEFORE firing the missile.
• Dashed format: missile not in constraints and/or not ready to fire
• Solid format: missile within constraints and ready to fire
Missile Constraints Box (LOBL & Solid) Missile Constraints Box (LOAL & Dashed) Missile Constraints Box (LOBL & Solid)
Target is designated and lased

Helicopter is within missile constraints
Target is designated and lased

Target is designated but not lased Helicopter is within missile constraints
Helicopter is outside missile constraints
491
Pilot HDU Pilot HDU Co-Pilot/Gunner TDU
APACHE
AH-64D

PYLON LIMIT Indication
When the missiles are actioned with SAL (Semi-Active Laser) as the selected missile type, all pylons with a Hellfire missile
launcher (and has SAL missiles loaded on its launcher rails) will be commanded to articulate and maintain +4 deg above the
horizon. This command is performed independently of aircraft attitude.
• If the missile launchers cannot articulate to within 10 deg of this commanded angle due to articulation limits, a PYLON LIMIT
message is visible to the crewmember that has actioned the missiles. In practice, this translates into an allowable aircraft
pitch attitude of -10 deg to +29 deg before a PYLON LIMIT message is triggered.
Note: The missiles can still be fired with a pull of the weapon trigger to the 2nd detent. However, this will not guarantee that
the missile will hit the target if the pylons cannot articulate properly.
Missile Datum Line

(4 deg above horizon line)
4 deg
4 deg
Horizon Line
Horizon Line
492
APACHE
AH-64D
The LOAL (Lock-On After Launch) missile constraints box indicates a maximum allowable offset angle at launch of 7.5 deg from the missile datum line.
• If the aircraft manoeuvers to an extent that the source of the constraints box shifts outside of this 7.5 deg offset angle, the constraints box will switch
to a dashed LOAL box.
Target
7.5 deg
Target Missile Datum Line

(4 deg above horizon line)
4 deg
LOAL Missile LOAL Missile
Constraints Box Constraints Box
Horizon Line
493
APACHE
AH-64D
The LOBL (Lock-On Before Launch) missile constraints box indicates a maximum allowable offset angle at launch of 20 deg from the missile datum line.
• If the missile detects and tracks a matching laser designation within this range, the LOAL box will automatically switch to a larger LOBL box, which will indicate
the increased allowable offset angle of the missile seeker.
• If the aircraft manoeuvers to an extent the laser designation shifts outside of this 20 deg offset angle, the constraints box will switch to a dashed LOBL box.
• If the laser designation is no longer tracked by the missile seeker, the constraints box will revert to LOAL and will be driven by the selected LOAL trajectory.
Target Target
20 deg
Missile Datum Line

LOBL Missile (4 deg above horizon line)
LOBL Missile Constraints Box
4 deg
Constraints Box
Horizon Line
494
Missile Icons
4 – AGM-114 HELLFIRE MISSILE AGM-114K Semi-Active Laser Missile Codes:
• LS: Missile Standby, not set to a laser code
4.1 – Introduction • AR: Missile Ready, seeker is in scanning for laser matching “A” code. “BR” would scan for laser matching “B” code, and so on.
• AT: Missile seeker in Track mode, detecting laser matching “A” code. “BT” would track and detect laser matching “B” code, and so on.
APACHE
AH-64D
WPN Page & Missile Settings (AGM-114K, Semi-Active Laser) AGM-114L Radio Frequency Missile Codes:
• S: Missile is powered but not yet aligned (Standby).
When Hellfire missiles are selected Weapon Action Switch (WAS) set to the • OT: Missile over-temperature is detected.
• R: Missile ready to receive target.
RIGHT position, the WPN (Weapon) page display the following information.
• T: Missile seeker in track mode.
This format is visible when the SAL (Semi-Active Laser) missile type such as AGM-114K/L Common Codes:
the AGM-114K is selected. • NA: Missile not available.
Weapon Action Switch (WAS) • MU: Missile in on an unlatched launcher.

• FWD: “G” selects the gun. • SF: Missile launcher station is failed.
• LEFT: “R” selects rockets. • MF: Missile has failed BIT (Built-In Test).
• RIGHT: “M” selects Hellfire missiles. • MH: Missile hangfire has been detected.
• AFT: “A” selects Air-to-Air Weapons (no • MA: Missile launch has been aborted.
Missile Type
• SAL: Semi-Active Laser (AGM-114K)
• RF: Radio Frequency (AGM-114L)
Missile Mode
• NORM: Normal, all selected missiles will be guided using the priority laser channel
• RIPL: Ripple, selected missiles will be guided alternately between the priority and
alternate laser channel for each successive launch
• MAN: Manual, a single missile will be launched and guided using the priority laser
channel. The Manual Advance button on the collective or TEDAC must be used to ready
the next missile between launches.
SAL (Semi-Active Laser) Missile Type Selector
• SAL 1. Selects Hellfire I missiles for firing. Hellfire I
missiles are only capable of tracking PRF codes. Missile Trajectory
• SAL 2. Selects Hellfire II missiles for firing. Hellfire II • DIR: Direct, missile will fly directly to the target with minimal loft.
missiles can track both PRF and PIM codes. • LO: Low, missile will fly a low-altitude loft to the target
• AUTO. Automatically selects Hellfire I or II missiles. • HI: High, missile will fly a high-altitude loft to the target
If a PIM code is set, only Hellfire II missiles will be
selected. If a PRF code is set, Hellfire II (SAL 2)
Training Mode Selector
missiles will be prioritized over Hellfire I missiles.
• Used for synthetic weapons engagement for training.
MSL CCM (Missile Counter-Measure) 495

• Not Simulated
Missile Mode
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AH-64D
• NORM: Normal, all selected missiles will be

WPN Page & Missile Settings (AGM-114K, Semi-Active Laser) Selected Missile Icon guided using the priority laser channel
• RIPL: Ripple, selected missiles will be guided
When missile mode is in MANUAL, using the Missile Advance Button steps alternately between the priority and alternate
the next Hellfire missile for launch. If the missile mode is not in MANUAL, laser channel for each successive launch
the Missile Advance Button has no function. • MAN: Manual, a single missile will be launched
and guided using the priority laser channel. The
Manual Advance button on the collective or
TEDAC must be used to ready the next missile
between launches.
Selected Missile Icon

(Missile Advance Button Pressed)

launch. 496
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WPN Page & Missile Settings (AGM-114K, Semi-Active Laser)
Missile Channel (CHAN) Sub-Page Selector Laser Code Sub-Page Selector

• Assigns laser codes to the TADS Laser Rangefinder/Designator (LRFD)
• Assigns laser codes to each of the four SAL
and Laser Spot Tracker (LST)

(Semi-Active Laser) missile channels
TADS LST (Laser Spot Tracker) TADS LRFD (Laser Rangefinder/Designator)

Selected Laser Preset Code Selected Laser Preset Code
Missile Priority Channel Selector

• Designates the priority missile channel (laser code preset).
• When a laser code is selected, PIM (Pulse Interval
Modulation) or PRF (Pulse Repetition Frequency) is
displayed next to the code indicating the type of laser code.
Missile Alternate Channel Selector

• Designates the alternate missile channel (laser code preset).
• Alternate missile channel cannot be chosen until a priority
missile channel is chosen.
Missile Channel Laser Code Assignations LRFD (Laser Rangefinder/Designator) Mode Selector
• PRI: Missile Primary Channel • FIRST: The beginning portion of a sequence of rangefinder pulses
• ALT: Missile Alternate Channel will be used to determine target range. As an example, lasing
• 1 / 2 / 3 / 4: Missile Channel (replaced by PRI or ALT if set as through foliage in FIRST mode would determine the range based on
Primary or Alternate Channel) what the laser “hit” first.
• A / B / C / D / E / F / G / H / J / K / R / Q / P / N / M / L: Laser • LAST: The ending portion of a sequence of rangefinder pulses will be
Code presets. As an example, preset code “A” can be set to laser used to determine target range. As an example, lasing through
code “1688”. foliage in LAST mode would determine the range based on what the
laser “hit” last, so whatever is behind the foliage.
• In this example, Missile Channel 1 is set as the primary (PRI)
missile channel, to which a laser preset code A (1688) is
assigned. Missile Channel 2 is set as the alternate (ALT) missile
missile channel, to which a laser preset code B (2111) is
assigned. Missile Channel 3 has a laser preset code C (4121) and
Missile Channel 4 has a lser preset code D (4311). 497
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Missile Channels & Laser Codes
It is easy to confuse all these “codes” listed in the WPN page. Here is a quick reminder:
• Each semi-active laser Hellfire missile has four “channels”.
• Each channel can have a different laser code associated with it, which the missile seeker can home onto.
• Laser code presets can be modified manually.
• Having missile channels you can quickly change is useful when multiple laser designators are operating together,
allowing missiles to home on specific lasers (assuming no conflicting codes are being used simultaneously).
• LST (Laser Spot Tracker) code is associated to the TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight) laser detector. This
allows the TADS sensor to slave its line-of-sight to a laser designator like a JTAC or another AH-64.
• LRFD (Laser Rangefinder/Designator) code is associated to the TADS laser designator. This allows you to guide a Hellfire
by yourself or to designate a target for other flight members.
AN/ASQ-170 TADS DTV, LRFD and LST Assembly

• LST: Laser Spot Tracker
Missile Channel 1 Missile Channel 2 Missile Channel 3 Missile Channel 4

(set as Priority Channel) (set as Alternate Channel)
Laser Preset Code: A Laser Preset Code: B Laser Preset Code: C Laser Preset Code: D
(1688) (2111) (4121) (4311)
498
KU (Keyboard Unit)
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Laser Code Sub-Page (AGM-114K, Semi-Active Laser)
The Laser CODE sub-page (accessed by pressing the VAB (Variable Action Button) next to CODE) is used to assign laser codes to
the TADS Laser Rangefinder/Designator (LRFD) and Laser Spot Tracker (LST).
Laser preset codes can be modified manually by accessing the FREQ (Frequency) sub-page and using the KU (Keyboard Unit).
7
Type Laser Code
Press ENTER Button
3
Selects LRFD or LST Code Setting
4
Selects Laser Code Preset A
5
Selects FREQ Sub-Page
6
Selects Laser Code Preset A
WPN Page
2 for modification
1
499
CODE Sub-Page FREQ Sub-Page
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Missile Channel (CHAN) Sub-Page (AGM-114K, Semi-Active Laser)
The Missile Channel (CHAN) sub-page (accessed by pressing the VAB (Variable Action Button) next to CHAN) is used to assign laser codes to
Hellfire missile seekers. Each seeker can memorize up to four “channels”, which can have different laser preset codes associated with them.
4 3
Assigns Laser Code Preset A Selects Missile Channel 1

2 for Selected Missile Channel
1
500
WPN Page CHAN Sub-Page
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WPN Page & Missile Settings (AGM-114L, Radio Frequency)
When Hellfire missiles are selected by pressing the Weapon Action Switch (WAS) to the RIGHT position,
the WPN (Weapon) page displays the following information.
This format is visible when the RF (Radio Frequency) missile type such as the AGM-114L is selected.
Missile Type
• SAL: Semi-Active Laser (AGM-114K)
Missile Power Mode Selector • RF: Radio Frequency (AGM-114L)
• ALL: All missiles are powered on continuously
• AUTO: Automatic, between zero and four missiles are powered
on automatically, depending on total missile inventory.
• NONE: All missiles are powered off.
Missile Mode
LOBL (Lock-On Before Launch) Inhibit Option • NORM: Normal, the weapons system will power on
• Inhibits the missile’s RF (radio frequency) transmitter from the missiles automatically according to the MSL
transmitting. This will prevent the missile from attempting PWR selection.
to track a selected target while still on the rail. • MAN: Manual, a single missile will be powered on
when it is selected using the Manual Advance button
on the collective or TEDAC.
Secondary Target Inhibit Option

• Inhibits secondary target information from being handed
over to the missile from the FCR (Fire Control Radar). Only
applicable during stationary target engagements.
501
2
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Engagement Types (AGM-114K)
The AH-64 can use the Hellfire missile in a number of different engagement 3
methods. 1
LOBL (Lock-On Before Launch) LOBL Engagement

1. Lase with TADS
The Co-Pilot/Gunner lases a target using the TADS LRFD (Laser 2. Fire Missile
Rangefinder/Designator) first, then fires the missile. The missile then tracks the 3. Missile tracks laser until impact
laser until impact.
LOAL-DIR (Lock-On After Launch – Direct Trajectory)
The Co-Pilot/Gunner fires the missile first, then lases a target using the TADS
LRFD (Laser Rangefinder/Designator). Laser designation can also be performed
by another AH-64 or a JTAC. The missile’s seeker is slaved to the TADS or HMD 1 3
Line-of-Sight reticle (depending on selected sight of the crewmember). This 2
method is useful in cases where you want to minimize the amount of time being
exposed or use the terrain to mask your attack, like in pop-up attacks. LOAL-DIR Engagement
• Note: The most common reason for firing a missile in LOAL-Direct instead of 1. Fire Missile, direct trajectory
LOBL is backscatter. Backscatter can exist when an obscurant (such as dust, 2. Lase with TADS
smoke or fire, which can interfere with the laser beam) is between the 3. Missile tracks laser until impact
aircraft and target, and/or the angle between the TADS Line-of-Sight reticle
and missile seeker differ by greater than 2 deg. When this 2 deg difference is
detected by the aircraft, a “BACKSCATTER” message will be presented to the
CPG, which will prevent the missile from being launched, regardless of which
weapon trigger detent is used.
502
4 – AGM-114 HELLFIRE MISSILE 3 1
Target Point T01
4.1 – Introduction Missile Trajectory Selected as ACQ
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Engagement Types (AGM-114K) 4
LOAL-LO (Lock-On After Launch – Low Trajectory)
The Co-Pilot/Gunner fires the missile first. The missile will initially perform a 2
shallow climb to clear a low obstacle in front of the aircraft. The pilot can then
pop-up from behind cover, and the CPG can lase the target using the TADS LRFD LOAL-LO Engagement
(Laser Rangefinder/Designator). Lasing can also be performed by other laser 1. Target Point selected as ACQ (Acquisition Source) by you
designators (a friendly AH-64, OH-58, JTAC, etc.). This method is used for long- 2. Fire Missile, low trajectory
range missile engagement, with a trajectory mode optimized to allow the AH-64 3. Lase with TADS
to fire its missiles from behind cover at maximum stand-off range, and then un- 4. Missile tracks laser until impact
mask to designate for the missile’s final moments of flight.
LOAL-HI (Lock-On After Launch – High Trajectory)

1
The Co-Pilot/Gunner fires the missile first. The missile will initially perform a Target Point T01
steep climb to clear a high obstacle in front of the aircraft. The pop-up attack Selected as ACQ
and laser designation can then be performed similarly to the LOAL-LO Missile Trajectory
3
engagement method.
• Note applicable to both LOAL-LO and LOAL-HI: When LO or HI is the selected

LOAL trajectory, the missile’s seeker will be caged forward, regardless of the
selected sight. The most recent TSD (Tactical Situation Display) point 4
selected (i.e. Target Point T01 as an example) as an acquisition source drives
the missile constraints box. Regardless of the selected sight’s LOS angle, the
constraints box will remain driven off the offset angle of the point residing 2
within the ACQ (Acquisition Source) menu when the LOAL trajectory is set to
LO or HI.
LOAL-HI Engagement
1. Target Point selected as ACQ (Acquisition Source) by you
2. Fire Missile, high trajectory
3. Lase with TADS
4. Missile tracks laser until impact
503
1
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Engagement Types (AGM-114K)
Rapid Fire
3
2
“Rapid Fire” is defined as multiple missiles launched while being guided by the
same laser designation code at the same time, with the laser designation
shifting to the next target after each subsequent missile impact. It can be
performed in either LOAL or LOBL launch modes. This rapid engagement

method of engaging multiple targets within relatively close proximity with on- 4
board laser designation is useful when attacking vehicle columns.
5
The sequence goes as follows:
• Missiles are fired in quick succession. 6
• As each missile is launched, the aircraft systems will calculate the missile
time-of-flight (TOF) based on the range value displayed in the High Action
Display and monitor the elapsed time for each missile that is calculated to
7
be in flight.
• 8 seconds after a missile is launched, “FIRE MSLS” will be displayed
momentarily in the High Action Display as a cue to the co-pilot/gunner to
fire the next missile in sequence. The “HF TOF=##” with the least remaining
time to impact will always be displayed before others in the flight queue.
• When the lowest TOF reaches 12 seconds prior to impact, “LASE 1 TRGT” is
displayed to cue the CPG to start designating the target if not already doing
Rapid Fire Engagement
so. When the lowest TOF reaches 0, the next TOF counter in sequence is
1. Missiles A, B and C fired in quick succession
displayed until it too reaches 12 seconds prior to impact, in which case
2. Target 1 lased with TADS
“LASE 2 TRGT” is displayed, and so on.
3. Missile A tracks laser until impact
5. Missile B tracks laser until impact
7. Missile C tracks laser until impact
504
4.1 – Introduction 1
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Ripple Fire
2 3
Ripple Fire is defined as multiple missiles launched while being guided by two
unique laser designation codes at the same time, with each missile launch
alternating between two assigned laser designation codes. It can be performed in
either LOAL or LOBL launch modes, and the launching aircraft may provide one of
the two sources of laser designation or neither of them. This rapid engagement
method of engaging multiple targets simultaneously with different laser codes is
useful when attacking vehicle columns.
2
The primary consideration when engaging targets using Ripple Fire is ensuring that
each subsequent missile is launched in the direction of the laser designation that 3
matches it’s assigned laser code, especially if launching in LOAL mode at two target
locations that are laterally separated by a significant distance.
RIPL mode provides automatic missile management, coding three missiles to the
Priority missile channel and another three to the Alternate missile channel. With
every missile launch, the Priority and Alternate channels are automatically
swapped, so that missiles are launched sequentially for each missile channel in an
alternating sequence.
Ripple Fire Engagement
RIPL mode also provides two additional Weapon Status messages to provide an
1. Missile A (Priority Channel set to preset laser code A) and Missile B (Alternate Channel set to preset
indication to the crew when missiles are tracking a laser code matching the
laser code B) are fired in quick succession
Alternate channel (“ALT CHAN TRK”) or if missiles are tracking laser codes matching
2. Targets 1 and 2 are both lased simultaneously by two different designators with two different laser
both the Priority and Alternate channels (“2 CHAN TRACK”).
codes
• Target 1 lased with TADS with laser code A. Designator is you.
• Target 2 lased with TADS with laser code B. Designator is your wingman.
3. Missile A tracks laser code A until impact / Missile B tracks laser code B until impact
505
4 – AGM-114 HELLFIRE MISSILE 2
4.1 – Introduction Missile Trajectory

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AH-64D
Remote Fire
A “Remote” Hellfire engagement is conducted when another aircraft or ground 1

element (JTAC) provides laser designation for the aircraft launching the missile. The
designating aircraft informs the firing aircraft what code they will use to designate Remote Fire Engagement (with LOAL-LO)
the target, and the firing aircraft sets that code as their Priority missile channel. 1. Fire Missile, low trajectory
2. Wingman lases with TADS
When conducting a Remote engagement, the firing aircraft will typically fire from 3. Missile tracks laser until impact
behind cover. A LOAL-LO or LOAL-HI trajectory is recommended depending on the
height of the obstacle in front of the aircraft.
Prior to conducting a Remote engagement, the designating element should pass the
MGRS (Military Grid Reference System) or Latitude/Longitude coordinates location
for the target, along with their laser code/frequency. The aircrew in the firing Note: When the PRI (Priority) channel and LRFD (Laser
aircraft will input the target location as a point on the TSD (Tactical Situation Rangefinder/Designator) codes differ, a “REMOTE”
Display), set that point as their acquisition source, and then re-orient and/or re- message will be displayed in the HAD (High Action Display)
position the aircraft as necessary to launch the missile. Sight Status field, alerting the gunner to the fact that the
missile is not coded to match their current LRFD code.
While the pilot is re-positioning the aircraft, the co-pilot/gunner will then set their
PRI channel to the designator’s laser code and select the desired LOAL trajectory.
Once the missile is properly configured for launch, and the Pilot has placed the
aircraft into proper launch constraints, the aircrew of the firing aircraft will notify the
designating element they are ready to fire and then coordinate for the designation
as appropriate.
As with other Hellfire engagements, “MSL LAUNCH”, “FIRE MSLS”, “HF TOF=##” and
“LASE # TRGT” messages are displayed in the same sequence following the same
logic. However, when a missile is launched on a laser code that does not match the
launching aircraft’s LRFD (Laser Rangefinder/Designator), the aircrew is presented
with these messages in the Sight Status field of the HAD instead of the Weapon
Status field. This allows the aircrew to engage other targets with missiles
autonomously while the Remote missile is still in flight, monitor the times-of-flight of
each missile separately, and provide cueing to the designating element of when
laser guidance is required prior to impact if not already coordinated. 506
4.2 – Laser-Guided Hellfire (AGM-114K)
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4.2.1 – Missile Operation by Multicrew

4.2.1.1 – LOBL (Lock-On Before Launch)

4
1b
1a
507
7
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6. [CPG] Press TEDAC Left Hand Grip WAS (Weapon Action Switch) RIGHT to select Missiles.
5
8. [CPG] Set Missile Type to SAL (Semi-Active Laser).

9. [CPG] Set Missile mode to NORMAL.
10. [CPG] Set Missile trajectory to DIR (Direct).
11. [CPG] Set LRFD (Laser Rangefinder/Designator) Mode Selector – As required. I typically set it to LAST.
6

10 • Fires the actioned weapon system if that weapon was actioned using
7
Selected Missile
11
508
TADS LRFD (Laser Rangefinder & Designator) Code A (1688)
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12. In this tutorial, we will designate the target with the LRFD (Laser Rangefinder & Designator) of the TADS (Target
Acquisition & Designation Sight); its designation laser code is set to preset A (1688).
13. Missile Channel 1 is set as the Priority (PRI) Channel with a laser code set to preset A (1688).
14. Missile Channel 2 is set as the Alternate (ALT) Channel with a laser code set to preset B (2111) in case a
wingman designates a target for you and you want the missile seeker to track your wingman’s laser.
15. [CPG] Set LRFD (Laser Rangefinder/Designator) Laser code to preset A. To change your LRFD laser code:
a) Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to CODE
b) Select LRFD using VAB next to SET LRFD/LST to toggle between LRFD and LST.
c) Select preset laser code A using appropriate VAB. Missile Channel 1 (set as Priority Channel): Laser Code A (1688)
d) If you want to change the laser code associated with preset code A, press VAB next to FREQ Missile Channel 2 (set as Alternate Channel): Laser Code B (2111)
(Frequency), press VAB next to preset code “A”, type the code on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press
ENTER on the KU.
e) Exit CODE sub-page by pressing VAB next to CODE
15b 15e
15a 15d 15d
LRFD Code
15d
15c
509
17d
4.2 – Laser-Guided Hellfire (AGM-114K) 17b
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4.2.1 – Missile Operation by Multicrew Code A 17c

Code B
16. [CPG] Set Missile Priority Channel to Channel 1 and set Missile Alternate Channel
to Channel 2. 17c
a) Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to PRI (Priority) 17b
Channel 2
b) Press VAB next to A. Channel 1
c) Press VAB next to ALT (Alternate)
d) Press VAB next to B.

17. [CPG] Set Missile Channel 1 (set to Priority) to laser preset code A (1688) and set
Missile Channel 2 (set to Alternate) to laser preset code B (2111).
a) Press VAB next to CHAN (Channel)
b) Press VAB next to Channel 1, then press VAB next to laser preset code A
c) Press VAB next to Channel 2, then press VAB next to laser preset code B
d) Exit CHAN sub-page by pressing VAB next to CHAN
17a
16a
16b
16d
16c
510
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18a
18b
18b 511
4 – AGM-114 HELLFIRE MISSILE Boresight/Polarity Selector

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22. [CPG] Adjust TDU (TADS Display Unit) Symbology Brightness (SYM),
Image Brightness (BRT), Contrast (CON) – As Required.
23. [CPG] On TEDAC Left Hand Grip, set TADS Sensor Select Switch to
either FLIR (FWD) for TADS infrared imagery or to DTV (MIDDLE) for
21
Day TV.
b) Toggle FLIR polarity using TEDAC Right Hand Grip FLIR
Polarity Button or Collective Boresight/Polarity Selector 24a
RIGHT (PLRT) – As Desired.
22
23
24a
20 22
22
512
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Medium, Narrow or Wide) TADS Sensor Bearing
27. [CPG] While using the MAN TRK Switch, the TADS is not ground-stabilized. You may need to Selected Sensor
make constant adjustments to keep the Reticle on the target. TADS LOS (Line-of-
28. [CPG] If the target or the helicopter is moving, on TEDAC Left Hand Grip, press LMC Button to Sight) Reticle
engage the Linear Motion Compensator. The TADS Line-of-Sight Reticle will become much LMC is Active
easier to manage since it will compensate for helicopter and/or target movement. LMC also 26
25
Field-of-View Box
Field-of-Regard Box
26

28

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4.2.1 – Missile Operation by Multicrew 29 LRFD (Laser Rangefinder &

4.2.1.1 – LOBL (Lock-On Before Launch) Designator) Indicator
• First detent held: LRFD (Laser Range Finder & Designator) determines the target range TADS Sensor Bearing
guidance. Selected Sensor
• If LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) is active, squeezing and holding the TEDAC
Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger to the second detent engages TSE (Target State TADS LOS (Line-of-
Estimator). TSE will help you track the target more easily. Sight) Reticle
Designated Target
30. [CPG] Instruct the Pilot to align the aircraft within missile launch constraints using the phrase
29
“Constraints”.

LMC is Active
29

Field-of-View Box
Field-of-Regard Box
29

514
4 – AGM-114 HELLFIRE MISSILE Pilot Perspective

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31. [P] When pilot is told “Constraints” by the co-pilot/gunner, align the helicopter properly with the target designated by the co-pilot/gunner
by using the Missile Constraints Box, which should be big (LOBL box) and solid since the target is being actively lased by the co-pilot/gunner.
• Small (LOAL) box: Missile seeker is not detecting laser energy with a frequency that matches the laser frequency assigned to it by
the aircraft. Referred as “LOAL box” (Lock-On After Launch) since this box is visible in situations when the laser designates the target
AFTER firing the missile.
• Big (LOBL) box: Missile seeker is detecting and tracking a laser designation that matches the laser frequency assigned to it by the
aircraft. Referred as “LOBL box” (Lock-On Before Launch) since this box is visible in situations when the laser designates the target
BEFORE firing the missile.
• Solid format: missile within constraints and ready to fire Pilot ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS
32. [P] The pilot should be able to see a cued line-of-sight reticle on his HDU (Helmet Display Unit), which indicates the TADS line-of-sight and
the designated target if your acquisition (ACQ) source is set to the TADS.
Pilot Perspective Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle

Designated &
Lased Target
Field-of-Regard Box

Target selected with the TADS
by the Co-Pilot/Gunner
Laser Ranging/Designation ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS

2487 m Co-Pilot/Gunner Perspective 515
Field-of-View Box
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Designated &
4.2.1.1 – LOBL (Lock-On Before Launch) Lased Target
33. [CPG] Verify no weapon inhibit messages (i.e. SKR LIMIT, YAW LIMIT, etc.) are displayed in
the High Action Display.
34. [CPG] Verify PRI CHAN TRK is displayed in the High Action Display. This means the missile is 33
tracking the priority channel.
35. [CPG] While target is being lased with the TEDAC Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger, fire missile
by squeezing the TEDAC Left Hand Grip Weapons Trigger Second Detent.
34
35


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36. [CPG] The missile will track the laser until impact. Once the missile is fired, the Missile
Constraints Box will momentarily become dashed (this is normal since the next missile is
automatically selected) and a TOF (Time-of-Flight) indication in seconds is displayed until
missile impact.
37. [CPG] Ensure continuous laser designation is provided on the intended target for the duration
of the missile flight time until impact is observed.
37
Designated &
Lased Target
Missile Launching

36
(Momentarily Dashed)
(sec)
Pilot Perspective Co-Pilot/Gunner Perspective 517

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38. [CPG] If target is destroyed and LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) has been engaged, on
TEDAC Left Hand Grip, press LMC Button again to disengage LMC.

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practice for the co-pilot/gunner to select either his helmet (GHS, Gunner Helmet Sight) or the pilot’s helmet (PHS,
Pilot Helmet Sight), then press the Sight Slave Button to slave the TADS to the helmet’s line-of-sight reticle.
Sight Slave Button Acquisition Source:

• Toggles the FCR or TADS tracking mode GHS (Gunner Helmet Sight)
When in Manual, FCR antenna angle or Helmet Line-of-
TADS line-of-sight is controlled by the sight Sight Reticle
manual tracker.
Selected Sight:
TADS

519
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4.2.1.2 – LOAL-DIR (Lock-On After Launch – Direct)

4
1b
1a
520
7
APACHE
AH-64D

5

10. [CPG] Set Missile trajectory to DIR (Direct).
6

7
Selected Missile
11
521
TADS LRFD (Laser Rangefinder & Designator) Code A (1688)
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c) Select preset laser code A using appropriate VAB. Missile Channel 1 (set as Priority Channel): Laser Code A (1688)
d) If you want to change the laser code associated with preset code A, press VAB next to FREQ Missile Channel 2 (set as Alternate Channel): Laser Code B (2111)
(Frequency), press VAB next to preset code “A”, type the code on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press
ENTER on the KU.
15b 15e
15a 15d 15d
LRFD Code
15d
15c
522
17d
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Code B
to Channel 2. 17c
Channel 2

17a
16a
16b
16d
16c
523
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18a
18b
18b 524

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23. [CPG] On TEDAC Left Hand Grip, set TADS Sensor Select Switch to
either FLIR (FWD) for TADS infrared imagery or to DTV (MIDDLE) for
21
Day TV.
b) Toggle FLIR polarity using TEDAC Right Hand Grip FLIR
Polarity Button or Collective Boresight/Polarity Selector 24a
RIGHT (PLRT) – As Desired.
22
23
24a
20 22
22
525
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25
Field-of-View Box
Field-of-Regard Box
26

28

4 – AGM-114 HELLFIRE MISSILE Pilot Perspective

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29. [CPG] Instruct the Pilot to align the aircraft within missile launch constraints using the phrase “Constraints”.
30. [P] When pilot is told “Constraints” by the co-pilot/gunner, align the helicopter properly with the target designated by the co-
pilot/gunner by using the Missile Constraints Box, which should be small (LOAL box) and solid since the target is not being
actively lased by the co-pilot/gunner yet.
• Small (LOAL) box: Missile seeker is not detecting laser energy with a frequency that matches the laser frequency
assigned to it by the aircraft. Referred as “LOAL box” (Lock-On After Launch) since this box is visible in situations when
the laser designates the target AFTER firing the missile.
• Big (LOBL) box: Missile seeker is detecting and tracking a laser designation that matches the laser frequency assigned
to it by the aircraft. Referred as “LOBL box” (Lock-On Before Launch) since this box is visible in situations when the laser
designates the target BEFORE firing the missile. Pilot ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS
31. [P] The pilot should be able to see a cued line-of-sight reticle on his HDU (Helmet Display Unit), which indicates the TADS line-
of-sight and the designated target if your acquisition (ACQ) source is set to the TADS.
Pilot Perspective Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle

Target selected with the TADS Target
by the Co-Pilot/Gunner (Not lased yet)
Field-of-Regard Box
LOAL Missile Constraints Box


Co-Pilot/Gunner Perspective 527
Field-of-View Box
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32. [CPG] Verify no weapon inhibit messages (i.e. SKR LIMIT, YAW LIMIT, etc.) are displayed in the High Action Display.
33. [CPG] Fire missile by squeezing the TEDAC Left Hand Grip Weapons Trigger Second Detent.
34. [CPG] Once the missile is fired, the Missile Constraints Box will momentarily become dashed (this is normal since the
next missile is automatically selected)
33

Missile Launching LOAL Missile Constraints Box 34

Target
(Not lased yet)
32
528
Pilot Perspective Co-Pilot/Gunner Perspective
Pilot Perspective
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35. [CPG] Once missile has been launched, a TOF (Time-of-Flight) indication in seconds is displayed until missile impact. LOBL Missile
36. [CPG] The “LASE 1 TRGT” indication appears when the co-pilot/gunner needs to lase the target (about 10 sec before missile impact). Constraints Box
• If LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) is active, squeezing and holding the TEDAC Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger to the second
detent engages TSE (Target State Estimator). TSE will help you track the target more easily.
38. [CPG] Once missile is tracking the laser, the Missile Constraints Box will switch from LOAL (small box) to LOBL (big box). The missile will track the
laser until impact.
39. [CPG] Ensure continuous laser designation is provided on the intended target for the duration of the missile flight time until impact is observed.
Co-Pilot/Gunner Perspective TADS Sensor Bearing
37
Selected Sensor
37
Designated & TADS LOS (Line-of-
Target Lased Target Sight) Reticle
(Not lased yet)
LOBL Missile
Constraints Box LMC is Active 38
Target Range
(meters)
37 (sec)
37 Field-of-View Box
Field-of-Regard Box
TEDAC RHG LRFD (Laser Rangefinder & Designator) LASE 1 TRGT Indication 529
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40. [CPG] If target is destroyed and LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) has been engaged, on
TEDAC Left Hand Grip, press LMC Button again to disengage LMC.

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practice for the co-pilot/gunner to select either his helmet (GHS, Gunner Helmet Sight) or the pilot’s helmet (PHS,
Pilot Helmet Sight), then press the Sight Slave Button to slave the TADS to the helmet’s line-of-sight reticle.
Sight Slave Button Acquisition Source:

• Toggles the FCR or TADS tracking mode GHS (Gunner Helmet Sight)
When in Manual, FCR antenna angle or Helmet Line-of-
TADS line-of-sight is controlled by the sight Sight Reticle
manual tracker.
Selected Sight:
TADS

531
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4.2.1.3 – LOAL-LO / LOAL-HI (Lock-On After Launch – Low/High)

4
1b
1a
532
7
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5

10. [CPG] Set Missile trajectory to HI (High) or LO (Low) depending on the desired missile lofting trajectory. In this example, we will select HI.
6

7
Selected Missile
11
533
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b) Select LRFD using VAB next to SET LRFD/LST to toggle between LRFD and LST. TADS LRFD (Laser Rangefinder & Designator) Code A (1688)
c) Select preset laser code A using appropriate VAB.
d) If you want to change the laser code associated with preset code A, press VAB next to FREQ Missile Channel 1 (set as Priority Channel): Laser Code A (1688)
(Frequency), press VAB next to preset code “A”, type the code on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press Missile Channel 2 (set as Alternate Channel): Laser Code B (2111)
ENTER on the KU.
15b 15e
15a 15d 15d
LRFD Code
15d
15c
534
17d
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Code B
to Channel 2. 17c
Channel 2

17a
16a 16b
16d
16c
535
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18a

18b 18b
536

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23. [CPG] On TEDAC Left Hand Grip, set TADS Sensor Select Switch to either
FLIR (FWD) for TADS infrared imagery or to DTV (MIDDLE) for Day TV. 21
b) Toggle FLIR polarity using TEDAC Right Hand Grip FLIR Polarity
Button or Collective Boresight/Polarity Selector RIGHT (PLRT) – 24a
As Desired.
23 22
24a
20
22
22
537
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25

(Missile Seeker Caged
Straight Ahead)
Field-of-View Box
Field-of-Regard Box
26

28

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29. [CPG] In order to use the LOAL-HI or LOAL-LO mode, we need to select a navigation point or target point as an acquisition source (ACQ) that is placed
roughly on the target. This target point is necessary since the TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight) must be slaved to it.
• For simplification purposes, we will assume there is no target point programmed, in which case we will create a target point with the TADS.
• Note: the Missile Constraints Box is dashed and frozen in the center of the Line-of-Sight reticle until a point is selected.

539
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4.2.1.3 – LOAL-LO / LOAL-HI (Lock-On After Launch – Low/High) Designator) Indicator
30. [CPG] Squeeze and hold the TEDAC Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger to lase and designate the target. 30
• First detent held: LRFD (Laser Range Finder & Designator) determines the target range TADS Sensor Bearing
• Second detent held: LRFD determines target range and designates target for laser guidance. TADS LOS (Line-of-
• If LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) is active, squeezing and holding the TEDAC Selected Sensor Sight) Reticle
Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger to the second detent engages TSE (Target State
direction.
32. [CPG] A “T” followed by the Target Point number will be displayed on the TDU (TADS Display Unit).
As an example, “T01” indicates that Target Point 01 coordinates have been stored. LMC is Active
• The Co-Pilot can then call out to the pilot something like “BMP stored target 01” to let him
know what has been spotted and stored in which target point. 32 Target T01 Stored
Store/Update Switch Designated Target
31 TEDAC RHG (Right Hand Grip)
30
Field-of-View Box
Field-of-Regard Box
30
TEDAC RHG LRFD (Laser Rangefinder & Designator) 540

TEDAC LHG (Left Hand Grip) Trigger (opposite side of grip)
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33. [CPG] On the TSD (Tactical Situation Display) page, select ATK (Attack) Phase. This will allow you
to see existing target points on the TSD.
34a T01 is the

T01 Acquisition Source
34b Target 01 Stored
35
33a
TADS Line-of-Sight
33b
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37. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button. The TADS will then lock on the selected acquisition source, which is Target Point T01 in this case. Even if you lose line-of-
sight with the target, the TADS will still remember the coordinates of the stored target.
• Note: alternatively, you could also use the Cursor Acquisition method to slave the TADS to a target point.
38. [CPG] Verify that Range Source is set to NAV (Navigation). Range indication should be preceded by “N”, which means that the range is computed from the target point coordinates.
39. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button again to switch to manual track. This will allow you to make smaller adjustments if necessary.
37 39
TADS Slaved to T01
Sight Slave Button
37 39
N2.8
Range: 2.8 km
Ranging Source: Navigation 38
542
Pilot Perspective
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41. [P] When pilot is told “Constraints” by the co-pilot/gunner, align the helicopter properly with the target designated by the co-
pilot/gunner by using the Missile Constraints Box, which should be small (LOAL box) and solid since the target is not being
actively lased by the co-pilot/gunner yet.
• Small (LOAL) box: Missile seeker is not detecting laser energy with a frequency that matches the laser frequency
assigned to it by the aircraft. Referred as “LOAL box” (Lock-On After Launch) since this box is visible in situations when
the laser designates the target AFTER firing the missile.
• Big (LOBL) box: Missile seeker is detecting and tracking a laser designation that matches the laser frequency assigned
to it by the aircraft. Referred as “LOBL box” (Lock-On Before Launch) since this box is visible in situations when the laser
designates the target BEFORE firing the missile.
• Dashed format: missile not in constraints and/or not ready to fire Pilot ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS
42. [P] The pilot should be able to see a cued line-of-sight reticle on his HDU (Helmet Display Unit), which indicates the TADS line-
of-sight and the designated target if your acquisition (ACQ) source is set to the TADS.
Pilot Perspective
Target
Cued Line-of-Sight Reticle (Not lased yet)
Field-of-Regard Box
543
Field-of-View Box
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43. [CPG] Verify no weapon inhibit messages (i.e. SKR LIMIT, YAW LIMIT, etc.) are displayed
in the High Action Display.
44. [CPG] Fire missile by squeezing the TEDAC Left Hand Grip Weapons Trigger Second
Detent. The missile will loft and follow the selected trajectory (High or Low profile, as
selected).
45. [CPG] Once the missile is fired, the Missile Constraints Box will momentarily become
dashed (this is normal since the next missile is automatically selected)
Missile Launching
LOAL Missile Constraints Box 45
Target
(Not lased yet)
43
44

544
Pilot Perspective Co-Pilot/Gunner Perspective
Pilot Perspective
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46. [CPG] Once missile has been launched, a TOF (Time-of-Flight) indication in seconds is displayed until missile impact. LOBL Missile
47. [CPG] The “LASE 1 TRGT” indication appears when the co-pilot/gunner needs to lase the target (about 10 sec before missile impact). Constraints Box
• If LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) is active, squeezing and holding the TEDAC Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger to the second
detent engages TSE (Target State Estimator). TSE will help you track the target more easily.
49. [CPG] Once missile is tracking the laser, the Missile Constraints Box will switch from LOAL (small box) to LOBL (big box). The missile will track the
laser until impact.
50. [CPG] Ensure continuous laser designation is provided on the intended target for the duration of the missile flight time until impact is observed.
Co-Pilot/Gunner Perspective TADS Sensor Bearing
49
Selected Sensor
TEDAC RHG (Right Hand Grip) 49

Target Designated &
(Not lased yet) Lased Target TADS LOS (Line-of-
Sight) Reticle
LOAL Missile
LMC is Active
Constraints Box
LOBL Missile
Constraints Box
46
Target Range
(meters) TOF (Time-of-Flight)
49 (sec)
47
48 LASE 1 TRGT Indication
Field-of-Regard Box Field-of-View Box
TEDAC RHG LRFD (Laser Rangefinder & Designator) 545
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51. [CPG] If target is destroyed and LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) has been engaged, on TEDAC Left Hand Grip, press LMC Button again to disengage
LMC.
• Important Note: if using a HI or LO trajectory, take into account that the missile needs enough distance to perform its lofting profile… firing a missile
too close to the target may result in the missile flying too high and not being able to detect the laser designator.

Button (Opposite Side)
546
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4.2.1.4 – Operating with a JTAC/AFAC
4.2.1.4.1 – Introduction to JTAC, FAC & AFAC
The JTAC (Joint Terminal Attack Controller), also known as a FAC (Forward Air
Controller), is the radio operator that finds targets for you and requests air strikes.
The JTAC calls in air support from jets, helicopter gunships and armed drones. He is
the main line of communication between the grunts on the ground and yourself. An
AFAC is an Airborne Forward Air Controller, which has a similar role but that is
airborne. This function can be performed by other helicopter pilots flying the AH-64
or the OH-58 Kiowa Warrior… or by drones like the MQ-1A Predator.
In DCS, JTACs can send you target coordinates and visually identify/mark the target
with an infrared (IR) pointer, which can only be spotted with night vision goggles FAC (Forward Air Controller)
(NVGs). JTACs can also designate a target with a laser, which can be tracked either
by the TADS LST (Laser Spot Tracker) or with the Hellfire missile’s seeker directly
acting as an acquisition source.
547
MQ-1A Predator Drone AFAC OH-58D Kiowa Warrior AFAC
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4.2.1.4.1 – Introduction to JTAC, FAC & AFAC
Setting up a JTAC or a FAC through the mission editor requires a few important steps:
1. Create a target with a valid group name. In this example, we named it “Target Truck”.
2. Create a unit for the JTAC/FAC (I typically use a MQ-1A Predator Drone with the AFAC Task or a ATGM HMMWV
(Air-to-Ground Missile High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle, or “Humvee”).
3. Give the JTAC/FAC unit a valid radio frequency you can communicate on (i.e. 245.00 MHz AM).
4. Give a “Start Enroute Task” Advanced Waypoint Action set to “FAC”, with the radio frequency previously set. 1
2 3
4 4
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4.2.1.4.1 – Introduction to JTAC, FAC & AFAC 6
(IR Pointer Designation)
5. If using an Airborne Forward Air Controller (AFAC), I suggest you give a
“Perform Task” Advanced Waypoint Action set to “Orbit”. This will allow the
drone to orbit over the target and provide continuous support.
6. Give a “Start Enroute Task” Advanced Waypoint Action set to “FAC – Engage
Group”.
a) Select the “Target Truck” group name we created previously.
b) Set Weapon to “ATGM”
c) Set “IR Pointer” designation is used if you want to receive coordinates
and have the JTAC use an infrared pointer to visually show you the
target location (only visible with NVGs, Night Vision Goggles).
Alternatively, you can set “Laser” designation
6
(Laser Designation)
5
6
549
4 – AGM-114 HELLFIRE MISSILE 2b
7b

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4.2.1.4.2 – Using Coordinates + IR Pointer
A – Contact JTAC 8
1. Set required JTAC frequency with radio (ARC-164(V) UHF AM in this example). Frequency is set to 245.00
MHz AM).
2. Depress PTT/RTS (Push-to-Talk Radio Transmit Select) Switch to select desired radio (ARC-164(V) UHF AM).
Communicate on UHF AM radio with PTT/RTS LEFT and select JTAC – Enfield11 (F4) in radio menu. 3 9
3. Select “CHECK-IN 15 MIN” (F1)
4. You will contact the JTAC and give him your altitude and ordnance available, plus your time available on
station.
5. JTAC will answer “Type 2 in effect” and ask you when you are ready to receive a 9-line.
6. Select “READY TO COPY” (F1) to receive 9-line.
7. The JTAC will give you the 9-line and ask you when you are ready for remarks. 4
10a
8. Select “READY TO COPY REMARKS” (F1)
9. JTAC will give you remarks.
10. Select “9-LINE READBACK” to repeat the information you have been given and confirm it with the JTAC.
11. JTAC will confirm your readback, send you a JTAC transmission and clear you to engage target. 5
10b
• DEPRESS: “RTS” moves the radio transmit select
(RTS) down to the next radio on the EUFD. If HF
radio is selected, moves RTS back up to VHF.
• LEFT: “RADIO” transmits over the selected radio
• RIGHT: “ICS” transmits over the Intercom System to
your other crew member.
6
2a
2a
550
7a
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A – Contact JTAC
12. The JTAC will request you to report to the IP (Initial Point). Use F1 (IP INBOUND)
when reaching the IP and you are ready to perform the attack.
13. If desired, use F1 to request “Sparkle”, which means you are requesting target
marking by IR (Infrared) pointer.
14. To have the JTAC start using his IR pointer, use F1 to call out “Contact Sparkle”. Infrared Pointer
A steady IR pointer will paint the target, which is only visible when equipping
NVGs (Night Vision Goggles). Use RSHIFT+H to put on NVGs.
15. Calling out “Snake” using F2 will make the JTAC oscillate the IR pointer around
the target to facilitate spotting the IR pointer.
13
12
14
14 Night Vision Goggles (NVG) Controls:

15 • RSHIFT+RALT+H: Gain Night Vision Goggles Down
551
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A – Contact JTAC
What is a CAS (Close Air Support) 9-line and why is it important? The goal of a 9-line is to provide you as much information
as concisely as possible.
9-line
Line 1: IP/BP – Initial Point/Battle Position (N/A in our case)

Line 2: Heading from the IP to the Target (N/A in our case)
Line 3: Distance from the IP/BP to target (N/A in our case)
Line 4: Target elevation – 23 feet above Mean Sea Level (MSL)
Line 5: Target description: Truck.
Line 6: Target location: Grid coordinates of target (UTM coordinates DQ08319980)
Line 7: Target Mark Type: Marked by IR (Infrared) pointer
Line 8: Location of Friendlies: No friendlies on the ground nearby, no factor
Line 9: Egress semi-cardinal direction when departing from target: West
Remarks
Remarks generally include information about troops in contact or danger close, SEAD support in effect, hazards, weather
or other threats. In our case, the JTAC wants us to use a Laser Hellfire.
552
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B – Enter Target Coordinates in a Waypoint
The target coordinates given to us by the JTAC, which are given in “UTM” (Universal Transverse Mercator) format.
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We have currently 4 existing waypoints. We will create a 5th waypoint with the target in “UTM” (Universal Transverse
Mercator) format. The UTM coordinates of the target are DQ08319980.
Waypoint 3 Waypoint 4
JTAC/AFAC
(Friendly)
Waypoint 2
You
Target
Waypoint 1
554
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1. [P/CPG] Enter target coordinates in a navigation waypoint.

a) On TSD page, press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to POINT.
b) Press VAB next to ADD

c) Press VAB next to WP (Waypoint)
d) Press VAB next to IDENT (Identity). KU (Keyboard Unit) will then display “IDENT:”.
1d
1b
1c
1a
1a
555
1e 1f
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1. [P/CPG] Enter target coordinates in a navigation waypoint.

e) On KU (Keyboard Unit), type “WP”, then press ENTER. “WP” stands for “Waypoint”.
f) KU will display “FREE:”. Press ENTER since no free text is required.

g) KU will display current aircraft coordinates (40RDQ11069862), which need to be
changed. Press RIGHT ARROW button repeatedly until cursor reaches the end of
the coordinates format, then press BKS (Backspace) button repeatedly until 1g 1g
coordinate field only has its first three digits (40R in our case).
h) The target’s MGRS coordinates given by the JTAC are as follows: DQ08319980.
More accurately, the actual coordinates are 40RDQ08319980 (remember the first
three digits shown initially on the KU). Type coordinates 40RDQ08319980 on the
KU, then press ENTER.
i) The target’s elevation given by the JTAC was 23 ft MSL (Mean Sea Level). Type
target elevation (23) in feet, then press ENTER. 1i
1h
556
4 – AGM-114 HELLFIRE MISSILE Waypoint 05 Created

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4.2.1.4 – Operating with a JTAC/AFAC 2a
2. [CPG] From the WPN or TSD page, press VAB (Variable Action
Button) next to COORD (Coordinates). Then, press VAB next to
the relevant waypoint/target category, which is WPTHZ since we

want to select a waypoint (WPTHZ for Waypoints and Hazards,
CTRLM for Control Measures).
• If targets are already stored, entering the COORD page
will display existing TARGETS AND THREATS (T01, T02,
etc.)
3. [CPG] Press VAB next to desired waypoint you want to use as an
acquisition source; we will select Waypoint W05.
4. [CPG] Waypoint 05 will come the acquisition source, which the
TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation Sight) can slave to. 2b W05 is the
4
Acquisition Source
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C – Missile & TADS Setup

4
1b
1a
558
7
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8. [CPG] Set Missile Type to SAL (Semi-Active Laser). Weapon Action Switch (WAS)
9. [CPG] Set Missile mode to NORMAL. 6
10. [CPG] Set Missile trajectory to DIR (Direct). • LEFT: “R” selects rockets.
11. [CPG] Set LRFD (Laser Rangefinder/Designator) Mode Selector – As required. I typically set it to LAST. • RIGHT: “M” selects Hellfire missiles.
9 TEDAC LHG Weapon Trigger (opposite side of grip)

10
7
Selected Missile 11
559
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12. In this tutorial, we will designate the target with the LRFD (Laser Rangefinder & Designator) of the TADS (Target Acquisition &
Designation Sight); its designation laser code is set to preset A (1688).
14. Missile Channel 2 is set as the Alternate (ALT) Channel with a laser code set to preset B (2111) in case a wingman designates a target 15d
for you and you want the missile seeker to track your wingman’s laser.
c) Select preset laser code A using appropriate VAB.
d) If you want to change the laser code associated with preset code A, press VAB next to FREQ (Frequency), press VAB next to
preset code “A”, type the code on the KU (Keyboard Unit), then press ENTER on the KU.
15b 15e 15d
15a
LRFD Code
15d
15c
560
17d
17c
Code A
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4.2.1 – Missile Operation by Multicrew Code B

C – Missile & TADS Setup 17c
Channel 2
16. [CPG] Set Missile Priority Channel to Channel 1 and set Missile Alternate Channel to Channel 2. 17b
a) Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to PRI (Priority) Channel 1
b) Press VAB next to A.

17. [CPG] Set Missile Channel 1 (set to Priority) to laser preset code A (1688) and set Missile Channel 2 (set to Alternate) to
laser preset code B (2111).
17a
16a
16b
16d
16c
561
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18. [CPG] Set the Sight Select Switch to RIGHT (TADS). Performing this action will select the TADS and display the “TADS” indication on the lower left
of the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) and HDU (Helmet Display Unit).
18a
18b Sight), but only functional for CPG.
18b
562

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22. [CPG] Adjust TDU (TADS Display Unit) Symbology Brightness (SYM), 21
FLIR (FWD) for TADS infrared imagery or to DTV (MIDDLE) for Day TV.
a) Adjust FLIR Level and Gain – As Required. 24a
Button or Collective Boresight/Polarity Selector RIGHT (PLRT) –
22
As Desired.
23
24a
20
22
22
563
4.2 – Laser-Guided Hellfire (AGM-114K) TSD (Tactical Situation Display) Page
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D – Slave TADS to Waypoint and Designate Target
TADS Line-of-Sight
1. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button. The TADS will then slave the TADS to the selected (slaved to Waypoint W05)
waypoint (W02).
• While TADS is slaved, MAN TRK switch (Sight Manual Tracker Controller, or “Thumb Force Controller”) input
will not be able to move the TADS line-of-sight.
2. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button again to “de-slave” the TADS from the target point
acquisition source. This will allow you to use MAN TRK switch (Sight Manual Tracker Controller, or “Thumb Force
Controller”) input to make adjustments to the TADS line-of-sight if required.
1
TADS Reticle Slaved
to Waypoint W05

Sight Slave Button
1 2 Selected Sensor: TADS Acquisition Source: W05 564

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D – Slave TADS to Waypoint and Designate Target TADS Sensor Bearing
3. [CPG] On TEDAC Left Hand Grip, set TADS FOV (Field-of-View) Selector – As Desired (Zoom, Medium,
Narrow or Wide) Selected Sensor
4. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, slew TADS Line-of-Sight using the MAN TRK (Sight Manual Tracker TADS LOS (Line-of-
Controller) Switch, also known as “Thumb Force Controller”. Sight) Reticle
5. [CPG] While using the MAN TRK Switch, the TADS is not ground-stabilized. You may need to make LMC is Active
4
constant adjustments to keep the Reticle on the target.
6. [CPG] If the target or the helicopter is moving, on TEDAC Left Hand Grip, press LMC Button to 6
engage the Linear Motion Compensator. The TADS Line-of-Sight Reticle will become much easier to
manage since it will compensate for helicopter and/or target movement. LMC also enables the
Target State Estimator (TSE).
3
Field-of-View Box
Field-of-Regard Box

6

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AH-64D

4.2.1.4 – Operating with a JTAC/AFAC Designator) Indicator

D – Slave TADS to Waypoint and Designate Target TADS Sensor Bearing
7. [CPG] Squeeze and hold the TEDAC Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger to lase and designate the target. Selected Sensor
TADS LOS (Line-of-

Sight) Reticle
guidance.
• If LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) is active, squeezing and holding the TEDAC Designated Target 7
Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger to the second detent engages TSE (Target State
Estimator). TSE will help you track the target more easily.
8. [CPG] Instruct the Pilot to align the aircraft within missile launch constraints using the phrase
“Constraints”.
LMC is Active
Field-of-View Box
Field-of-Regard Box

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Pilot Perspective
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E – Perform Attack
1. [P] When pilot is told “Constraints” by the co-pilot/gunner, align the helicopter properly with the target designated by
the co-pilot/gunner by using the Missile Constraints Box, which should be big (LOBL box) and solid since the target is
being actively lased by the co-pilot/gunner.

• Small (LOAL) box: Missile seeker is not detecting laser energy with a frequency that matches the laser
frequency assigned to it by the aircraft. Referred as “LOAL box” (Lock-On After Launch) since this box is visible
in situations when the laser designates the target AFTER firing the missile.
• Big (LOBL) box: Missile seeker is detecting and tracking a laser designation that matches the laser frequency Pilot ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS
assigned to it by the aircraft. Referred as “LOBL box” (Lock-On Before Launch) since this box is visible in
situations when the laser designates the target BEFORE firing the missile.
2. [P] The pilot should be able to see a cued line-of-sight reticle on his HDU (Helmet Display Unit), which indicates the
TADS line-of-sight and the designated target if your acquisition (ACQ) source is set to the TADS.
Pilot Perspective Cued Line-of-Sight Reticle

Designated &
Lased Target

Field-of-Regard Box
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Field-of-View Box ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS
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4.2.1.4 – Operating with a JTAC/AFAC Designated &
4.2.1.4.2 – Using Coordinates + IR Pointer Lased Target
3. [CPG] Verify no weapon inhibit messages (i.e. SKR LIMIT, YAW LIMIT, etc.) are displayed in the High Action Display. 3
4. [CPG] Verify PRI CHAN TRK is displayed in the High Action Display. This means the missile is tracking the priority
channel.
5. [CPG] While target is being lased with the TEDAC Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger, fire missile by squeezing the TEDAC
Left Hand Grip Weapons Trigger Second Detent.
4


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AH-64D

6. [CPG] The missile will track the laser until impact. Once the missile is fired, the Missile Constraints Box will
momentarily become dashed (this is normal since the next missile is automatically selected) and a TOF (Time-
of-Flight) indication in seconds is displayed until missile impact.

7. [CPG] Ensure continuous laser designation is provided on the intended target for the duration of the missile
flight time until impact is observed. 7
Missile Launching

6
(Momentarily Dashed) Designated &
Lased Target
(sec)

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AH-64D

8. [CPG] If target is destroyed and LMC (Linear Motion Compensator) has been engaged, on TEDAC Left Hand Grip, press
LMC Button again to disengage LMC.

4 – AGM-114 HELLFIRE MISSILE 2b
7b

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4.2.1.4.3 – Using Laser Designation
A – Contact JTAC 8
1. Set required JTAC frequency with radio (ARC-164(V) UHF AM in this example). Frequency is set to 245.00
MHz AM).
2. Depress PTT/RTS (Push-to-Talk Radio Transmit Select) Switch to select desired radio (ARC-164(V) UHF AM).
9
Communicate on UHF AM radio with PTT/RTS LEFT and select JTAC – Enfield11 (F4) in radio menu. 3
3. Select “CHECK-IN 15 MIN” (F1)
4. You will contact the JTAC and give him your altitude and ordnance available, plus your time available on
station.
5. JTAC will answer “Type 2 in effect” and ask you when you are ready to receive a 9-line.
6. Select “READY TO COPY” (F1) to receive 9-line.
7. The JTAC will give you the 9-line and ask you when you are ready for remarks. 4
10a
8. Select “READY TO COPY REMARKS” (F1)
9. JTAC will give you remarks.
10. Select “9-LINE READBACK” to repeat the information you have been given and confirm it with the JTAC.
11. JTAC will confirm your readback, send you a JTAC transmission and clear you to engage target. 5
10b
• DEPRESS: “RTS” moves the radio transmit select
(RTS) down to the next radio on the EUFD. If HF
radio is selected, moves RTS back up to VHF.
• LEFT: “RADIO” transmits over the selected radio
• RIGHT: “ICS” transmits over the Intercom System to
your other crew member.
6
2a
2a
571
7a
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AH-64D

A – Contact JTAC
12. The JTAC will request you to report to the IP (Initial Point). Use F1 (IP INBOUND)
when reaching the IP and you are ready to perform the attack.
13. Use F1 (LASER ON) to request the JTAC to lase target.

14. The JTAC will start lasing the target.
13
12
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A – Contact JTAC
What is a CAS (Close Air Support) 9-line and why is it important? The goal of a 9-line is to provide you as much information
as concisely as possible.
9-line
Line 1: IP/BP – Initial Point/Battle Position (N/A in our case)

Line 2: Heading from the IP to the Target (N/A in our case)
Line 3: Distance from the IP/BP to target (N/A in our case)
Line 4: Target elevation – 23 feet above Mean Sea Level (MSL)
Line 5: Target description: Truck.
Line 6: Target location: Grid coordinates of target (UTM coordinates DQ08319980)
Line 7: Target Mark Type: Marked by laser with a laser code of 1688
Line 8: Location of Friendlies: No friendlies on the ground nearby, no factor
Line 9: Egress semi-cardinal direction when departing from target: West
Remarks
Remarks generally include information about troops in contact or danger close, SEAD support in effect, hazards, weather
or other threats. In our case, the JTAC wants us to use a Laser Hellfire.
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B – Missile & TADS Setup

4
1b
1a
574
7
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8. [CPG] Set Missile Type to SAL (Semi-Active Laser). Weapon Action Switch (WAS)
9. [CPG] Set Missile mode to NORMAL. 6
10. [CPG] Set Missile trajectory to DIR (Direct). • LEFT: “R” selects rockets.
11. [CPG] Set Acquisition Source to SKR (Tracking Missile Seeker). • RIGHT: “M” selects Hellfire missiles.

9
10 7
Selected Missile
11
575
13d
Code A
13c
Code B
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B – Missile & TADS Setup 13c
Channel 2
12. [CPG] Set Missile Priority Channel to Channel 1 and set Missile Alternate Channel to Channel 2. 13b
a) Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to PRI (Priority) Channel 1
b) Press VAB next to A.

13. [CPG] Set Missile Channel 1 (set to Priority) to laser preset code A (1688) and set Missile Channel 2 (set to Alternate) to
laser preset code B (2111).
13a
12a 12b
12d
12c
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14. [CPG] Set the Sight Select Switch to RIGHT (TADS). Performing this action will select the TADS and display the “TADS” indication on the lower left
of the TDU (TEDAC Display Unit) and HDU (Helmet Display Unit).
14a
14b
14b
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Image Brightness (BRT), Contrast (CON) – As Required. 17
FLIR (FWD) for TADS infrared imagery or to DTV (MIDDLE) for Day TV.
a) Adjust FLIR Level and Gain – As Required. 20a
Button or Collective Boresight/Polarity Selector RIGHT (PLRT) –
18
As Desired.
19
20a
16
18
18
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C – Slave TADS to Missile Seeker Acquisition Source
1. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button. The TADS will then be slaved to the location of the missile seeker track of a laser (if the missile seeker
“spots” the laser).
• While TADS is slaved, MAN TRK switch (Sight Manual Tracker Controller, or “Thumb Force Controller”) input will not be able to move the TADS line-of-sight.
2. [CPG] On TEDAC Right Hand Grip, press the Sight Slave Button again to “de-slave” the TADS from the target point acquisition source. This will allow you to use MAN
TRK switch (Sight Manual Tracker Controller, or “Thumb Force Controller”) input to make adjustments to the TADS line-of-sight if required.
3. [CPG] On TEDAC Left Hand Grip, set TADS FOV (Field-of-View) Selector – As Desired (Zoom, Medium, Narrow or Wide)
MAN TRK (Sight Manual Tracker TADS Reticle Slaved 1

Controller) Switch, also known as to Missile Seeker (detecting
3 “Thumb Force Controller” laser code 1688)
Acquisition Source: SKR
Sight Slave Button
1 2 Selected Sensor: TADS 579

Pilot Perspective
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AH-64D

D – Perform Attack
1. [P] When pilot is told “Constraints” by the co-pilot/gunner, align the helicopter properly with the target designated by
the co-pilot/gunner by using the Missile Constraints Box, which should be big (LOBL box) and solid since the target is
being actively lased by the JTAC.

• Big (LOBL) box: Missile seeker is detecting and tracking a laser designation that matches the laser frequency Pilot ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS
TADS line-of-sight and the designated target if your acquisition (ACQ) source is set to the TADS.
Pilot Perspective Cued Line-of-Sight Reticle

Target selected with the TADS Target
(TADS slaved to Missile Seeker,
which is tracking the JTAC’s laser)
Field-of-Regard Box
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Field-of-View Box ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS
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4.2.1.4 – Operating with a JTAC/AFAC Target (lased by JTAC)
3. [CPG] Verify no weapon inhibit messages (i.e. SKR LIMIT, YAW LIMIT, etc.) are displayed in the High Action Display. 3
4. [CPG] Verify PRI CHAN TRK is displayed in the High Action Display. This means the missile is tracking the priority
channel.
5. [CPG] While target is being lased with the TEDAC Right Hand Grip LRFD Trigger, fire missile by squeezing the TEDAC
Left Hand Grip Weapons Trigger Second Detent.

4

581
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6. [CPG] The missile will track the JTAC’s laser until impact. Once the missile is fired, the Missile Constraints Box
will momentarily become dashed (this is normal since the next missile is automatically selected) and a TOF
(Time-of-Flight) indication in seconds is displayed until missile impact.
6b
Missile Launching LOBL Missile Constraints Box

6a
(sec)

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4.2 – Laser-Guided Hellfire (AGM-114K) 1a
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AH-64D
4.2.2 – Missile Operation by George AI as Co-Pilot/Gunner • FWD: HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display), selects
1. [P] Set the Sight Select Switch to FWD (HMD, Helmet-Mounted • AFT: LINK, slaves TADS line-of-sight to FCR Next-
Display). The HDU sight selected should display “P-HMD”. To-Shoot (NTS). If the CPG’s active sight is TADS
2. [P] Press A/S (Arm/Safe) Pushbutton to set Master Arm ON (ARM). 2 and the pilot commands LINK, the CPG’s active
3. [P] Show the George Menu by using « LCTRL+V ». sight will become HMD.
4. [P] Press « A » SHORT (LEFT) for less than 0.5 sec to cycle between • LEFT: FCR (Fire Control Radar)
weapons until HELLFIRE (Missiles) are selected.
5. [P] Press « A » LONG (LEFT) for more than 0.5 sec to cycle between
missile types. We will select SAL2 (Semi-Active Laser) missiles.
6. [P] Press « D » SHORT (RIGHT) for less than 0.5 sec to cycle between
missile modes. Select either LOBL (Lock-On Before Launch) or LOAL
Pilot Perspective
(Lock-On After Launch) for semi-active laser missiles. We will select
LOBL.
7. [P] Press « D » LONG (RIGHT) for more than 0.5 sec to cycle between
missile trajectories/profiles. Since we selected LOBL previously, we
will leave the trajectory at TRAJ DIR.
• LOBL (Lock-On Before Launch) mode only has TRAJ DIR.
• LOAL (Lock-On After Launch) mode has either TRAJ DIR 6 7
(Direct), TRAJ LO (Low) or TRAJ HI (High).
8. [P] The George Menu changes color depending on the active rules of
engagement (ROE):
10 3
Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle George Interface
9. [P] Confirm that the George Menu color is yellow. If it is green
(weapons free), press « W » LONG (UP) for more than 0.5 sec to set
ROE back to weapons hold.
10. [P] The pilot’s HDU (Helmet Display Unit) reticle is used as a
Designation Reticle to point an area where “George” can identify
and track targets. 1b
4 584
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4.2.2 – Missile Operation by George AI as Co-Pilot/Gunner

TADS. Then, fly towards the target and ensure the the helicopter
13
12. [P] Move your head (HDU Reticle / Designation Reticle) near the area 14
you want the Co-Pilot/Gunner to search for targets, then press « W »
Sight), then slave the TADS to the acquisition source, then call out Pilot Perspective
“slaving” to remind the pilot that the TADS is slaved to his helmet
reticle.
pointed at by the pilot’s HDU reticle, George will de-slave the TADS, 12
call out “de-slaved” to tell the pilot that he can start looking
elsewhere. Target can then be spotted, designated, lased and stored
by him.

585
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AH-64D

18. [CPG] George will then designate, lase (if required) and store the target with the TADS, calling out “lased and stored” in the process.
Pilot Perspective

19 Target selected with the TADS by
Pilot ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS
the Co-Pilot/Gunner
15
16
18
18
586
Pilot Perspective
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AH-64D

20. [P] Align the helicopter properly with the target designated by the co-pilot/gunner by using the Missile Constraints
Box, which should be big (LOBL box) and solid since the target is being actively lased by the co-pilot/gunner.
• Big (LOBL) box: Missile seeker is detecting and tracking a laser designation that matches the laser frequency
TADS line-of-sight and the designated target if your acquisition (ACQ) source is set to the TADS. Pilot ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS
Pilot Perspective

Field-of-Regard Box
Laser Ranging/Designation
3419 m 587
Field-of-View Box
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22. [P] Verify no weapon inhibit messages (i.e. SKR LIMIT, YAW
LIMIT, etc.) are displayed in the High Action Display.
22
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23. [P] Use the « Consent To Fire » command to order George to fire on the
selected target.
• Alternatively, you could press « W » LONG (more than 0.5 sec) to set
ROE to weapons free. The George Menu will then switch to green
(weapons free).
24. [CPG] George will then fire the missile on the target by himself when you have a
good firing solution (Missile Constraints Box).

25. [P] Once the missile is fired, the Missile Constraints Box will momentarily
become dashed (this is normal since the next missile is automatically selected). LOBL Missile Constraints Box
26. [P] If you want George to stop engaging the target, press “S” SHORT (DOWN) to (Momentarily Dashed)
undesignate George’s target.
Missile Launching
25a
25b
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590
4.3 – Radar-Guided Hellfire (AGM-114L)
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591
5 – ORDNANCE JETTISON
5.1 – Selective Stores Jettison
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If you want to jettison specific stores:
1. Press the desired Station Jettison Arm/Select Pushbutton of the station you want to jettison.
2. Press the JETT (Jettison) Button.
Left Tip (LTIP) Station Jettison

• No function

Pushbuttons
• L OUTBD: Left Outboard Station
• L INBD: Left Inboard Station
• R INBD: Right Inboard Station
2 Right Tip (RTIP) Station Jettison

JETT (Jettison) Button • No function
• Jettisons all selected/armed stations 592
5 – ORDNANCE JETTISON
5.2 – Emergency Stores Jettison
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If you want to jettison all stores at once:
1. Flip the Emergency Jettison Switch Cover Guard

2. Press the Emergency Jettison Switch

Cover Guard
1
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PART 15 – DEFENSIVE SYSTEMS APACHE
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SECTION SUMMARY
• 1 – Introduction to ASE (Aircraft Survivability Equipment)
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• 2 – AN/APR-39A(V)4 Radar Signal Detecting Set
• 3 – AN/AVR-2A Laser Signal Detecting Set
• 4 – AN/AAR-57 Common Missile Warning System (CMWS)
• 5 – Countermeasures
• 5.2 – Chaff
• 5.3 – Flares
• 5.4 – AN/ALQ-136(V)5 Electronic Radar Jammer
PART 15 – DEFENSIVE SYSTEMS
595
LWR (Laser Warning WSPS (Wire Strike Protection
1 – Introduction to ASE (Aircraft Survivability Equipment) Receiver) Detector System) Cutter
The AH-64D is equipped with ASE (Aircraft Survivability Equipment, pronounced “ace”), which is a suite of
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active and passive systems to ensure, well, the survival of the aircraft. The main components of ASE are:
• WSPS (Wire Strike Protection System): a system of wire cutting blades to cut through power lines.
• AN/APR-39A(V)4 Radar Signal Detecting Set: also referred as the RWR (Radar Warning Receiver), this
system provides detection of threat radar emitters.
• AN/AVR-2A Laser Signal Detecting Set: this system provides detection of threat laser emissions, which
are often used by tanks or helicopters when ranging a target.
• Common Missile Warning System (CMWS): provides detection of threat missiles.
• Chaff & Flare Countermeasures Dispensers: provides chaff and flare decoys to defeat incoming missiles.
• AN/ALQ-136(V)5 Electronic Radar Jammer: provides radar jamming capabilities.

Warning System) Detector WSPS (Wire Strike Protection

RWR (Radar Warning
Receiver) Antenna System) Cutter
LWR (Laser Warning Electronic Radar Jammer

Receiver) Detector Transmit Antenna
Flare Dispenser
RWR (Radar Warning

CMWS (Common Missile 596Antenna
Chaff Dispenser Receiver)
RWR (Radar Warning Receiver) Antenna Warning System) Detector
1 – Introduction to ASE (Aircraft Survivability Equipment)
The MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) TSD (Tactical Situation Display) and ASE (Aircraft Survivability Equipment) pages
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provide a singular “footprint” for the combined indications of the RLWR (Radar/Laser Warning Receiver) and RFI (Radio 2
Frequency Interferometer) if equipped with an FCR (Fire Control Radar) mast-mounted assembly. The ASE page can be
accessed in the following manner:
1. Press on the M (Menu) Button to access the main MPD menu.

2. Press VAB (Variable Action Button) next to MISSION – ASE.
3. Press VAB next to ASE AUTOPAGE Setting to select desired threat level that will result in an “Autopage” (automatic
1
display of the ASE symbology) to the ASE and TSD (Tactical Situation Display) format. I typically leave it at SEARCH.
• SEARCH: ASE will Autopage when a search radar is detected.
• ACQUISITION: ASE will Autopage when a radar acquisition is detected.
• TRACK: ASE will Autopage when a tracking radar is detected.
• OFF: ASE will not Autopage.
ASE Page TSD Page

RLWR “Footprint”
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2 – AN/APR-39A(V)4 Radar Signal Detecting Set
Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Symbology
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The AN/APR-39A(V)4 provides detection of threat radar emissions. The system uses a series of external antennas to passively detect and identify radar signals and display them to the crew on the
MPD TSD and ASE pages. The display is an azimuth-only top-down display with no range information. The type of threat symbol is displayed within the inside of the RLWR (Radar/Laser Warning
Receiver) “footprint”. The nature of the threat is indicated by the type of icon and its label, and the severity of the threat is indicated by additional formatting placed around the symbol. Symbol
formatting is as follows:
• Search Mode: Radar threat is displayed as a yellow triangle icon with a one- or two-digit label identifier.
• Track Mode: Radar threat icon is displayed with a box placed around the icon and a dotted line leading to the Ownship.
• Launch Mode: Radar threat is displayed with a flashing box placed around the icon and a flashing dotted line leading to the Ownship (blue symbol).
• New Threat: A new radar threat is displayed as a bolded yellow triangle for 3 seconds.
• Threat no longer detected: A radar threat that is no longer detected will be displayed in partial intensity yellow for 10 seconds before being removed from the RLWR “footprint”.
An aural warning will give you the type of radar, its mode (search, track, launch) and relative bearing from you (in o’ clock).
ASE Page Aircraft Heading TSD Page

Number of
RWR contacts
Yellow Triangle (Radar

in Search Mode)
Radar Threat Box Dotted Line (Radar

(Radar in Track Mode) in Launch Mode)
Ownship Symbol
Heading to
Selected Waypoint
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Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Symbology
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AH-64D Threat Data Sheet by Mediocre_Chaos

Source: https://www.digitalcombatsimulator.com/en/files/3321336/
6: SA-6 SAM (Surface-

to-Air Missile) System S: “Flat Face” Search Radar
599
How to Power Up the Radar Signal Detecting Set / Radar Warning Receiver (RWR)
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1. From the ASE page, press VAB next to UTIL.

2. Turn on Radar/Laser Warning Receiver by pressing VAB next to RLWR.
3. Set Radar Warning Receiver Audio/Voice Mode – as desired
• NORM: Normal voice warnings for radar emitters
• TERSE: Voice warnings are less frequent
4. Adjust RWR volume with the RLWR Auxiliary System Volume Knob
1a 1b
Radar/Laser Warning Receiver OFF
2
Radar/Laser Warning Receiver ON
600
3 – AN/AVR-2A Laser Signal Detecting Set
The Laser Warning Receiver is not implemented yet.
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601
4 – AN/AAR-57 Common Missile Warning System (CMWS)
The AN/AAR-57 provides detection of threat missiles via a series of external detectors to passively detect missiles after launch. Keep in
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mind that it does not detect whether missiles are launched from friendly units or not. The system displays the threat direction to the
Pilot via the Control Indicator, along with an associated audio alert to the crew. The AAR-57 is also capable of initiating automatic
dispensing of flares without crew interaction, but still retains a manual flare dispense capability via the cyclic-mounted FLARE buttons in
both crew stations.
Consult quadrant arrows on the CMWS Indicator Display to see missile launches. In the example below, a missile is being launched from
our rear right.
CMWS Indicator Display

• Quadrant Arrow: Direction missile is coming from
• D (Dispensing): indicates dispensing of flares or chaff is in progress
• R (Ready): indicates system is in a ready state for flare dispensing
ADF Auxiliary System Volume Knob
Flare (F) & Chaff (C)
Counter Indicator
AN/AAR-57 CMWS (Common

Missile Warning System) Panel controlled by the ADF receiver based on
CMWS Display Brightness

Control Knob
Missile Launch Detected (Quadrant Arrow)
CMWS Power/Test Knob CMWS Bypass/Auto Switch

• UP: BYPASS, manual flare dispensing
• DOWN: AUTO, automatic flare dispensing when a missile threat is
detected
• Note: Missile threat warning is provided regardless of switch
position, and manual dispensing is retained when in AUTO mode.
• UP: ARM
• DOWN: SAFE CMWS/NAV Switch
• DOWN: NAV selects ADF receiver audio 602
4 – AN/AAR-57 Common Missile Warning System (CMWS)
To use the CMWS:
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4. [P] Set CMWS Bypass/Auto Switch – As desired. I suggest BYPASS since AUTO mode can waste a lot of flares needlessly.
5. [P] Adjust Missile Warning System volume with the ADF Auxiliary System Volume Knob; the AAR-57 CMWS uses the ADF (Automatic
Direction Finder) audio channel to provide audio alerts to the crew.
• Note: While providing threat audio, the crew will be unable to tune and identify navaids using the ADF receiver.
6. [P] Set the CMWS Arm/Safe Switch – ARM (UP)
7. [P] Consult the CMWS Indicator Display to see where missiles are being launched in relationship to you. You will also receive audio
threat warnings.
7 CMWS Indicator Display 5
• Quadrant Arrow: Direction missile is coming from
Flare (F) & Chaff (C) • D (Dispensing): indicates dispensing of flares or chaff is in progress ADF Auxiliary System Volume Knob
Counter Indicator • R (Ready): indicates system is in a ready state for flare dispensing

AN/AAR-57 CMWS (Common

Missile Warning System) Panel controlled by the ADF receiver based on
CMWS Display Brightness 2

Control Knob
1 CMWS Power/Test Knob CMWS Bypass/Auto Switch 4

• UP: BYPASS, manual flare dispensing
• DOWN: AUTO, automatic flare dispensing when a missile threat is
detected
• Note: Missile threat warning is provided regardless of switch
position, and manual dispensing is retained when in AUTO mode.
6 CMWS Arm/Safe Switch
• UP: ARM
• DOWN: SAFE CMWS/NAV Switch
• DOWN: NAV selects ADF receiver audio 3 603
5 – Countermeasures
5.1 - Introduction
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Countermeasures are very simple to use. You have three countermeasure types at your disposal: flares, chaff and an ECM (Electronic Countermeasure) jammer. We will explore
together what is used against what, and how.
Missiles can generally track you using 2 things: radar signature (radar waves are sent on you and you reflect them, which is called a “radar signature”) and heat signature (like
the exhaust of your engines). Countermeasures will only be effective against the kind of weapon it was meant to counter; a heat-seeking missile will not care if you deploy
electronic countermeasures against it since it tracks heat, not radar signatures. This is why it is important to know what is attacking you in order to counter it properly. This is
what the RLWR (Radar/Laser Warning Receiver) is for: to help you know what is firing at you so you can take the adequate action to counter it. The AH-64D has a CMWS
(Common Missile Warning System), so you can know when a missile has been launched.
Flares are used against missiles that track heat (infrared or

IR) signatures. Instead of going for the heat signature
generated by your engines, a missile will go for a hotter
heat source like flares.
Chaff is a form of “passive” jamming. Passive (reflected)

jamming is when a deceptive object or device reflects
radar waves. Chaff is simply a bundle of small pieces of
metal foil with reflective coating, which creates clusters of

radar signatures that prevent a radar to get a solid lock on Chaff
the aircraft itself.
The AN/ALQ-136(V) electronic radar jammer is a form of

“continuous” jamming, also called “active” or
“transmitted” jamming. This device transmits its own
synchronized radar waves back at your enemy’s radar
receiver to simulate erroneous radar wave returns. Simply
put, active jamming will try to drown a radar in white
noise.
In order to use these three forms of countermeasures, you

can use “countermeasure programs”, routines that will
deploy a number of flares/chaff for a number of cycles at a Flare
given interval.
604
5.2 - Chaff
APACHE
AH-64D
Manual Chaff Dispensing
1. [P/CPG] From the ASE (Aircraft Survivability Equipment) page, use VAB (Variable Action Button) next to
“CHAFF” field to arm chaff.
2. [P/CPG] Use VAB next to “CHAFF MODE” to set the release mode to MANUAL.
3. [P/CPG] Press the Chaff Dispense Button on the cyclic to dispense a single chaff.
4. [P/CPG] Chaff counters are available on the ASE page (for both Pilot and Co-Pilot/Gunner), WPN page (for
both Pilot and Co-Pilot/Gunner), and on the CMWS (Common Missile Warning System) panel (Pilot only)
4
Chaff Counter & Arming Status
(WPN Page)
3 4
1
Chaff Counter (CMWS)

4
Chaff Counter (ASE Page) 605
5.2 - Chaff
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AH-64D
Programmed Chaff Dispensing
1. [P/CPG] From the ASE (Aircraft Survivability Equipment) page, use VAB (Variable Action Button)
next to “CHAFF” field to arm chaff.
2. [P/CPG] Use VAB next to “CHAFF MODE” to set the release mode to PROGRAM.
3. [P/CPG] Use VAB next to “UTIL” to enter the ASE Utility sub-page.
4. [P/CPG] Use associated VABs to set Burst Counter (chaff per burst), Burst Interval (time in sec 6
between bursts), Salvo Count (number of salvoes) and Salvo Interval (time in sec between salvoes). Chaff Counter (CMWS)
5. [P/CPG] Press the Chaff Dispense Button on the cyclic to dispense chaff as programmed. 2a
6. [P/CPG] Chaff counters are available on the ASE page (for both Pilot and Co-Pilot/Gunner), WPN 6
page (for both Pilot and Co-Pilot/Gunner), and on the CMWS (Common Missile Warning System) Chaff Counter & Arming Status
panel (Pilot only) (WPN Page)
1 3a
3b
5
6
Chaff Counter (ASE Page) 606
5.2 - Chaff
APACHE
AH-64D
Chaff DIspensers
The M-141 chaff dispenser is mounted on the left side of the tail boom and can hold 30 chaff cartridges.
Take note that chaff cannot be armed and launched while on the ground.
Chaff Dispenser Chaff Dispenser

(x30 cartridges)
607
5.3 - Flares
APACHE
AH-64D
Flare Dispensing in BYPASS Mode

4. [P] Set CMWS Bypass/Auto Switch – BYPASS.
6. [P] Press the Flare Dispense Button to dispense the flare program.
• Keep in mind that flares will not automatically be dispensed with the preset flare program.
Bypass mode ensures that you have full control over the release of flares. CMWS Indicator Display
Flare Counter 2

6 5
4
608
3
5.3 - Flares
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AH-64D
Flare Dispensing in AUTO Mode

4. [P] Set CMWS Bypass/Auto Switch – AUTO.
6. [P] In AUTO mode, flares will still automatically be dispensed with the preset flare program (set on
ground with engines OFF or via the Mission Editor).
7. [P] If desired, press the Flare Dispense Button to dispense the flare program “manually”. CMWS Indicator Display
Flare Counter 2
Flare Dispense Button 5

7
4
3 609
Mission Editor
5.3 - Flares
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AH-64D
Flare Program Setup
1. Flares utilize a pre-set flare program, and which can only be modified when on the ground or from
within the Mission Editor.
2. To modify flare program while in-mission, make sure the helicopter is on the ground and that the
engines are OFF.
3. Display kneeboard using “RSHIFT+K” and cycle through pages using “[” and “]” to find the “CMWS
FLARE” page.
4. Commands to modify the flare program settings are listed on the kneeboard:
• Burst Counter (flares per burst): “RSHIFT+RALT+1”
• Burst Interval (time in sec between bursts): “RSHIFT+RALT+2”
• Salvo Count (number of salvoes): “RSHIFT+RALT+3”
• Salvo Interval (time in sec between salvoes): “RSHIFT+RALT+4”
• Flare Delay between Programs (in sec): “RSHIFT+RALT+5”
Kneeboard
610
5.3 - Flares
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AH-64D
Flare Jettison
Jettisoning flares is used in case of a forced landing since they are a fire hazard.

3. [P] Flip the Flare Jettison Cover up, then switch the JETTISON switch UP to jettison flares.
1
3a
2
3b
611
5.3 - Flares
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AH-64D
Flare Dispensers
A pair of Improved Countermeasures Dispensers (ICMD) are mounted on opposing sides of the tail boom and can hold 30 flare cartridges each.
Take note that flares cannot be armed and launched while on the ground.
Flare Dispenser
(x30 cartridges)
Flare Dispenser
(x30 cartridges)
612
5.4 – AN/ALQ-136(V)5 Electronic Radar Jammer
APACHE
AH-64D
The Electronic Radar Jammer is not implemented yet.

613
1 – INTRODUCTION TO DATALINK
1.1 – Overview
APACHE
AH-64D
Datalink is not implemented yet.

PART 16 – IMPROVED DATALINK MODEM (IDM)
614
AH-64D
PART 16 – IMPROVED DATALINK MODEM (IDM) APACHE
2 – LONGBOW NET
615
3 – TARGET SHARING
APACHE
AH-64D

PART 16 – IMPROVED DATALINK MODEM (IDM)
616
IFF (IDENTIFY-FRIEND-OR-FOE) INTRODUCTION
An IFF (Identify-Friend-or-Foe) system usually consists of an INTERROGATOR component and a TRANSPONDER component.
APACHE
AH-64D
The interrogator component broadcasts an interrogation signal with a specific “code” (pulse frequency).
A transponder equipped on another aircraft will receive the interrogation signal and broadcast a reply signal with its own “code”
(pulse frequency) as well. The information sent from this reply signal will vary based on the transponder mode selected.
Your own aircraft transponder will then see if the interrogation code and reply codes match, which in some cases can be used to
PART 17 – IFF (IDENTIFY-FRIEND-OR-FOE)
determine whether the other aircraft is a friendly contact. The nature of the information determined will vary based on the
transponder mode.
Take note that the AH-64D has no interrogator, therefore you cannot send interrogation signals to other aircraft to see whether
they are friendly or not. However, you do have a transponder, which is very important. If you set an incorrect transponder code,
friendly contacts may not be able to identify you as a friendly, which can be a big problem.
617
IFF MODES
In its simplest form, a IFF "Mode" or interrogation type is generally determined by pulse spacing between two or more
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AH-64D
interrogation pulses. Various modes exist from Mode 1 to 5 for military use, to Mode A, C, and Mode S for civilian use. The
takeaway from this table should be:
• Mode 4 is the preferred mode in a combat scenario because it is highly secure (encrypted). Encrypted interrogation codes
cannot be detected by an enemy transponder, and your transponder will not broadcast a reply signal to the other team.
• Mode 4 invalid/lack of reply cannot guarantee that an aircraft is hostile, but a valid reply is a guarantee of a friendly contact
(within DCS)
• Modes 1, 2, and 3 are not secure to use since any other aircraft from the opposing team could find what your Interrogator
code is and set his transponder to it, fooling you into thinking he is a friendly contact. These modes also easily give away your
position since every time your transponder broadcasts an answer, this signal can be intercepted by an enemy transponder,
which can send your position to other enemy fighters via datalink.
Military Interrogation Mode Civilian Interrogation Mode Description
1 Provides 2-digit 5-bit mission code
2 Provides 4-digit octal unit code (set on ground for fighters, can be changed in flight by transport aircraft)
Provides a 4-digit octal identification code for the aircraft, set in the cockpit but assigned by the air traffic
A controller. Mode 3/A is often combined with Mode C to provide altitude information as well.
3
Provides the aircraft's pressure altitude and is usually combined with Mode 3/A to provide a combination of a 4-
C digit octal code and altitude as Mode 3 A/C, often referred to as Mode A and C
4 Provides a 3-pulse reply, delay is based on the encrypted challenge
5 Provides a cryptographically secured version of Mode S and ADS-B GPS position
Mode S (Select) is designed to help avoiding overinterrogation of the transponder (having many radars in busy
areas) and to allow automatic collision avoidance. Mode S transponders are compatible with Mode A and Mode
S C Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) systems. This is the type of transponder that is used for TCAS or ACAS II
(Airborne Collision Avoidance System) functions
618
SETTING UP THE APX-118(V) TRANSPONDER
The APX-118(V) transponder is capable of responding to interrogations in Mode 1, Mode 3/A, and Mode C
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AH-64D
formats. The APX-118(V) can also reply to encrypted Mode 4 interrogations. Take note that IFF is not
implemented yet.
As an example, let’s say that the mission briefing needs us to set the IFF transponder to Mode 3A with a
code of 1200.
1. Press on the COM FAB (Fixed Action Button) to access the Communications menu.
2. Press on VAB (Variable Action Button) next to XPNDR (Transponder).

3. Press on VAB next to XPNDR MASTER to select NORM (Normal) Mode.
4. Press on VAB next to CODE MODE 3/A.
5. On KU (Keyboard Unit), enter the transponder code, then press ENTER.
6. Press on VAB next to MODE 3/A.
4
5
6
3
1
619
SETTING UP THE APX-118(V) TRANSPONDER
7. Transponder information should be visible on the EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front
APACHE
AH-64D
Display).
8. Adjust the IFF tone volume as desired.
9. If you are interrogated with mode 3A with a code set to 1200, the transponder will
then send a response signal (reply) to the interrogator with the transponder code
you entered previously.
10. If the tower wants to know your position, they are likely to send you a specific IFF
mode and code, then ask you to “Identify”. This requires you to press the IDENT
button, which will allow the tower to know where you are from your transponder’s
identification signal/transmission.
7 Transponder Information Area

• Mode 3/A “Squawk Code”: 1200
• Master Mode: NORM (Normal)
10 Mode 3 Transponder
Transponder Code
9 (Who am I?)
Mode 3A
1200 620
8
APX-118(V) TRANSPONDER EMERGENCY MODE
Pressing the Emergency Transponder (XPNDR) Button sets the Mode 3/A transponder code to 7700 (standard emergency
APACHE
AH-64D
code). The text “ON” is highlighted on the button face. Note that the transponder must be on, and Mode 3 must be active.
Emergency Transponder (XPNDR) Button

621
SECTION SUMMARY
• 1 – Radio Communications Overview
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AH-64D
• 2 – ARC-186(V) VHF-AM Radio

• 2.1 – Manual Frequency Tuning with COM Page
• 2.2 – Preset Frequency Tuning with COM Page
• 2.3 – Radio Transmission
• 3 – ARC-164(V) UHF-AM Radio

• 4 – ARC-210D SINCGARS VHF-FM Radios (FM1 & FM2)

PART 18 – RADIO TUTORIAL
• 5 – ARC-220 HF Radio
• 6 – ICS (Intercom System)
• 7 – EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display) Functions

• 7.1 – Preset Frequency Tuning
• 7.2 – Frequency Swap
622
1 – RADIO COMMUNICATIONS OVERVIEW
Communicating in the AH-64 can be done with the following equipment:
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AH-64D
• ARC-186(V) VHF-AM radio: used for communicating with Air Traffic Control (ATC).
• ARC-186 radio is not encrypted/secure.
• ARC-186 radio has 10 preset channels that can be modified manually.
• Frequency Range:
• 108.00 to 115.975 MHz
• 116.00 to 151.975 MHz
• ARC-164(V) UHF-AM radio: used for communicating with ATC, other aircraft, or ground forces. ARC-210D FM1 Radio
• ARC-164 radio has the ability to communicate on HAVE QUICK frequency-hopping nets and can be Preset Channels
connected to a KY-58 module for secure communications.
• ARC-164 radio has 10 preset channels that can be modified manually.
ARC-186 Radio
• Frequency range:
Preset Channels
• 225.00 to 399.975 MHz
• Guard receiver frequency tuned to 243.0 MHz
• ARC-201D SINCGARS (Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System) VHF-FM1 and VHF-FM2 radio
sets: provide two-way line-of-sight communications over VHF-FM frequencies.
• Both ARC-201D radios have embedded secure communications capability and can communicate on
frequency-hopping nets.
• ARC-210D radios both have 10 preset channels each, which can be modified manually.
• 30.000 to 87.975 MHz
• ARC-220 HF radio: used for two-way, non-line-of-sight (NLOS) and over-the-horizon (OTH) communications
over shortwave frequencies.
• ARC-220 radio has an embedded modem for sending and receiving data transmissions, can operate
using frequency-hopping nets, and can be connected to a KY-100 module for secure communications
capability. The ARC-220 is also capable of communications using Automatic Link Establishment (ALE)
multi-channel nets to decrease crew workload and increase communications reliability.
ARC-164 Radio
• 2.0000 to 29.9999 MHz
Preset Channels
• ICS (Intercom System): used to communicate between crew members.
• Note 1: All radios are connected to the battery bus and can be used prior to engine start.
• Note 2: The AH-64D includes a MD-1295A Improved Data Modem (IDM) that can transmit and receive ARC-210D FM2 Radio
TACFIRE (Tactical Fire Direction System) and Longbow AFAPD (Air Force Applications Program Development) Preset Channels
messages over any radio. It can also utilize either FM radio for Fire Support artillery messages
623
• These features are not simulated yet.
1 – RADIO COMMUNICATIONS OVERVIEW
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AH-64D
ARC-186(V) VHF and ARC-201D FM1

“Whip” Antenna
ARC-164(V) UHF
“Blade” Antenna
ARC-220 HF ARC-210D FM2 Radio
“Towel Bar” Antenna “Blade” Antenna
624
EUFD – Pilot Cockpit View
1 – RADIO COMMUNICATIONS OVERVIEW • Pilot has selected UHF Radio (left arrow)
• Co-Pilot has selected FM2 Radio (right arrow)
In practice, radio communications are primarily performed with the RTS/ICS (Radio Standby Frequencies for UHF,
APACHE
AH-64D
Transmit Select/Intercom System) PTT (Push-to-Talk) Switch on the cyclic. The EUFD VHF, FM1, FM2 and HF Radios
Active Frequencies for UHF,
(Enhanced Up-Front Display) panel allows you to monitor which frequencies are selected; VHF, FM1, FM2 and HF Radios
• The left arrow represents your selected radio
• The right arrow represents the other crew member’s selected radio
Other radio tools are available on the COMM (Communications) Panel

COMM panel and the COM MPD
(Multi-Purpose Display) page.
Pilot Selected Radio

RTS/ICS (Radio Transmit Select/Intercom (Left Arrow)
select (RTS) down to the next radio on the Co-Pilot Selected Radio
EUFD. If HF radio is selected, moves RTS back (Right Arrow)
up to VHF.
radio
•
RIGHT: “ICS” transmits over the Intercom

System to your other crew member. EUFD – Co-Pilot Cockpit View
• Co-Pilot has selected FM2 Radio (left arrow)
• Pilot has selected UHF Radio (right arrow)
Pilot Selected Radio

COM (Communications) Page
(Right Arrow)
Co-Pilot Selected Radio

(Left Arrow) 625
2 – ARC-186(V) VHF-AM RADIO 5
EUFD
2.1 – Manual Frequency Tuning with COM Page
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AH-64D
To manually tune a VHF-AM frequency via the COM page: 4
1. Press on the COM FAB (Fixed Action Button) to access the Communications
menu.
2. Press on VAB (Variable Action Button) next to MAN (Manual).
3. Press on VAB next to VHF FREQ.
4. On KU (Keyboard Unit), enter the desired radio frequency (as an example
“129.250”, then press ENTER.
5. The new active frequency will be visible on the COM page and on the EUFD
(Enhanced Up-Front Display).
Frequency Range:
• 108.00 to 115.975 MHz
• 116.00 to 151.975 MHz
5
COM Page
2
626
1
2 – ARC-186(V) VHF-AM RADIO
2.2 – Preset Frequency Tuning with COM Page
APACHE
AH-64D
Not yet implemented.

627
2 – ARC-186(V) VHF-AM RADIO
2.3 – Radio Transmission
APACHE
AH-64D
To transmit on a manual VHF-AM frequency:
1. Adjust VHF Radio Volume – As Required

2. Set VHF Radio Squelch Switch FWD momentarily (ON).
3. Adjust Radio Master Volume Control Knob – As Required. 4b
4. Depress the PTT/RTS (Push-to-Talk/Radio Transmit Select) Switch to move Left
Selection Arrow DOWN on the EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display). Depress PTT/RTS Selection
until the Left Selection Arrow is next to the active VHF frequency indication. Arrow (left)
• Alternatively, you can use the RTS (Radio Transmit Select) Rocker Switch on
the EUFD panel.
5. To transmit, press the PTT/RTS (Push-to-Talk/Radio Transmit Select) Switch LEFT
(RALT + \) to transmit on the selected radio and frequency.
• Alternatively, there is a Floor-Mounted Radio Transmit Switch behind the
left anti-torque pedal. It allows the non-flying crewmember to transmit on
their selected radio without interfering with the flight controls.
4a RTS (Radio Transmit Select) Rocker
Switch
Floor-Mounted Radio
Transmit Switch
4a 5

1
up to VHF.
2 • LEFT: “RADIO” transmits over the selected
radio
3 • RIGHT: “ICS” transmits over the Intercom 628
3 – ARC-164(V) UHF-AM RADIO 5
EUFD
APACHE
AH-64D
To manually tune a UHF-AM frequency via the COM page: 4
3. Press on VAB next to UHF FREQ.
4. On KU (Keyboard Unit), enter the desired radio frequency (as an example
Frequency Range:
• 225.00 to 399.975 MHz
3 5
COM Page
2
629
1
3 – ARC-164(V) UHF-AM RADIO
APACHE
AH-64D

630
3 – ARC-164(V) UHF-AM RADIO
APACHE
AH-64D
To transmit on a manual UHF-AM frequency:
1. Adjust UHF Radio Volume – As Required

2. Set UHF Radio Squelch Switch FWD momentarily (ON).
3. Adjust Radio Master Volume Control Knob – As Required.
4. Depress the PTT/RTS (Push-to-Talk/Radio Transmit Select) Switch to move Left
Selection Arrow DOWN on the EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display). Depress PTT/RTS 4b
until the Left Selection Arrow is next to the active UHF frequency indication.
• Alternatively, you can use the RTS (Radio Transmit Select) Rocker Switch on Selection
the EUFD panel. Arrow (left)
5. To transmit, press the PTT/RTS (Push-to-Talk/Radio Transmit Select) Switch LEFT
(RALT + \) to transmit on the selected radio and frequency.
• Alternatively, there is a Floor-Mounted Radio Transmit Switch behind the
left anti-torque pedal. It allows the non-flying crewmember to transmit on
their selected radio without interfering with the flight controls.
Switch
Floor-Mounted Radio
Transmit Switch
4a 5

1
up to VHF.
radio
5
4 – ARC-210D SINCGARS VHF-FM RADIOS (FM1 & FM2) EUFD
APACHE
AH-64D
To manually tune a VHF-FM frequency via the COM page: 4
3. Press on VAB next to FM1 FREQ for the FM1 radio (or FM2 FREQ for the FM2 radio).
4. On KU (Keyboard Unit), enter the desired radio frequency (as an example “45.000”, then
press ENTER.
5. The new active frequency will be visible on the COM page and on the EUFD (Enhanced Up-
Front Display).
Frequency Range:
• 30.000 to 87.975 MHz
5
3 COM Page
2
632
1
4 – ARC-210D SINCGARS VHF-FM RADIOS (FM1 & FM2) Preset Networks
6 through 10
APACHE
AH-64D
Preset Networks
Not yet implemented. 1 through 5
633
4 – ARC-210D SINCGARS VHF-FM RADIOS (FM1 & FM2)
APACHE
AH-64D
To transmit on a manual FM frequency with the ARC-210D FM1 radio:
1. Adjust FM1 Radio Volume – As Required

2. Set FM1 Radio Squelch Switch FWD momentarily (ON).
3. Adjust Radio Master Volume Control Knob – As Required. 4b
4. Depress the PTT/RTS (Push-to-Talk/Radio Transmit Select) Switch to move Left Selection
Arrow DOWN on the EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display). Depress PTT/RTS until the Left Selection
Selection Arrow is next to the active FM1 frequency indication. Arrow (left)
• Alternatively, you can use the RTS (Radio Transmit Select) Rocker Switch on the
EUFD panel.
5. To transmit, press the PTT/RTS (Push-to-Talk/Radio Transmit Select) Switch LEFT (RALT + \)
to transmit on the selected radio and frequency.
• Alternatively, there is a Floor-Mounted Radio Transmit Switch behind the left anti-
torque pedal. It allows the non-flying crewmember to transmit on their selected
radio without interfering with the flight controls.
Switch
Floor-Mounted Radio
Transmit Switch
4a 5

1
up to VHF.
radio
7
5 – ARC-220 HF RADIO EUFD
APACHE
AH-64D
To manually tune a HF frequency via the COM page: 4a
3. Press on VAB next to HF RECV FREQ.
4. On KU (Keyboard Unit), enter the desired radio receiver frequency (as an example
5. If the HF XMIT FREQ field is not set properly, press on VAB next to HF XMIT FREQ.
6. Then, on KU (Keyboard Unit), enter the desired radio transmitter frequency (as an
example “10.0000”, then press ENTER.
Frequency Range:
• 2.0000 to 29.9999 MHz
4b
3
6b
7
COM Page
2
635
1
5 – ARC-220 HF RADIO
APACHE
AH-64D

636
5 – ARC-220 HF RADIO
APACHE
AH-64D
To transmit on a manual HF frequency:
1. Adjust HF Radio Volume – As Required

2. Set HF Radio Squelch Switch FWD momentarily (ON).
3. Adjust Radio Master Volume Control Knob – As Required.
4. Depress the PTT/RTS (Push-to-Talk/Radio Transmit Select) Switch to move Left Selection 4b
Arrow DOWN on the EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display). Depress PTT/RTS until the Left
Selection Arrow is next to the active HF frequency indication. Selection
• Alternatively, you can use the RTS (Radio Transmit Select) Rocker Switch on the Arrow (left)
EUFD panel.
5. To transmit, press the PTT/RTS (Push-to-Talk/Radio Transmit Select) Switch LEFT (RALT + \)
to transmit on the selected radio and frequency.
• Alternatively, there is a Floor-Mounted Radio Transmit Switch behind the left anti-
torque pedal. It allows the non-flying crewmember to transmit on their selected
radio without interfering with the flight controls.
Switch
5
2
Floor-Mounted Radio
Transmit Switch
4a 5

up to VHF.
radio
6 – ICS (INTERCOM SYSTEM)
To communicate on the intercom:
APACHE
AH-64D
1. Set ICS (Intercom System) Mode Switch – As required.

2. Adjust SENS (Sensitivity) Control Knob – As required.
3. To transmit, press the PTT/RTS (Push-to-Talk/Radio Transmit Select)
Switch RIGHT (RSHIFT + SPACEBAR) to transmit on the Intercom.
• Alternatively, there is a Floor-Mounted ICS Transmit Switch ICS (Intercom System) Mode Switch
behind the right anti-torque pedal. It allows the non-flying • FWD: PTT (Push-to-Talk), the ICS will only transmit when the
crewmember to transmit on the intercom system without ICS PTT (push-to-talk) switch is pressed.
interfering with the flight controls. • MIDDLE: VOX (Voice), the ICS will transmit automatically
SENS (Sensitivity) Control Knob • AFT: HOT MIC (Microphone), the ICS transmits continuously,
• Adjusts the sensitivity of the ICS squelch circuit when the ICS whether the pilot speaks or not.
volume levels exceed the selected sensitivity. 1
2
3 RTS/ICS (Radio Transmit Select/Intercom

up to VHF.
radio
• RIGHT: “ICS” transmits over the Intercom
3 Floor-Mounted ICS (Intercom

System) Transmit Switch 638
7 – EUFD (ENHANCED UP-FRONT DISPLAY) FUNCTIONS 3a 4
7.1 – PRESET FREQUENCY TUNING WCA (Warning/Caution/Advisory) ENTER Function Button
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AH-64D
Rocker Switch • Tunes the currently selected radio to the selected preset
The EUFD’s Preset list can be displayed at any time to access the 10 preset networks from the
top-level COM page. The Preset list will only display preset frequencies for the radio the RTS
(Radio Transmit Select) switch is set to and is only capable of tuning single-channel
frequencies.
3b
To tune a frequency via the EUFD Preset function:
1. Press the Preset Button 2b

2. Use the RTS (Radio Transmit Select) Rocker Switch on the EUFD panel to select the radio to
tune. The left selection arrow indicates which radio is selected.
3. Use the WCA (Warning/Caution/Advisory) Rocker Switch on the EUFD panel to select
frequency from the preset list.
4. Press ENTER Button on the EUFD panel.
5. In this example, we have selected the UHF Radio with the preset frequency 300.000 MHz,
which is for the JTAC. PRESET Function Button
RTS (Radio Transmit Select) Rocker
• Toggles display of the Preset window 1
2a Switch
639
7 – EUFD (ENHANCED UP-FRONT DISPLAY) FUNCTIONS
7.2 – FREQUENCY SWAP
APACHE
AH-64D
The “swap” button which swaps the currently selected radio’s primary frequency/settings with
that radio’s standby frequency/settings.
1. Use the RTS (Radio Transmit Select) Rocker Switch on the EUFD panel to select the radio to
tune. The left selection arrow indicates which radio is selected.
2. Press the SWAP Function Button to swap the active and standby frequencies for the
selected radio. Standby Frequency
Active Frequency (305.000)
(300.000)
1b
1a RTS (Radio Transmit Select) Rocker 2a SWAP Function Button

Switch • Swaps the radio frequency, encryption mode, and IDM
net configuration with the standby values of the currently
Active Frequencies for UHF, Standby Frequencies for UHF, selected radio.
VHF, FM1, FM2 and HF Radios VHF, FM1, FM2 and HF Radios
Active Frequency Standby Frequency

(305.000, Swapped) (300.000, Swapped)
2b
640
SECTION SUMMARY
• 1 – Navigation Introduction • 4 – Navigation Routes
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AH-64D
• 1.1 – Introduction • 4.1 – Creating a Route

• 1.2 – Navigation System Interfaces • 4.2 – Selecting a Route
• 1.3 – EGI (Embedded GPS/Inertial Navigation Unit) • 4.3 – Editing a Route
• 1.4 – AN/ASN-157 Doppler Radar Velocity Sensor (DRVS) • 4.4 – Reversing a Route
• 1.5 – FLT (Flight) Page • 4.5 – Deleting a Route
• 4.6 – Route Navigation & Point Sequencing
• 2 – TSD (Tactical Situation Display)
• 2.1 – Overview • 5 – Radio-Navigation / Automatic Direction Finder
• 2.2 – Moving Map
• 2.3 – Display
• 2.4 – Symbology
• 2.5 – Controls
• 2.6 – Navigation & Attack Phases
• 2.7 – BAM (Battle Area Management) Sub-Page
• 2.8 – ABR (Abbreviations) Sub-Page
• 3 – Points
• 3.1 – Point Types
• 3.1.1 – Overview
•
PART 19 – NAVIGATION
3.1.2 – WPTHZ (Waypoints/Hazards)

• 3.1.3 – CTRLM (Control Measures)
• 3.1.4 – TGT/THRT (Targets/Threats)
• 3.2 – Adding a Point
• 3.2.1 – Using “Cursor Drop”
• 3.2.2 – Using Coordinates with KU (Keyboard Unit)
• 3.3 – Editing a Point
• 3.4 – Deleting a Point
• 3.5 – Storing a Point
• 3.5.1 – Flyover Point
• 3.5.2 – Co-Pilot/Gunner Line-of-Sight
• 3.6 – Transmitting a Point
• 3.7 – Navigating to a Point
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1 – Navigation Introduction FLT (Flight) Page
APACHE
AH-64D
Navigation in the AH-64 is mostly done through the TSD (Tactical Situation Display), HDU (Helmet Display Unit), and FLT (Flight) A/C
(Aircraft) page. The Standby Magnetic Compass can also be used as a backup. The Apache uses a variety of navigation methods to
direct you to mission locations. Depending on the mission or stage in the mission, you may use different navigation sources.

Standby Magnetic Compass Displays IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and

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1 – Navigation Introduction Doppler Velocity Sensor
1.1 – Introduction ADF Receiver
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AH-64D
The Apache’s navigation system consists of the following components:
• 2 x Embedded GPS (Global Positioning System) Inertial Navigation Systems (EGI)

• AN/ASN-157 Doppler Radar Velocity Sensor (DRVS)
• Helicopter Air Data System (HADS), which consists of a network of air pressure probes
• Radar Altimeter
• Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)
• High Integrated Air Data Computer (HIADC)
• Flight Management Computer (FMC) Radar Altimeter
Transmitter/Receiver
GPS Receiver
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1 – Navigation Introduction •
•
TEDAC: TADS Electronic Display and Control
TADS: Target Acquisition and Designation Sight
1.2 – Navigation System Interfaces
APACHE
AH-64D
Navigation systems are controlled through the following interfaces: Cursor Control/Enter Switch
• TSD (Tactical Situation Display) page Variable Action Buttons, which (Multi-Purpose Display) cursor
allow you to configure navigation systems and navigation aids • Pressing DOWN on the cursor selects the
• KU (Keyboard Unit), which allows you to enter navigation data item under the MPD cursor
• Cursor controls on the collective
• Note: Cursor controls are also duplicated for the Co- Cursor Display Select Button
Pilot/Gunner on the left and right TEDAC grips • Toggles the cursor to the other MPD and
centers it on the screen. Cursor Enter Button

Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch KU (Keyboard Unit)
• Deflecting the control moves the MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) cursor • The Keyboard Unit (KU) allows crewmembers to enter
• Pressing DOWN on the cursor selects the item under the MPD cursor alphanumeric data into MPD (Multi-Purpose Display)
Cursor
Collective
Cursor Display Select Button TSD (Tactical Situation Display) Page

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FLT (Flight) A/C (Aircraft) Page
1 – Navigation Introduction
1.2 – Navigation System Interfaces
APACHE
AH-64D
The HDU (Helmet Display Unit) displays navigation symbology as

well as the TSD.
The FLT A/C page has a SET option sub-menu that allows you to
configure various navigation parameters and units.
Standby indications for attitude, barometric altitude and airspeed

are used as a back-up.
Standby Magnetic Compass HDU (Helmet Display Unit) Monocle

FLT (Flight) A/C (Aircraft) Page
• Use “I” binding to show/hide IHADSS. SET Options
SAI (Standby Attitude Indicator)

Slip & Turn
Indicator
SAI Caging Knob

Standby Indicated
Airspeed (IAS, kts)
Standby Barometric Altimeter (ft)
Barometric Pressure Setting Readout (in Hg)
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Barometric Pressure Setting Knob
1.3 – EGI (Embedded GPS/Inertial Navigation Unit)
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AH-64D
Two EGIs (Embedded GPS/Inertial Navigation Unit) allow the aircraft to know its current
position. Each EGI consists of a five-channel encrypted GPS (Global Positioning System)
receiver that provides position updates to a ring laser gyro (RLG) inertial navigation unit
(INU). The two EGIs are labeled INU1 and INU2, and the navigation system will select
between them automatically as primary and backup. Position Confidence Indication
• Displays the 95%-probable circular error
probability (CEP) for INU1 and INU2.
To access EGI data, you can access the TSD (Tactical Situation Display) – UTIL sub-page. 2
INU (Inertial Navigation Unit) Reset Buttons Time Format

• Resets either INU1 or INU2 when pressed. For use • Displays LOCAL or ZULU (UTC) time.
when INU data becomes invalid or unreliable.
Primary INU (Inertial Navigation Unit) Buttons

• Toggles between INU1 and INU2 as primary. Normally
set automatically by the system. Button is barriered if the
System Time
other INU is detected to be unreliable or in a reset state.

• Allows you to change
the system time with the
Satellite Status KU (Keyboard Unit)
• Displays the GPS satellites visible to the GPS antenna.
Satellites that the EGI’s are using are boxed.
System Date
• Allows you to change
GPS Key Type the system date with the
• Type of GPS key loaded into each GPS receiver. KU (Keyboard Unit)
GPS Key Status

Earth Datum
• Allows you to set the geodetic system use for
Navigation Mode navigation. The default is “47”, meaning WGS-
• Toggles between LAND and SEA. During start-up, the selected 84 (World Geodetic System 1984, a standard
mode will control the method of EGI alignment. In flight, the used in cartography and satellite navigation) .
selected mode changes the weighting of the Doppler velocity You can set another datum by ABR page ID or
data to provide the best navigational accuracy. enter “D” to return to the default datum.
1 646
1.4 – AN/ASN-157 Doppler Radar Velocity Sensor (DRVS)
APACHE
AH-64D
Old generation aircraft traditionally navigate using a magnetic compass and a directional gyro. A needle points somewhere, and by staying the
course they expect to arrive to their destination. However, real life is not so simple. Wind can have a dramatic effect on navigation, especially on
The Doppler Effect
long-distance flights. If a pilot follows a certain heading and wind is pushing him sideways, he can start drifting and be completely off course. The
compass will tell him that he is going in a certain direction (and in a certain sense, he is facing a direction that is parallel to the direction he
intends to take) but in reality he will be drifting away.
Actual Flight Path (Red)
This is why Doppler navigation systems were conceived:
it allowed the pilot to fly to a certain heading and detect
whether or not the wind is pushing him off course. Intended Flight Path
(Yellow)
The Doppler effect is probably that boring phenomenon
you heard about in high school and didn’t care about at
the time. Basically, the Doppler effect is the reason why
airplane fly-bys in airshows are so awesome to listen to:
a moving object (like a plane) is emitting waves (like
sound waves) that are received by an observer (you),
and the frequency of this wave (like the sound pitch)
will change the closer or farther the aircraft comes to
you.
A Doppler system installed on the AH-64 transmits and

receives waves, and a computer calculates your ground
speed and drift angle. It also gives a more responsive
approximation of your vertical speed, which is very
useful to know if you are sinking too quickly during
precision approaches. Pretty cool, eh?
Heading on compass
(where the pilot
thinks he’s going)
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1.4 – AN/ASN-157 Doppler Radar Velocity Sensor (DRVS)
APACHE
AH-64D
The AN/ASN-157 Doppler Radar Velocity Sensor (DRVS) uses the Doppler radar to determine
aircraft ground speed. This figure is used as a velocity-aiding source for the EGI (Embedded
GPS/Inertial Navigation Unit).
To access Doppler data, you can access the TSD (Tactical Situation Display) – UTIL sub-page. You can
turn on or off the doppler radar from there using the “DOPPLER” Variable Action Button.
2
Doppler Data
• USED: INU is using Doppler-aided navigation
• REJECTED: INU is not using Doppler-aided navigation
• MEMORY: Doppler-aided navigation is in dead-
reckoning mode.
Doppler Navigation System Power

1 648
1.5 – FLT (Flight) Page
APACHE
AH-64D
The FLT (Flight) page displays basic flight information and allows the aircrew to control various flight settings.
Waterline Symbol
• Indicates nose position and is a central reference for the
pitch ladder. The symbol can be biased (adjusted
upward or downward from its normal position) by using
the FLT SET page. When the waterline is biased, it
appears filled in rather than hollow.
Bank Angle
Heading Scale
Barometric Altitude (ft)

Torque (%)
Altitude High/Low
Aircraft Pitch Scale (deg) (HI/LO) Warning
Navigation Fly-To Cue (Waypoint Symbol) Radar Altimeter (ft)

True Airspeed (kts)

Vertical Speed (ft/min)
• Tick marks for every 100 feet per minute to ±500 fpm,
and then another tick mark is drawn at ±1000 fpm.
Waterline Bias Toggle Button
• Toggles on or off the waterline bias. “BIAS” is Turn Rate Indicator
displayed below “-W-” when bias is applied. • Top scale of this symbol indicates aircraft rate of turn.
• Rate of turn is shown as a solid square.
• Three “doghouses” indicate level (no turn) and standard rate
Waypoint Data
turns to the left or right.
• W01: Waypoint Name
• 105: Ground Speed (kts)
• 54.5 KM: Distance to Waypoint
• 0:18: Time to Waypoint (minutes:seconds) Slip Indicator
• Bottom scale of this symbol indicates horizontal acceleration.
• Horizontal acceleration is shown as a deflection of the oval
from the center position. 649
1 – Navigation Introduction Low Altitude Alert (ft)
• Toggles editing of the low-altitude alert, which is done
1.5 – FLT (Flight) Page via the KU (Keyboard Unit). When below this altitude,
the word “LO” will appear in red next to the altimeter,
APACHE
AH-64D
and an “altitude low” audio alert will sound.

From the FLT page, you can use the SET button to access additional options such as:
• High and Low Altitude Alerts Altimeter Setting Unit Selector
• G-Meter Reset • Toggles barometric pressure setting between inches of
High Altitude Alert (ft)
• Waterline Bias Setting mercury (IN) and millibars (MB).
• Toggles editing of the high-altitude alert, which is done
• Altimeter Setting via the KU (Keyboard Unit). When above this altitude,
• Distance Units the word “HI” will appear in yellow next to the Barometric Altitude (ft)
altimeter. Disabled if set to zero. • Toggles editing of current barometric altitude. When the barometric
• Radar Altimeter Power altitude is changed, the altimeter setting is changed accordingly.
Barometric Pressure Setting (in Hg or mbar)

• Toggles editing of current sea-level pressure. When the altimeter
setting is changed, the barometric altitude is changed accordingly.
G-Reset Button
• Pressing this button resets the positive and negative
accelerometer telltales to 1 g. Barometric Altitude (ft)
Accelerometer (G)
• Displays current load factor (in g) graphically on the
vertical scale. Barometric Pressure Setting (in Hg or mbar)
• A major tick mark indicates 1 g, with minor tick marks
every additional g, for a range of +4 to -1 g.

• Small red circles indicate maximum positive and
negative load factor.
• Solid green triangle indicates current load factor and is
displayed in red if a limit is exceeded.
• Hollow green triangles are positive and negative
telltales, which indicate maximum positive and negative
g experienced during this flight.
Radar Altimeter (RDR ALT) Power Button

Waterline Bias Set Buttons • Hollow circle means OFF. Solid Circle means ON.
• Biases the waterline symbol up or down in pitch 1 degree
for every button press. “BIAS” is displayed if a bias is
applied. Up to 10° of up or down bias can be applied.
SET Option Selected

Distance Unit Selector
• Toggles distance units displayed between kilometers
(KM) and nautical miles (NM)
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2 – TSD (Tactical Situation Display)
2.1 – Overview
APACHE
AH-64D
The TSD (Tactical Situation Display) page is one of the most important
navigation tools at your disposal. The TSD shows a top-down overview of the
aircraft, battlefield, and surrounding airspace. It contains a very versatile,
colored moving map that allows the aircrew to plot and analyze navigational,
tactical, and sensor information.
The TSD can be used to designate landmark points with a slewable cursor.
The TSD page is accessed by pressing the TSD FAB (Fixed Action Button).
TSD Page Selected

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2.2 – Moving Map
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AH-64D
PP (Present Position) Option

Symbology • This option displays the aircraft position in:
• MGRS (Military Grid Reference System) coordinates (upper row)
By default, a moving map is visible on the TSD. It contains basic navigation information. • Latitude and longitude coordinates (lower row, left)
• Elevation (lower row, right)
SHOW Sub-Page
• Allows you to select which
PAN Sub-Page symbols are shown on the map Grid Width Map Scale
• Allows you to move and rotate the map
• Scale value is displayed in kilometers or nautical miles.
independently of the Ownship location
• Available scale levels are: 400 km (216 NM), 150 km (81 nm), 100 km
(54 nm), 75 km (40.5 nm), 50 km (27 nm), 25 km (13.5 nm), 15 km (8.1
nm), 10 km (5.4 nm), 5 km (2.7 nm), 2 km (1.1 nm), and 1 km (0.5 nm).
INST (Instruments) Sub-Page

• Configures the TSD for radio navigation while
Map Scale Increase/Decrease Selectors
operating in low-visibility conditions. The page
• Changes the scale level of the map.
provides necessary controls for setting a heading
• Holding the button will continuously zoom the map in or out.
bug, manually tuning an NDB (Non-Directional Aircraft Heading
Beacon) frequency, testing the ADF (Automatic
Direction Finder) system, and an independent CTR (Center) Function
timer. Cursor Navigation Symbology • Toggles between centering the display on the Ownship, or de-
centering with the Ownship placed towards the bottom third of
(Waypoint)
the display.
Ownship
FRZ (Freeze) Function
• Freezes the map display. The map and Ownship will not
move, but the data blocks will continue to update.
CAQ (Cursor Acquisition) Function

Heading to Selected Waypoint • Freezes the display and allows the crewmember to
designate a symbol or a terrain point for use as an
acquisition source.
ACQ (Acquisition Source) Selector

• Selects the acquisition source for the active sight
Phase Selection Option

• Toggles between NAV (Navigation) and ATK MAP Sub-Page Selector
(Attack) phases. The active phase controls • Controls Moving Map Options
what information is shown on the format.
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2.2 – Moving Map 3
APACHE
AH-64D
Map Types
You can access Map Options by using the VAB (Variable Action Button) next to MAP.
From the MAP sub-page, you can select four different Moving Map formats:
• DIG: underlays a relief map generated by the digital terrain elevation database (DTED).
• CHART: underlays a tactical navigation chart. Grid Display Option
• SAT: underlays satellite-based imagery. • Toggles display of the coordinate grid. When
• STICK: underlays only the coordinate grid. displayed, the grid size is displayed in the upper
right corner.
Map Type Selector

• Configures map type to either
DIG, CHART, SAT or STICK.
Map Orientation Option

• HDG-UP. The map is oriented such
that aircraft heading is upwards.
• TRK-UP. The map is oriented such
that aircraft ground track is upwards.
• N-UP. The map is oriented such that
true north is upwards.
2 Map 2D/3D View Option
1 MAP Sub-Page Selected 653

2.2 – Moving Map
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AH-64D
Map Types
CHART Map Type
Chart Scale Selector

• Selects the chart scale to use. Options are
1:12.5K, 1:50K, 1:100K, 1:250K, 1:500K, 1:1M,
1:2M, and 1:5M. Chart rasters may not be
available for all scales.
Chart Color Bands Selector

• A/C: Terrain is shaded based on aircraft altitude. Terrain that rises above the
current altitude is shaded red, and terrain within 50 feet of the current altitude is
shaded in yellow.
• ELEV: Terrain is shaded from green to brown based on its MSL elevation. If the
MPD is in MONO (monochromatic mode), shading will be from green to black.
• NONE: No coloring is applied
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2.2 – Moving Map
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AH-64D
Map Types
STICK Map Type

SAT Map Type
Satellite Resolution Level Selector

• Sets the resolution level of the
satellite imagery to display.
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2.2 – Moving Map
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AH-64D
Map Types
ELEV Shading Legend
Chart Scale Selector DIG Map Type

• Selects the chart scale to use. Options are
1:12.5K, 1:50K, 1:100K, 1:250K, 1:500K, 1:1M,
1:2M, and 1:5M. Chart rasters may not be
available for all scales.
DIG Color Bands Selector

• A/C: Terrain is shaded based on aircraft altitude. Terrain that rises above the
current altitude is shaded red, and terrain within 50 feet of the current altitude
is shaded in yellow.
• ELEV: Terrain is shaded from green to brown based on its MSL elevation. If the
MPD is in MONO (monochromatic mode), shading will be from green to black.
• NONE: No coloring is applied
Contours Selector
• Toggles display of terrain contour lines at regular elevation intervals. Options
are NONE (no contours) and 50-, 100-, 200-, 500-, and 1000-foot intervals.
FFD (Foundation Feature Data) Selector

FFD includes roads, airports, forests, and other man-made and natural features.
• None: No FFD is displayed.
• Area: Shape-type FFD is displayed. This includes forests, marshes, sand, rock, snow/ice, industrial areas,
political boundaries, airports, railroads, towers, water structures, buildings, urban areas, and bodies of
water.
• Line: Vector-type FFD is displayed. This includes fords/ferries, trees, roads, paths, pipes, cliffs, gullies, 656
political boundaries, runways, towers, buildings, bridges, fences/barriers, and bodies of water.
2.2 – Moving Map Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch
APACHE
•
AH-64D
Deflecting the control moves the MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) cursor

PAN Functions
Pressing the PAN button enters PAN sub-page, where you can move and rotate the map
Pan Map Heading Selectors
independently of the Ownship location. When in PAN sub-page, the TSD page is frozen, • Pressing the left or right arrows rotates the map
indicated by a thick dashed border displayed around the “TSD footprint”. in 1° increments, or 40° per second when pressed
and held. Pressing HDG> allows a heading value
to be entered via the KU (Keyboard Unit).
PAN Sub-Page Selected
Pan-to-Point Selector
• Pressing this button allows entry of a point (for
example, a target point T01) using the KU
(Keyboard Unit). After entry, the map will pan to
this point.
Pan-to-Route-Point Selector
• When using Route Pan, the point labels

displayed adjacent RTE⬆ and RTE⬇ indicate the
next and previous points in the route sequence Cursor Display Select Button
respectively. Pressing the RTE⬆ and RTE⬇
Ownship
buttons pans the map to that point.
Route Pan Selectors Last Pan Selector

• Pressing and holding RTE⬆ and RTE⬇ (adjacent • Resets the map to the previous pan location
the arrows), smoothly scrolls the view to the next
or previous points while held.
Pan Mode Selector

• Toggles the pan mode between CURSR (Cursor
Control pans map) and NORM (Cursor Control
controls on-screen cursor) pan modes.
657
PP (Present Position) Option
2 – TSD (Tactical Situation Display) • This option displays the aircraft position in:
• MGRS (Military Grid Reference System) coordinates (upper row)
2.3 – Display • Latitude and longitude coordinates (lower row, left) COORDINATES Sub-Page Selector
• Elevation (lower row, right) • Displays coordinates for various navigation points & targets
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AH-64D
SHOW Sub-Page UTILITY Sub-Page Selector

• Allows you to select which • Controls TSD Utility Options
symbols are shown on the map
PAN Sub-Page Map Scale

• Allows you to move and rotate the map • Scale value is displayed in kilometers or nautical miles.
independently of the Ownship location Grid Width • Available scale levels are: 400 km (216 NM), 150 km (81 nm), 100 km
(54 nm), 75 km (40.5 nm), 50 km (27 nm), 25 km (13.5 nm), 15 km (8.1
nm), 10 km (5.4 nm), 5 km (2.7 nm), 2 km (1.1 nm), and 1 km (0.5 nm).
INST (Instruments) Sub-Page
• Configures the TSD for radio navigation while Map Scale Increase/Decrease Selectors
• Changes the scale level of the map.
operating in low-visibility conditions. The page Aircraft Heading
provides necessary controls for setting a heading bug, • Holding the button will continuously zoom the map in or out.
manually tuning an NDB (Non-Directional Beacon) Cursor
frequency, testing the ADF (Automatic Direction Navigation Symbology CTR (Center) Function
Finder) system, and an independent timer. (Waypoint) • Toggles between centering the display on the Ownship, or de-centering
with the Ownship placed towards the bottom third of the display.
HSI (Horizontal Situation Indicator)
Ownship
FRZ (Freeze) Function
Selected Waypoint Information • Freezes the map display. The map and Ownship will not
• Upper Left: Selected Waypoint Name move, but the data blocks will continue to update.
• Upper Right: Distance to Waypoint

• Lower Left: Ground Speed (kts)
CAQ (Cursor Acquisition) Function
• Lower Right: Time to Waypoint
• Freezes the display and allows the crewmember to designate a
symbol or a terrain point for use as an acquisition source.
Cursor Information
This option displays the cursor position in:
• MGRS (Military Grid Reference System) coordinates (upper row) ACQ (Acquisition Source) Selector
• Elevation (ft) • Selects the acquisition source for the active sight
• Distance from cursor to ownship (km)
Endurance & Wind Information
Heading to Selected Waypoint • Upper Row: Displays the total endurance time available based on
remaining fuel in all internal and external tanks.
Phase Selection Option • Lower Row: Displays the winds as computed by the aircraft Air Data
• Toggles between NAV (Navigation) and ATK System (ADS). “CALM” is displayed when wind speed is less than 5 knots.
(Attack) phases. The active phase controls When NR is less than 50% and wind speed is greater than 45 knots, wind
what information is shown on the format. speed is displayed in yellow.
BAM (Battle Area Management) Sub-Page Selector POINT Sub-Page Selector

• Allows the crewmembers to create Priority Fire Zones (PFZ) MAP Sub-Page Selector ROUTE (RTE) Sub-Page Selector • Used to create, edit, and delete stored points, as 658
and No-Fire Zones (NFZ) and assign them to wingmen. • Controls Moving Map Options • Used to combine points into routes well as transmit them to other flight members
2.4 – Symbology
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AH-64D
TSD Symbology can display any navigation point type, sensor line-of-sight, threat rings and other symbols related to waypoints, hazards, control
measures or targets/threats. NAVIGATION and ATTACK Phases will filter symbology based on what is needed in specific mission phases.
• Note: symbology related to waypoints/hazards, control measures and targets/threats will be shown in their respective section.
TRN (Terrain Point) Designated

TRN (Terrain Point)
Cursor by the Co-Pilot/Gunner (CPG)
Designated by the Pilot
Terrain Point Ring
Target Point
Target/Threat Ring
Navigation Points
TADS Line-of-Sight
NAV Phase Selected Ownship ATK Phase Selected
659
SHOW Sub-Page Selected
2.4 – Symbology
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AH-64D
HSI (Horizontal
SHOW Functions
Situation Indicator)
The SHOW menu toggles on or off display of different map icons and
windows. It displays different options depending on whether the
current phase is NAV or ATK (selectable using “Phase Selector” button).
Shown Data Selectors (boxed = displayed) Shown Data Selectors

• Waypoint Data (boxed = displayed)
• Inactive Zones • HSI (Horizontal Situation
• Obstacles Indicator)
• CPG (Co-Pilot/Gunner Cursor) • ENDR (Endurance) Data
• Cursor Information • Wind Status
NAV Phase Selected
SHOW Sub-Page Selected

Shown Data Selectors (boxed = displayed) Shown Data Selectors

• Current Route (boxed = displayed)
• Inactive Zones • HSI (Horizontal Situation
• FCR (Fire Control Radar) TGTS (Targets) / Indicator)
Obstacles • ENDR (Endurance) Data
• CPG (Co-Pilot/Gunner Cursor) • Wind Status
• Cursor Information
660
ATK Phase Selected
THRT SHOW Sub-Page Selected
2.4 – Symbology
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AH-64D
SHOW Functions Intervisibility Source Selected: OWN (Ownship)

• Shaded areas represent the Ownship’s line-of-
sight at its current altitude.
Once SHOW is selected:
• Select THRT SHOW to control display of the “ASE
footprint” (Aircraft Survivability Equipment), lethality
rings of targets and threats, and their intervisibility (line- Intervisibility/Rings Toggle Selectors (boxed = displayed)
• OWN: ownship (your aircraft)
of-sight) status. Options can change based on which • TRN PT: Pilot and Co-Pilot/Gunner Terrain Points
intervisibility source is selected (OWN or THRT). • GHOST: The ghostship when TSD is frozen or in PAN mode.
THRT SHOW Sub-Page Selected

ASE THREATS Selector (boxed = displayed)

• Toggles display of RFI/RLWR (Radio Frequency Interferometer/Radar Laser
Warning Receiver) detected threats around “ASE footprint”. If toggled off, Intervisibility Source Selected: THRT (Threat)
the ASE Autopage setting will override this option and display ASE Threats • Shaded areas represent areas where this aircraft will
on the TSD when the ASE Autopage threshold is reached or exceeded. be detectable by a threat at its current altitude.
Terrain Point Altitude Increment Button

• Increases terrain point altitude by 5 ft
Intervisibility/Rings Toggle Selectors (boxed = displayed)
Terrain Point Altitude Selector • ACQ: Current ACQ source if a point (W##, H##, C##, T##).
• Allows changing selected terrain point altitude with the KU (Keyboard • TRN PT: Pilot and CPG terrain points. (T55 or T56)
Unit). Option only appears if TRN POINT shading is active. • FCR/RFI: FCR (Fire Control Radar) targets that have been merged with
RFI-detected threats.
Terrain Point Altitude Decrement Button • THREATS: Threats (T##).
• Decreases terrain point altitude by 5 ft • TARGETS: Targets (T##).
Intervisibility Shading Selector (boxed = displayed)

• Toggles display of line-of-sight shading for the selected threat types. 661
COORD SHOW Sub-Page Selected
2.4 – Symbology
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AH-64D
SHOW Functions
Pre-Planned Lines Display Selector
Once SHOW is selected:
• Select COORD SHOW to control display of points within
Pre-Planned Areas Display Selector
the database. These options can be set differently
between the NAV and ATK phases.
Shown Data Selectors (boxed = displayed)

• Control Measures
• Friendly Units
• Enemy Units
• Planned Targets/Threats
NAV Phase Selected
COORD SHOW Sub-Page Selected

Pre-Planned Lines Display Selector
Pre-Planned Areas Display Selector
“Shot-At” Display Selector

• Toggles display of Shot-At indications. Shot-
At indications are generated when Hellfire
missiles are employed against a target.
ATK Phase Selected 662

2 – TSD (Tactical Situation Display) •
•
TEDAC: TADS Electronic Display and Control
TADS: Target Acquisition and Designation Sight
2.5 – Controls
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AH-64D
The TSD is primarily controlled with the following components: Cursor Control/Enter Switch
(Multi-Purpose Display) cursor
• TSD (Tactical Situation Display) page Variable Action Buttons • Pressing DOWN on the cursor selects the
• KU (Keyboard Unit), which allows you to enter navigation data item under the MPD cursor
• Cursor controls on the collective and TEDAC grips.
• The Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch can be used to slew/move a
cursor on the MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) pages on the active MPD. Cursor Display Select Button
• The cursor can be moved to the opposite display using the Cursor • Toggles the cursor to the other MPD and
Display Select Button or by moving the Cursor to the edge of one centers it on the screen. Cursor Enter Button
display and “bumping” the Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch in the
direction of the opposite MPD. TEDAC RHG (Right Hand Grip)
• When the Cursor is over a data field, you can select it by pressing • TADS: Target Acquisition and Designation Sight
DOWN on the Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch instead of using a
VAB (Variable Action Button).
• The CAQ (Cursor Acquisition) Option on the TSD allows you to use
the cursor to select symbols and slave sensors to it. CAQ (Cursor Acquisition) Function

• Deflecting the control moves the MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) cursor KU (Keyboard Unit)
• Pressing DOWN on the cursor selects the item under the MPD cursor • The Keyboard Unit (KU) allows crewmembers to enter

Collective Cursor

Cursor Display Select Button 663
2.6 – Navigation & Attack Phases
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When using the TSD, it is important to use the appropriate phase using the NAV/ATK Phase selector.
• NAV (Navigation) Phase shows navigation-related symbology and information windows. This phase is relevant
when flying to or away from the area of operations. This phase does not display threats or target points.
• ATK (Attack) Phase shows symbology related to threats and targets. This symbology is more useful when
employing sensors and weapons to attack targets of opportunity. You would typically want to use this phase when
entering the area of operations.
Navigation Waypoint
Target Point
ATK Phase Selected

NAV Phase Selected 664
2.7 – BAM (Battle Area Management) Sub-Page
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The BAM (Battle Area Management) sub-page allows the crewmembers to create
Priority Fire Zones and No-Fire Zones and assign them to wingmen. When the BAM
sub-page is displayed, the map freezes. Assigning such zones between flight
members can dramatically increase the efficiency of the unit and facilitate
communications when performing complex operations.
A Priority Fire Zone (PFZ) is a zone where a target is expected to be. When operating No-Fire Zone (NFZ)
with multiple ships, you can assign a PFZ to each wingman to facilitate dispatching
tasks and targets.
• Up to 8 Priority Fire Zones can be created, one of which is active at a time.
A No-Fire Zone (NFZ) is a zone where there could be friendly elements or civilian
infrastructures. Obviously, you are expected to NOT employ any ordnance in this
zone.
• Up to 8 No-Fire Zones (NFZ) can be created, any number of which can be active at Priority Fire Zones (PFZ)
the same time.
PFZs and NFZs affect prioritization of FCR (Fire Control Radar) targets. Targets
detected in a PFZ are prioritized higher, whereas targets detected in an NFZ are de-
prioritized.
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You can access the BAM sub-page from the TSD page.
To create a PFZ: TRP KM Size

1. From TSD page, select BAM Sub-Page • When using the TRP drawing method, allows the
2. Select PF Fire Zone Type (“PF” for Priority Fire Zone) crewmember to select the size of the fire zone.
3. Select desired drawing method Pressing the button toggles between 1, 2, and 3
km2.
4. If using the AUTO or MAN drawing method:
a) Select draw shape (“LN” for lines or “BX” for box)
b) Select desired number of zones (#Z)
5. If using the TRP (Target Reference Point) drawing method, select desired TRP KM Size.
Fire Zone Type Selector

Drawing Method Selector • PF: Priority Fire Zone
• AUTO (Automatic): The crewmember uses the cursor to • NF: No-Fire Zone
designate the two opposite corners of a rectangle.
• If Draw Shape is set to BX, after selecting the second
corner, the area within the rectangle is automatically
divided up into equally spaced fire zones.
• If Draw Shape is set to LN, after selecting the fourth
point, the area within the polygon is automatically
divided up into equally spaced fire zones, oriented Fire Zone Activation Selector
parallel to the first line drawn. • Used to activate a PFZ. Permits selection of NONE or one of
• MAN (Manual): The crewmember uses the cursor to draw a 8 PFZs. Select the Priority Fire Zone to be active which will
single PFZ, which becomes Priority Fire Zone 1. The collapse the menu. Fire zone activations are transmitted to
crewmember repeats this process for each of the remaining wingmen over IDM using the SEND button.
Priority Fire Zones, based on the #Z (Number of Zones) value
selected. Delete Zones Selector
• TRP (Target Reference Point): The crewmember designates a • Deletes all Priority Fire Zones
target reference point using the cursor. The area around the
TRP is automatically divided up into 4 Priority Fire Zones, by
quadrant. #Z (Number of Zones) Selector
• Selects the number of zones that will be
created when drawing PFZs. The area drawn
will be divided up into that number of zones.
Draw Shape Selector

• BX (Box): Allows the crewmember to select to opposite corners of a box for a PFZ/NFZ.
• LN (Line): Allows the crewmember to draw a quadrilateral polygon for a PFZ/NFZ BAM (Battle Area Management)
shape by selecting four corners in a clockwise or counterclockwise order. 666
Sub-Page Selector
•
Pressing DOWN on the cursor selects the item under the MPD cursor
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To create a PFZ:
6. Draw selected zone using the selected drawing method
• AUTO (Automatic): The crewmember uses the cursor to designate (with Cursor Control and Cursor Enter) the
two opposite corners of a rectangle.
• If Draw Shape is set to BX, after selecting the second corner, the area within the rectangle is
automatically divided up into equally spaced fire zones.
• If Draw Shape is set to LN, after selecting the fourth point, the area within the polygon is
automatically divided up into equally spaced fire zones, oriented parallel to the first line drawn.
• MAN (Manual): The crewmember uses the cursor (with Cursor Control and Cursor Enter) to draw a single
PFZ, which becomes Priority Fire Zone 1. The crewmember repeats this process for each of the remaining
Priority Fire Zones, based on the #Z (Number of Zones) value selected.
• TRP (Target Reference Point): The crewmember designates a target reference point using the cursor (with
Cursor Control and Cursor Enter). The area around the TRP is automatically divided up into 4 Priority Fire Cursor Display Select Button
Zones, by quadrant.
AUTO – Line PFZ Drawing AUTO – Box PFZ Drawing TRP PFZ Drawing
Cursor
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Assigning Priority Fire Zones

Pressing the ASN (Assign) Format Selector allows you to assign Priority Fire Zones to flight members.
PF1 (Priority Fire Zone 1)

Selected for Assignation
ASN (Assign) Format Selected
PF1 (Priority Fire Zone 1)

Selected for Assignation
Member Select (Not Yet Simulated)

• Press a button next to the displayed
network member to assign the currently
selected PFZ to that member.
Ownship Select
• Assigns the selected PFZ to the Ownship.
BAM (Battle Area Management)
Sub-Page Selector 668
•
Pressing DOWN on the cursor selects the item under the MPD cursor
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To create a NFZ:
1. From TSD page, select BAM Sub-Page
2. Select NF Fire Zone Type (“NF” for No-Fire Zone)
3. Select desired Activation Mode Activation Mode Selector
4. Select desired NFZ to draw using the NFZ Selector menu • SINGLE. Only one NFZ is active at a time. The ACT
5. Select draw shape (“LN” for lines or “BX” for box) button activates the selected NFZ, and if different NFZ is
already active, deactivates it.
6. Draw selected zone using the Cursor Control & Cursor Enter. • MULTI. Multiple NFZs can be active at a time. The ACT
button toggles the selected NFZ active or inactive.
Fire Zone Type Selector NF1 (No-Fire Zone 1)

• PF: Priority Fire Zone Box Drawing
• NF: No-Fire Zone
NFZ Selector
• Used to select which NFZ is being drawn
Fire Zone Activation Selector

• Used to activate a NFZ. Permits selection of NONE or one of
8 NFZs. Select the Priority Fire Zone to be active which will
collapse the menu. Fire zone activations are transmitted to
wingmen over IDM using the SEND button.
Delete Zones Selector

• Deletes selected No-Fire Zone
NFZ Selector Menu

NF1 (No-Fire Zone 2)
Line Drawing
Draw Shape Selector BAM (Battle Area Management) Active
• BX (Box): Allows the crewmember to select to opposite corners of a box for a PFZ/NFZ. Sub-Page Selector
• LN (Line): Allows the crewmember to draw a quadrilateral polygon for a PFZ/NFZ 669
shape by selecting four corners in a clockwise or counterclockwise order.
2
2 – TSD (Tactical Situation Display) TSD UTIL Sub-Page
2.8 – ABR (Abbreviations) Sub-Page

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From either the TSD POINT or TSD UTIL sub-pages, you can access the
ABR (Abbreviations) sub-page. This allows you to search for IDENT
3a
(Identifier) codes for specific types of points on the TSD. These points
will be explored in the next section. ABR (Abbreviations)
Sub-Page Selector
The main use of this page is that it can be useful when manually
entering points during a mission.
2
TSD POINT Sub-Page
1
3b ABR (Abbreviations)
Sub-Page Selected
Previous/Next Page
Selectors
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2.8 – ABR (Abbreviations) Sub-Page
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There are up to eight pages worth of IDENT codes. Use them well!
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Waypoint
3 – Points W08
Target Point
3.1 – Point Types T01
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3.1.1 – Overview
Navigation points in the Apache are stored in one of
three partitions, depending on their purpose. The three
partitions are Waypoint/Hazards, Control Measures and
Target/Threats.
Control Measure C53 Target/Threat ZU
Friendly Armor ZSU-23-4 Air Defense Gun
Hazard H07
Tower Under 1000 ft
Ownship
Control Measure C55

Friendly Attack Helicopter
Navigation Point Database Partitions

WPTHZ CTRLM TGT/THRT TRN
• Waypoints • General Control Measures • Targets • Terrain Point Targets
• Hazards • Friendly Control Measures • Threats
• Enemy Control Measures
Points 1 through 50 Points 51 through 99 Points 100 through 149 Points 150 through 155
• Points 93 through 99 store Present • Referred as "T01" through "T50" (referred as "T51" through "T56")
Position Reports (not implemented yet)
Used for depicting Generic Waypoints, Used for depicting friendly and enemy units, Used for depicting targets and threats. Threat Used for storing additional TSD file
Communications Checkpoints, route Start and airfields, and other graphical control icons can display threat rings. locations such as the PLT (Pilot) and CPG
Release Points, and Hazards such as towers or measures for “controlling” a mission. (Co-Pilot/Gunner) TRN (Terrain) points.
wires. • Note: anything stored in points 93 through • Note: Cannot be added/edited with the
99 will be overwritten when a present KU (Keyboard Unit) since these database
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position is received from another aircraft. files reside within aircraft memory.
Waypoint W09
3 – Points • Ident: LZ (Landing Zone)
3.1 – Point Types • Free Text: FAL (Falcon)
• UTM LAT/LONG: 37S BV 5373 2656
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3.1.1 – Overview • Altitude: 529 ft
There are four main components of information associated with each point within the aircraft
database:
• IDENT: Identifier, a unique letter code specific to a point type.

• Example: 1 a Communications Checkpoint (CC) identifier is a Waypoint/Hazard, and
therefore cannot be used if the selected point type is a Control Measure
• Example 2: a Checkpoint (CP) identifier is a Control Measure, which cannot be used if
the selected point type is a Waypoint/Hazard.
• FREE: Free text, consists of up to three alphanumeric characters that can be added for
additional information to the crewmembers.
• For most points, these free text characters are only visible when reviewing a point on
the COORD page, or when the Review Status window is displayed on the POINT or RTE
sub-pages
• Some types of Control Measures will display their free text information directly on the
TSD. These types of points can be useful in providing additional information of the
nature of that location, even if the icon itself doesn’t align with the terrain or situation.
• In other cases, it may be more useful to have a specific point type placed on the TSD to
provide context to the crew at a quick glance.

• Any time a custom free text is not entered by the crew, the free text defaults to the
point type and number within the database (i.e., “W01”, “H09”, “C51”, “T05” etc.).
• UTM LAT/LONG: Universal Transverse Mercator Latitude/Longitude coordinates.
• The location of each point is stored using MGRS coordinates (labeled as UTM in the
cockpit) or Latitude/Longitude in Degrees, Minutes, Minute-Decimals format
(DD°MM.MMM).
• Regardless of the method of entry, both coordinate formats can be viewed in the
Review Status window or on the COORD page.
• ALTITUDE: elevation above mean sea level.
• The altitude of each point is referenced from mean sea level (MSL) in feet.
• Any time a custom altitude is not entered by the crew, the altitude defaults to the
elevation of the terrain at the point’s location using Digital Terrain Elevation Data
loaded into the aircraft database.
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3 – Points Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch
3.1 – Point Types • Pressing DOWN on the cursor selects the item under the MPD cursor
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3.1.1 – Overview 3 4a
When a point is selected on the TSD while the POINT or RTE sub-pages are displayed, the point’s label will be displayed
in inverse video, and the Review Status window will be displayed showing additional information. Any point may be
selected as a Direct-To for the purposes of navigation, or as the Acquisition source for the purposes of targeting.
A quick way of selecting a point (and display the Review Status Window) can be done by:
1. Select TSD page
2. Select POINT sub-page
3. Move Cursor over desired symbol on the TSD
4. Press “Cursor Enter” to select desired symbol and display the Review Status Window.
3b
3a Cursor (slewed over W09 LZ Symbol)
Cursor
4b
Review Status Window
• W09: Waypoint 09
• LZ: Identifier (Landing Zone)
• FAL: Free Text Characters (LZ Falcon)
• ETE: Estimated time enroute to the point
• ETA: Estimated time of arrival at the point
• W04 47 37S BV 5373 2656: MGRS/UTM Coordinates
• 195: Heading to point
• 4.8 KM / 2.6 NM: Distance to Go
• N35 27.12 E036 17.19: Latitude / Longitude Coordinates
• 529 FT: Point Altitude (Above Mean Sea Level)
2
1
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3 – Points
3.1 – Point Types
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3.1.2 – WPTHZ (Waypoints/Hazards)

Waypoint/Hazards include graphics for depicting Generic Waypoints, Communications Checkpoints, route Start and
Release Points, and Hazards such as towers or wires. Hazards are depicted in yellow. It is important to note that
hazards are always perpendicular to the flight path of the aircraft on the TSD and do not depict the actual direction of
the hazard, but its general location only. Important Note:
Waypoint and Hazard data can be accessed from the
• When creating a waypoint (WP) with the “Cursor Drop” method, the default point dropped at the cursor location COORD page in the WPTHZ sub-menu. Data can be
expanded by using the VABs (Variable Action Button) to
is a Waypoint (WP).
the right. Left VABs select a waypoint as an acquisition
• When creating a hazard (HZ) with the “Cursor Drop” method, the default point dropped at the cursor location is a source.
Tower Under 1000 ft (TU). COORD Page
WPTHZ Sub-Menu 1
2
Waypoint
W09 (WP)
Landing Zone
W07 (LZ)
Hazard H09
Wires Power (WL)
Right VABs expand

point data
Left VABs select waypoint

as an acquisition source.
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3 – Points
3.1 – Point Types Waypoints/Hazards TSD Symbols
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3.1.2 – WPTHZ (Waypoints/Hazards) Symbol Identifier Point Name

CC Communications Check Point
A complete list can be found on the TSD Abbreviation (ABR) page. This page is accessed by selecting
either the TSD POINT or TSD UTIL sub-pages.
LZ Landing Zone
PP Passage Point
ABR Page
RP Release Point
SP Start Point
WP Waypoint
TO Tower over 1000 ft
TU Tower under 1000 ft
WL Wires Power
WS Wires Telephone/Electric
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3 – Points
3.1 – Point Types
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3.1.3 – CTRLM (Control Measures)

Control measures include graphics for depicting Friendly and Enemy Units, Forward Arming and
Refueling Points (FARPS), Battle Positions and others.
Important Note:
Control Measure data can be accessed from the COORD
• When creating a control measure with the “Cursor Drop” method, the default point dropped
page in the CTRLM sub-menu. Data can be expanded by
at the cursor location is a Checkpoint (CP). COORD Page using the VABs (Variable Action Button) to the right. Left
CTRLM Sub-Menu VABs select a control measure as an acquisition source.
1
Control Measure C60
Battle Position (BP)
Control Measure C56 2

Lighted Airport (AL)
Control Measure C54

Friendly Armor (AM)
Control Measure C59

Control Measure C57 Enemy Airborne (EB)
Improved Data Modem
Subscriber (ID) Right VABs expand
point data
Control Measure C58 Left VABs select control measure

Friendly Airborne (AB) as an acquisition source.
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3 – Points
3.1 – Point Types
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In the COORD SHOW sub-page, you can toggle control measure symbology visibility options.
A complete list can be found on the TSD Abbreviation (ABR) page. This page is accessed by
selecting either the TSD POINT or TSD UTIL sub-pages.

• Control Measures
• Friendly Units ABR Page
• Enemy Units
• Planned Targets/Threats
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3 – Points
3.1 – Point Types
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Control Measures TSD Symbols Control Measures TSD Symbols Control Measures TSD Symbols
Symbol Identifier Point Name Symbol Identifier Point Name Symbol Identifier Point Name
AP Air Control Point BD Brigade HA Holding Area
AG Airfield General CP Checkpoint NB NBC (Nuclear, Biological,

Chemical) Area
AI Airfield Instrument CO Company ID IDM (Improved Data Modem)

Subscriber
AL Lighted Airport CR Corps BE NDB (Non-Directional

Beacon) Symbol
F1 Artillery Firing Point 1 DI Division RH Railhead Point

F2 Artillery Firing Point 2 FF FARP (Forward Arming GP Regiment or Group

Refueling Point) Fuel Only
AA Assembly Area FM FARP (Forward Arming US United States Army

Refueling Point) Ammo Only
BN Battalion FC FARP (Forward Arming

Refueling Point) Fuel & Ammo
BP Battle Position FA Forward Assembly Area
BR Bridge or Gap GL Ground Light/Small Town

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3 – Points
3.1 – Point Types
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Friendly Control Measures TSD Symbols Friendly Control Measures TSD Symbols Friendly Control Measures TSD Symbols
AD Friendly Air Defense FW Friendly Electronic Warfare FU Friendly Unit
AS Friendly Air Assault WF Friendly Fixed Wing
AV Friendly Air Cavalry FL Friendly Field Artillery
AB Friendly Airborne AH Friendly Attack Helicopter
AM Friendly Armor FG Friendly Helicopter, General

CA Friendly Armored Cavalry HO Friendly Hospital
MA Friendly Aviation FI Friendly Infantry

Maintenance
CF Friendly Chemical MI Friendly Mechanized Infantry
DF Friendly Decontamination MD Friendly Medical
EN Friendly Engineers TF Friendly Tactical Operations

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3 – Points
3.1 – Point Types
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Enemy Control Measures TSD Symbols Enemy Control Measures TSD Symbols Enemy Control Measures TSD Symbols
ED Enemy Air Defense WR Enemy Electronic Warfare EU Enemy Unit
ES Enemy Air Assault WE Enemy Fixed Wing
EV Enemy Air Cavalry EF Enemy Field Artillery
EB Enemy Airborne EK Enemy Attack Helicopter
AE Enemy Armor HG Enemy Helicopter, General

EC Enemy Armored Cavalry EH Enemy Hospital
ME Enemy Aviation Maintenance EI Enemy Infantry
CE Enemy Chemical EM Enemy Mechanized Infantry
DE Enemy Decontamination EX Enemy Medical
EE Enemy Engineers ET Enemy Tactical Operations

Center 681
3 – Points
3.1 – Point Types
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3.1.4 – TGT/THRT (Targets/Threats)

Targets/Threats include graphics for depicting the location of Targets found during the
conduct of a mission or for depicting the location of known or templated threat
systems. When a point is entered as a Threat, it can display a threat ring on the TSD. Important Note:
Threat rings are toggleable on the THRT SHOW sub-page on the TSD. Target and threat data can be accessed from the
COORD page sub-menu (press the COORD VAB
• When creating a target/threat with the “Cursor Drop” method, the default point twice to access this sub-page). Data can be
dropped at the cursor location is a Target Point (TG). expanded by using the VABs (Variable Action
COORD Page Button) to the right. Left VABs select a
TARGETS & THREATS Sub-Menu target/threat as an acquisition source.
Target T01 Target T01 Ring 1 2

Target Point (TG)
Threat T02 Rings
Right VABs expand

Threat T02 point data
ZSU-23-4 Air Defense Gun (ZU)
Left VABs select target/threat

as an acquisition source.
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COORD SHOW Sub-Page
3 – Points
3.1 – Point Types • Control Measures
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• Friendly Units
AH-64D
3.1.4 – TGT/THRT (Targets/Threats) • Enemy Units Target T01

• Planned Targets/Threats Ring
In the COORD SHOW sub-page, you can toggle target/threat symbology visibility options.
In the THRT SHOW sub-page, you can toggle target/threat ring symbology visibility options.
A complete list can be found on the TSD Abbreviation (ABR) page. This page is accessed by
selecting either the TSD POINT or TSD UTIL sub-pages.
Threat T02 Rings

ABR Page
THRT SHOW Sub-Page

Intervisibility/Rings Toggle Selectors (boxed = displayed)

• ACQ: Current ACQ source if a point (W##, H##, C##, T##).
• TRN PT: Pilot and CPG terrain points. (T55 or T56)
• FCR/RFI: FCR (Fire Control Radar) targets that have been merged with
RFI-detected threats.
• THREATS: Threats (T##).
• TARGETS: Targets (T##).
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3 – Points
3.1 – Point Types
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3.1.4 – TGT/THRT (Targets/Threats)

Targets/Threats TSD Symbols Targets/Threats TSD Symbols Targets/Threats TSD Symbols
TG Target Point 83 M1983 Air Defense Gun NV Naval Air Defense System
AX AMX-13 Air Defense Gun U Unknown Air Defense Unit SR Battlefield Surveillance Radar
AS Aspide SAM System S6 2S6 / SA-19 Air Defense Unit TR Target Acquisition Radar
AD Friendly Air Defense Gun AA Air Defense Gun 70 RBS-70 SAM System
GP Gepard Air Defense Gun GU Generic Air Defense Unit BP Blowpipe SAM System
G1 Growth 1 MK Marksman Air Defense Gun BH Bloodhound SAM System
G2 Growth 2 SB Sabre Air Defense Gun CH Chapparal SAM System
G3 Growth 3 GS Self-Propelled Air Defense Gun CT Crotale SAM System
G4 Growth 4 GT Towed Air Defense Gun C2 CSA-2/1/X SAM System
SD Spada SAM System ZU ZSU-23-4 Air Defense Gun HK Hawk SAM System
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3 – Points Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual
3.1 – Point Types Targets/Threats TSD Symbols

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3.1.4 – TGT/THRT (Targets/Threats) Symbol Identifier Point Name

Targets/Threats TSD Symbols Targets/Threats TSD Symbols 16 SA-16 SAM System
Symbol Identifier Point Name Symbol Identifier Point Name

JA Javelin SAM System 6 SA-6 SAM System 17 SA-17 SAM System
PT Patriot SAM System 7 SA-7 SAM System SM SAMP SAM System
RE Redeye SAM System 8 SA-8 SAM System SC SATCP SAM System
RA Rapier SAM System 9 SA-9 SAM System SP Self-Propelled SAM System
RO Roland SAM System 10 SA-10 SAM System SH Shahine/R440- SAM System

1 SA-1 SAM System 11 SA-11 SAM System SS Starstreak SAM System
2 SA-2 SAM System 12 SA-12 SAM System TC Tigercat SAM System
3 SA-3 SAM System 13 SA-13 SAM System ST Stinger SAM System
4 SA-4 SAM System 14 SA-14 SAM System SA Towed SAM System
5 SA-5 SAM System 15 SA-15 SAM System VU Vulcan Air Defense Gun
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3 – Points
3.2 – Adding a Point
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3.2.1 – Using “Cursor Drop”

You can add a point by using the cursor to designate a location on the TSD (Tactical Situation Display).
To create a point using the “cursor drop” method:
1. Press TSD (Tactical Situation Display) FAB (Fixed Action Button).

2. Press POINT VAB (Variable Action Button).
3. Press ADD VAB.
4. Select the type of point you want to add. In this example, we will select a Control Measure (CM).
• WP: Waypoint
• HZ: Hazard
• CM: Control Measure
• TG: Target/Threat
2b
3a
3b
1 2a
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3 – Points Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch
3.2 – Adding a Point • Pressing DOWN on the cursor selects the item under the MPD cursor
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3.2.1 – Using “Cursor Drop” 6 7
To create a point using the “cursor drop” method:

8
5. When the “cursor drop” method is used to add a point, default points are dropped Review Status Window
at the cursor location based on what point type is selected: • C56: Control Measure 56
• Selecting WP (Waypoint) will drop a Waypoint (WP) by default • CP: Identifier (Checkpoint, CP)
• Selecting HZ (Hazard) will drop a Tower Under 1000’ (TU) by default • C56 (right of CP): Free Text Characters (C56 is auto-generated)
• Selecting CM (Control Measure) will drop a Checkpoint (CP) by default • ETE: Estimated time enroute to the point
• Selecting TG (Target/Threat) will drop a Target Point (TG) by default • ETA: Estimated time of arrival at the point
6. Move Cursor over desired location of the selected point. • W04 47 37S BV 5869 2650: MGRS/UTM Coordinates
7. Press “Cursor Enter” to create desired point at the cursor location. • 60: Heading to point
8. Once point is created, the Review Status Window will display point information. • 4.2 KM / 2.3 NM: Distance to Go
9. Exit the point ADD sub-menu by pressing the POINT VAB again. • N35 27.17 E036 20.47: Latitude / Longitude Coordinates
7
6
New Point
Cursor
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3 – Points
5b
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3.2.2 – Using Coordinates with KU (Keyboard Unit)

You can add a point by using the KU (Keyboard Unit) to input coordinates and elevation.
To create a point using the “KU” method:

3. Press ADD VAB.
4. Select the type of point you want to add. In this example, we will select a Control Measure (CM) since we want to
add the Bassel Al Assad airport as a Control Measure (CM) of “Airfield General” type (Ident: AG).
• WP: Waypoint
• HZ: Hazard
• CM: Control Measure
• TG: Target/Threat
5. Press IDENT (Identity) VAB. KU (Keyboard Unit) will then display “IDENT:”.
2b
3b 5a
3a
1 2a
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3 – Points Click on Coordinates to toggle format
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We want to add a Control Measure (CM) on the Bassel Al Assad Airport. You can consult the ABR
(Abbreviations) page to get the appropriate IDENT code for an Airfield General.
• IDENT: AG (Airfield General)
• FREE (Free Text): BAS (three letters maximum)
• LATITUDE/LONGITUDE: 35°24.69’ North 035°57.00’ East (Deg, minutes, decimal minutes)
• MGRS/UTM Coordinates: 36 S YE 6787 2268
• ELEV: Elevation 93 ft
6. On KU (Keyboard Unit), type “AG”, then press ENTER. “AG” is the Control Measure IDENT code for
AIRFIELD GENERAL Control Measure.
7. KU will display “FREE:”. On KU, type “BAS”, then press ENTER. “BAS” is a free text we can use to refer to Click on Airport to
the Bassel Al Assad airport. get coordinates data
• Alternatively, you can leave the field empty and just press ENTER since free text is not
mandatory.
Airport Coordinates LAT/LONG
(Deg, minutes, decimal minutes format)
Click on Coordinates to toggle format
6 7
Airport Coordinates 689

(UTM/MGRS format)
11 Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch
3 – Points • Deflecting the control moves the MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) cursor
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11
Cursor
We want to add a Control Measure (CM) on the Bassel Al Assad Airport. You can consult the ABR (Abbreviations) page to get the
appropriate IDENT code for an Airfield General.
• IDENT: AG (Airfield General)
• FREE (Free Text): BAS (three letters maximum)
• LATITUDE/LONGITUDE: 35°24.69’ North 035°57.00’ East (Deg, minutes, decimal minutes)
• ELEV: Elevation 93 ft
8. By default, then KU will display coordinates for your aircraft’s current position.
9. Use CLR (Clear) on the KU to delete the current coordinates.
10. On the KU, enter coordinates either in LAT/LONG (Latitude/Longitude) or in MGRS/UTM (Military Grid Reference
System/Universal Transverse Mercator) format, then press ENTER.
• LATITUDE/LONGITUDE Coordinates: 35°24.69’ North 035°57.00’ East (Deg, minutes, decimal minutes)
• Input format: “N352569E0355700”
• Input format: “36SYE67872268”
11. Alternatively to the previous step, it is possible to move the Cursor over desired airport, then press “Cursor Enter” to save
the coordinates. It is also possible to type the name of an existing waypoint (i.e. “W01” for Waypoint 01) to copy the
coordinates on the KU, then press ENTER.
12. KU will display MSL (Mean Sea Level) altitude at the selected coordinates. Modify if required, using CLR and the keypad. If
altitude is correct (93 ft), press ENTER.
10 10 12
MGRS/UTM Format LAT/LONG Format Altitude/ Elevation (ft)
690
3 – Points 14
3.2 – Adding a Point • C56: Control Measure 56
•
APACHE
AG: Identifier (Airfield General, AG)

AH-64D
3.2.2 – Using Coordinates with KU (Keyboard Unit) • BAS: Free Text Characters (stands for “Bassel Al Assad Airport”)
To create a point using the “KU” method: • ETA: Estimated time of arrival at the point
• W04 47 36S YE 6787 2268: MGRS/UTM Coordinates
13. And that’s it! A brand new point is created. • 270: Heading to point
14. Once point is created, the Review Status Window will display point information. • 13.4 KM / 7.2 NM: Distance to Go
• N35 24.69 E035 57.00: Latitude / Longitude Coordinates
15. Exit the point ADD sub-menu by pressing the POINT VAB again.
15b
13
New Point
15a
691
4a Cursor Control/Enter Hat Switch
3 – Points • Deflecting the control moves the MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) cursor 3b
3.3 – Editing a Point
APACHE
AH-64D
To edit a point:

3. Select the point you want to edit. In this example, we will select Waypoint 03.
a) Press POINT> VAB
b) Type the point number you want to edit (i.e., “W03” for Waypoint 03, “H09” for
Hazard 09, “C51” for Control Measure 51, “T05” for Target 05, etc.)
4. Alternatively to the previous step, it is also possible to move the Cursor over desired point,
then press “Cursor Enter” to select it. 3c
5. Once Waypoint 03 symbol is selected, the Review Status Window will display point
information.
4b
Slew Cursor on W03 Symbol,
2b then press Cursor Enter
3a
3c
3c
4b
W03 Symbol
1 2a
5
692
12c
3 – Points • Deflecting the control moves the MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) cursor
New desired
12b
Cursor
3.3 – Editing a Point Waypoint 03 Location
APACHE
AH-64D
7a
6. Press EDIT VAB (Variable Action Button).
7. Press FREE VAB, type desired free text on the KU (Keyboard Unit) for a maximum of three characters,
then press ENTER.
• Note: If the existing free text is desired, simply press ENTER without a different free text entry.
8. By default, then KU will display coordinates for your aircraft’s current position.
• Note: If the existing location is desired, simply press Enter without a different location entry.
9. In this example, we will edit the waypoint coordinates to place them on the Bassel Al Assad airport.
10. Use CLR (Clear) on the KU to delete the current coordinates.
11. On the KU, enter the new coordinates either in LAT/LONG (Latitude/Longitude) or in MGRS/UTM 6
(Military Grid Reference System/Universal Transverse Mercator) format, then press ENTER.
• LATITUDE/LONGITUDE Coordinates: 35°24.69’ North 035°57.00’ East (Deg, minutes, decimal
minutes)
• Input format: “N352569E0355700”
• Input format: “36SYE67872268”
12. Alternatively to the previous step, it is possible to move the Cursor over desired location, then press
“Cursor Enter” to save the coordinates. It is also possible to type the name of an existing waypoint (i.e.
“W01” for Waypoint 01) to copy the coordinates on the KU, then press ENTER.
13. KU will display MSL (Mean Sea Level) altitude at the previous coordinates. Use CLR (Clear) on the KU to
delete the current elevation, then type the elevation of the airport (93 ft), then press ENTER.
11 11 13
MGRS/UTM Format LAT/LONG Format Altitude/ Elevation (ft)
13b
10 13a
13c
7b
693
3 – Points
3.3 – Editing a Point
APACHE
AH-64D
14. And that’s it! You have just edited Waypoint 03 with new coordinates and elevation.
15. Once the point is edited, the Review Status Window will display point information.
16b
14
Edited Point
14
16a
694
• Pressing DOWN on the cursor selects the item under the MPD cursor 2a
3.4 – Deleting a Point
APACHE
AH-64D
To delete a point:

3. Select the point you want to edit. In this example, we will select Waypoint 03.
a) Press POINT> VAB
b) Type the point number you want to edit (i.e., “W03” for Waypoint 03, “H09” for
Hazard 09, “C51” for Control Measure 51, “T05” for Target 05, etc.)
4. Alternatively to the previous step, it is also possible to move the Cursor over desired point,
then press “Cursor Enter” to select it. 3c
5. Once Waypoint 03 symbol is selected, the Review Status Window will display point
information.
6. Press DEL (Delete) VAB (Variable Action Button). 4b
then press Cursor Enter
2b
3a
3c
6
3c
4b
W03 Symbol
1 2a
5
695
3 – Points
3.4 – Deleting a Point
APACHE
AH-64D
7. Confirm deletion by pressing the YES VAB.

8. And that’s it! You have just deleted Waypoint 03.
8
Deleted Point 9b
9a
696
3 – Points
3.5 – Storing a Point
APACHE
AH-64D
3.5.1 – Flyover Point

To store a point at the current aircraft position (Flyover Point):

3. Press STO (Store) VAB.
4. Select desired point type by toggling the TYPE VAB.
• WP will store the point as a Waypoint
• TG will store the point as a Target Point
5. Press NOW VAB to store current aircraft coordinates and altitude.
2a
1
2b
5a
5b
Waypoint W07 created over
current ownship position
3
4
697
3 – Points
APACHE
AH-64D
3.5.1 – Flyover Point

6. And that’s it! You have just created a Flyover Point (Waypoint W07 in our case). The flyover point will have “FLY” for free text.
7. After storing the point, the Review Status window will automatically advance to the next empty point number.
8b
8a
698
3 – Points
APACHE
AH-64D
3.5.2 – Co-Pilot/Gunner Line-of-Sight

The Co-Pilot/Gunner can utilize any range source to store a point using either his TADS (Target Acquisition &
Designation Sight) or HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display) Line-of-Sight. Using a more accurate range source such as a
laser while sight-selected TADS will provide more precision when trying to store a location. Less accurate methods
include using the HMD as the sight or using an Automatic range or an estimated Manual range. Most of these
tutorials are already available in PART 13 – SENSORS & SIGHTS.

699
3 – Points
3.6 – Transmitting a Point
APACHE
AH-64D

700
• Pressing DOWN on the cursor selects the item under the MPD cursor 2a
3.7 – Navigating to a Point
APACHE
AH-64D
To navigate to a point using the Direct-To Line:

2. Press RTE (Route) VAB (Variable Action Button).
3. Press DIR (Direct-To) VAB (Variable Action Button).
4. Select the point you want to navigate to. In this example, we will select Waypoint 03.
a) Press POINT> VAB
b) Type the point number you want to edit (i.e., “W03” for Waypoint 03, “H09”
for Hazard 09, “C51” for Control Measure 51, “T05” for Target 05, etc.)
5. Alternatively to the previous step, it is also possible to move the Cursor over the 4c
desired point, then press “Cursor Enter” to select it.
5b
5b
then press Cursor Enter
W03 Symbol
4a
1
701
3 – Points
APACHE
AH-64D
6. When waypoint is selected as a DIRECT-TO, a straight line is drawn from the Ownship to the selected point. This line does not
follow the aircraft, but rather represents the original course plotted from the aircraft’s position at the moment the Direct-To
was entered. The current route will be displayed in partial-intensity green while a Direct-To course is active.
• Note 1: If a point is selected as the Direct-To, and that point is part of the current route, after arriving at that point
the route will sequence normally, starting with the first time that point appears in the route sequence. When this Endurance & Wind Information
happens, the Direct-To line is removed and the route returns to full-intensity green. • Upper Row: Displays the total endurance time available based on
• Note 2: If a point is selected as the Direct-To, and that point is not part of the current route, after arriving at that remaining fuel in all internal and external tanks.
• Lower Row: Displays the winds as computed by the aircraft Air Data
point, the current Navigation Fly-To Cue and Waypoint Status window will remain at that point, unless a new Direct-
System (ADS). “CALM” is displayed when wind speed is less than 5 knots.
To point is selected or a different route is selected on the Route Menu (RTM) page. When NR is less than 50% and wind speed is greater than 45 knots, wind
7. Select the Variable Action Button next to “WP03” will display additional navigation data. speed is displayed in yellow.
8. Pressing VAB next to RTE (Route) again will return to the default TSD page.
Selected Waypoint Information Navigation Symbology
Selected Waypoint Information • Upper Left: Selected Waypoint Name (Waypoint)
• W03: Selected Waypoint Name • Upper Right: Distance to Waypoint
• WP: Identifier (Waypoint) • Lower Left: Ground Speed (kts)
• W03: Free Text • Lower Right: Time to Waypoint Aircraft Heading
W03 Symbol • ETE: Estimated time enroute to the point
6 • ETA: Estimated time of arrival
• 17.3 KM: Distance to Waypoint (km)
• 9.3 NM: Distance to Waypoint (nm)
Direct-To Line
7 7
Ownship
Heading to Selected Waypoint 702

3 – Points
APACHE
AH-64D
9. Once a Direct-To point has been selected by the crew, first turn in the direction of the Command Heading Chevron on the HDU (Helmet Display Unit).
10. When the Navigation Fly-To Cue appears within the HDU field of view, place the FPV (Flight Path Vector) over the top of, or inside, the Navigation Fly-To Cue.
11. When not navigating to the current Navigation Fly-To Cue (such as performing traffic pattern flight), the HDU Transition symbology can be used to assist in
correcting for winds. With the aircraft in coordinated flight with the trim ball centered (termed “in trim”), the crew can place the desired ground track between the
Velocity Vector and the Heading Tape’s Lubber Line to correct for winds. Using this technique, the Pilot can determine where to adjust the heading of the aircraft to
ensure that the aircraft’s actual track across the ground coincides with the desired course, even without a Navigation Direct-To Cue to reference with the Flight
Path Vector.
Aircraft Heading
Command Heading Chevron

Navigation Fly-To Cue

Flight Path Vector (FPV) • FWD: “CT” toggles between Cruise
Selected Waypoint Information • DEPRESS: Brings FLT (Flight) page
• Upper Left: Selected Waypoint Name on MPD
• Upper Right: Distance to Waypoint • AFT: “HB” toggles between Hover
• Lower Left: Ground Speed (kts) and Bob-Up symbology on the
• Lower Right: Time to Waypoint IHADSS helmet monocle.

TRANSITION
703
4 – Navigation Routes
4.1 – Creating a Route
APACHE
AH-64D
The aircraft can store 10 unique routes, each consisting of up to 100 points.
Separate routes can be selected from the TSD Route (RTE) page, Route Menu
(RTM) sub-page. Routes can be built using Waypoint/Hazards and Control
Measures only. Targets/Threats cannot be added to a route.
Routes typically consist of a Start Point (SP) and end with a Release Point (RP).
When planning a mission, it is useful to have multiple ingress and egress routes to
and from the objective area. Routes should not be considered a flight plan, but
rather an avenue to reach the objective area, reposition to different sectors of the
battlefield, or method to control multiple flights of aircraft. As such, most route
points do not need to be directly overflown.
Routes can be composed of any number of points, depending on how the aircrews
intend to perform their mission.
As an example, a basic route generally includes:
• A Start Point (W05, SP),
• A Communications Checkpoint (W06, CC),
• A standard Waypoint (W07),
• And a Release Point (W08, RP).
Currently it is only possible to generate one route in the Mission Editor; all other
routes on the Route Menu (RTM) page will be empty of any points. However,
these other routes can be edited by adding points during the mission. To build a
new route using the Route page, the points that are to be used for the route will
need to be added prior, using the POINT page as shown previously. Route BRAVO
704
4.1 – Creating a Route 7a
APACHE
AH-64D
To create a new route:
1. We will assume that all required waypoints, hazards and control measures required to create 6
the new route are already created.
4. By default, Route ALPHA is already selected. This route is created from waypoints already
created in the Mission Editor. In this tutorial, we want to create a new Route BRAVO.
5. Select RTM (Route Menu).
6. Select NEW RTE (New Route).
7. Select BRAVO to create the new BRAVO Route and set it as the current/active route.
8. Select RTM (Route Menu) to return to the RTE (Route) page.
4
ALPHA Route
7b
5
3
8
2
705
4 – Navigation Routes • Deflecting the control moves the MPD (Multi-Purpose Display) cursor 11b
APACHE
AH-64D
9. We will add Waypoint 05 (SP, Start Point) as the first point of the route.
10. Press ADD VAB (Variable Action Button).
11. Select the point you want to add to the route. we will select Waypoint 05 (SP, Start Point).
a) Press POINT> VAB
b) Type the point number you want to add to the route (i.e., “W05” for Waypoint 05,
“H09” for Hazard 09, “C51” for Control Measure 51, etc.). We will add “W05”.
c) Press ENTER on the KU. 11c
12. Alternatively to the previous step, it is also possible to move the Cursor over point W05, then
press “Cursor Enter” to select it.
13. Press “END” VAB to place the W05 point at the start of the route. The “END” identifier will
move to the following position within the route sequence.
9
11a
12a
Cursor
10
12b
W05 Symbol W05 Symbol 13b
(SP, Start Point) (SP, Start Point)
13a
706
4 – Navigation Routes 15b 17b
2a
APACHE
AH-64D
14. We will repeat the three previous steps to add the remaining points W06 (CC, Communications
Checkpoint), W07 (Waypoint 07), and W08 (RP, Release Point).
15. Select W06 (CC, Communications Checkpoint) using either the Keyboard Unit method or the
Cursor method.
a) Press POINT> VAB.
b) Type the “W06”.
16. Press “END” VAB to place the W06/CC06 point after W05 (SP, Start Point) at the end of the route. 17c
17. Select W07 (Waypoint) using either the Keyboard Unit method or the Cursor method.
18. Press “END” VAB to place the W07 point after W06 (CC, Communications Checkpoint) at the end
of the route.
15a 17a
18a
15b
W06 Symbol 17b
(CC, Communications Checkpoint) W07 Symbol
16a (Waypoint)
16b 18b
707
19b 22b
2a
APACHE
AH-64D
19. Select W08 (RP, Release Point) using either the Keyboard Unit method or the Cursor method.
20. Press “END” VAB to place the W08/RP08 point after W07 (Waypoint) at the end of the
route.
21. If you want to add subsequent points but you do not see the END VAB, you can scroll to the
END of the route using the UP ARROW VAB.
22. When you are done adding points to the route, you can check the route from the RTM (Route
Menu).
23
23. To exit RTE (Route) page, press RTE VAB.
24. And that’s it! You just created Route BRAVO and populated it with:
• W05 (SP, Start Point)
• W06 (CC, Communications Checkpoint)
• W07 (Waypoint 07)
• W08 (RP, Release Point).
20b 21
19a
20a
22a
19b
W08 Symbol
(RP, Release Point)
23
708
4 – Navigation Routes 6a
6b
4.2 – Selecting a Route
APACHE
AH-64D
In the previous tutorial, we created and selected Route BRAVO as our current 5
route. What if we want to select Route ALPHA instead?

3. In this example, Route BRAVO is already selected. We want to select Route
ALPHA. 7
6. Select ALPHA to set it as the current/active route.
BRAVO Route 3
(Selected)
ALPHA Route ALPHA Route
(Not Selected) (Selected)
4
2 8
1
709
4 – Navigation Routes C56 Symbol
(Control Measure FC, FARP
4.3 – Editing a Route with Fuel & Ammo)
APACHE
AH-64D
Free Text: FAL for Falcon

In this example, we have Route BRAVO, which consists of the following points:
• Start Point (W05, SP)
W08 Symbol
• Communications Checkpoint (W06, CC) (RP, Release Point)
• Waypoint (W07)
• Release Point (W08, RP)
We want to edit Route BRAVO by adding Control Measure C56 to the route, more
precisely between Waypoint W07 and Release Point W08/RP08.
• C56 is a FARP (Forward Arming Refueling Point) Fuel & Ammo. Its IDENT is “FC” and it
has a Free Text “FAL” for “Falcon”.
W07 Symbol
(Waypoint)
710
4 – Navigation Routes 5b
4.3 – Editing a Route

APACHE
AH-64D
How to Add a Point to a Route

3. Make sure Route BRAVO is already selected.
4. Press ADD VAB.
5. Select Control Measure C56 (FC, FARP with Fuel & Ammo) using either the Keyboard Unit method or the Cursor method.
5c
b) Type the “C56”.
6. To insert point C56 between W07 and W08/RP, press UP ARROW VAB until W08/RP is visible in the BRAVO Route menu.
Then, press VAB next to RP08 to insert C56/FC56 before RP08. The point that is located at that position within the route
sequence (RP08) will move to the following position, and all points that follow will move accordingly.
7. And there we go, C56 was inserted after W07 and before W08/RP. Route updated with C56
5b Between W07 and W08/RP
C56 Symbol
(FARP with Fuel & Ammo) 6c
6a
5a
3
Route BRAVO
4 6b
1
711
4 – Navigation Routes C56 Symbol
Part of Route Bravo
6a
4.3 – Editing a Route

APACHE
AH-64D
How to Remove a Point from a Route
In this example, we will delete Control Measure C56 from Route BRAVO.

3. Make sure Route BRAVO is already selected.
4. Press DEL (Delete) VAB
• If ADD is already selected (boxed), de-select it first.
5. Press UP ARROW VAB until C56/FC56 is visible in the BRAVO Route menu.
6. Press VAB next to FC56 to remove C56/FC56 from Route BRAVO. This will not delete the Control Measure
itself from the navigation database; it will merely remove it from the route only.
5b
C56 Symbol
(FARP with Fuel & Ammo) C56 Symbol
6b
5 Removed from Route Bravo
3
Route BRVO
1
712
2a
4.4 – Reversing a Route
APACHE
AH-64D
In a previous tutorial, we created Route BRAVO. What if we want to reverse the points in the route in order to backtrack a route?

3. In this example, Route BRAVO is already selected.
6. Select REVERSE ROUTE. 7b
7. Select BRAVO to reverse the points in this specific route. The first point SP05 (Start Point) will become the last, the last point Points Sequence
(RP08, Release Point) will become the first in the sequence. All other points in-between will be re-ordered in reverse in a Reversed
similar fashion.
8a
7a
8b Points Sequence
Reversed
3
Route BRAVO
5
4 2 9
1
713
6b
6a
4.5 – Deleting a Route
APACHE
AH-64D
In a previous tutorial, we created Route BRAVO. What if we want to delete it?
1. Press TSD (Tactical Situation Display) FAB (Fixed Action Button). 7a

3. In this example, Route ALPHA is already selected.
5. Select DELETE RTE (Delete Route).
6. Select BRAVO.
7. Select YES to confirm deletion.
8. Select RTM (Route Menu) to return to the RTE (Route) page. 5
3
Route ALPHA
7b
4 9 Route BRAVO Deleted
2 8
1
714
4.6 – Route Navigation & Point Sequencing
APACHE
AH-64D
Navigating through a route is fairly straightforward. The selected point is underlined in the RTE
(Route) menu. When the aircraft overflies this point, the navigation system will automatically
switch to the next waypoint in the sequence for the selected route.
Pressing on a VAB next to a point in the Route Menu, the point will become boxed and additional
information for the waypoint is displayed such as distance, ETE (Estimated time enroute to the
point) or ETA (Estimated time of arrival).
If a TSD is not displayed on either MPD, a “WAYPOINT APPROACH” advisory will be displayed on
the EUFD to alert the crewmember of an impending turn to the next route point. This advisory will
display when the estimated time enroute (ETE) to that route point at the current ground speed is
60 seconds. When passing the route point, even if the aircraft does not directly overfly it, the next
route point is automatically set as the new destination and “WAYPOINT PASSAGE” is displayed on
the EUFD for 90 seconds.
Aircraft is flying over W05/SP05, route

automatically switches to next waypoint
Selected Waypoint: W05/SP05 in sequence (W06/CC06)
Ownship Position
Information Window
(W05/SP05) 715
4.6 – Route Navigation & Point Sequencing W08 Symbol
APACHE
AH-64D
(RP, Release Point)

If you want to select a specific waypoint in the route, you can do a Direct-To. 5

3. Make sure desired route is selected. 6 Direct-To Line
4. Press DIR (Direct-To) VAB.
5. Press VAB next to the point you want to select (W08/RP08 in this example).
6. When the point is selected as a DIRECT-TO, a straight line is drawn from the Ownship to the selected
point. This line does not follow the aircraft, but rather represents the original course plotted from the
aircraft’s position at the moment the Direct-To was entered. The current route will be displayed in Ownship
partial-intensity green while a Direct-To course is active.
7. If desired, press one more time the VAB next to the W08/RP08 to box it and display additional
information.
Selected Waypoint Information

• W08: Selected Waypoint Name
• WP: Identifier (Waypoint)
• W08: Free Text
•
ETA: Estimated time of arrival

3 • 20.4 KM: Distance to Waypoint (km)
Route BRAVO • 11.0 NM: Distance to Waypoint (nm)
1
716
3b
5 – AN/ARN-149 ADF (Automatic Direction Finder)
5.1 – NDB Tuning to a Preset Frequency
APACHE
AH-64D
In this example, we will tune the ADF to a preset station.

2. Press INST (Instrument) VAB (Variable Action Button).
3. Press UTIL (Utility) VAB.
4. Press ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) VAB.
5. Ten preset channels are listed with their name (identifier) and associated frequency.
6. Select desired preset channel. We will select preset channel BAT, which is the NDB station at
Batumi (430.00 kHz).
4a
7. Press TUNE VAB. Selected ADF Station Information ADF OFF
8. And that’s it! You have now tuned the ADF to station BAT (430.00 kHz). Name (BAT)
9. Press UTIL VAB to return to the INST TSD sub-page. Frequency (430.0 kHz)
Morse Code
4b 7
2b 3a
2a
1
4b
5 ADF ON
Preset ADF Stations 717
3b
5.2 – Editing a Preset Frequency
APACHE
AH-64D
1. We want to edit a preset frequency to a NDB (Non-Direction Beacon) station 4

named “B” (identifier), which has a frequency of 688.0 kHz. This information is
available from the F10 map by clicking on the Senaki-Kolkhi airport.
5. Make sure ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) is powered on.
3a
5
2
Non-Directional Beacon
Identifier: “B”
Frequency: 688.0 kHz
Senaki-Kolkhi Airport
718
5.2 – Editing a Preset Frequency
APACHE
AH-64D
6. Ten preset channels are listed with their name (identifier) and associated frequency.
7. Select the preset channel that you want to edit. We will select preset channel BAT,
then change its identifier and frequency. 10 12
8. We want to add NDB (Non-Direction Beacon) station “B”, which has a frequency of
688.0 kHz.
9. Select ID>.
10. On the KU (Keyboard Unit), select and enter identifier (“B” in this case), then press
ENTER.
11. Select FREQ>.
12. On the KU, select and enter frequency (“688.0” in this case), then press ENTER.
13. And that’s it! The selected preset channel is now set to NDB “B” with a frequency of
688.0 kHz.
6
Preset ADF Stations
13
11
9 719
5.3 – NDB Tuning to a Manual Frequency
3
APACHE
AH-64D
1. We want to enter a manual frequency to a NDB (Non-Direction Beacon) station named “AV”
(identifier), which has a frequency of 489.0 kHz. This information is available from the F10 map by
clicking on the Sukhumi-Babushara airport.
4. From UTIL page, make sure ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) is powered on. Then, return to INST
page by pressing VAB next to UTIL again.
Sukhumi-Babushara Airport 2
4a
4c
Non-Directional Beacon
Identifier: “AV”
Frequency: 489.0 kHz
4b
ADF ON
720
5.3 – NDB Tuning to a Manual Frequency
APACHE
AH-64D
5. Select FREQ>.
6. On the KU (Keyboard Unit), select and enter frequency (“489.0” in this case), then press ENTER.
7. And that’s it! The selected manual frequency is now set to NDB “AV” with a frequency of 489.0 kHz.
6
721
5.4 – NDB Navigation
APACHE
AH-64D
In this tutorial, we want to navigate to a NDB (Non-Direction Beacon) next to Batumi Airport. The NDB station is called LU and has a frequency of 430.00
kHz. To better visualize the location of the NDB, I have manually added a Control Measure representing the NDB on the TSD (Tactical Situation Display).
• Important note: The ADF antenna can determine a coarse azimuth to an AM radio signal within the range of 100 and 2199.5 kHz. Control Measure C51
IDENT: BE (NDB Station)
Free Text: LU (NDB name)
722
APACHE
AH-64D
1. Set CMWS/NAV Switch – NAV (DOWN).

• As a post-production modification to the AH-64D, the AAR-57 Common Missile
Warning System (CMWS) uses the ADF audio channel to provide audio alerts to the
crew. As such, the ADF audio volume knob in each crewstation is utilized to control
CMWS threat warning audio volume separately from the RLWR audio volume. While
providing threat audio, the crew will be unable to tune and identify navaids using the
ADF receiver. The CMWS/NAV switch is used to switch between ADF receiver audio
when in the NAV position and CMWS threat alert audio when in the CMWS position.
• In this case, we want to use NAV.
2. Adjust the ADF tone volume as desired.
4. Press MAP VAB (Variable Action Button), and set the ORIENT option to TRK-UP.
5. Press MAP VAB again to return to the main TSD page.
1 CMWS/NAV Switch
• DOWN: NAV selects ADF receiver audio
4a
4b
5
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11b
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AH-64D

8. Press ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) VAB to power on the ADF system..
• Hollow circle means OFF. Solid Circle means ON. 12b
9. In this case, we already have a preset channel set to the Batumi LU NDB (430.00
kHz). We will select preset channel BAT.
10. Press TUNE VAB. 12a
11. Press UTIL (Utility) VAB to return to INST page.
12. If you want to approach the NDB from a certain direction (as an example, the
runway heading of 299 Magnetic):
a) Press VAB next to HDG>
b) On the KU (Keyboard Unit), enter desired inbound heading (299), then
press ENTER.
11a
10
7a
7b 12c ADF pointer approaching
inbound course
6
12c
8
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5 – AN/ARN-149 ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) Aircraft Heading

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AH-64D
13. Once the NDB station signal is received, you should start hearing its morse code being
broadcasted continuously. You can use HDU (Helmet Display Unit), FLT (Flight) page and TSD
(Tactical Situation Indicator) symbology to determine the bearing of the NDB station.
14. When the ADF Bearing Pointer swings to the direction of a received NDB signal, the crew turns
toward the azimuth indicated by the Bearing Pointer and aligns it with the 12 o’clock of the HDU Symbology
TSD. The aircraft is now tracking toward the NDB. ADF Bearing
15. It’s important to note that when the TSD is in Track-up orientation, the HSI (Horizontal
Situation Indicator) and the Ownship will “twist” in response to crosswinds and the Current
Heading at the top center of the TSD indicates the current aircraft heading, not the heading of
the TSD. The TSD moving map will remain oriented to the actual ground track of the aircraft.
ADF pointer approaching HSI (Horizontal

Aircraft Heading Aircraft Heading
inbound course Situation Display)
TSD Page
FLT Page ADF Bearing Pointer
ADF Bearing (Dashed Line) Ownship
Control Measure C51

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5 – AN/ARN-149 ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) Aircraft Heading

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AH-64D
16. When you are tracking the NDB, the Bearing Pointer should be aligned with the 12 o’clock
of the TSD.
17. Additional controls for ADF navigation are provided such as a dedicated timer that is
crewstation independent and an NDB status window that aids in identifying the selected
HDU Symbology
Non-Directional Beacon the ADF is currently tuned to. ADF Bearing
Aircraft Heading ADF pointer approaching

inbound course
Aircraft Heading
17
17
TSD Page
ADF Bearing Pointer
FLT Page (Dashed Line)
ADF Bearing
Ownship
Control Measure C51

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AH-64D
PART 20 – AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEMS APACHE
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SECTION SUMMARY
• 1 – Aircraft Control Systems Overview
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AH-64D
• 2 – Force Trim
• 3 – Hold Modes
• 3.1 – Hold Modes Overview
• 3.2 – FMC Yaw Channel Modes
• 3.2.1 – Heading Hold Sub-Mode
PART 20 – AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEMS
• 3.2.2 – Turn Coordination Sub-Mode

• 3.3 – FMC Pitch & Roll Channel Modes
• 3.3.1 – Attitude Hold Sub-Mode
• 3.3.2 – Position Hold Sub-Mode
• 3.3.3 – Velocity Hold Sub-Mode
• 3.4 – FMC Collective Channel Modes
• 3.4.1 – Radar Altitude Hold Sub-Mode
• 3.4.2 – Barometric Altitude Hold Sub-Mode
• 4 – SAS (Stability Augmentation System) Saturation
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Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual A/C UTIL Page
1 – AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEMS OVERVIEW
Here is an overview of different systems involved in providing the helicopter with some level of control automation.
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AH-64D
FMC (Flight Management Computer)
The AH-64D incorporates a Flight Management Computer (FMC) that can electronically command movement to the flight
control servo-actuators for reduced pilot workload and accurate weapons delivery. The FMC also provides stabilator scheduling
based on collective position and longitudinal calibrated airspeed; and Back-Up Control System (BUCS) functionality in case of
jams or severances within the cockpit flight controls.
The FMC’s three primary functions regarding aircraft control are Stability Augmentation, Command Augmentation, and Hold
mode functionality.
The Stability and Command Augmentation Systems (SCAS) are always active within each individual FMC channel. Each FMC
channel can be toggled on or off via the A/C UTIL page; or all FMC channels can be immediately commanded off using the
FMC Release “pinkie” button on the cyclic grip in either crewstation.
The cyclic, collective, and pedals in each cockpit utilize a series of sensors called Linear Variable Differential Transducers (LVDT)
to sense the position and movement of each flight control and relay these movements to the FMC. These movements are used
by the FMC to process SCAS commands to the flight controls during normal operations, or to provide full “fly-by-wire” flight
control functions during an emergency when in BUCS mode.
Each FMC channel corresponds to an individual hydromechanical servo-actuator that manipulates the main or tail rotor
swashplate assemblies; and each of these servo-actuators includes an electronically commanded hydraulic valve. This valve can
be commanded by the FMC to initiate movement of the servo-actuator control linkage to the swashplate independently of, or in
conjunction with, direct mechanical inputs from the flight controls in each cockpit. The component within each servo-actuator
that initiates these control movements is called the “SAS sleeve”, and each possesses a limited range of motion to provide SCAS
and hold mode functionality (±10% authority in all axes except the pitch axis, which is +20% and -10% authority).
The FMC commands the flight control servo-actuators based on the following:
• Flight control inputs as reported through the Linear Variable Differential Transducers (LVDT). FMC (Flight Management
• Aircraft rate information from the EGI’s (Embedded GPS/Inertial Navigation System) Computer) Release Button
• Helicopter Air Data System (HADS) • Disengages all FMC SCAS (Stability
• Radar Altimeter and Augmentation Control System)
• Pitot and Static Port pressure sensors channels.
The FMC can only command movement to the servo-actuators using the Primary hydraulic system; therefore, if the Primary
hydraulic system fails or loses pressure, the aircraft can still be flown using the Utility hydraulic system, but without the stability
729
and augmentation the FMC provides, nor will hold modes or BUCS be available.
SAS (Stability Augmentation System) Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual
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AH-64D
The Stability Augmentation System (SAS) function of the FMC (Flight Management Computer) provides a stable aircraft for reduced pilot workload and increased weapons delivery accuracy.
SAS is active in each FMC control axis that is enabled via the A/C UTIL page. SAS inputs are limited by the authority of the SAS sleeves within each flight control servo-actuator (±10% authority
in all axes except the pitch axis, which is +20% and -10% authority).
When necessary, the FMC commands movement of the SAS sleeves within the applicable flight control servo-actuator(s) to provide the following:
• Yaw rate damping. When accelerating, yaw rate damping will be present until ground speed is ≥ 40 knots. When decelerating from ground speeds ≥ 40 knots, yaw rate damping won’t
return until ground speed is ≤ 30 knots.
• Lateral (roll) and Longitudinal (pitch) rate damping at all airspeeds.

• Atmospheric upset damping.
Rate damping minimizes attitude oscillations within the respective pitch, roll and yaw axes, but will not prevent attitude drift from the force trimmed positions of the flight controls.
Atmospheric upset damping reduces the effect of atmospheric disturbances (such as turbulence) from affecting the aircraft's flight path.
The EGI inertial measurements provide airframe movements/rates to the FMC, which compares the EGI (Embedded GPS/Inertial Navigation System) data to the flight control LVDTs. If there
are no changes in the flight control positions, the FMC commands the respective servo-actuator(s) SAS sleeves to counter the un-commanded movements.
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CAS (Command Augmentation System)
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AH-64D
The Command Augmentation System (CAS) function of the FMC provides an Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual
immediate and uniform aircraft response at all longitudinal airspeeds. CAS is
active in each FMC (Flight Management Computer) control axis that is enabled
via the A/C UTIL page. CAS input limitations are the same as SAS (Stability
Augmentation System, ±10% authority in all axes except the pitch axis, which is
+20% and -10% authority).
When a control input is made, the FMC detects the flight control movement in
the respective LVDT axis (or axes) and will command movement of the SAS
sleeve within the applicable flight control servo-actuator(s). This provides a
“power steering” response to remove the lag effect of mechanical inputs into
the flight control servo-actuators. At lower longitudinal airspeeds, the amount
of CAS input is proportionally increased to ensure the aircraft handling remains
consistent with flight at higher airspeeds.
CAS is disabled in the FMC Yaw channel when the aircraft is on the ground
(determined by the weight-on-wheels or “squat” switch). This prevents over-
steering during ground taxi.
Command Augmentation at Different Speeds
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2 – FORCE TRIM Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual
Mounted to the cyclic grip in each crewstation is a “Force Trim/Hold Mode” 4-way switch.
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AH-64D
When this 4-way switch is pressed to the forward “Release” position, the force trim
magnetic brakes on the cyclic and pedals are released. Pressing this 4-way switch to this
position is analogous to pressing the “force trim interrupt” button in other helicopters.
The force trim release switch in the AH-64D serves three purposes in flight:
1. Provides a method to disengage the magnetic brakes of the force trim system on the
cyclic and pedals.
2. Used to temporarily disengage any active hold modes that are currently engaged and, Force Trim / Hold Modes Switch
if necessary, allows the SAS (Stability Augmentation System) sleeves to re-center in all • FWD: “R” (Release). When held, releases the
axes. force trim system and attitude hold mode. When
3. Used to set new reference values of pitch, roll, heading, sideslip, velocity, or position to released, re-engages the force trim system, using
the FMC (Flight Management Computer), depending on what Attitude hold point.
modes/sub-modes are activated at any given time. • AFT: “D” (Disengage). Disengages attitude and
altitude hold.
• When the Force Trim/Hold Mode switch is pressed to the left “AT” position, Attitude • LEFT: “AT” (Attitude Hold).
Hold is toggled on/off, and will enter one of three sub-modes based on current ground • RIGHT: “AL” (Altitude Hold)
speed (see Attitude Hold for more information).
• When the Force Trim/Hold Mode switch is pressed to the right “AL” position, Altitude
Hold is toggled on/off, and will enter one of two sub-modes based on current ground
speed and altitude above ground level (see Altitude Hold for more information). Trimming Procedure
• When the Force Trim/Hold Mode switch is pressed to the aft “Disengage” position, Most helicopters are rarely flown with either the cyclic or the pedals in the neutral position. Many helicopters
Attitude Hold and Altitude Hold modes will be toggled off. feature a “force trim” system to reduce pilot workload. Such systems produce a force gradient which maintains
• Any time the force trim release switch (Force Trim/Hold switch pressed forward) is the position of the cyclic (and pedals in some cases) using springs or magnetic brakes.
pressed, Attitude Hold (if activated) and Heading Hold (always active) will be temporarily • To trim the controls in their current position, press and release the “Trimmer” button (Force Trim Switch
FWD), then immediately return the stick and pedals to their neutral positions.
disengaged. When the force trim release switch is no longer pressed, these hold modes
will attempt to re-engage and “capture” new reference values to hold, based on the sub-
mode within which they are operating.
• The “Trim – RESET to default” control binding is a simulated function that can be used to
artificially reset cyclic/pedal trim magnetic brakes.
Even if the force trim release switch is not pressed, a “breakout” value within each flight
control axis of the cyclic and pedals allows the pilot to “fly through” certain hold modes/sub-
modes. These breakout values do not deactivate the hold modes altogether but will
temporarily disengage their function and no longer hold the commanded reference value(s)
until the conditions for re-engagement are met.
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3 – HOLD MODES
3.1 – HOLD MODES OVERVIEW
Attitude Hold Indication (Box)
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AH-64D
Here is an overview of different “hold modes”. We will explore them in more detail in the next section.
The hold modes are designed to provide limited hands-off flight and decrease pilot workload. Like the SAS
(Stability Augmentation System) and CAS (Command Augmentation System) functions of the FMC (Flight
Management Computer), the hold modes utilize the same SAS sleeves within the servo-actuators to affect
the aircraft flight controls. As such, they are subject to the same limited control authorities (±10% in roll,
yaw and collective; +20% and -10% in pitch) and are not autopilot functions.
To best utilize the FMC hold mode functionality, the pilot should first fly the aircraft to a stable, force
trimmed state. Once the aircraft is set at the desired flight condition, engage the desired hold mode(s).
• FMC Yaw Channel Modes

• Heading Hold Sub-Mode: the helicopter maintains its current heading.
Altitude Hold Indication
• Turn Coordination Sub-Mode: the helicopter maintains the sideslip angle.
• FMC Pitch & Roll Channel Modes
• Attitude Hold Sub-Mode: the helicopter holds its current pitch and roll attitude.
• Position Hold Sub-Mode: the helicopter holds its current position in a hover.
• Velocity Hold Sub-Mode: the helicopter maintains its current airspeed.
• FMC Collective Channel Modes
• Radar Altitude Hold Sub-Mode: the helicopter maintains its current altitude, which is
computed from the radar altimeter. This mode will take into account changes in terrain Selected Hold Mode Indication
elevation.
• Barometric Altitude Hold Sub-Mode: the helicopter maintains its current altitude, which is
computed from air pressure sensors. This mode will not take into account changes in terrain
elevation.
Take note that Attitude/Position Hold and Radar/Barometric Altitude Modes can be combined together.
Selected Hold Mode Indication
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3 – HOLD MODES
3.2 – FMC YAW CHANNEL MODES
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AH-64D
3.2.1 – HEADING HOLD SUB-MODE Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual
1. If Attitude Hold (any sub-mode) is off, Heading Hold is engaged automatically when all of the following
conditions are true:
• One second has elapsed since Heading Hold was disengaged
• The helicopter is off the weight-on-wheels (“squat”) switch
• Ground speed <40 knots
• Pedal displacement <3% in yaw axis from the force trim reference position
• Force trim release switch is not pressed

• Yaw rate <3° per second
2. Heading Hold assists the pilot in maintaining the magnetic heading reference.
3. If the Force Trim / Hold Modes Switch is pressed FWD (“R”, for “Release”), Heading Hold is disengaged, and the
FMC Yaw channel will only provide command augmentation and rate damping. When the pilot stops pressing the
force trim release switch, the FMC will update the Heading Hold reference to the current magnetic heading.
Heading Hold Engagement (Attitude Hold OFF)
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3 – HOLD MODES
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AH-64D
3.2.1 – HEADING HOLD SUB-MODE Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual
1. If Attitude Hold (in Position or Velocity sub-mode) is on, Heading Hold is engaged automatically when all of the following conditions are true:
• Pedal displacement <3% in yaw axis from the force trim reference position in Position Hold sub-mode or <6% in yaw axis from the force
trim reference position in Velocity Hold sub-mode
• Cyclic displacement ≤2.25% in roll axis from the force trim position
• Yaw rate <3° per second
• Roll (bank) angle is <3° from level attitude
• Force trim is not pressed

2. Heading Hold assists the pilot in maintaining the magnetic heading reference.
3. If the Force Trim / Hold Modes Switch is pressed FWD (“R”, for “Release”), Heading Hold is disengaged, and the FMC Yaw channel will only
provide command augmentation and rate damping. When the pilot stops pressing the force trim release switch, the FMC will update the
Heading Hold reference to the current magnetic heading.
Heading Hold Engagement (Attitude Hold ON)
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3 – HOLD MODES
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AH-64D
3.2.2 – TURN COORDINATION SUB-MODE Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual
1. If Attitude Hold is off, Turn Coordination is engaged automatically when all of the following conditions are true:
• Ground speed ≥40 knots
• Pedal displacement ≤9% in yaw axis from the force trim reference position
2. Turn Coordination sub-mode assists the pilot in maintaining the sideslip angle, and is a function of roll attitude, airspeed, and
sideslip. Sideslip angle is a derived quantity based on inertial velocity as opposed to air data. This method of determining
sideslip angle provides more stable and reliable sideslip information than can be obtained from an air data sensor.
3. If the Force Trim / Hold Modes Switch is pressed FWD (“R”, for “Release”), Turn Coordination is disengaged, and the FMC Yaw
channel will only provide command augmentation and rate damping. When the pilot stops pressing the force trim release
switch, the FMC will update the Turn Coordination sideslip angle reference to the current trim ball position.
Turn Coordination Engagement (Attitude Hold OFF)
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3 – HOLD MODES
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AH-64D
3.2.2 – TURN COORDINATION SUB-MODE Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual
4. If Attitude Hold is on with ground speed ≥40 knots, Turn

Coordination will switch to Heading Hold automatically when all of Turn Coordination changes to Heading Hold (Attitude Hold ON) 4
the following conditions are true:
• Pedal displacement ≤9% in yaw axis from the force trim
reference position
• Cyclic displacement ≤2.25% in roll axis from the force trim
position
• Roll (bank) angle is ≤7° from level attitude
5. If Attitude Hold is on with ground speed ≥40 knots, Heading Hold
will revert to Turn Coordination automatically if any of the following
• Pedal displacement >9% in yaw axis from the force trim
reference position
• Cyclic displacement >2.25% in roll axis from the force trim
position
• Roll (bank) angle is >7° from level attitude
• Force Trim is pressed
Heading Hold Reverts to Turn Coordination (Attitude Hold ON) 5
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3 – HOLD MODES
3.3 – FMC PITCH & ROLL CHANNEL MODES Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual
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AH-64D
The FMC Pitch and Roll channels operate with Attitude Hold and two additional sub-modes: Position Hold and Velocity Hold. Only one of these three sub-modes can be
activated at any given time, only when the Attitude Hold is activated using the Force Trim/Hold Mode switch when pressed to the Left/AT position, and only when the
FMC Pitch and Roll channels are turned on. Condition-based logic will determine which sub-mode the Pitch/Roll channels are using, and whether that sub-mode is
engaged or disengaged from affecting the flight control servo-actuators at any given time.
The condition that determines which Attitude Hold sub-mode the Pitch/Roll channels operate within is the helicopter’s ground speed:
• If the ground speed is ≤5 knots, Position Hold sub-mode is activated.
• If the ground speed is >5 knots but <40 knots, Velocity Hold sub-mode is activated.
• If ground speed is ≥40 knots, Attitude Hold sub-mode will be activated.
Pitch/Roll Channel Sub-Modes Logic
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3 – HOLD MODES • FWD: “R” (Release). When held, releases the
3.3 – FMC PITCH & ROLL CHANNEL MODES released, re-engages the force trim system, using
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AH-64D
3.3.1 – ATTITUDE HOLD SUB-MODE Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual •

point.
AFT: “D” (Disengage). Disengages attitude and
altitude hold.
1. To enter Attitude Hold, fly at 40 kts (ground speed) or faster, then press Force Trim / Hold • LEFT: “AT” (Attitude Hold). 1
Modes Switch LEFT (“AT”, for “Attitude Hold”). • RIGHT: “AL” (Altitude Hold)
2. Attitude Hold will only be engaged when all the following conditions are true:
• Ground speed ≥40 knots
• Cyclic displacement ≤2.25% in roll and ≤2.5% in pitch from the force trim reference
position
• Roll attitude <±60° and Pitch attitude <±30°
• Pitch and Roll rates <5° per second
3. When Attitude Hold is engaged, the FMC (Flight Management Computer) will use rates and
attitudes provided by the EGI (Embedded GPS/Inertial Navigation System) to maintain a pitch
and roll attitude.
Attitude Hold Engagement Ground Speed (kts)

(only displayed in IHADSS CRUISE
Mode, selected with Symbology Select
Switch FWD to toggle between Cruise
and Transition)
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3 – HOLD MODES
3.3 – FMC PITCH & ROLL CHANNEL MODES
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AH-64D
3.3.1 – ATTITUDE HOLD SUB-MODE Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual

4. Attitude Hold will not counter cyclic inputs by the pilot if the cyclic is displaced beyond its “breakout” threshold. If the pilot displaces the cyclic >2.5% in pitch or >2.25% in
roll from the force trim reference position without pressing the force trim release switch, the Attitude Hold mode will disengage in one or both of the Pitch and Roll axes
and will not attempt to counter the pilot inputs into the flight control servo-actuators but will continue to provide CAS and SAS functionality. Once the cyclic has been
returned to within 2.5% in pitch and 2.25% in roll from the force trim reference position (“breakout” threshold), Attitude Hold sub-mode will re-engage.
5. To establish new pitch and/or roll reference values, the pilot can simply press and hold the force trim release switch, fly the helicopter to the desired attitude, and then
stop pressing the force trim release switch.

6. You can disengage Attitude Hold by pressing the Force Trim / Hold Modes Switch LEFT (“AT”, for “Attitude Hold”).
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AH-64D
3.3.2 – POSITION HOLD SUB-MODE Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual •

point.
altitude hold.
1. To enter Position Hold, slow down to 5 kts (ground speed) or slower, then press • LEFT: “AT” (Attitude Hold). 1
Force Trim / Hold Modes Switch LEFT (“AT”, for “Attitude Hold”). • RIGHT: “AL” (Altitude Hold)
2. Position Hold will only be engaged when all the following conditions are true:
• Cyclic displacement ≤2.25% in roll and ≤2.5% in pitch from the force
trim reference position

3. When Position Hold is engaged, the FMC (Flight Management Computer) will
use velocities provided by the EGI (Embedded GPS/Inertial Navigation System)
to approximate and maintain its position. You can think of it as a “hover” mode.
Ground Speed (kts)

and Transition)
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3 – HOLD MODES
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AH-64D
3.3.2 – POSITION HOLD SUB-MODE Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual

4. If the pilot displaces the cyclic without pressing the force trim release
switch, the FMC (Flight Management Computer) will command SAS
(Stability Augmentation System) sleeve inputs into the Pitch and Roll
servo-actuators to counter the cyclic inputs to maintain the aircraft’s
position over the reference location. The SAS sleeves within the
respective servo-actuators will continue to counter the pilot inputs

until the SAS sleeve becomes “saturated” at their maximum authority.
5. To re-position the helicopter and set a new position reference, the
pilot should press and hold the force trim release switch, translate the
helicopter to the desired location, and then stop pressing the force
trim release switch.
• Note 1: Pressing the force trim release switch will not
deactivate the Position Hold but it will disengage any FMC
inputs from attempting to maintain the helicopter hover over
the referenced position until the force trim release switch is
no longer pressed, and the new reference position is
“captured” by the FMC.
• Note 2: If the pilot accelerates the aircraft above 5 knots
ground speed, Velocity Hold sub-mode will be entered.
• Note 3: Since Position Hold is only engaged when ground
speed is ≤5 knots while the force trim release switch is not
pressed, Heading Hold will also be active in the FMC Yaw axis
while operating in this sub-mode. However, if the pedals are
displaced ≥3% from the force trim reference position,
Heading Hold will disengage.
6. You can disengage Position Hold by pressing the Force Trim / Hold
Modes Switch LEFT (“AT”, for “Attitude Hold”).
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AH-64D
3.3.3 – VELOCITY HOLD SUB-MODE Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual •

point.
altitude hold.
1. To enter Velocity Hold, fly between 5 kts to 40 kts (ground speed), then press Force Trim / Hold Modes • LEFT: “AT” (Attitude Hold). 1
Switch LEFT (“AT”, for “Attitude Hold”). • RIGHT: “AL” (Altitude Hold)
2. Position Hold will only be engaged when all the following conditions are true:
• Ground speed >5 knots but <40 knots
• Cyclic displacement ≤2.25% in roll and ≤2.5% in pitch from the force trim reference position

3. When Velocity Hold is engaged, the FMC (Flight Management Computer) will use inertial velocities
provided by the EGI (Embedded GPS/Inertial Navigation System) to maintain a 2-dimensional velocity
and in the horizontal plane.
Ground Speed (kts)

and Transition)
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3 – HOLD MODES
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AH-64D
3.3.3 – VELOCITY HOLD SUB-MODE Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual

4. If the pilot displaces the cyclic without pressing the force trim release switch
while Velocity Hold is engaged, the FMC (Flight Management Computer) will
command SAS (Stability Augmentation System) sleeve inputs into the Pitch
and Roll servo-actuators to counter the cyclic inputs to maintain the
aircraft’s velocity and vector. The SAS sleeves within the respective servo-
actuators will continue to counter the pilot inputs until the SAS sleeve
becomes “saturated” at their maximum authority.
5. To establish a new velocity and/or vector reference, the pilot needs to
press and hold the force trim release switch, adjust the flight controls to
attain the desired velocity and vector, and then stop pressing the force trim
release switch.
• Note 1: Pressing the force trim release switch will not deactivate the
Velocity Hold but it will disengage any FMC inputs from attempting
to maintain the helicopter velocities until the force trim release
switch is no longer pressed and the new reference velocities are
“captured” by the FMC.
• Note 2: If the pilot accelerates the aircraft to 40 knots ground speed
or greater, Attitude Hold sub-mode will be entered.
• Note 3: If the pilot decelerates the aircraft to 5 knots ground speed
or slower, Position Hold sub-mode will be entered.
• Note 4: Since Velocity Hold is only engaged when ground speed is
>5 knots and <40 knots while the force trim release switch is not
pressed, Heading Hold will also be active in the FMC Yaw axis while
operating in this sub-mode. However, if pedals are displaced ≥6%
from the force trim reference position, Heading Hold will disengage
6. You can disengage Velocity Hold by pressing the Force Trim / Hold Modes
Switch LEFT (“AT”, for “Attitude Hold”).
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3.4 – FMC COLLECTIVE CHANNEL MODES released, re-engages the force trim system, using
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AH-64D
3.4.1 – RADAR ALTITUDE HOLD SUB-MODE •

point.
altitude hold.
1. To enter Radar Altitude Hold, press Force Trim / Hold Modes Switch RIGHT (“AL”, for • LEFT: “AT” (Attitude Hold). 1
“Altitude Hold”). • RIGHT: “AL” (Altitude Hold)
2. Radar Altitude Hold can only be activated when all of the following conditions are true:
• Altitude is ≤1,428 feet above ground level (AGL)
• Vertical velocity is ≤100 feet per minute
• The radar altimeter is powered on and operational (power status is toggled on the
A/C – FLT page in the SET sub-menu).
3. The aircraft controls will maintain the radar altitude set when the mode was engaged.
• Note: Radar Altitude Hold is not a terrain following mode. It provides distance from Altitude Hold Indication
the ground directly below the aircraft and does not provide any approaching terrain
variation information.
Ground Speed (kts)

and Transition) Radar Altimeter (ft)
Radar Altitude Hold Activation Conditions Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual
Rate of Climb / Vertical Speed Scale (ft/min)
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3 – HOLD MODES
3.4 – FMC COLLECTIVE CHANNEL MODES
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AH-64D
3.4.1 – RADAR ALTITUDE HOLD SUB-MODE

4. Radar Altitude Hold is automatically deactivated when any of the following conditions are true:
• Pilot displaces the collective from the reference position (collective position at the time
Radar Altitude Hold mode is activated)
• Either engine torque (TQ) >100%
• Either engine Turbine Gas Temperature (TGT) >867° C
•
Rotor speed (NR) is <97% or >104%

• The radar altimeter is turned off or has failed
5. You can disengage Radar Altitude Hold by pressing the Force Trim / Hold Modes Switch RIGHT
(“AL”, for “Altitude Hold”).
Radar Altitude Hold Deactivation Conditions Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual
2a
746
3.4 – FMC COLLECTIVE CHANNEL MODES released, re-engages the force trim system, using
APACHE
AH-64D
3.4.2 – BAROMETRIC ALTITUDE HOLD SUB-MODE •

point.
altitude hold.
1. To enter Barometric Altitude Hold, press Force Trim / Hold Modes Switch RIGHT (“AL”, for • LEFT: “AT” (Attitude Hold). 1
“Altitude Hold”). • RIGHT: “AL” (Altitude Hold)
2. Barometric Altitude Hold can only be activated when both of the following conditions are
true:
a) If conditions for Radar Altitude Hold sub-mode activation cannot be met
b) Vertical velocity is within the limits below as determined by aircraft ground speed:
• If ground speed ≤5 knots, vertical velocity is ≤100 feet per minute
• If ground speed is >5 knots but <40 knots, vertical velocity is ≤200 feet per
minute
• From 40 to 160 knots ground speed, the vertical velocity rate limit increases
linearly from ±200 feet per minute at 40 knots to ±400 feet per minute at Altitude Hold Indication
160 knots. (Example: at 100 knots ground speed, the vertical velocity rate
limit must be ≤300 feet per minute)
3. The aircraft controls will maintain the barometric altitude set when the mode was engaged.
• Barometric altitude is not based on ground elevation directly below the aircraft. It is
your job to monitor terrain height and make sure the helicopter does not collide
with it.
Ground Speed (kts)

and Transition)
Rate of Climb / Vertical Speed Scale (ft/min)
Barometric Altitude Hold Activation Conditions Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual Selected Hold Mode Indication
747
3 – HOLD MODES
3.4 – FMC COLLECTIVE CHANNEL MODES
APACHE
AH-64D
3.4.2 – BAROMETRIC ALTITUDE HOLD SUB-MODE

4. Barometric Altitude Hold is automatically deactivated when any of the following
• Pilot displaces the collective from the reference position (collective position at
the time Barometric Altitude Hold mode is activated)
• Either engine torque (TQ) >100%
•
Either engine Turbine Gas Temperature (TGT) >867° C

• Rotor speed (NR) is <97% or >104%
5. You can disengage Barometric Altitude Hold by pressing the Force Trim / Hold Modes
Switch RIGHT (“AL”, for “Altitude Hold”).
Barometric Altitude Hold Deactivation Conditions Source: Eagle Dynamics AH-64D Manual
748
4 – SAS (STABILITY AUGMENTATION SYSTEM) SATURATION
As the SAS (Stability Augmentation System) sleeve within each servo-actuator possess limited authority to
APACHE
AH-64D
affect the flight controls (±10% authority in all axes except the pitch axis, which is +20% and -10%
authority), when a hold mode is engaged and the FMC has commanded the SAS sleeve to the limit of its
allowable movement, the SAS sleeve is “saturated”.
If the saturation condition persists, the FMC will begin to lose its ability to maintain the reference values of
pitch, roll, heading, sideslip, velocity, or position. Depending on which hold sub-mode is engaged, the flight
control audio tone will sound over each crewmember’s ICS (Intercom System) and the “SAS SATURATED”
advisory will be displayed on the EUFD (Enhanced Up-Front Display).
The flight control audio tone will sound with an associated EUFD advisory when the criteria listed below is
met for each respective sub-mode:
• If in Attitude Hold sub-mode, the “SAS SATURATED” advisory and flight control audio tone will be
presented to the crew after 90 seconds of continuous saturation within the Pitch, Roll or Collective
axes and 10 seconds of continuous saturation within the Yaw axis.
• If in Velocity Hold sub-mode, the “SAS SATURATED” advisory and flight control audio tone will be
presented to the crew after 2 seconds of continuous saturation within the Pitch, Roll or Collective axes
and 7 seconds of continuous saturation within the Yaw axis.
• If in Position Hold sub-mode, the “SAS SATURATED” advisory and flight control audio tone will be
presented to the crew after 1 second of continuous saturation within the Pitch, Roll or Collective axes
and 5 seconds of continuous saturation within the Yaw axis.
• If in Position Hold sub-mode, the “HOVER DRIFT” advisory and flight control audio tone will be
presented to the crew if the aircraft drifts greater than 48 feet (one rotor diameter) from the
reference position.
When the pilot presses the force trim release switch (which interrupts any hold modes that are active in the
FMC (Flight Management Computer) Pitch, Roll and/or Yaw channels) the SAS sleeves within each servo-
actuator (except Collective) will return to center within 3 to 5 seconds. While the SAS sleeve is moving to
center, it will continue to provide augmentation and rate damping. Therefore, performing aggressive or
rapid control inputs can delay the re-centering of the SAS sleeve to the longer duration of 5 seconds.
During sideward flight or hovering flight with high crosswinds without the force trim being pressed, a “SAS
SATURATED” advisory and flight control audio tone may be presented to the crew. Under these conditions,
the relative wind from sideward flight or high crosswinds will apply force to the vertical tail, creating a
weathervane effect in which the nose will turn into the wind. The FMC will attempt to compensate for this
weathervane effect while in Heading Hold sub-mode, which may result in saturation of the SAS sleeve
within the Yaw axis.
749
AH-64D
PART 21 – MULTICREW APACHE
750
THE CREW
Make no mistake: operating the AH-64 requires two crewmembers.
APACHE
AH-64D
The effectiveness of a crew is not necessarily a function of how well the pilot flies or how proficient a co-pilot/gunner is with sensors and weapons… it is how well they both work
together. The Apache is a complex machine, and one of its main challenges is managing your workload in a way that avoids task saturation. You will recognize “task saturation” as a
moment when you have too much to do with too little time, tools or resources to do it. Basically… you are overwhelmed and you can end up “freezing”, being unable to make effective
decisions.
This is why it is very important for a crew to:

1. Define who does what and when (cockpit responsibilities)
2. Delegate tasks when necessary in order to keep each crewmember’s workload manageable
3. Communicate clearly, efficiently and avoiding unnecessary distractions. Be concise.
4. Practice target acquisition procedures and sensor slaving
5. When engaging targets, discuss the game plan beforehand so that both crewmembers are on the same page.
6. Share relevant information between crewmembers (location of friendly/enemy units, calling out hazards such as power lines, etc.)
7. Have two sets of eyes looking around instead of one
All of these things are easy to understand in theory, but practice is essential in order to see what works and what does not. Each crew is different, and your AH-64 will only be as good
as how you operate with your buddy as a team. This is why training in low-stress environments is of prime importance when learning the AH-64. It’s one thing to learn how to use
every system… it’s another to figure out how to use the right tools for the job as efficiently as possible and live to tell the tale.
Casmo illustrates these points very well in his “Crew Coordination Techniques” for the Mi-24.
PART 21 – MULTICREW
751
3b
MULTICREW TUTORIAL (Vertex’s perspective)
The AH-64 can be flown by two players in multiplayer. However, you need to go in the
APACHE
AH-64D
Mission Editor and make sure the AH-64 is set up in the following manner:
1. Select AH-64D Unit and go in “Additional Properties for Aircraft” menu

2. Set “Aircraft Control Priority” to “Equally Responsible”
3. When spawning in multiplayer in any seat, the pilot will receive a request to let you
take control of the other seat.
3c
(Vertex’s perspective)
2
1
3a
752
MULTICREW TUTORIAL
4. Once you are spawned, you can take control of the
APACHE
AH-64D
aircraft by pressing the “Request Aircraft Control”

binding (“C” key). The other crew member you are
taking controls from must accept.
4a
4b
Vertex’s Perspective
4c
4a
753
MULTICREW
How To Engage/Disengage Co-Pilot Controls
APACHE
AH-64D
In the real helicopter, the Pilot and Co-Pilot/Gunner’s flight controls are mechanically linked
together. The Co-Pilot/Gunner’s cyclic can be folded down to prevent interference when not
flying the aircraft.
In DCS, the Pilot or Co-Pilot can take over controls by pressing « C » (Request Aircraft Control).
Stick (Cyclic) Folding Mechanism (not folded)

• Click to fold stick. Stick (Cyclic) Folding Mechanism (folded)
• When folded, cyclic cannot be moved. The pilot cyclic
should override the co-pilot/gunner’s cyclic input. 754
MULTICREW
CREW RESPONSIBILITIES
APACHE
AH-64D
Note: Items in bold can be performed by both

the Pilot and Co-Pilot/Gunner
Take note that this is not an exhaustive list of all crew responsibilities.
Pilot Co-Pilot/Gunner
Weapon Selection & Release Flight Controls (Cyclic, Collective, Anti-Torque Weapon Selection & Release Flight Controls (Cyclic, Collective, Anti-Torque
Pedals) Pedals)
Weapon Selection Radio Communications Weapon Selection Radio Communications
Acquisition Source Selection Anti-Ice System Management Acquisition Source Selection Anti-Ice System Management
Aircraft Control Hold Modes Fire Protection System Management Aircraft Control Hold Modes Fire Protection System Management
Hydraulic Systems Management Fuel System Management Hydraulic Systems Management Fuel System Management
External Lights Control Electrical Systems Management External Lights Control Electrical Systems Management
Engine Power (PWR) Lever Control External Lights Engine Power (PWR) Lever Control External Lights
Navigation Systems IHADSS Controls Navigation Systems IHADSS Controls
Cabin Pressurization / Air Conditioning Chaff & Flare Countermeasure Dispensing Cabin Pressurization / Air Conditioning Chaff & Flare Countermeasure Dispensing
Management Controls Management Controls
FCR (Fire Control Radar) Controls ASE (Aircraft Survivability Equipment) FCR (Fire Control Radar) Controls ASE (Aircraft Survivability Equipment)
Controls Controls
Engine Start/Shutdown PNVS (Pilot Night Vision System) (can also be TADS (Target Acquisition & Designation) Laser Rangefinder/Designator (LRFD) and Laser
used by CPG, but primarily used by pilot) Controls (TDU + TEDAC Grips) Spot Tracker (LST) Systems Management
APU (Auxiliary Power Unit) Start CMWS (Common Missile Warning System)
Controls (+ arming switch for flare dispensing)
Rotor Brake Generator Reset Controls
755
Desired Heading
"GEORGE" AI AS THE PILOT – FLT MODE Desired Airspeed
(knots)
When the player is in the Co-Pilot/Gunner’s seat, George takes over the Pilot’s seat when you release the Desired Altitude
APACHE
AH-64D
(ft Barometric/Radar)
controls by using the “C” (Request Aircraft Control) binding. In this mode, George’s main task is to fly the
helicopter and can fly in three modes: FLT (Normal Flight, if aircraft flies above 30 knots), H-B (Hover/Bob-
Up Flight, if aircraft flies below 30 knots), or CBTM (Combat Manoeuvers). CMWS (Pilot Common Missile Desired Heading Bug
Warning System Settings) is also available for CMWS setup.
Here is a breakdown of George’s CPG functions in FLT Mode (AI mode selected by default): Current Heading
• LCTRL+V: Toggle AI Menu ON/OFF

• W: AI Menu UP
Bearing to current
• A: AI Menu LEFT Navigation Fly-To Cue
• S: AI Menu DOWN Ownship
• D: AI Menu RIGHT
• C: Request Aircraft Control Relative Bearings
• UP (W) SHORT: Increases desired speed in the IAS
window. After a short delay, George will accelerate
the helicopter to the new speed. AI Mode
• UP (W) LONG: Increases the desired altitude in the FLT/CBTM/H-B/CMWS Absolute Bearings
ALT window. After button is released, George will
increase the helicopter’s altitude. If set to <1420
feet, George will hold the radar altitude. If set ≥1420
feet, George will hold the barometric altitude.
• LEFT (A) SHORT: Changes AI Menu • RIGHT (D) SHORT: Activates head-tracking
PART 22 – GEORGE AI
mode to CBTM (Combat) or CMWS steering. You can look in the direction you
(Common Missile Warning System). wish George to fly, then press Right (D)
• LEFT (A) LONG: Moves desired Short to turn in that direction.
heading bug left. After button is FLT Mode • RIGHT (D) LONG: Moves desired heading
released, commands George to turn bug right. After button is released,
the helicopter to the new heading. commands George to turn the helicopter
to the new heading.
• DOWN (S) SHORT: Decreases desired speed in the

IAS window. After a short delay, George will
accelerate the helicopter to the new speed. H-B
(Hover/Bob-Up) mode is activated if speed
decreases below 30 knots.
• DOWN (S) LONG: Decreases the desired altitude in
the ALT window. After button is released, George
will decrease the helicopter’s altitude. If set to
<1420 feet, George will hold the radar altitude. If set
≥1420 feet, George will hold the barometric altitude. 756
"GEORGE" AI AS THE PILOT – FLT MODE
You can “point and designate” a destination for the Pilot to fly to. Here is a brief example of
APACHE
7
AH-64D
how George is used in FLT mode. Helmet Line-of-Sight Reticle

1. [CPG] Release Controls using “C”,
2. [CPG] Show the George Menu by using « LCTRL+V ». This command will display a
horizontal situation indicator that can be used to give commands to George (acting as
Pilot).
3. [CPG] If CBTM AI Mode is selected, select FLT (Flight) AI Mode with « A » Short.
Otherwise, leave AI Mode to FLT.
4. [CPG] Set desired Airspeed by using « W » SHORT (Increase) or « S » SHORT (Decrease).
5. [CPG] Set desired Entry Altitude by using « W » LONG (Increase) or « S » LONG
(Decrease).
6. [CPG] Move your head to look in the direction you want to turn (you can use the Helmet
Line-of-Sight Reticle as a reference, but this isn’t mandatory; the direction you are
looking at alone is sufficient).
7. [CPG] Press « D » SHORT to request George to steer helicopter towards the target.
• Alternatively, you can set desired heading using « A » LONG (Heading Bug Left)
or « D » LONG (Heading Bug Right).
Desired Airspeed
4
(knots Desired Heading
Desired Altitude
(ft Barometric/Radar) 5
Desired Heading Bug

Current Heading
2
Relative Bearings
3
AI Mode
FLT/CBTM/H-B/CMWS Absolute Bearings 757
"GEORGE" AI AS THE PILOT – H-B MODE
In order to have the H-B (Hover/Bob-Up Flight) mode available, the aircraft must fly below 30 knots. Desired Altitude
APACHE
AH-64D
(ft Barometric/Radar)
Setting aircraft airspeed can be requested from the FLT Mode. First release the controls by using
the “C” (Request Aircraft Control) binding, then once airspeed is below 30 knots, select H-B
(Hover/Bob-Up Flight) AI Mode with « A » Short.
Here is a breakdown of George’s CPG functions in H-B Mode :

Current Heading
• W: AI Menu UP
• A: AI Menu LEFT
Bearing to current
• S: AI Menu DOWN Navigation Fly-To Cue
• C: Request Aircraft Control Ownship
Relative Bearings
• UP (W) SHORT: George increases radar altitude by AI Mode

FLT/CBTM/H-B/CMWS Absolute Bearings
10 feet.
• UP (W) LONG: George translates the helicopter
forward while the button is held.
• LEFT (A) SHORT: Changes AI Menu • RIGHT (D) SHORT: Activates head-tracking
mode to CBTM (Combat) or CMWS steering. You can look in the direction you
(Common Missile Warning System). wish George to fly, then press Right (D)
• LEFT (A) LONG: George translates the
helicopter leftward while the button
H-B Mode •
Short again to turn in that direction.
RIGHT (D) LONG: George translates the
is held. helicopter rightward while the button is
held.
• DOWN (S) SHORT: George decreases radar altitude

by 10 feet.
• DOWN (S) LONG: George translates the helicopter
backward while the button is held.
758
TADS Line-of-Sight Reticle
"GEORGE" AI AS THE PILOT – CBTM MODE
Here is a breakdown of George’s CPG functions in CBTM Mode (AI mode selected
APACHE
AH-64D
by pressing “A” SHORT):

• W: AI Menu UP
• A: AI Menu LEFT
• S: AI Menu DOWN
• C: Request Aircraft Control
The CBTM mode is primarily used to ask the Pilot to perform an attack run on a
target in order to have a valid missile firing solution. The symbology is very similar
to the one used in FLT mode, but the AI flies the helicopter more “aggressively”.
First release the controls by using the “C” (Request Aircraft Control) binding,
then select CBTM (Combat Manoeuvers) AI Mode with « A » Short.
• UP (W) SHORT: Commands George to turn the

aircraft to the heading of the TADS Line-of-Sight
reticle. Good for starting an attack run, bringing
the helicopter into Hellfire launch constraints, or
aligning the Rocket Steering Cursor.
• UP (W) LONG: No Function.
• LEFT (A) SHORT: Changes AI Menu • RIGHT (D) SHORT: Commands George
mode to FLT (Flight) or CMWS to fly a direct path to the current

(Common Missile Warning System). Navigation Direct-To Cue. If the point
• LEFT (A) LONG: Commands George is part of a route, George will
to perform a 90° turn to the left to continue along that route in
defend or more quickly re-attack. sequence. If the point is not part of a
CBTM Mode route, or is the final point in the
route, George will come to a hover at
that location.
• RIGHT (D) LONG: Commands George
to perform a 90° turn to the right to
defend or more quickly re-attack.
• DOWN (S) SHORT: No Function
• DOWN (S) LONG: Commands George to perform
a 180 deg combat evasion turn. Intended to be
used following an attack run or for evasive
action. AI Mode 759
FLT/CBTM/H-B/CMWS
CMWS Arm/Safe Setting
"GEORGE" AI AS THE PILOT – CMWS MODE • Yellow Symbology: Armed
• Green Symbology: Safe
When George is in the CMWS (Pilot Common Missile Warning System Settings) Mode, it is possible to
APACHE
AH-64D
make him select a the position of two switches on the CMWS Control Panel. To make the George CMWS
interface appear, press “A” (AI Menu LEFT) to toggle between AI modes until CMWS is selected. Here is
a breakdown of George’s CPG functions in CMWS Mode.
• W: AI Menu UP
• SHORT PRESS: Toggles CMWS between ARM and SAFE.
• LONG PRESS: No Function.
• A: AI Menu LEFT:
• SHORT PRESS: Changes AI Menu mode to FLT (Flight), or H-B (Hover/Bob-Up) depending on
airspeed or CBTM (Combat Manoeuvers).
• S: AI Menu DOWN: AI Mode
• SHORT PRESS: Toggles CMWS between AUTO and BYPASS. FLT/CBTM/H-B/CMWS CMWS Bypass/Auto Setting
• LONG PRESS: No Function.
• D: AI Menu RIGHT:
• SHORT PRESS: No Function. Co-Pilot/Gunner
• LONG PRESS: No Function. Cockpit View
CMWS Bypass/Auto Switch

• Toggles between automatic flare
dispensing when a missile threat is detected
in AUTO mode, or manual flare dispensing

Pilot Cockpit View when in BYPASS mode. Missile threat
warning is provided regardless of switch
position, and manual dispensing is retained
when in AUTO mode.

• UP: ARM
760
• DOWN: SAFE
"GEORGE" AI AS THE CO-PILOT/GUNNER
When the player is in the Pilot’s seat, George takes over the Co-Pilot/Gunner
APACHE
AH-64D
seat. In this mode, George’s main task is to set up, acquire targets with the TADS
and employ weapons (including the gun, rockets and missiles). George can also
give various callouts including target ranging.
Here is a breakdown of George’s CPG functions in Target Designation/Weapon Control Mode: A

SHORT D
• LCTRL+V: Toggle AI Menu ON/OFF George Interface SHORT
• W: AI Menu UP
D
• SHORT PRESS: Commands George to slave TADS to PHS (Pilot Helmet Sight) and search along
LONG
designated line of sight for targets. If George finds more than one target, a target list will be
displayed. Target in list will be ordered by threat (meaning air defense units will be at the top
of the list even if they are not in the center of the designated area). This basically is used to
“designate” a search area for the AI.
A
• LONG PRESS: Toggles between rules of engagement (ROE); Weapons Hold (default state) and
LONG
Weapons Free (George fires by himself without input from the Pilot).
• A: AI Menu LEFT:
• SHORT PRESS: Cycles CPG (Co-Pilot/Gunner) weapon GUN-MSL-RKT (Gun-Missiles-Rockets).
Indication of when George (acting as
• LONG PRESS: Toggles TYPE setting. Only missile and rocket types loaded onboard will be Copilot/Gunner) currently has the TADS
shown in the interface. slaved to your HMD Line-of-Sight Reticle.
• If MSL selected, toggles TYPE between SAL (Semi-Active Laser, AGM-114K) and RF
(Radio Frequency, AGM114L).
• If RKT selected, cycles TYPE of HE-ILL-MPP-SMK.

• S: AI Menu DOWN:
• SHORT PRESS: Commands George to cease laser designation and stop tracking his target.
George will slave TADS to a fixed forward position.
• LONG PRESS: If George has already found a target, commands George to repeat search along
the current TADS line-of-sight.
• SHORT PRESS: Cycles weapon settings. HMD Line-of-Sight Reticle George Interface
• If MSL selected, toggles between LOBL and LOAL.
• If RKT selected, cycles QTY of 1-2-4-8-12-24-ALL.
• If GUN selected, cycles BURST of 10-20-50-100-ALL.
• LONG PRESS: If MSL selected, cycles TRAJ or DIR-LO-HI setting. Only available if LOAL is
selected.
• C: Request Aircraft Control
• Consent to Fire Binding: Orders George to engage the selected target with the selected weapon. 761
George’s CPG functions in Target Designation/Weapon Control Mode:
APACHE
AH-64D
GUN Format
George CPG Weapon Burst Limiter Setting
TADS SLAVE State
RKT (Rockets) Format
George CPG Weapon Selected Salvo Quantity
Selected Rocket Type

TADS SLAVE State
MSL (Missiles) Format

George CPG Weapon Selected Launch Mode
Selected Hellfire Missile Type Selected LOAL (Lock-On After Launch) Trajectory
TADS SLAVE State

762
The on-screen interface outline changes color depending on the active rules of
APACHE
AH-64D
engagement (ROE) setting for George:
• Yellow: Weapons Hold, George will wait for your « Consent to Fire »
command before firing weapons.
• Green: Weapons Free, George will fire weapons at targets at will.
ROE (Green):
ROE (Yellow): Weapons Free
Weapons Hold
763
Once George has searched an area and found some targets, a list of available targets
APACHE
AH-64D
appears. Here is a breakdown of George’s CPG functions in Target List Mode.

Friendly Unit
• W: AI Menu UP
• SHORT PRESS: Moves target selection list UP.
• LONG PRESS: Commands George to increase sensor magnification to the
next field-of-view. Selected Target
• A: AI Menu LEFT
• SHORT PRESS: Cancels target list selection
• LONG PRESS: Displays default list, excludes friendlies if enemy or Enemy Unit
unknown contacts are in.
• S: AI Menu DOWN:
Enemy Unit
• SHORT PRESS: Moves target selection list DOWN.
• LONG PRESS: Commands George to decrease sensor magnification to the
previous field-of-view.
• SHORT PRESS: Selects target next to > symbol.
• LONG PRESS: Displays all contacts, including friendlies.
Take note that the color scheme of targets can be set in the Special Options tab.
764
Here is a quick demo on how to designate select a target from a list
APACHE
AH-64D
(assuming all weapons are set up and selected properly):

2. [P] The pilot’s HDU (Helmet Display Unit) reticle is used as a Designation 5
3. [P] From the WPN (Weapon) page, set the Pilot Acquisition Source to 6
TADS. Then, fly towards the target and ensure the the helicopter attitude
remains stable.
4. [P] Move your head (HDU Reticle / Designation Reticle) near the area
Pilot Perspective
you want the Co-Pilot/Gunner to search for targets, then press « W »
Pilot ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS 3 765

7. [CPG] George will then start scanning for targets in the designated area. When targets are
APACHE
AH-64D
found, a menu with a list of targets appears.

8. [P] Cycle through the target list using « W » SHORT (UP) or « S » SHORT (DOWN) until
desired target is selected by the > symbol.
10. [CPG] George will then designate, lase and store the target with the TADS, calling out “lased
and stored” in the process.
11. [P] The pilot should be able to see a cued line-of-sight reticle on his HDU (Helmet Display
Unit), which indicates the TADS line-of-sight and the designated target if your acquisition
(ACQ) source is set to the TADS.
Pilot Perspective
Cued Line-of-Sight Reticle Pilot ACQ (Acquisition) Source: TADS
the Co-Pilot/Gunner
11
7
8
10
766
For a full demonstration of George employment for target designation, consult the Weapon Employment tutorials:
APACHE
AH-64D
Gun Operation by George AI as Co-Pilot/Gunner
Rocket Operation by George AI as Co-Pilot/Gunner
Missile Operation by George AI as Co-Pilot/Gunner

767
RESOURCES
DCS AH-64D Quick Start Manual (English versions)
APACHE
AH-64D
Matt “Wags” Wagner Tutorials (Youtube)

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLer9oF4AanvF7CTss44TU4aDOxb5A9Jic
Casmo’s AH-64D Tutorials (Youtube)

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLNtUtkZqN36l4Tj9tvQxPxwSVC4mBjB7l
Eagle 7 AH-64D Tutorials (Youtube)

https://www.youtube.com/@eagle7117/videos
DCS AH-64 Apache Guide – Game Pressure

https://guides.gamepressure.com/digital-combat-simulator-ah-64d/
Apache: Inside the Cockpit of the World's Most Deadly Fighting Machine – Book by Ed Macy
Hellfire – Book by Ed Macy

PART 23 – OTHER RESOURCES
Fire Birds (because helicopter pilots need terrible movies too)
768
THANK YOU TO ALL MY PATRONS
Creating these guides is no easy task, and I would like to take the time to properly thank every single one of my Patreon supporters. The following people have donated a very generous
amount to help me keep supporting existing guides and work on new projects as well:
• ChazFlyz
• Hoggit
• Mike “Iborn”
• Kopaka
• Pac-man
• [SGC] Beano
• Lokiju
• Wheels
• Joram Davids
• Hexpul
• The Duck
• Federico “Cyborg” Franceschi
• Jacob Doms
• Lynx
• James Thornblad
• Chris “Dirtibyrd”
• Tuuvas, Gamepad Guru
769
770

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DCS GUIDE

AH-64D APACHE BLOCK II By Chuck

pilots have been unofficially branded as a special kind of insane.

Following Operation Desert Storm, McDonnell-Douglas (which had since acquired

The AN/APG-78 “Longbow” is a millimeter-wave fire-control radar (FCR) target

Enjoy your read!

Flare Dispense Button

Force Trim/Hold Switch UP

Force Trim/Hold Switch LEFT Cyclic - AXIS X / AXIS Y

Button: Chaff Dispense Button - DEPRESS

Paddle used as a modifier “64MOD” in

+ TOE BRAKES (MAPPED ON PEDALS) 11

Tail Wheel Lock/Unlock Button - DEPRESS

IMPORTANT NOTE: Red controls in this page use the

FCR Scan Size Switch – UP

NVS Select Switch - TADS

BIND THE FOLLOWING AXES:

• CYCLIC ROLL (DEADZONE AT 1, SATURATION X AT 100, SATURATION Y AT 90, CURVATURE AT 15)

• RUDDER/ANTI-TORQUE (DEADZONE AT 10, SATURATION X AT 100, SATURATION Y AT 100, CURVATURE AT 0)

• COLLECTIVE (DEADZONE AT 0, SATURATION X AT 100, SATURATION Y AT 100, CURVATURE AT 0)

• POWER LEVERS (BOTH) – CONTROLS ENGINE RPM

NOTES ABOUT CONTROLS

PTT/RTS Switch – RIGHT (ICS)

LHG Linear Motion Compensator (LMC) Button

Button: Chaff Dispense Button - DEPRESS Force Trim/Hold Switch UP

Tail Wheel Lock/Unlock Button - DEPRESS

IMPORTANT NOTE: Red controls in this page use the

Paddle used as a modifier “64MOD” in

FCR Scan Size Switch – UP

NVS Select Switch - TADS

BIND THE FOLLOWING AXES:

• CYCLIC ROLL (DEADZONE AT 1, SATURATION X AT 100, SATURATION Y AT 90, CURVATURE AT 15)

• RUDDER/ANTI-TORQUE (DEADZONE AT 10, SATURATION X AT 100, SATURATION Y AT 100,

• COLLECTIVE (DEADZONE AT 0, SATURATION X AT 100, SATURATION Y AT 100, CURVATURE AT 0)

• POWER LEVERS (BOTH) – CONTROLS ENGINE RPM

To assign axis, click on Axis Assign. You can also

To modify curves and sensitivities of axes,

• SHOW CONTROLS INDICATOR TOGGLE CONTROL INDICATOR INTERFACE (RCTRL+ENTER)

You can toggle the Controls Indicator

• Cyclic Trimmer Mode: Central Position Trimmer Mode

Cyclic Trimmer Modes:

Pedals Trimmer Modes:

SEAT SELECTION CONTROLS

IHADSS (Integrated Helmet

IHADSS (Integrated Helmet and

Cockpit Map Light

Free Air Temperature

Navigation Lights Switch

Anti-Collision Light Switch • DIM/OFF/BRIGHT

Signal Lights Control Knob

Lights Test Button

Standby Instruments Lights Control Knob

Primary Cockpit Lights Control Knob

Left Tip (LTIP) Station Jettison

Station Jettison Arm/Select

JETT (Jettison) Button Right Tip (RTIP) Station Jettison

APU (Auxiliary Power Unit) Start

Left (No. 1) Engine Start Switch

engine with the ignition system off)

Right (No. 2) Engine Start Switch