Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 85 views

    Concrete Material and Mixture

    Uploaded by

    Aina Aqilah
    The document discusses concrete materials and mixtures. It defines concrete as a mixture of cement, water, and aggregates that hardens over time. It describes common concrete structures like columns, beams, and slabs. The ideal properties of concrete are discussed, along with the roles of cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures. Mix ratios for different applications are provided. Factors that influence workability and the importance of water-cement ratio are explained.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Concrete Material and Mixture

    Uploaded by

    Aina Aqilah
    85 views51 pages
    The document discusses concrete materials and mixtures. It defines concrete as a mixture of cement, water, and aggregates that hardens over time. It describes common concrete structures like columns, beams, and slabs. The ideal properties of concrete are discussed, along with the roles of cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures. Mix ratios for different applications are provided. Factors that influence workability and the importance of water-cement ratio are explained.

    Original Description:

    concrete material and texture

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses concrete materials and mixtures. It defines concrete as a mixture of cement, water, and aggregates that hardens over time. It describes common concrete structures like columns, beams, and slabs. The ideal properties of concrete are discussed, along with the roles of cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures. Mix ratios for different applications are provided. Factors that influence workability and the importance of water-cement ratio are explained.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    85 views51 pages

    Concrete Material and Mixture

    Uploaded by

    Aina Aqilah
    The document discusses concrete materials and mixtures. It defines concrete as a mixture of cement, water, and aggregates that hardens over time. It describes common concrete structures like columns, beams, and slabs. The ideal properties of concrete are discussed, along with the roles of cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures. Mix ratios for different applications are provided. Factors that influence workability and the importance of water-cement ratio are explained.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 51

    DCC 10032

    CIVIL ENGINEERING
    MATERIALS
    TOPIC 1
    CONCRETE MATERIALS AND MIXTURE
    PUAN HIDANAH BINTI MOHD YUNUS
    LECTURER
    DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
    POLITEKNIK SULTAN AZLAN SHAH
    CONCRETE

     Definition:
     Itis obtained by mixing cement,
    water, and aggregates and
    sometimes admixtures in required
    proportions and placed in forms and
    allowed to cure and become hard.
    STRUCTURES OF CONCRETE
     Concrete used for
    building structures construction like :
     a) Column
     b) Beam
     c) Floor slab
     d) Concrete beam
     e) Footing
     f) Foundation
    STRUCTURES OF CONCRETE
    ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE

    ❖ Strong ❖ Tidy
    ❖ The cost is cheap ❖ Lasting form
    ❖ The material is readily under loading
    available ❖ Do not absorb
    ❖ Malleable follow mould ❖ Do not shrink
    ❖ Durable ❖ Not Brittle
    ❖ Fire resistance
    CONCRETE MIXTURE RATIO

    Mix Ratio Uses

    1 : 5 : 10 Wall site in trench for hard ground work.

    1:3:6 Concrete floor, structure, and others.


    Reinforced concrete for column, beam and
    1: 2 : 4 others.

    1:1½:3 Pre-stressed concrete, tank, and others.


    CONCRETE MIXTURE RATIO
    Mix Ratio : 1:2:4

    1 = Cement
    2 = Fine Aggregate
    4 = Coarse Aggregate
    MATERIAL IN CONCRETE MIXTURE
     1. Cement
     2. Fine aggregates
     3. Coarse aggregates
     4. Water
     Additional : Admixture
    CEMENT
    • Cement is a type of manufactured
    goods produced by burning limestone mixture and clay.
    • This substance have two main
    feature namely adhesion and cohesion.
    • These qualities enable cement act as binder that is
    good to bind aggregate to form a
    concrete body that solid and strong. A
    cement bag equivalent to 50 kg
    TYPES OF CEMENT
    1. Ordinary Portland Cement (BS 12 : 1971)

    - usage at most type of work


    - use for place without sulphate and water compounds in groundwater.

    2. Rapid Hardening Portland Cement (BS 12 : 1971)

    - hardens rather more rapidly than OPC.


    - similarlar in chemical composition with OPC
    - more finely ground than OPC.
    - useful for cold weather and emergency construction.

    3. Low Heat Portland Cement (BS 1370 : 1974)

    - Harden and evolves heat slowly than OPC to prevent shrinkage cracks
    develop.
    - for large structure such as ; bridge, dam, retaining wall.
    - slow development of strength but the ultimate strength is the same.
    TYPES OF CEMENT
    4. Portland-Blastfurnace Cement (BS 146 : 1973)

    -Made by grinding a mixture of OPC (clinker) with selected granulated


    blast furnace slag.
    - prevention from chemical reactions.
    - more cheaper than OPC
    -Sulphate resistance and good for seawater structure.

    5. Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement (BS 4027 : 1972)

    - More resistant to attack by sulphate compounds (groundwater &


    seawater)
    - darker in colour than OPC.

    6. High Strength Portland Cement

    - higher strength than other cement.


    - initial and final setting times are the same as that OPC.
    INGREDIENTS FOR CEMENT
    Ingredient Percentage (%)

    Lime 64

    Silica 23

    Alumina 5

    Iron Oxide 3

    Magnesia 2

    Sulphuric Anhydride 2

    Soda and Potash 1


    CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

    Name of Compound Usual Abbreviation Reaction

    Tricalcium Silicate C3S Quick


    Dicalcium Silicate C2S Slow
    Tricalcium Aluminate C3A Very Quick

    Terracalcium C3AF Not Very Important


    Aluminoferrite

    [Neville, 1987].
    HYDRATION PROCESS
    When cement hydrated or reacting with water,
    so compounds will be hydrated or take
    water molecules to form a other
    structural that different his form and strength

    Water
    Air
    Hydration Chemical
    Tindakbalas kimia hidratan
    Reaction Cement
    Pasta simen
    Paste

    Simen KONKRIT
    Concrete
    Cement

    Batu baur
    Aggregates
    CONCRETE CEMENT + WATER + AGGREGATE

    Mixing

    Fresh Concrete Workability

    Placing
    Compacting

    Hardened
    Concrete Strength
    STORAGE METHOD OF CEMENT
     1. Store
    STORAGE METHOD OF CEMENT

     2. Silo
    AGGREGATES

    1. Fine Aggregate:
    Fine aggregate size does not exceed 5mm.
    It available from mine sand, quarry or river.

     Function of fine aggregate:


    - Filling empty spaces in concrete mixture to strengthening concrete
    mixture.
    - To prevent steel reinforcement from rusty.
    - As bond which ensures really compact mixture.
    FINE AGGREGATE

    Mine sand River sand


    SAND

    River Sand
    AGGREGATES
    2. Coarse Aggregate:
    The size among 5mm to 50 mm. Usually is acquired from the
    quarry.

    Function of coarse aggregate:


    - As filler to concrete volume.
    - As material that increase concrete strength.
    - Giving concrete resilience and hold shrinkage.
     Aggregate content is 60-80% from concrete volume.
    COARSE AGGREGATES

    Rough and facet form


    WATER

    Function of water in concrete mixture:


     Water spread cement so that each stone item covered tightly.
     Water gives convenience work in concrete mixture.
     Water is chemical reaction agent in cement to tie all
    aggregate in concrete mixture.
    WATER

    Types of water used to mixture concrete:


    i. Water used to drink like tap water.
    ii. Water free from mineral materials and organic
    material like salt, alkali and others like river
    water or drain.
    ADMIXTURE

     Admixtures are defined as


    materials other than
    aggregate (fine and
    coarse), water, fibre and
    cement, which are added
    into concrete mix
    immediately before or
    during mixing.
    ADMIXTURE

     Chemical admixtures can modify the setting and


    hardening characteristic of cement paste by
    influencing the rate of cement hydration.
     Water-reducing admixture can plasticize fresh concrete
    mixtures by reducing surface tension of water.
     Air-entraining admixtures can improve the durability of
    concrete.
     Mineral admixtures such as pozzolan (materials
    containing reactive silica) can reduce thermal
    cracking.
    EXAMPLE FOR ADMIXTURE
    ADMIXTURE

    Types of Admixture Uses


    a) Accelarators (Bahan Pencepat) Quick hardening process
    (Catalyzing substance) (hydration / hardening)
    concrete.
    b) Retarders (Bahan Pelambat) Delaying harden concrete
    (Retarding substance) process.
    c) Water reducers (Bahan Pengurang air) Reduce water content in
    (Water decreasing substance) concrete mixture.
    d) Air entrainment (Bahan Tambah Resist to frost. Creating air
    Perangkap Udara) bubble.
    (Air trapping additive)
    e) Plasticizer (Bahan Tambah Pemudah To ease concrete spread.
    adun) (Easy mixing additive)
    CONCRETE MIXTURE
    CONCRETE MIXTURE
    TYPE OF CONCRETE MIXTURE

    1. Prescribed Mix
    2. Designed Mix
    3. Nominal Mix
    Prescribed Mix

     Based on weight (refer to CP110).


     Concrete mix is decided by engineer.
     Compressive strength is commonly achieved
    more than the design of grade of concrete.
    Designed mix

     Based on volume of concrete.


     Concrete mix is decided by the contractor.
     Best practice of trial mix is determine.
    Nominal Mix

     Base on volume of concrete.


     Compressive strength is commonly achieved less than the
    design of grade of concrete.
     Design by engineer.
     Design by weight : V = M/D
    V=volumn, M=mass, D=density
    CONCRETE MIX QUALITY
    Concrete mix quality depend on:

     The mixture materials quality.


     The mixture mixing ratio. Ratio which
    normally used (cement : sand : aggregate) is: 1:2:4,
    1:3:6, 1:5:10, according to place and purpose.
     Mixing method and transport.
     Mould quality used.
     Compression after being placed in mould.
     Preservation method.
    WORKABILITY

     Workabilityis often defined as the


    amount of mechanical work
    required for full compaction of the
    concrete without segregation.
    Factors influence workability

     Water – Cement Ratio


     Aggregate- Cement Ratio
     Shape and Surface Texture of
    Aggregate
     Admixture Substances
    Water – Cement Ratio

     Water used to produce concrete mixture that like


    plastic and easy being worked.
     If water used more than limit, strength and concrete
    density will decline.
     If water used too less, the concrete difficult to
    be being worked and process imperfect hydration.
    Water – Cement Ratio
     If lower water-cement ratio, concrete strength will increase, less
    workability and make casting works and concrete compaction is harder.

    a) water-cement ratio = Concrete Strength = Workability

    b) water-cement ratio = Concrete strength = Workability

    Calculate based on weight or volume.


    Calculation

     Example :

     If 27 liter of water use to mixing one bag of cement


    (50kg), the water-cement ratio is ;

     27 x 1 = 0.54
    50
    Aggregate - Cement Ratio

     Coarse and fine aggregate should comprise from


    various size to produce void that is minimum.
     Cement should use sufficient to fill void in sand.
    Mixture of sand and cement also should sufficient to
    close void in coarse aggregate.
     Cement and sand that are excess is needed to
    produce mixture with workability that is high.
    Shape and Surface Texture of Aggregate

    Coarse aggregate with smooth surface can give good


    workability but low in bond strength. Example:
    Smooth aggregate = strength of bond

    Rough aggregate = strength of bond

    Meanwhile aggregate with rough surface produce low


    workability but good in strength bond
    between aggregate and cement .
    TYPES OF WORKABILITY TEST

    1. Slump test
    2. Compacting Factor Test
    3. Ve-be Consistometer
    4. Cube Test
    Slump Test
    Compacting Factor Test
    Ve-be Consistometer Test
    Cube Test
    Cube Test
    FINISH

    You might also like