12.08 Nomenclature of Polycycloalkanes

12.
8: Nomenclature of Polycycloalkanes
There are many hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives with two or more rings having common carbon atoms. Such a substance
is decalin, which has ten carbons arranged in two six-membered rings:
Compounds of this type usually are named by attaching the prefix bicyclo to the name of the open-chain hydrocarbon with the
same total number of carbon atoms as in the rings. Thus decalin, which has ten carbons in the ring system, is a bicyclodecane.
Next, we have to have a way to specify the sizes of the rings, which is done by counting the number of carbon atoms in each of the
chains connecting the two atoms that constitute the ring junctions or bridgeheads. Decalin has four carbons in each of two chains
and none in the third. Therefore, decalin is bicyclo[4.4.0]decane. Notice that the numbers are enclosed in square brackets after the
prefix “bicyclo” and before the name of the hydrocarbon. The numbers are listed in order of decreasing magnitude and are properly
separated by periods, not commas. Some other examples follow:
To name substituted polycycloalkanes, a numbering system is required. In the IUPAC system the main ring is the one containing
the largest number of carbon atoms. Two of the carbons in the main ring serve as junctions for the main bridge, which is chosen to
be as large as possible, consistent with the choice of the main ring. Additional rules are required for more complex cases, but these
are not of interest to us here.
In numbering bicyclic ring systems that have two ring junctions, one of them is chosen as C . The numbering proceeds along the
1
longest chain of carbons to the next junction, then continues along the next longest chain, and finally is completed along the
shortest chain. For example,
Here, the main ring has seven carbons (C to C ) and there is a one-carbon bridge (C ).
1 7 8
When the hydrocarbon rings have only one carbon in common, they are called spiranes and are given systematic names in accord
with the following examples:
Notice that for spiranes the numbering starts next to the junction point in the smaller ring.
The naming of tricycloalkanes follows the same general system. The largest ring and its main linkage form a bicyclic system, and
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the location of the fourth or secondary linkage is shown by superscripts. The systematic name of the interesting hydrocarbon
adamantane is given below as an example; its conformation also is shown. The largest ring in adamantane is eight-membered and
the carbons that constitute it could be selected in several different ways. The carbon chosen as C lies between C and C , not
9 1 5
between the higher-numbered C and C :

3 7
12.8.1 https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/22076
To generate a structure from a name such as 8-chlorobicyclo[3.2.1]octane, 11, start with a pair of junction atoms, connect them as
prescribed, then number the initial skeleton, make the final connections, and locate the substituents. The steps follow:
A further and more complicated example is 1,4-dichloropentacyclo[4.2.0.0 2.5

.0
3.8
.0
4.7
]octane:
The most difficult part of the whole procedure may be generating the final structure in appropriate perspective. The task of doing
this can be simplified greatly by the use of molecular models.
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To determine whether a given bridged polycylic ring system should be bicyclo-, tricyclo-, and so on, use the rule that the number
of rings is equal to the minimum number of bond cleavages to convert the ring system into an acyclic hydrocarbon having the same
number of carbons.
12.8.1: Contributors and Attributions

John D. Robert and Marjorie C. Caserio (1977) Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry, second edition. W. A. Benjamin, Inc. ,
Menlo Park, CA. ISBN 0-8053-8329-8. This content is copyrighted under the following conditions, "You are granted permission
for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any
format."
This page titled 12.8: Nomenclature of Polycycloalkanes is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by John
D. Roberts and Marjorie C. Caserio.
12.8.2 https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/22076

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12.

between the higher-numbered C and C :

A further and more complicated example is 1,4-dichloropentacyclo[4.2.0.0 2.5

12.8.1: Contributors and Attributions

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