TERM PAPER

ELEMENTS OF IT
INT 102

SUB-NEWSGROUP

Asato

maa

sadgamaya

Submitted to: by: MR. Dinesh dhyani kumar

submitted Ashish Mca(H) RollNo: R282B42 Reg,No:10812279

 AKNOWLEDGMENT

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

TYPES OF NEWSGROUP

WORKING OF NEWSGROUP
FUNCTIONALITY OF NEWSGROUP

FEATURES OF NEWSGROUP:

DIVERSITY

 PERIODIC POSTING

SUBSCRIPTION OF NEWSGROUP

NEWSGROUP CREATION

Future of newsgroup

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Acknowledgement

I, Ashish dhyani thanks my teacher MR DINESH KUMAR sir for provide me with all necessary material for completing my project and also the help is appreciated without which completion could not have been possible.

--

Ashish dhyani

"Newsgroup"
INTRODUCTION:

NEWSGROUP are electronic discussion groups in which you can share information and opinions with people all over the world. In NEWSGROUP NEWSGROUP, you can reply to articles you have read and publish ("post") your own articles for others to read. NEWSGROUP differ widely in subject and style, ranging from casual chat to serious discourse These are the bulletin boards of the Internet. There are around 20,000 groups covering every subject under the sun. Most IAPs have a newsgroup server which periodically takes all new messages from a newsgroup feed and adds the messages which have been posted by its own users. To access the NEWSGROUP stored on your IAPs newsgroup server you need a newsreader program NEWSGROUP are public bulletin boards on the internet where you can post comments and reply to other peoples' comments. They are a useful place to find answers to questions or to talk to people who are interested in the same things as you. For example, if you were interested in talking about diets you could exchange messages with people in alt.support.diet.low-fat. One of the reasons that people find NEWSGROUP confusing are their name.

You may think that NEWSGROUP have something to do with the type of news you see on television but NEWSGROUP can be about anything. In fact it would be better if they had been called comment groups as there are groups on lots of different topics ranging from juggling to music, from history to cookery and there are a few groups about politics and news too. People also often confuse NEWSGROUP with message boards. NEWSGROUP are different from message boards as they don't belong to a website - they are the internet's discussion area. There are thousands of computers around the world called news servers. Your ISP probably has a news server and to keep all the discussions up to date its news server is always talking to other news servers which are talking to other news servers which are talking to - well, you get it. Just ask your ISP for the details of how to access their news server or have a look at their help pages.

TYPES OF NEWSGROUPS
Typically, a newsgroup is focused on a particular topic. Some newsgroups allow the posting of messages on a wide variety of themes, regarding anything a member chooses to discuss as on-topic, while others keep more strictly to their particular subject, frowning on off-topic postings. The news admin (the administrator of a news server) decides how long articles are kept before being expired (deleted from the server). Usually they will be kept for one or two weeks, but some admins keep articles in local or technical newsgroups around longer than articles in other newsgroups.

Newsgroups generally come in either of two types, binary or text. There is no technical difference between the two, but the naming differentiation allows users and servers with limited facilities the ability to minimize network bandwidth usage. Generally, Usenet conventions and rules are enacted with the primary intention of minimizing the overall amount of network traffic and resource usage. Newsgroups are much like the public message boards on old bulletin board systems. For those readers not familiar with this concept, envision an electronic version of the corkboard in the entrance of your local grocery store.
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NEWSGROUP NEWSGROUP are Internet discussion groups on just about any topic you can imagine. There are more than 50,000 NEWSGROUP, and more are added all the time. The first way students and scientists using ARPANet (early version of the Internet) started sharing their interests and hobbies was to create NEWSGROUP. In NEWSGROUP students and scientists placed information about their interets and as the number of NEWSGROUP began to expand, the Internet administrators grouped all NEWSGROUP together to form a category known as NEWSGROUP. To start with Usnet and the NEWSGROUP within were just text based communities and it took the creation of HTTP (hypertext transport protocol changed the way computers transmit and recieve information) to change this. NEWSGROUP.com state that there are currently over 80,000 discussion categories (known as NEWSGROUP) available on NEWSGROUP. NEWSGROUP is, by nature, a text-based system, however binary files such as movies, pictures, music files, and programs can also be shared among NEWSGROUP surfers, making it an excellent file exchange medium. You can find NEWSGROUP that interest you by searching for them on the Google.com Web site. Google.com is a good place to learn more about NEWSGROUP in general.

FUNCTIONALITY OF NEWSGROUP
How to post and read on NEWSGROUP
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To post and read on NEWSGROUP you need a news reader program. A news reader program allows you to collect articles from NEWSGROUP, display them, in subject and date order for you to read. It will also allow you to send posts to a newsgroup as well. Below is a list of news reader programs you could use, Netscape Communicator - easy to use news reader program where you select COMMUNICATOR from the tool bar, and choose the option NEWSGROUP from the submenu. Outlook Express - email program that also allows you to access NEWSGROUP. Select TOOLS from the tool bar, and choose the Option ACCOUNTS from the submenu. Also check this address for some of the best news reader programs available - news reader programs. The help file that comes with your news reader program should explain how to download posts from a newsgroup to read, how to subscribe / unsubscribe to a particular newsgroup and how to read and post on a newsgroup with that particular news reader

program.

Types of NEWSGROUP o NEWSGROUP are listed in a hierarchy that goes back to the early 1980's. The different types of NEWSGROUP are shown by a extension, an example of some of the different types of extensions and meanings are below (for Google NEWSGROUP) alt. - Any conceivable topic. biz. - Business products, services, reviews comp. - Hardware, software, consumer info humanities. - Fine art, literature, philosophy misc. - Employment, health, and much more news. - Info about NEWSGROUP News rec. - Games, hobbies, sports sci. - Applied science, social science soc. - Social issues, culture talk. - Current issues and debates Newsgroup Netiquette o When posting on NEWSGROUP you should try to follow a few basic guidelines, often referred to as "Newsgroup Netiquette", below is a list of some of these guidelines, Signatures - provide information about how to get in touch with the person posting the article, including their email address, phone number, address, or where they're located. Posting Emails - posting private email messages on NEWSGROUP is seen as bad taste. Test Messages - if you are new to posting, its a good idea to
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post a "test" message. Hoaxes - you should take posts with a pinch of salt if they are meant to be about or from a celebrity or famous person. Summaries - if somebody posts a summery you should respond by email rather than post a reply because this defeats the intention of the author. Responding to posts - avoid trying to tedious when pick apart an article, address it in parts or as a whole not word by word. Spelling and Grammar - if your spelling and grammar is poor you should check your post with a dictionary or spell checker first. Subject Lines - makes sure it describes your post. Racism - avoid any posts that are abusive. Newsgroup Spam
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Spam is when someone sends the same message to a large amount of NEWSGROUP. Spam can be reported by going to web sites such as, FEATURES OF NEWSGROUP:NEWSGROUP is a world-wide distributed discussion system. It consists of a set of "NEWSGROUP" with names that are classified hierarchically by subject. "Articles" or "messages" are "posted" to these NEWSGROUP by people on computers with the appropriate software -- these articles are then broadcast to other interconnected computer systems via a wide variety of networks. Some NEWSGROUP are "moderated"; in these NEWSGROUP, the articles are first sent to a moderator for approval before appearing in the newsgroup. NEWSGROUP is available on a wide variety of computer systems and networks, but the bulk of modern NEWSGROUP traffic is transported over either the Internet or UUCP.

WHY IS NEWSGROUP SO HARD TO DEFINE?

The first thing to understand about NEWSGROUP is that it is widely misunderstood. Every day on NEWSGROUP, the "blind men and the elephant"
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phenomenon is evident, in spades. In my opinion, more flame wars arise because of a lack of understanding of the nature of NEWSGROUP than from any other source. And consider that such flame wars arise, of necessity, among people who are on NEWSGROUP. Imagine, then, how poorly understood NEWSGROUP must be by those outside!

Any essay on the nature of NEWSGROUP cannot ignore the erroneous impressions held by many NEWSGROUP users. Therefore, this article will treat falsehoods first. Keep reading for truth. (Beauty, alas, is outside the scope of this article.)

WHAT NEWSGROUP IS NOT

1. NEWSGROUP is not an organization.

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No person or group has authority over NEWSGROUP as a whole. No one controls who gets a news feed, which articles are propagated where, who can post articles, or anything else. There is no "NEWSGROUP Incorporated," nor is there a "NEWSGROUP User's Group." You're on your own. Granted, there are various activities organized by means of NEWSGROUP NEWSGROUP. The newsgroup creation process is one such activity. But it would be a mistake to equate NEWSGROUP with the organized activities it makes possible. If they were to stop tomorrow, NEWSGROUP would go on without them. 2. NEWSGROUP is not a democracy. Since there is no person or group in charge of NEWSGROUP as a whole -- i.e. there is no NEWSGROUP "government" -- it follows that NEWSGROUP cannot be a democracy, autocracy, or any other kind of "-acy." (But see "The Camel's Nose?" below.) 3. NEWSGROUP is not fair. After all, who shall decide what's fair? For that matter, if someone is behaving unfairly, who's going to stop him? Neither you nor I, that's certain. 4. NEWSGROUP is not a right. Some people misunderstand their local right of "freedom of speech" to mean that they have a legal right to use others' computers to say what they wish in whatever way they wish, and the owners of said computers have no right to stop them.

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Those people are wrong. Freedom of speech also means freedom not to speak. If I choose not to use my computer to aid your speech, that is my right. Freedom of the press belongs to those who own one. 5. NEWSGROUP is not a public utility. Some NEWSGROUP sites are publicly funded or subsidized. Most of them, by plain count, are not. There is no government monopoly on NEWSGROUP, and little or no government control. 6. NEWSGROUP is not an academic network. It is no surprise that many NEWSGROUP sites are universities, research labs or other academic institutions. NEWSGROUP originated with a link between two universities, and the exchange of ideas and information is what such institutions are all about. But the passage of years has changed NEWSGROUP's character. Today, by plain count, most NEWSGROUP sites are commercial entities. 7. NEWSGROUP is not an advertising medium. Because of NEWSGROUP's roots in academia, and because NEWSGROUP depends so heavily on cooperation (sometimes among competitors), custom dictates that advertising be kept to a minimum. It is tolerated if it is infrequent, informative, and low-hype. The "comp.newprod" newsgroup is NOT an exception to this rule: product announcements are screened by a moderator in an attempt to keep the hype-to-information ratio in check.

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If you must engage in flackery for your company, use the "biz" hierarchy, which is explicitly "advertising-allowed", and which (like all of NEWSGROUP) is carried only by those sites that want it. 8. NEWSGROUP is not the Internet. The Internet is a wide-ranging network, parts of which are subsidized by various governments. It carries many kinds of traffic, of which NEWSGROUP is only one. And the Internet is only one of the various networks carrying NEWSGROUP traffic. 9. NEWSGROUP is not a UUCP network. UUCP is a protocol (actually a "protocol suite," but that's a technical quibble) for sending data over point-to-point connections, typically using dialup modems. Sites use UUCP to carry many kinds of traffic, of which NEWSGROUP is only one. And UUCP is only one of the various transports carrying NEWSGROUP traffic. 10. NEWSGROUP is not a United States network. It is true that NEWSGROUP originated in the United States, and the fastest growth in NEWSGROUP sites has been there. Nowadays, however, NEWSGROUP extends worldwide. The heaviest concentrations of NEWSGROUP sites outside the U.S. seem to be in Canada, Europe, Australia and Japan. Keep NEWSGROUP's worldwide nature in mind when you post articles. Even those who can read your language may have a culture wildly different from yours. When your words are read, they might not
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mean what you think they mean. 11. NEWSGROUP is not a UNIX network. Don't assume that everyone is using "rn" on a UNIX machine. Among the systems used to read and post to NEWSGROUP are Vaxen running VMS, IBM mainframes, Amigos, Macintoshes and MS-DOS PCs. 12. NEWSGROUP is not an ASCII network. The A in ASCII stands for "American". Sites in other countries often use character sets better suited to their language(s) of choice; such are typically, though not always, supersets of ASCII. Even in the United States, ASCII is not universally used: IBM mainframes use (shudder) EBCDIC. Ignore non-ASCII sites if you like, but they exist. 13. NEWSGROUP is not software. There are dozens of software packages used at various sites to transport and read NEWSGROUP articles. So no one program or package can be called "the NEWSGROUP software." Software designed to support NEWSGROUP traffic can be (and is) used for other kinds of communication, usually without risk of mixing the two. Such private communication networks are typically kept distinct from NEWSGROUP by the invention of newsgroup names different from the universally-recognized ones. Well, enough negativity.

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WHAT NEWSGROUP IS
NEWSGROUP is the set of people who exchange articles tagged with one or more universally-recognized labels, called "NEWSGROUP" (or "groups" for short). There is often confusion about the precise set of NEWSGROUP that constitute NEWSGROUP; one commonly accepted definition is that it consists of NEWSGROUP listed in the periodic "List of Active NEWSGROUP" postings which appear regularly in news.lists.misc and other NEWSGROUP. A broader definition of NEWSGROUP would include the NEWSGROUP listed in the article "Alternative Newsgroup Hierarchies" (frequently posted to news.lists.misc). An even broader definition includes even NEWSGROUP that are restricted to specific geographic regions or organizations. Each NEWSGROUP site makes its own decisions about the set of groups available to its users; this set differs From site to site.

(Note that the correct term is "NEWSGROUP"; they are not called areas, bases, boards, bboards, conferences, round tables, SIGs, echoes, rooms or
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usergroups! Nor, as noted above, are they part of the Internet, though they may reach your site over it. Furthermore, the people who run the news systems are called news administrators, not sysops. If you want to be understood, be accurate.)

DIVERSITY
If the above definition of NEWSGROUP sounds vague, that's because it is. It is almost impossible to generalize over all NEWSGROUP sites in any non-trivial way. NEWSGROUP encompasses government agencies, large universities, high schools, businesses of all sizes, home computers of all descriptions, etc, etc. (In response to the above paragraphs, it has been written that there is nothing vague about a network that carries megabytes of traffic per day. I agree. But at the fringes of NEWSGROUP, traffic is not so heavy. In the shadowy world of news-mail gateways and mailing lists, the line between NEWSGROUP and not-NEWSGROUP becomes very hard to draw.)

CONTROL
Every administrator controls his own site. No one has any real control over any site but his own. The administrator gets her power from the owner of the system she administers. As long as her job performance pleases the owner, she can do whatever she pleases, up to and including cutting off NEWSGROUP entirely. Them's the breaks. Sites are not entirely without influence on their neighbors, however. There is a vague notion of "upstream" and "downstream" related to the direction of high-volume news flow. To the extent that "upstream"
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sites decide what traffic they will carry for their "downstream" neighbors, those "upstream" sites have some influence on their neighbors' participation in NEWSGROUP. But such influence is usually easy to circumvent; and heavy-handed manipulation typically results in a backlash of resentment.

PERIODIC POSTINGS
To help hold NEWSGROUP together, various articles (including this one) are periodically posted in NEWSGROUP in the "news" hierarchy. These articles are provided as a public service by various volunteers. They are few but valuable. Learn them well. Among the periodic postings are lists of active NEWSGROUP, both "standard" (for lack of a better term) and "alternative." These lists are maintained by David Lawrence and periodically posted to the news.lists.misc newsgroup. They reflect his personal view of NEWSGROUP, and as such are not "official" in any sense of the word. However, if you're looking for a description of subjects discussed on NEWSGROUP, or if you're starting up a new NEWSGROUP site, David's lists are an eminently reasonable place to start.

PROPAGATION
In the old days, when UUCP over long-distance dialup lines was the dominant means of article transmission, a few well-connected sites had real influence in determining which NEWSGROUP would be carried where. Those sites called themselves "the backbone." But things have changed. Nowadays, even the smallest Internet site
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has connectivity the likes of which the backbone admin of yesteryear could only dream. In addition, in the U.S., the advent of cheaper long-distance calls and high-speed modems has made long-distance NEWSGROUP feeds thinkable for smaller companies. There is only one pre-eminent site for UUCP transport of NEWSGROUP in the U.S., namely UUNET. But UUNET isn't a player in the propagation wars, because it never refuses any traffic. UUNET charges by the minute, after all; and besides, to refuse based on content might jeopardize its legal status as an enhanced service provider. All of the above applies to the U.S. In Europe, different cost structures favored the creation of strictly controlled hierarchical organizations with central registries. This is all very unlike the traditional mode of U.S. sites (pick a name, get the software, get a feed, you're on). Europe's "benign monopolies," long uncontested, now face competition from looser organizations patterned after the U.S. model.

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NEWSGROUP CREATION The document that describes the current procedure for creating a new newsgroup is entitled "How To Create A New Newsgroup." Its common name, however, is "the guidelines."

If you follow the guidelines, it is probable that your group will be created and will be widely propagated. HOWEVER: Because of the nature of NEWSGROUP, there is no way for any user to enforce the results of a newsgroup vote (or any other decision, for that matter). Therefore, for your new newsgroup to be propagated widely, you must not only follow the letter of the guidelines; you must also follow its spirit. And you must not allow even a whiff of shady dealings or dirty tricks to mar the vote. In other words, don't tick off system administrators; they will get their revenge.

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So, you may ask: How is a new user supposed to know anything about the "spirit" of the guidelines? Obviously, he can't. This fact leads inexorably to the following recommendation: >> If you are a new user, don't try to create a new newsgroup. << If you have a good newsgroup idea, then read the "news.groups" newsgroup for a while (six months, at least) to find out how things work. If you're too impatient to wait six months, then you really need to learn; read "news.groups" for a year instead. If you just can't wait, find a NEWSGROUP old hand to help you with the request for discussion. (All votes are run by neutral third-party NEWSGROUP Volunteer Votetakers). Readers may think this advice unnecessarily strict. Ignore it at your peril. It is embarrassing to speak before learning. It is foolish to jump into a society you don't understand with your mouth open. And it is futile to try to force your will on people who can tune you out with the press of a key.

Subscribe to a newsgroup Applies to all editions of Windows Vista. Which edition of Windows Vista am I using?

Unlike a magazine subscription, subscribing to a newsgroup doesn't require you to sign up or spend any money. But a typical Internet news server offers thousands of newsgroups to choose from, so finding the newsgroups that you're interested in reading can be time-consuming, especially if you have to navigate the entire list of newsgroups each time. If you frequently visit a particular newsgroup and would like to make it easier to locate, you can subscribe to that newsgroup so that it will be available from the Windows Mail folder list whenever you want it.
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1. HOW TO SUBSCRIBE A NEWSGROUP Firstly we require the newsgroup accessible software like windows outlook express ,Window mail, Netscape etc after we will follow the following procedures as for windows mail.

1. Open Windows Mail by clicking the Start button , clicking All Programs, and then clicking Windows Mail. 2. Click the Tools menu, and then click Newsgroups. 3. In the Account(s) box, click the news server that contains the newsgroup you'd like to subscribe to.
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4. Click the newsgroup you want to subscribe to, and then click Subscribe. To subscribe to more than one newsgroup, press CTRL while clicking the newsgroups you want to subscribe to. 5. A folder icon will appear next to any newsgroups you have subscribed to. Click OK to save your changes.

Select the newsgroups you want to subscribe to To remove a newsgroup subscription, repeat the steps above, but click Unsubscribe after clicking the newsgroup you'd like to remove from your subscription list. To preview a newsgroup's contents without subscribing to it, click the newsgroup you want to preview, and then click Go to. You can search for newsgroups that might interest you by typing an appropriate topic (such as "games") in the Display newsgroups which contain box.

WORDS TO LIVE BY #1: NEWSGROUP AS SOCIETY

Those who have never tried electronic communication may not be aware of what a "social skill" really is. One social skill that must be learned, is that other people have points of view that are not only different, but *threatening*, to your own. In turn, your opinions may be threatening to others. There is nothing wrong with this. Your
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beliefs need not be hidden behind a facade, as happens with face-to-face conversation. Not everybody in the world is a bosom buddy, but you can still have a meaningful conversation with them. The person who cannot do this lacks in social skills. NEWSGROUP newsgroup From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from NEWSGROUP) Jump to: navigation, search This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (March 2008) A newsgroup is a repository usually within the NEWSGROUP system, messages posted from many users in different locations. The term may confusing to some, because it is usually a discussion group. NEWSGROUP technically distinct from, but functionally similar to, discussion forums on World Wide Web. Newsreader software is used to read NEWSGROUP. for be are the

Future of newsgroup:NEWSGROUP are electronic discussion groups in which you can share information and opinions with people all over the world. In NEWSGROUP NEWSGROUP, you can reply to articles you have read and publish ("post") your own articles for others to read.as we know that NEWSGROUP is a advance technological way of communication and is still growing as a media to share and communicate with each other. Peoples from all over the world are accepting this technology and taking part in it with great excitement soon it will be a major way to share the feeling from one community to each other.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:http://www.google.com http://www.wikipedia.com http://www.live.com http://www.termpapergenie.com http://www.termpaperx.com

http://www.windowshelpcentre.com

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