A short presentation on Satellites

Garvit Srivastava

Department of Aeronautical Engineering

Feroze Gandhi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Raebareli

October 23,2018

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 Overview
Objective

Introduction
•What is a satellite?
•What do satellites do?
•How do they work?
•Why are they significant?
Historical developments
•History of Satellites
•Some famous space missions
 Recent advancements
•Types of satellites
•Current
Current space missions and development
Future scope of satellites
Summary/Conclusion
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Objective/Motivation
Billions of years from now when the sun would turn into a
red giant and Earth would be shattered into pieces then also
the voyager would be roaming in space with information
about Earth and humanity.
-Richard Feynman
Satellites are the most advanced and most useful technology
mankind has ever produced, be it communication to finding
extraterrestrial life satellites help us in various modes and
methods and studying about it and finding it’s true nature is
totally a work of joy.
Here we would study about some basic concepts about
satellites.

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Introduction
Satellites are simply a true beauty of science and
engineering, for studying them first we would start
with most basic questions like What is a satellite?
What do they do? How do they work and Why are
they significant? Then we would discuss about some
famous space missions and their significance, then
the talk would be about the current development in
the field of satellites, and last but not the least the
bright and prosprous future of satellites and
humanity.

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What is aDevelopments
Historical Satellite?
Any body orbiting a larger
body is a satellite. All the
planets are the satellites of
sun, the moon is the
satellite of a planet, and so
on.
These are natural
satellites, but here we
would be talking
specifically about artificial An artificial satellite
satellites or man made
satellites.
What do satellites do?
Artificial satellites are used for all sorts of purposes.
Satellites like the Hubble Space Telescope, the International
Space Station, and the Russian Mir space station help
scientists explore space in new and exciting ways.
Communications satellites help us communicate with people
all over the world. Weather satellites help us observe the
Earth from space to help predict weather patterns. Radio
and television satellites beam our favorite songs, movies,
and television shows to Earth for us to enjoy.
There's even a group of 27 satellites that make up
the GloballPositioning
Positioning System (GPS). Without these
satellites, we couldn't use GPS devices to find our way while
traveling.
How do satellites work?
Different satellites work differently, for example
communication satellites and GPS satellites
work on Triangulation method, telescopes work
on pin hole camera method and other optics,
but the common working among all the
satellites is their motion or circular orbit
around the Earth, Sun or other planets which is
governed mainly by Kepler’s three laws of
motion and other phenomena's like energy
relationships and weightlessness of satellites.
How does communication satellites work?
Triangulation method:
GPS satellites uses Triangulation method to find your
location, preciously your latitude and longitude using 3
satellites at a time. The GPS device sends signals to GPS
satellites above and the satellites make a electromagnetic
sphere around them, and the meeting point of three of such
spheres is the location of the device.
How does observational satellites work?
Observational satellites like the Hubble space
telescope uses basic principles of optics for producing
images of distant galaxies and other astronomical
objects, other satellites like earth observation
satellites uses pin hole camera method for producing
high resolution images of earth.

Optics of Hubble space

telescope
Why are satellites important?
Satellites have become incredibly useful, especially
for:
Meteorology: Using satellites to track storms and
build predictive models for weather forecasting has
made meteorology much more accurate.
Communications: Excluding military and government
spy satellites, modern civilization has benefited
greatly from communications satellites. Those
satellites deliver everything from television to
Internet access and even radio to millions of
customers across the world.
Why are satellites important?
Navigation: The GPS (Global Positioning System), which is
used by every piece of modern navigation technology, has
made travel much easier for not just individuals, but for
entire modes of transportation as well since GPS allows for
airlines and government agencies.
Military: Modern armies all over the world, from Russia to
the U.S. to China, use satellites primarily for
communications, and reconnaissance. Also, in the future,
satellites could be used as a form of weaponry, such as a
type of satellite that could emit an electromagnetic pulse
when it passes over enemy territory.
Why are satellites important?
Space Exploration: Orbital telescopes like Hubble and
Kepler,, to name a few, have allowed humanity to
peer beyond the solar system and see the universe in
its massive glory, expanding our knowledge of our
place among the stars in the process. Also, with the
launch of the James-Webb
Webb Space Telescope in 2019,
that knowledge will expand further as we’ll be able to
analyze the composition of the atmospheres of
exoplanets.
Historical Developments
The first idea for a satellite came from Issac Newton. He
proposed a technique for a body to orbit around the earth,
it’s called Newton’s cannonball. The
idea was to throw a ball at just the
right speed and angle to make it
orbit a round planet. Newton
calculated the mass and velocity
required for the ball to make a
circular motion around the planet.
After that several other scientists
proposed several ideas like in 1903 a
scientist named Konstantin Tsiolkovsky proposed idea for
using rockets for launching space crafts into space.
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The first artificial satellite
The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1 launched by the
Soviet Union on 4 October 1957 orbiting for three weeks
before its batteries died, then silently for two more months
before falling back into
the atmosphere. It had four external radio
antennas to broadcast radio pulses.
Tracking and studying
Sputnik 1 from
Earth provided scientists with valuable
information. The satellite travelled at about 29,000
kilometres per hour taking 96.2 minutes to
complete each orbit. Sputnik burned up on
4 January 1958 while reentering Earth's
atmosphere.
The first Indian satellite
Aryabhata was India's first satellite, named after the Indian
astronomer of the same name. It was launched by India on
19 April 1975[ It was built by the Indian Space Research
Organisation.. The launch came from an agreement between
India and the Soviet Union It was built to conduct
experiments in X-ray
ray astronomy, aeronomics, and solar
physics. The spacecraft was a 2626-sided polyhedron 1.4
metres (4.6 ft) in diameter The satellite returned to the
Earth's atmosphere on 11 February 1992
Some famous space missions
Some of the satellites which reshaped our lives and
understanding of the universe include:
1. Voyager 1&2: Voyager spacecrafts were sent into space
in two different directions with a “Golden Record”
which contains information about earth and life on
earth so that if any extraterrestrial intelligent life form
finds any of the voyager spacecraft it would know about
us.
2. Galileo spacecraft: We were unable to find any life
outside so we decided to test that if someone is looking
at us will they be able to recognize life on Earth, so we
sent a spacecraft near Jupiter and turned it’s face
towards us, to check if there’s life on Earth, and it
turned out that there is life on Earth.
Some famous space missions
3. Hubble Telescope: We wanted to peek in the depths of
the universe to understand it better but with the
telescopes on Earth seeing too far was a difficult task
because of sun’s glare and scatering of light in the
atmosphere, so we sent a telescope into space where
none of these problems exist to have a better
understanding of the universe.

4. Earth observational satellites: We also wanted to

observe Earth for various purposes like surveillance,
weather, mapping, so we sent a no. of satellites in space
to orbit earth and observe it from above.
Types of satellites
Astronomical satellites are satellites used for observation of
distant planets, galaxies, and other outer space objects.
Biosatellites are satellites designed to carry living organisms,
generally for scientific experimentation.
Communication satellites are satellites stationed in space for
the purpose of telecommunications. Modern
communications satellites typically use geosynchronous
orbits, Molniya orbits or Low Earth orbits.
Earth observation satellites are satellites intended for non-
non
military uses such
as environmental monitoring, meteorology, map making etc
Navigational satellites are satellites which use radio time
signals transmitted to enable mobile receivers on the ground
to determine their exact location.
location
Types of satellites
Killer Satellites are satellites that are designed to destroy
enemy warheads, satellites, and other space assets.
Crewed spacecraft are large satellites able to put humans
into (and beyond) an orbit, and return them to Earth.
Miniaturized satellites are satellites of unusually low masses
and small sizes.
Reconnaissance satellites are Earth observation satellite
or communications satellite deployed for military
or intelligence applications.
Space stations are artificial orbital structures that are
designed for human beings to live on in outer space.
Tether satellites are satellites which are connected to
another satellite by a thin cable called a tether.
Recent Advancements
International Space Station (ISS ISS):
The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a
habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first
component launched into orbit in 1998, and the last was
fitted in 2011. The station is expected to operate until at
least 2028. The ISS programe is a joint project among five
participating space agencies: NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA,
and CSA. the International Space Station was intended to be
a laboratory, observatory and factory in low Earth orbit. It
was also planned to provide
transportation,, maintenance, and act
October 23,
as a staging base for possible future 2018

missions to the Moon, Mars and

asteroids.
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Recent advancement
Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE):
The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) was a
joint mission of NASA and the German Aerospace Center.
Twin satellites took detailed measurements of Earth's
gravity field anomalies from its launch in March 2002
to the end of its science mission in October
2017. By measuring gravity anomalies, GRACE
showed how mass is distributed around the
planet and how it varies over time. Data from the
GRACE satellites is an important tool for studying
Earth's ocean, geology, and climate.
climate The two satellites GRACE
1 and GRACE 2 chasing each other are also known as TOM
and JERRY.
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Recent advancement
Parker Solar Probe:
Parker Solar Probe is a NASA robotic spacecraft route to
probe the outer corona of the Sun.It will approach to within
6.9 million kilometers from the center of the Sun and will
travel, at closest approach, as fast as 690,000 km/h.
The goals of the mission are:
• Trace the flow of energy that heats the corona and
accelerates the solar wind.
• Determine the structure and dynamics of the magnetic
fields at the sources of solar wind.
wind
• Determine what mechanisms accelerate and transport
energetic particles.

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Future Scope
Dyson bubble:
A Dyson bubble is a
hypothetical megastructure that
completely encompasses a star and
captures a large percentage of its power
output. The concept is a thought
experiment that attempts to explain how
a spacefaring civilization would meet its
energy requirements once those
requirements exceed what can be
generated from the home planet's
resources alone. Only a fraction of a
star's energy emissions reach the surface
of any orbiting planet. Building structures
encircling a star would enable a
civilization to harvest far more energy.

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Future Scope
Breakthrough Starshot:
The Breakthrough Starshot program aims to demonstrate a proof-of-
proof
concept for ultra-fast, light-driven nano-spacecraft,
nano and lay the
foundations for a first launch to Alpha Centauri within the next
generation.Secondary goals are: Solar System exploration and
detection of Earth-crossing asteroids. The spacecraft would make a
flyby of, and, possibly photograph any Earth-like
Earth worlds that might exist
in the system. It’s target planet is Proxima Centauri b, a planet orbiting
the third star in the Alpha Centauri system, Proxima Centauri.

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Future Scope
Asteroid mining is the exploitation of raw materials from asteroids and
other minor planets, including near--Earth objects.
Minerals can be mined from an asteroid or spent comet, then used in
space for construction materials or taken back to Earth. These
include gold, iridium, silver, osmium, palladium, platinum, rhenium, rho
dium, ruthenium and tungsten for transport back to
Earth; iron, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, aluminium,
and titanium for construction.
Due to the high cost of spaceflight, inaccurate identification of
asteroids suitable for mining, and ore extraction challenges, terrestrial
mining remains the only means of raw mineral acquisition today. If
space program funding, either public or private, dramatically increases,
this situation is likely to change in the future as resources on Earth are
becoming increasingly scarce and the full potentials of asteroid
mining—and space exploration in general—are
general researched in greater
detail.
Conclusion/Summary
Satellites are undoubtedly the future of human civilization.
Once launching a satellite was just a part of space race,
then it became a necessity of life, and in the future it would
be the only way of our survival.
The first satellite Sputnik 1 was the size of a basketball and
today the International Space Station is the size of a
American football field and in the future it will shrink to
micro robot category.
Satellites helped us in reviling the secrets of the cosmos
and it will only help us find an exoplanet for us to settle
there or make an intergaletic socitey.
socitey

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 THANK YOU

Thank You

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