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Energy Management for Internet of Things via Distributed Systems

Article  in  Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends · April 2021

DOI: 10.38094/jastt20285

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 Vol. 02, No. 02, pp. 59 –71 (2021)
ISSN: 2708-0757

JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS

www.jastt.org

Energy Management for Internet of Things via Distributed

Systems

Mohammed A. M.Sadeeq1, Subhi R. M. Zeebaree2

1
Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Iraq, [email protected]
2
Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Iraq, [email protected]

Abstract
The distributed energy system (DES) architecture is subject to confusion about renewable energy limits, primary energy supply and
energy carriers' costs. For the grid to use unreliable electricity sources, the end-user's on-demand presence in the intelligent energy
management context is essential. The participation of end-users could influence the management of the system and the volatility of energy
prices. By delivering auxiliary services using demand side-resource to increase system reliability, robust planning, constraint control and
scheduling, consumers may support grid operators. The optimized approach to managing energy resources enhances demand response
to renewable energy sources integrally, controls the demand curve with load versatility as the system requires it. The opportunity to
adjust/regulate the charging profile by choosing a particular device. This article discusses a literature and policy analysis that looks at the
role of energy management system aggregators and the end-users participating in subsidiary systems within Smart Grid programmers
and technologies. In the implementation of aggregators for energy management systems, the objective is to understand the patterns,
threats, obstacles and potential obstacles.
Keywords: Energy Management, Energy Consumption, Energy Transformation, IoT, Distributed Systems.
Received: February 9, 2021 / Accepted: April 14, 2021 / Online: April 17, 2021

renowned conventional computer advances. IoT attempts to

I. INTRODUCTION communicate with these self-governing gadgets in order to
In the past few years, (IoT) in towns, buildings, universities, create related information without human mediation. The IoT
warehouses, businesses, poultry, hospitals, and health centers happens when every day, recognizable objects are linked to
have penetrated most human living areas. [1, 2]. The network microchips [12, 13].
of (IoT) physical devices, vehicles, home equipment, and other
components are embedded into electronics, software, sensors, In the last 5-10 years, IoT platforms and services have changed
drives, and communication networks that allow these objects to with open-source hardware availability. The progress of this
collect and exchange data [3, 4]. Everything can be identified new technology is expected to begin. Students would have to be
uniquely by its incorporated machine but interact with the taught IoT principles and best accessible technologies, which
existing internet infrastructure [5]. The IoT enables objects to freely incorporate new technology into their work later on [14].
be detected or operated directly via existing network The LoRa WAN Standards-dependent middleware is a core
technology, enabling a closer connection between the real component of this IoT scheme [15]. The technology of Lora is
world and computer-based networks and enhancing used to link sensors beyond the internet spectrum to access
performance [6, 7]. points. The software is then chosen as opposed to the hardware
used. Moreover, data vary from system to system, so a "data
IoT is applicable in a large field of science and technology [8]. repository" is necessary if posted earlier rather than later for
They are used in computing, big data, smart cities, mobile reliability [16-18].
charging networks, smart monitoring, smart power systems,
water supply, environmental security, smart retail, smart supply
chain, online shopping [9-11]. The new IoT concept provides
an open door for creative applications that organize the

doi: 10.38094/jastt20285
 M.Sadeeq et al. / Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends Vol. 02, No. 02, pp. 59 –71, (2021)

Energy efficiency delivers long-term economic gains by automate, and track several processes [29]. The figure below
decreasing import/supply costs for fuel, generating energy, and shows some IoT use in different sectors [30].
reducing renewable emissions. Effective monitoring of real-
time power supply chain data plays an important role in
increasing demand generation. Optimizing energy storage
includes three primary parts: (I) energy sources that include
upstream refining processes; (II) energy transfer processes
involve energy storage and distribution systems; and (III)
energy demand within buildings and transport sector. energy
supply chains; distribution. [19, 20]. IoT uses sensors and
networking systems to detect and transfer real-time information
in fast computing and effective decision-making. IoT will also
turn the energy sector into a centralized, smart, and optimized
electricity grid. Automatic, integrate, and monitor processes
through IoT-based systems via communication technologies
and sensors [21]. Comprehensive data analysis and
sophisticated algorithms can help consumers and applications
track energy use trends and handle consumption better in
various time frames. [22-24]. Fig. 1. Internet of Things Applications [30]
The energy usage market incorporates a range of innovative
monitoring responses, including the Epi-Sensors, Wi-Lem, B. The architectural design of IoT
Wattsup, SATEC, Change Electric, Energy Metering An open architecture that uses open protocols to support
Advancement LTD, General Power, Mitsubishi, Siemens, and many existing network applications to provide scalability,
Schneider. Thus, many businesses supply emergency energy security, and semantic middleware to facilitate worldwide
management (EEM) software systems to break down collected Internet data convergence should provide an IoT architecture.
data, such as Resource Kraft, Google, e-view, and EFT Energy. IoT should then be a five-layer system as shown in fig 2 [31-33]:
By summarizing provisionally accepted procedures, which will Sensing and control layer: the basis for the design and
specify a general energy monitoring system using deployment, including RFID readers, smart sensor nodes, and
advancements in Internet technologies, a wired or wireless entry gateways [34]. A group of sensor nodes sensor the
system may be credited. Several parameters can be associated ambient information, pass it to the nearest gateway
accomplished to measure and estimate energy usage, suggesting and then transmit data from the internet to the network. The
harsh energy conditions of energy shortage (e.g., energy energy supply system consists of three primary parts: the energy
consumption, power factor, maximum and minimum voltage) sources included in upstream refining processes, (II) energy
[25-27]. transfer processes, and (III) the energy demand within buildings
This article covers IoT technologies from electricity generation and transport. Energy supply chains; distribution. Processing
layer: Reasoning, semantic analysis of sensing data, data query,
to Transmission and Distribution (T&D) and development on
data collection, analytical data, mining. Cloud computing could
the energy market. This paper's critical contribution is to widen
provide a powerful tool for data processing and sensing. It is an
current literature by exploring the possibilities and challenges
of applying IoT to energy regulators, researchers, energy integral part of the knowledge set. Application layer: The
specialists, and energy managers around the energy market. For application layer uses this data to provide users with various
services after data collection and analysis. The IoT software can
example, in intelligent buildings, IoT functions are addressed
without concentrating on typologies, building materials, be classified, Into network monitoring (logistics, regulation of
resident energy use behaviors, shape, and domestic equipment. emissions), control form (smart transport, intelligent home),
scanning type (motor bag, highway, no parking costs).
The rest of this work is organized as the following
background theory in section two. In section three, the energy
management Survey. All mentioned and reviewed researches
are compared and discussed in section four. Finally, in section
five, the conclusion of this work is presented.
II. BACKGROUND THEORY
A. IoT Applications
IoT technology uses are different because they can be
applied to almost any technology and can provide knowledge
about the intervention process, operation performance, and the
environmental variables that must be controlled and monitored
from a distance[28]. Today, several organizations in different
sectors and industries use this technology to minimize, create, Fig. 2. Internet of Things Architecture [31-33]
 M.Sadeeq et al. / Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends Vol. 02, No. 02, pp. 59 –71, (2021)

C. Resources and IoT components in the lifecycle, including design, development,

Automation of industrial processes, data acquisition, and implementation, and ultimate disposal. In different IoT
control systems have been standard in the power industry. The technology, the G-IoT cycle can be used, like RFID tags. The
early steps of IoT started by monitoring and controlling sensor nodes can also be used in wireless sensor networks in
installations and procedures to minimize the risk of a power sleeping mode and can only run when necessary. Methods for
supply breakdown or failure. Sustainability, performance, radio optimization can reduce node uses, such as modulation
environmental impacts, and maintenance are critical problems optimization or mutual collaboration. Besides, practical, energy-
for old power plants. The age and general maintenance problems efficient routing technologies may provide efficient solutions
of the electrical equipment contribute to high energy losses and such as multi-track routing or cluster architectures. Finally, the
unreliability. Suppose we use our IoT sensors to calculate power above methods and examples Reduce energy consumption for
plant efficiencies. In that case, the data transmitted will allow us the IoT [19, 39, 40].
to understand how the systems are working by detecting errors F. Smart Cities
or declines in energy performance [35, 36]. The compatibility of
intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind and solar Today, the vast population increase and overcrowding have
helps reduce the impacts of coal energy consumption [19]. created many global challenges, including air and water, access
to power, and the atmosphere. One of the big problems is to
D. Consumption of electricity provide safe, sustainable, and secure energy sources for
Previous studies found that renewable energy production and communities. Recent advances in emerging technology have
use significantly contribute to countries' economic and contributed to mobile, IoT-based applications to current
environmental activities. Green Energy's importance lies in its challenges in a smart city climate. Smart factories, smart houses,
ecologically favourable nature and is considered a more power plants, and farms can be linked in a city, and data on their
productive natural resource for healthy commercial, human and energy usage can be obtained at various hours a day [41]. In
ecological development. With countries strongly inclined to multiple processes, smart cities, transmitting and connectivity of
conserve the environment, environmental policy needs to information, intelligent recognition, deciding the location,
explore the causal connection between clean energy and mapping, security, emission control, and identity protection will
economic development. The long-term link between sustainable be handled using IoT technologies [42]. IoT technology can
energy usage and economic growth has been researched. in assist in the tracking of any object in a region. Sensors may be
previous studies. Therefore, the causal relationship between linked to homes, urban infrastructure, transport, electricity
renewable energy and environmental destruction is essential in networks, and services. This will support a smart city based on
countries that spend tremendous capital on renewing renewables continuous monitoring of data acquired from sensors. For
for better economic and environmental conditions [37]. example, street lights can be regulated for saving energy by
tracking vehicles with IoT. [43].
G. Intelligent Grid
Modern grids that use the safest and most efficient ICT to
track and optimize energy production, T&D, and use [44]. A
smart grid creates a cross-directional data flow for optimum
system monitoring and efficient energy supply by linking
multiple smart meters. In different sub-sectors of the energy
system, such as energy storage, home, transport, or careful
consideration, the intelligent grid operation should be
emphasized separately. Batteries are recharged in conventional
grids, adapters and power cables, and AC/DC inverters. These
batteries can be wirelessly charged in an intelligent grid via
inductive charging technology [43]. In an intelligent grid, end
users can determine the latest demand pattern by collecting data,
such as phones or electric cars, via an IoT network. The nearest
wireless battery charging station then assigns the necessary
charging time for the device/car. IoT can also improve battery
Fig. 3. Final Electricity consumption, World 1990-2018 [38] management and monitoring. So the electricity supply can be
changed first and secondly the power supply for These vehicles
E. Green IoT are excellent and reliable. [45]. It will significantly minimize
Energy utilization of IoT equipment is a big concern, unnecessary waste demand. Besides that, IoT may be applied in
unbelievably, shortly in the wide-scale use of these technologies individual islands or entities in different or microgrids,
has been expected. Millions of wired networks are in operation; particularly where energy is required at any time, without
for the internet, a great deal of energy is needed. The vast exception in databases. Both grid-related properties connect in
number of IoT equipment will also produce a great deal of these networks. Energy demand data are also available for any
electronic waste. Low carbon and efficient communication commodity. This relationship means that every time and
networks are needed. These factors luckily led to the emergence anywhere, the energy flow is fully regulated [46].
of (G-IoT). G-energy compelling IoT features are essential
 M.Sadeeq et al. / Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends Vol. 02, No. 02, pp. 59 –71, (2021)

H. Distributed Systems and Cloud computing that the algorithm should leave the device in an energy-neutral
Distributed structures should be flexible, involving state at the end of a particular period.
topography, organization or scale [47, 48]. The distributed Krishnamoorthy et al. [66] Proposed an IoT method that
system may face some problems and challenges because of the tracks load power usage and effectively saved electricity. IoT
protection, which is a big concern for the system [49, 50]. When could be used for various purposes, from home automation to
an unstable asset supplies a distributed system, fault tolerance sectors where real things are connected to a network from
is another issue in the distributed model [50]. Without due everywhere. The proposed project implements the Internet of
processes and procedures, the incorporation and deployment of Things (IoT) based energy management system, whereby
services become a problem [51]. Providing processing power information is obtained from an IoT automated meter and
over a network (internet) is advantageous for cloud computing displayed on an IT website. This device can be used to measure
[52-54]. For clients to transact business, they do not need the the environmental load data and store it in the IoT network.
services of massive, complex computers; rather, they may Bedi, Guneet, et al., [67] Created Elman's recurring neural
access cloud storage services depending upon their needs [55] network model and an exponential electrical power prediction
[56]. The basic equipment is routinely facilitated in vastly model in a building environment powered by IoT. The models
distributed systems using various virtualization practices to forecast the usage of electrical energy by an electrical load (1) in
achieve high scalability, availability, and agility [57]. However, which a relationship occurs between the net consumption of
cloud computing services' allocation serves as a study subject energy by the electrical loads in the building and the atmospheric
that led to groundbreaking algorithms and methods [58]. Cloud temperature and the building's occupancy; and (2) in which
computing is the field of highest interest for electrical energy consumption is predicted using the forecast
telecommunications professionals, with potential uses in mind temperature and schedule. The construction area under
[59]. The resource-assigning technique is important to consider consideration is the Real-Time Power and Intelligent Systems
mind-boggling communications among persons interested in Laboratory (RTPIS) combined with IoT devices and technology
using the ready-programs [60]. Conveyed in the various server for intelligent monitoring and control. Heating, ventilation, and
[61]. The key principles for running the ready programs inside air conditioning (HVAC) units and light panels are considered
electric loads. Comparisons are also rendered for the Elman
the system are the tools required for computations [62]. The
RNN and exponential models. These forecast capabilities help
client interpreted the operation, and this way prepared them to address electricity consumption variabilities by delivering
execute it [63]. When a client provides the customer with a electricity to meet electricity demands, reducing electricity loss,
service, it is an activity that leads to the development of a decreased carbon emissions, and cost savings.
procedure [64]. This sets the customer up to perform their
operations correctly. The CPU uses this resource to access the Lasso-Lopez et al. [68] Presented the development and
computer's memory [65]. deployment of an IoT prototype for energy monitoring,
established by a group of undergraduates studying the challenge-
III. ENERGY MANAGEMENT SURVEY based learning paradigm to strengthen their disciplinary and
Many scholars have discussed Energy Management and its interdisciplinary competence. This instructional approach helps
implementation frameworks in the last few years. In this section, students address a relevant challenge by applying new
the critical points of some of the latest research are discussed. technologies and effective methodologies. The users tested the
built prototype for six months. The findings demonstrate that by
Shen, Ruyin Zhang, et al., [20] Considered both IoT and recognizing energy efficiency problems in the laboratories, the
edge server systems. The edge server contains code blocks for prototype has brought advantages relative to the students who
the IoT platform and alleviates its minimal memory power by used the conventional learning model even from a theoretical
loading the IoT device blocks. Moreover, the IoT system can perspective.
extract electricity from environmental sources in order to
accomplish a sustainable process. One solution to the complex Almonacid-Olleros, et al., [69] There have been multiple
electrical issues suggested by the author is a block prefetching machine learning models tested to determine a photovoltaic
framework (BPF) to optimize user-friendly delays. The coalition (PV) system's behaviour and energy efficiency. The author also
supports the intelligent pre-historically cloud intelligent utilized several types of estimates for power to test
telecommunications infrastructure systems. The BPF contains a computational models of solar panel systems. This is operated
prediction module, a pre-precipitation module, and a dual data from a photovoltaic device installed to monitor the energy
learning module. The module requests blocks from the edge utilization (Spain). Computer models may be more effective
server depending on available memory and energy. The dual than analytical ones because learning time can vary, and it can
learning module tries to make the shift happen much faster. The be faster. Temporary windows are an effective method to
simulations are performed to test the ability of the proposed quantify time variation characteristics to enhance performance.
system. Avancini, Danielly BRodrigues, et al., [70] Built and actual
Garg, Ritu Garg, Neha[27] suggested a scheduling algorithm verified a low-cost smart meter solution for internet-based
to equilibrium the energy produced by SEH and the IoT node energy monitoring. It forwards the data collected by
energy consumption by the IoT node resulting in the balanced smartphones via Wi-Fi and collects them using an IoT
method. The proposed SWEH device's performance is superior middleware equipped with energy-management ability. The
to that of a single solar panel or wind turbine. These results show intelligent meter is automatically regulated as well as
 M.Sadeeq et al. / Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends Vol. 02, No. 02, pp. 59 –71, (2021)

electronically collected. To that end, Bluetooth, ZigBee, and automaton tag. The oscillator was intended to be driven by the
6LowPAN protocols (or 6LoWPAN RF4CE) will be enabled. discharged capacitances of the charge pump. The gated clock is
The Wi-Fi was used to understand the smart meter and the IoT's self-tuned to achieve a precise fit between its input and output
communication capability, then verify this. It can be automated impedances to improve circuit efficiency. The chip consists of
in an intelligent environment that requires control, such as a an integrated circuit with areas of 1.2 square meters
home automation system. implemented using TSMC process T18. This experiment with
the DSSC resulted in the maximum power conversion efficiency
Filios, Gabriel Katsidimas, et al. [71] Demonstrated the
(PCE) of 77% for converting electrical energy from the CFLs
platform and fueling protocol that allows energy accumulation, into the lamp's power. PCE of 70-100% can be met through a
storage capital, and load system usage to be controlled and range of lightness of 300 to 1300 lx. With the achieved broad
completely regulate the system energy inputs and outputs. As the input and output range and the maximum throughput of 200
energy management framework can be adapted remotely, based mW, the 77 per cent power conversion efficiency is the best
on tracking features, the author generates various harvest
power conversion efficiency ever reported in this research.
profiles to forecast the energy harvested. Similarly, the author
makes a charging device profile to forecast potential uses and to Sedighiani, Shima Singh, et al., [75] Presented the concept
approximate energy autonomy. The data method aims to balance and production of electromagnetic energy harvester sensor
current resources in terms of charge cycles and load (EHS) node and bicycle power control incorporated all-in-one
sustainability and export an energy model that the load device kit. An integrated coil within an IC package provides one to
can accept and manage. Drawing on the architecture parameters seven-and-a-half milliamps of power at eight to forty kilometres
mentioned, two energy harvesting ICs were simulated to decide per hour. Unlike standard EHS, the transceiver and sensor
whether they could be used with intelligent functions about modules' power supply path is separately provided from 1.8V,
potential energy and power usage forecasts for the proposed and the on-chip (MCU) of the MCU is operated below/below the
energy storage and power supply device. threshold. A low power control unit is developed in partnership
with MCU to maximize the harvester's capabilities (sense,
Han, Tao Muhammad, et al., [72] Concentrated on the needs operation, transmission). The simulation and study of the
of today's smart grids, homes, and businesses to build a deep,
electromagnetic EHS proposed in response to a time-changing
intelligent learning system for energy management. For short energy source indicate a major increase in our energy
periods, the author forecasts potential energy usage and provides availability and the scalability of our EHS compared with
good coordination between producers and customers. Key cutting-edge technologies. Lowering the size of the processor
contributions include sophisticated, real-time energy requires more energy storage capacitors than previous projects.
management-based devices via widespread cloud-based data
server monitoring, optimum technological standardization Haseeb, Khalid Ud Din, et al., [76] Proposed a system for
collection, and a novel sequence-based energy-predicting IoT-based wireless sensor networks (WSNs) as a smart
mechanism with reduced time complexity and lowest error rates. agriculture application comprising numerous architecture
The suggested systems apply to a typical cloud server in an IoT stages. First, farm sensors gather data and evaluate a collection
network connecting with the related smart grids to efficiently of cluster heads based on several parameters' decision-making
continue the phenomena of response and energy demand. The role. The signal's intensity is also calculated on the transmitting
author applies numerous preprocessing strategies to resolve connections by using the SNR to achieve reliable and effective
various electrical data characteristics, follows an appropriate data transmission. Second, data transmission from agricultural
short-term forecast decision-making algorithm, and implements sensors to base stations (BS) is assured using linear congruent
them on dependable resource-controlled instruments. Even for generator recurrence. The simulation findings show that the
residential and commercial data sets, the author does detailed suggested system has dramatically increased connectivity
experiments and witnesses 0.15 and 3.77 units reduced MSE and efficiency in network output by an average of 13.5%, a decrease
RMSE. of 38.5% in packets, a drop of 13.5% for network latency, 16%
for energy usage, and 26% for smart agriculture routing
Kumar, N Komal Sikamani, et al., [73] Effective dynamic overhead in contrast with other strategies.
control of household consumables using IoT has been
established. The full set-up involves an electronic metering Kiat, Wei-Pau Mok, et al. [77] proposed implementing an
computer, a billing system, LCDs, a base station control unit, a energy-efficient technique used in IoT applications to support
housing station, and a GSM communication module. The energy varying performance and energy trade-offs utilizing a reduced
and amount used will be shown on the LCD screen and instruction set computing (RISC) processor. The processor can
transmitted through the Household Station to the base station be reconfigured into pipeline mode and multi-cycle mode (high
through GSM. Without the individual having to check computer speed, at the cost of high dynamic power). Switching
periodically for meter readings, the machine also warns them between modes is done by taking advantage of the partial
through the mobile device pay for electricity. The device is reconfiguration (PR) function that modern FPGAs bring. A
comfortable and practical to use in domestic areas where RISC processor has been developed using the microarchitectural
electricity is healthy and comfortable for the enterprise and the level methodology and implemented as an IoT node on FPGA.
end-users. Experimental findings reveal that reconfigurable
microarchitecture enables IoT devices to consume less energy.
Yang, Ching-Cheng Pandey, et al., [74] proposed a new kind
of energy harvesting circuits. This unsolicited electronic counter Said, Omar Al-Makhadmeh, et al., [78] Introduced an IoT
includes an unsolicited electronic sensor to power an IoT Energy Management Scheme (EMS). Heterogeneous forms of
 M.Sadeeq et al. / Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends Vol. 02, No. 02, pp. 59 –71, (2021)

energy-controlled nodes are considered in this framework. Three research will explore the effects of power loads on the economic
techniques are used in the current EMS. The first approach benefit of solar microgrid systems. Hybrid solutions involving
decreases the number of data distributed through the IoT GREW and SCA have been primarily considered efficient
environment to a minimum. The second approach software the technology, which reduces generation costs. The total cost of
function of the IoT nodes of critical energy. The third approach generating power was found to increase by 50% when residential
offers a scenario of fault tolerance to fix imminent energy issues and non-residential loads were considered together. Here, the
facing IoT nodes. Finally, the proposed EMS is tested by the organization's balanced presence saved 9–17% of generation
NS2 network simulator to construct an intense IoT environment costs relative to its autonomous mode use. In summary, the
simulation. The simulation results demonstrated the efficiency Modified Grey Wolf Optimization-Sine Cosine Algorithm-
of the proposed EMS regarding the following performance Crow Search Algorithm (MGWOSCACSA) has been
parameters overridden the conventional IoT system: energy statistically verified against other algorithms.
usage, number of failed nodes because of lack of energy,
Jagtap, Shivam Gandhi, et al., [83] Deals with how to
throughput, and network life.
eliminate waste most effectively and inexpensively with
Arshad, Junaid Azad, et al. [79] proposed an intrusion multiple socioeconomic benefits. The management of the types
detection framework for energy-restricted IoT devices, which of waste would use various sensors and actuators for sensing the
form the basis of an industrial IoT (IIoT) ecosystem. The author volume and type of waste. This method helps save resources and
discusses various topology designs' strategies and feasibility, efficiency relative to the community's current waste
depending on the degree of top-down and bottom-up control. management system and cleanliness.
The author inspected the architecture of the Contiki operating
system and validated the proposed architectural design. The Aznavi, Sima Fajri, et al., [84] Presented a new Energy Price
research showed that the proposed architecture would reduce Tag (EPT) energy management architecture with linked energy
energy and coordination overheads while ensuring successful store networks to solve the everyday energy management issues
in the presence of sporadic applications. The suggested approach
intrusion detection for IIoT systems.
compensates for the resultant energy imbalance when an
Lork, Clement Li, et al. [80] Built a data-driven and risk- unpredicted intermittent occurs by spreading the stored energy
based approach to handling split-type inverter AC that depending on the energy storage systems' EPT. When
maximizes efficiency in residential buildings. First, information intermission is over, the energy control system changes its
from related ACs and residential units is aggregated as a minimal potential operating points on new terms. The suggested
imbalance in the data. Then, the Bayesian-Convolutional- framework's reliability is tested over a 24-hour cycle using an
Neural-Networks (BCNNs) are used to model the efficiency and energy management system for the average intelligent building.
variability of the ACs from aggregated data. Thus, this Q- The findings contrast with a simple approach, which does not
Learning-based, reinforcement learning algorithm is dedicated take EPT into account in managing intermittent systems. The
to set-point improvement. Second, a case study will be simulated findings comparison validates the suggested approach's
based on such a system to prove that the uncertainty-aware feasibility in cost-efficient energy planning of intelligent
agent's control behaviour performs well in terms of relief from building components before and after sporadic construction.
anxiety and profit optimization. The auto construction design's
efficiency can be changed by increasing and decreasing the level Lei, Jinyong Zhou, et al. [85] Proposed an energy
optimization approach for controlling the relationship between
of safety improvement.
the smart energy hub (SEH) and energy device consumers. In
Li, Wen-Tai Tushar, et al., [81] There are already studies to the system, IoT and energy storage are both considered. First,
achieve energy efficiency for the solar water heating system the SEH models and users are created. The benefit models would
(SWH) in a hospital building situated in Singapore. The author then be explored under the impact of energy storage. This paper
uses the data we have acquired from IoT to gather information is the Stackelberg game model, where the SEH serves as the
on the system's different environmental and operational aspects master and users obey. To solve the problem, a double-layer
under consideration, recognize opportunities for optimizing algorithm is proposed. Finally, a case is analyzed to check if the
various sub-systems' performance, and establish management procedure is right. The findings demonstrate that it can be used
mechanisms for the system's effective operation as a whole. in the integrated energy system for efficient energy storage, and
Using data gathered by IoT, we do an energy audit to evaluate IoT plays an essential role in sharing knowledge.
system components' efficiency and the entire system's
performance. Based on the organization's data, appropriate Yu, Xiangbin Chu, [86] An energy efficiency (EE),
control strategies for the different sub-systems are employed to optimization of IoT distributed antenna system with
increase the overall system's performance and reduce the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT)
running costs of the SWH. A control mechanism is demonstrated technology over fading networks, has been investigated in which
IoT systems are fitted with power splitters for integrating
at the SWH site.
processes of energy harvesting and information decoding by
Dey, Bishwajit, et al. [82] optimized the scheduling of a changing transmitting power of each distributed antenna port
distributed low-voltage utility connected microgrid system for and power split according to the EE review, the optimization
distributed energy resources (DERs) is conducted. DERs include problem is formulated to optimize the EE system, with
coal-fired power plants. Different legislated commandments are restriction of maximum transmission capacity and minimum
considered in choosing dispatch units. Residential buildings extracted energy for each Distributed Antenna (DA) port. By
commonly sustain their loads during working hours. This studying the objective problem's configuration, a PA issue can
 M.Sadeeq et al. / Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends Vol. 02, No. 02, pp. 59 –71, (2021)

predict the EE optimization problem that combines transmission dwelling to optimally develop an off-grid hybrid PV-solar
power allocation (PA) with a power splitting (PS) problem. diesel-battery system for electrification of residential buildings
Based on this, the author has recommended an optimum division into arid environments. This proposed HRES would first be
of resources without iteration to achieve the desired PA and PS modelled by a MATLAB in-house code based on the multi-agent
ratios. system principle and then adapted, according to the reliability
level and renewable energy penetration, by minimizing total net
Ashiquzzaman, Akm Lee, et al., [87] Reinforcement present cost (TNPC) costs. Following HOMER software
Learning (RL) is used to create the next generation of IoT
validation, more techno-economic analysis is carried out,
devices and create power conservation. A closed grid multi- including a sensitive review, taking various battery technologies
sensor resource power management for sensor resource usage into account. The findings revealed the following changes when
has been implemented. Our proposed Deep Q learning model integrating the planned DSM: RF = 100% decreases energy
helps IoT devices to save power. This paper only focuses on the demand and TNPC by 7% and 18%, respectively, in contrast
promising performance of the energy-efficient sensor calibration
with the single application of supply-side control.
and simulation results.
Wang, Lu Jiang, Difei [92] proposed a concept scheme for
Nguyen, Vanh Khuyen Sheng, et al., [88] The new intelligent building thermal energy consumption control under
developments in the internet of things, artificial intelligence, and IoT. The implementation measures are as follows: (i) Create a
distributed ledger technology have been built together to create structural study and composition of the smart monitoring
more efficient and intelligent energy storage and energy trading framework for buildings' thermal energy consumption. (ii) For
infrastructure in Australia. The platform involves cost-effective
the acquisition of data and real-time data processing for
IoT devices that can quickly be assimilated, such as smart buildings' thermal energy, the DSP integrated signal processor is
inverters and sockets connected to already installed devices or used to complete the acquisition and data conversion of thermal
renewable sources of power in order to create a smartphone app radiation information. (iii) Create an IoT energy usage
for intuitive energy consumers to evaluate, program power and
information control module and create a wireless sensor network
monitor and exchange electricity in real-time to improve energy model for monitoring energy consumption to track buildings'
efficiency. consumption of thermal energy intelligently.
Saxena et al. [89] presented a new type of IoT-based Raiker, Gautam A Umanand, et al., [93] Introduced a
agriculture system using a wireless sensor network (WSN). framework that allows the user to track and manage his loads
Different sensors are disposed of irregularly in a given area. from a single platform. The framework uses the Internet of
Every sensor can sense the data from the environment, collect it, Things (IoT) and Cloud Database principles to make the
and transfer it to the IoT server. This new system is sound in demand-side energy management platform more user-friendly
comparison to other systems because of its advantages. With this
and intuitive. Non-intrusive Load Control (NILM) is used
system's help, task scheduling, agricultural system monitoring, instead of sensors on each Power Socket Outlet for load
and watering program are now more efficacious because the
disaggregation. Disaggregated Load data is saved in the
cloud can schedule all upcoming tasks and events to the system. Realtime Database of Google Firebase for quick access from
The system can automatically schedule any event based on the smartphones or the internet. The consumers still have Load
collected information. Agriculture can be made more accurate Control from the same network, which completes the Load
and productive by adopting this agricultural production system. Energy Management loop.
Hossain, Md Liton Abu-Saida, et al., [90] Suggested a more Golpîra, et al., [94] In the presence of transferred loads, an
straightforward Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation efficient IoT energy management (EM) platform has been
(SVPWM) for proportional integrals (PI) to eliminate ripples of implemented for general delivery networks in Smart Cities
the output waveform, overcome the problem of the voltage
(SCs). The system's judgment is ideally communicated between
balance and produce improved output waveforms. Wind energy its two primary layers; a "core cloud" and the "boundary clouds."
conversion system (WECS), on the other hand, experiences The EM of a microgrid (MG), which is shielded by an edge
various types of failures, particularly in the dc-link condenser cloud, is directly carried out by its operator and is responsible
and power converter switching units. These errors will lead to
for optimizing the central cloud's EM by the Distribution System
catastrophic failures of the WECS and continuity of power
Operator (DSO). The adjustment to the load usage schedule for
supply unless detected and rectified at the early stages. A new borders and their peak load hours, based on market energy
algorithm in the proposed PI-based SVPWM controller is prices, leads to reduced cloud running costs. With MG
proposed in this paper to locate the fault position in the power aggregators' maximal trade capacity, the DSO optimizes the
converter. Since several wind turbines are installed in remote or overall network running costs to optimize power storage
offshore areas, the WECS system monitoring must be planning by using input parameters for the core cloud
established by IoT to ensure the system's efficiency. This work
optimization issue. The energy storage costs are lower energy
presented to track the state of WECS in a real-time environment prices through consumer buying power and discharged at high
using an industrial IoT algorithm with an associated hardware energy prices to meet network requirements and meet edge
prototype. clouds' energy requirements. As a result, the DSO and the MGs
Mokhtar, Charafeddine Negrou, et al., [91] Presented an use the moving loads and energy storage to fulfil the energy
innovative solution by merging demand and supply management balance at a minimal cost.
(DSM) to optimize the particulate swarm and use a traditional
 M.Sadeeq et al. / Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends Vol. 02, No. 02, pp. 59 –71, (2021)

Carli, Raffaele, et al., [95] an IoT-based architecture that studying theirs. Table 1 illustrates the comparison among all
would use Model Predictive Control MPC in particular reviewed works. The project should include a comparison of the
environments. A new algorithm has been devised to consider success and commonalities in the methodology of electricity
thermal needs and energy consumption in a closed-loop fashion. management. The researcher used the Implemented Field
All of the sub-systems for sensing, controlling, and actuating are method, the Research Used Tools and Technique, and the
connected to the internet, and end-users are ensured a remote Significant Satisfied Aims approach to analyze the results.
interface with the AC controller. Besides, this is something
commendable in Islam as, according to the legal rule,
"prevention is better than cure" and "there should be neither It is evident from the table that some researcher depended
harm nor reciprocating injury." An Internet of Things based directly on the Residential field. In contrast, another work in the
control architecture is introduced and tested in a proof-of- Industry field, rather than the remaining researchers, worked in
concept building in the Polytechnic of Bari, Italy. The proposed IoT devices, Agriculture, Smart city, Smart grids, and
control algorithm is tested in a real-life scenario testing both Communication. Depending on the scientific area of Energy
energy savings and thermal comfort. Neutral Plan Scheduling Algorithm, Deep Learning, and Elman
(RNN) Model, Deep Q learning, Reinforcement learning, the
Ahrarinouri et al. [96] Explored a multi-agent reinforcement researcher uses an important technique. Another method is used,
approach to energy conservation in residential areas. Defining such as the Challenge-based Learning Model, Energy
the multi-agent system not only raises the scope for independent management via controllable IoT devices, wireless sensor
component demand response systems but also accelerates networks (WSN). Using this methodology and techniques, both
estimates. We use Q-learning to find the best solution for the researchers have strong structures, frames, and functions in
given issue of residential energy management. Besides, a different fields like Industry, Building, Commercial and public
scenario-based approach of actual data and correct density services communication, Smart city. However, researchers'
functions are used to resolve uncertainties. Deterministic and trend has been oriented for modern Energy Management fields.
stochastic numerical simulations justified the feasibility and
robustness of the proposed approach. The simulated findings TABLE I. ENERGY MANAGEMENT WITH IOT IN DIFFERENT SECTOR
demonstrate that using the proposed strengthening approach Researcher Implemente Tools and Significant
contributes to lower prices for customers than traditional energy d Field Technique Used Satisfied Aims
management systems focused on optimization.
Shen, Ruyin IoT devices Block Request proposed a block
Lu, Qing Lü, et al., [97] Household energy control focused Zhang, et al., Model, Prefetching prefetching
[20] and Caching framework,
on a smart home energy hub (SREH) whose electricity and Model, Delay and wherein an
natural gas inputs are designed for modern households. The Energy energy-
physical features and household expectations suggest pertinent Consumption harvesting
energy-use equipment models as well as management Model, Energy powered sensor
Queue Model, can request data
techniques. To distribute energy supply in the SREH, there is a blocks from an
multi-objective optimization challenge, providing schedules for edge server.
energy-use equipment in addition to categorized standard
Garg, Ritu IoT devices KL-SUN3W (KL Proposed a
equipment. Six kinds of unknown actions are modelled as sub- Garg, solar company), scheduling
objectives in a comfort deviation. The ultimate aim is to Neha[27] Energy Neutral algorithm for
minimize energy consumption and the deviation of comfort. Plan Scheduling balance the
Four case studies are then provided to validate the proposed Algorithm. energy produced
by SWEH and an
model's feasibility, which increases the sub-objective meaning. IoT node energy
The real actions of household consumers finally demonstrate the consumption
solidity of the model. To optimize decision-making, sensitivity resulting in the
analysis on the starting time distribution, weighting variables, energy-neutral
method.
and the number of unknown scenarios are carried out.
Krishnamoort Industry, cortex-4 32b A proposed
Yu, Qingguang Jiang, [98] Design and implementation of the hy et al., [66] smart home MCU, GSM/GPRS system for
IoT control strategy in smart microgrid based on the NEZB were Module, ARM energy
proposed. The framework of the intelligent supervisory control Controller, Relay management
driver, Wireless based on the
and data acquisition (SCADA) system was planned for the transceiver. technology of
online control of energy usage and climate parameters. The (IoT).
power management regulation strategy was introduced. Finally,
Bedi, Guneet, Building (RTPIS), Elman Created Elman's
the planned smart microgrid control strategy is implemented in et al., [67] (RNN) Model, recurring neural
the NEZB actual project. Software network model
Platforms: online and an
IV. DISCUSSION Audacity Interface, exponential
and MATLAB, electrical power
BACnet Protocol. prediction model
From the previous section, it can be seen that researchers have in a building
employed different types of techniques in several fields. environment
powered by IoT.
Investors have issued a list of their recommendations upon
 M.Sadeeq et al. / Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends Vol. 02, No. 02, pp. 59 –71, (2021)

Lasso-Lopez, laboratory Challenge-based Presented the loads sensors, power control

et al., [68] Learning Model, development and transceiver. integrated kit.
IoT Energy deployment of an
Monitoring IoT prototype for Haseeb, agricultural wireless sensor Proposed a
System. energy Khalid Ud networks, base system for IoT-
monitoring. Din, et al., stations. based wireless
[76] sensor networks
Almonacid- Building, deep learning An IoT system (WSNs) as a
Olleros, et al., industry models, CNN, and a data-driven smart agriculture
[69] KNN, LSTM, and approach to wind application
random forest forecast have comprising
been described. numerous
architecture
Avancini, Smart home, Universal Built and actual stages.
Danielly smart Asynchronous validation of a
BRodrigues, building Receiver/Transmit low-cost smart Kiat, Wei-Pau IoT devices micro-architectural Introduced a
et al., [70] ter (UART), meter solution Mok, et al., FPGA, (analog reconfigurable
a Wi-Fi radio, for IoT-based [77] sensor) or GPIO micro-
radio node MCU, energy (digital sensor), 5- architectural
Bluetooth focused monitoring. stage 32-bit MIPS level technique to
on IoT application, Instruction Set provide support
ZigBee or Architecture (ISA) for IoT
6LoWPAN compatible applications with
processor, varying
Filios, Gabriel IoT devices Ambient energy Demonstrated the (ZigBee). performance and
Katsidimas, et harvesting, platform and energy trade
al., [71] wireless power fueling protocol criteria via a
transfer, that allows Reduced
Microcontroller energy Instruction Set
MCU, accumulation, Computing
storage capital (RISC)
and load system processor.
usage to be
controlled and Said, Omar Al IoT Sensors, RFID Introduced an
completely Makhadmeh, environment IoT Energy
regulate the et al., [78] Management
system energy Scheme (EMS).
inputs and Heterogeneous
outputs. forms of energy-
controlled nodes
Han, Tao Commercial Deep Learning, Proposed a deep are considered in
Muhammad, and public Energy learning-based this framework.
et al., [72] services management via framework for
communicati controllable IoT intelligent energy Arshad, Industry device-level Proposed
on devices, Energy management. Junaid Azad, detection module, Intrusion
consumption et al., [79] Message Queuing Detection
prediction. Telemetry Framework for
Transport (MQTT) Energy-
Kumar, N smart Arduino Mega, Effective protocol. Restricted IoT
Komal buildings Arduino Uno, dynamic control Devices, which
Sikamani, et Current and of household form the basis of
al., [73] Voltage Sensor, consumables an Industrial IoT
Real-Time Clock using IoT has (IIoT) ecosystem.
(RTC), LCD and been established.
GSM, Lork, Clement residential Bayesian- Proposed a data-
Li, et al., [80] Convolutional- driven approach
Yang, Ching- IoT devices The solar driver Proposed a new Neural-Networks, to managing
Cheng and low dropout efficient energy Q-learning-based split-type
Pandey, et al., regulator circuits, harvesting device reinforcement inverter ACs for
[74] Bandgap reference with a cross- learning algorithm residential
circuit, controller, coupled charge buildings.
Maximum power pump for a
point tracking flexible dye- Li, Wen-Tai residential The IoT-based Developed a
(MPPT) Circuit, sensitized solar Tushar, et al., monitoring system, variety of control
Output hysteresis cell to power a [81] Solar irradiance systems to make
control circuit, battery-less IoT. sensor, Flowmeter, inefficient sub-
cross-coupled Tag. Temperature systems more
charge pump sensor, Status efficient Leaders
Circuit. sensor. of SWH.

Sedighiani, industry microcontroller Presented the Dey, residential Modified Verified

Shima Singh, (MCU), voltage concept and Bishwajit, et Greywolf (MGWOSCACS
et al.,[75] delivery, storage production of the al., [82] Optimization, A) algorithms.
elements, control Electromagnetic Crow Search
unit, electronic Energy Harvester Algorithm, Sine
sensor (EHS) Cosine Algorithm.
node and bicycle
 M.Sadeeq et al. / Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends Vol. 02, No. 02, pp. 59 –71, (2021)

Jagtap, Smart city Ultrasonic Sensor, Deals with the wireless sensor
Shivam Moisture Sensor, idea of waste networks (WSN).
Gandhi, et al., GSM Module, control and the
[83] intelligent waste Hossain, Md industry global packet radio Suggested a
management Liton Abu- service (GPRS), simpler space
system with Siada, [90] Arduino IDE, vector pulse
larger Adafruit FONA width modulation
socioeconomic Library (AFL), (SVPWM) for
advantages. Software Serial proportional
Library (SSL), and integrals (PI) to
Aznavi, Sima Smart Controller, sensor Presented a new Liquid Crystal eliminate the
Fajri, et al., buildings Energy Price Tag Library (LCL) output waveform
[84] (EPT) energy ripples,
management overcome the
architecture with voltage balance
linked energy problem, and
store networks to produce
solve the improved output
everyday energy waveforms.
management
issues in sporadic Mokhtara, residential MATLAB code Presented an
applications. Charafeddine innovative
Negrou, et al., solution by
Lei, Jinyong industry Stackelberg game, Proposed an [91] merging demand
Zhou, et al., two-layer energy and supply
[85] distributed optimization management
optimization approach for (DSM) to
method controlling the optimize the
relationship particulate
between the swarm and use a
smart energy hub traditional
(SEH) and dwelling.
energy device
consumers. Wang, Lu residential DSP integrated proposed a
Jiang, Difei signal processor, concept scheme
Yu, Xiangbin communicati Optimal Scheme An energy [92] real-time for intelligent
Chu, [86] on and Algorithm, efficiency (EE), information building thermal
Optimal Allocation optimization of processing, energy
Algorithm, IoT distributed intelligent wireless consumption
antenna system gateway, wireless control under IoT
with sensor network
simultaneous model.
wireless
information and Raiker, industry Texas Instruments Introduced a
power transfer Gautam A make framework that
(SWIPT) Umanand, et MSP430F67641, allows the user to
technology over al., [93] WIFI + track and manage
fading networks, Microcontroller his loads from a
has been (MCU) SoC Unit single platform.
investigated. CC3200,(NILM)
Algorithm.
Ashiquzzama IoT devices Deep Q learning, a new style of
n, Akm Lee, Reinforcement power Golpîra, et al., Smart city Microgrid In the presence
et al., [87] learning conservation has [94] aggregator (MGA), of transferred
been explored distribution system loads, an
operator (DSO). efficient IoT
Nguyen, Vanh Smart grids Smart Solar Build a mobile energy
Khuyen Energy interface to management
Sheng, et al., Management, provide energy (EM) platform
[88] Technological users with has been
Feasibility intuitive implemented for
Verification, analytics, general delivery
Distributed Energy programmable networks in
Trading. power, and real- Smart Cities
time energy (SCs).
tracking and Carli, Smart IoT based control Proposed IoT-
trading to boost Raffaele, et Buildings system based
their energy al., [95] architecture, IoT architecture to
quality. based control incorporate
system Heating
architecture. Ventilation and
Saxena et al., agriculture Global Positioning Demonstrated the Air Conditioning
[89] System (GPS), feasibility of an (HVAC), Model
Wireless sensor IoT-based Predictive
networks (WSN) agriculture Control (MPC)
system using systems in
 M.Sadeeq et al. / Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends Vol. 02, No. 02, pp. 59 –71, (2021)

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