EFFECTS OF PARENTING STYLE TO THE ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN

PALAYAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL.

Introduction:

Parenting style has long been recognized as a key factor in the

development of children's behavior and academic achievement. A variety of

parenting styles have been identified, including authoritative, authoritarian,

permissive, and neglectful. These styles differ in their degree of control and

warmth, which can have significant implications for a student's academic

performance. While numerous studies have examined the relationship between

parenting style and academic achievement, there is still a need for further research

to understand the mechanisms underlying this relationship. Therefore, this study

aims to investigate the effects of parenting style on the academic performance of

senior high school students in Palayan City National High School. Specifically,

the study will examine how parenting styles impact academic motivation, self-

efficacy, and engagement, which are important predictors of academic success.

The findings of this study could inform parenting interventions aimed at

promoting positive academic outcomes for students.Review of Related Literature

Parenting style is a pattern of attitudes and authority that are conveyed to

the child, creating the emotional context for parent behavior (Leung & Kit Man,

2023)

Parents are the primary caregivers and influencers in the life of a child,

and their parenting style can have a lasting impact on their brain development.

Positive parenting can foster healthy brain development, while negative parenting

can lead to stress, anxiety, and depression. It is important to provide a safe and

supportive environment that encourages healthy brain development to ensure a

child's full potential (Athena, 2023)

Every parent has a different approach to how to interact and guide their

children. Different researchers have identified four main types of parenting style:

authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved. Each parent will fall into

one of these types and sometimes have some characteristics from another

category. Parenting style can also be situation-dependent. (Sanvictores T,

Mendez MD, 2022)

The ideal parenting style may vary depending on the child's personality,

temperament, and developmental stage. Research has consistently shown that

authoritative parenting is generally considered to be the most effective parenting

style for promoting positive outcomes in children.(Larrazabal, 2023)

beneficial for children's development, but sensitivity to cultural and contextual

variations has increased. (Smetana, 2022)

An authoritative parenting style is characterized by high responsiveness

and expectations, while setting limits and enforcing boundaries. (Li, 2023)

Authoritative parenting balances clear rules and expectations with warmth,

support, and guidance. This approach fosters independence, responsibility, strong

relationships, open communication, academic success, and the prevention of

behavioral problems. (Larrazabal, 2023)

Parenting styles can play a part in academic achievement and motivation.

(kendra cherry, 2022)

Modern society is increasingly placing a great emphasis on parenting

styles, which can lead to mental health problems in adolescents. (Junting liang,

2023)

Authoritarian parents are strict disciplinarians and expect their children to

obey their rules without questioning. Authoritarian parents may use expressions

such as “You will do that, because I say so”. These behaviours may cause the

adolescent to be dependent and rebellious. Authoritarian parenting is a strict

parenting style that puts high expectations on children with little responsiveness

and focuses on obedience, discipline, control, and problem-solving instead of

nurturing the child. Mistakes are punished harshly and feedback is usually

negative. (Dann Brennan MD, 2021)

and do not have high expectations. This can lead to children being spoiled and

expecting to be given priority, which can lead to egocentric behaviours.

(kosterelioglu, 2018)

Uninvolved parenting also called as neglectful parenting, a style of

parenting where children receive little guidance, discipline, and nurturing, leaving

them to make decisions on their own. (Higuera, 2019)

This article examines the typology of authoritarian, permissive, and

authoritative parenting styles in relation to adolescent school performance.

Results from a sample of San Francisco Bay Area high school students showed

that authoritarian parenting was positively associated with grades, while

permissive parenting was negatively correlated with grades. Authoritarian

parenting was a stronger association with grades than the other two parenting

styles, except among Hispanic males, and the full typology best predicted grades

among white students. Pure authoritative families had the highest mean estimates,

while inconsistent families that combine authoritarian parenting with other

parenting styles had the lowest. (Dornbusch, Ritter, Leiderman, and Fraleigh,

2018)

Authoritative parenting requires high performance from a child, but also

provides high support (Li, 2019). Authoritarian parenting includes high

requirements like authoritative parenting, but the difference is the lack of support

provided (Li, 2019). These parents will be very demanding, but not encouraging
when a personal relationship is needed. Permissive parents will not be very strict

but will be very compassionate with their kids (Li, 2019). These parents are more

like friends than authoritative figures. Lastly, uninvolved parents provide no rules,

nor any support (Li, 2019). The present study is designed to understand which of

these styles is strongly associated with college academic success. The expected

results include authoritative parenting leading to higher GPA’s combined with

high support on how to get there would propel someone to be able to reach their

full potential. (Weicker, 2022)

Self-efficacy is essential for the psychological development of

adolescents, and research is needed to understand the relationship between

parenting styles and academic performance. (Hamid Masud,Muhammad Shakil

Ahmad,Farzand Ali Jan,Ahmad Fadli Jamil, 2018)

Every parent has a different approach to how to interact and guide their

children. Different researchers have identified four main types of parenting style:

authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved. Each parent will fall into

one of these types and sometimes have some characteristics from another

category. Parenting style can also be situation-dependent. (Mendez MD, 2022)

The rapid spread of COVID-19 has a profound impact on the daily

lives of children and their families worldwide (Brooks, 2020; Graber, 2021;

Nicomedes & Avila, 2020; Wang, Zhang, Zhao, Zhang & Jiang, 2020; Zhang,

2021).
 During the COVID-19 pandemic, parenting styles were significantly

correlated with the psychological and physical stresses experienced by children.

Punishance had a significant correlation with increased stress, while warm and

permissive parenting styles had positive correlations with increased good

behavioral traits and behaviors. Social support enhanced mothers' self-esteem and

positive perceptions among children, providing important clues to support

families. (Mochida, Sanada, Lee, Takaoka, Ando & Sakakihara, 2022).

Modern society is increasingly placing a great emphasis on parenting

styles, which can lead to mental health problems in adolescents. (Liang, 2023).

Parents strive to help their children reach their full potential, with some being

intentional and others having a relaxed attitude. This study examines the effect of

parenting styles on academic success in college.( Weicker, 2022).

Vac Parents bring unique traits and qualities to the parenting relationship

that affect their decisions, such as age, gender identity, personality, developmental

history, beliefs, knowledge about parenting and child development, and mental

and physical health. Those with more agreeable, conscientious, and outgoing

personalities are better able to respond positively and provide a more consistent,

structured environment for their children. (Lang and Deiner,2018).

Recently, online learning has been broadened to support learners’ learning

processes. Attention has been given to academic self-efficacy (ASE) in

educational psychology as an influential factor to enhance academic performance.

(Yokoyama, 2019). (Albulescu, Vicențiu Labar, Manea, Stan, 2023). Emphasized

developmental needs of children and eventually improving their quality of life is

frequently treated in the literature. Despite there being many studies that

examined the relationship of parenting styles and academic performance, there is

a lack of measurement of the relationship in the Romanian sample.

(Masud, Mufarrih, Qureshi, Khan, Khan, 2019) Stated that academic

performance is among the several components of academic success. Many factors,

including socioeconomic status, student temperament and motivation, peer, and

parental support influence academic performance. 1(2018)Furthermore parents

exert a strong influence on their children's diet. While authoritative parenting

style is linked to healthier weight and dietary outcomes in children, and

authoritarian and permissive parenting styles with unhealthy eating, little is

known about the mechanisms that mediate these relationships. Feeding styles are

often examined in relation to child diet, but they do not consider the social and

physical environmental contexts in which dietary behaviors occur.

Parental involvement in school is a key factor for children's academic

outcomes. A study of 498 parents/ guardians whose children attended second and

hird grades in 16 public elementary schools in Chile suggested the existence of

three different profiles of parental involvement (high, medium, and low). Results

showed that there are differences in children's Academic achievement between the

parental involvement profiles, indicating that children whose parents have a low

involvement have lower academic achievement. (Sarcostti, 2019)

This study aims to investigate the effects of parenting style on the

academic performance of students. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following

research questions:

1. What is the academic performance of senior high school students of Palayan

City National High School with different types of parenting styles?

2. How do different parenting styles affect the academic performance of Senior

High School students of Palayan City National High school?

3. What are the factors that may mediate or moderate the relationship between

parenting style and academic performance?

Significance of the Study

This study aims to provide valuable information on how parenting style

affects the academic performance of students. It sought to the significance of the

following:

Students. This study will benefits student because they will able to understand

what kinds of parenting style their parent’s used and how it affects to their

academic performance.
PARENTS. This study will benefits parent because by understanding the impact

of different parenting styles on their children's academic performance. This

knowledge can help them make informed decisions about how to interact with

their children and provide the necessary support to enhance their academic

achievements.

Educators/Teachers. Educators can also benefit from this study as it helps them

understand the factors that influence student performance. By understanding the

impact of parenting style, educators can work with parents to create an

environment that promotes academic success.

Policy maker. The result of this study will benefit policymakers because they can

use this research to develop policies that support parents and educators in

promoting positive parenting styles that can enhance academic performance. By

focusing on evidence-based strategies, policymakers can help to improve

educational outcomes for all students.

Future Researcher. The result of this study will also benefits the future

researcher because it can serve as a related literature for who plan to explore the

same topic.
Scope and Limitation

This study focused on the effects of parenting style to the academic

performance of senior high school students in Palayan City National High School.

The study was conducted during the school year 2022 – 2023. The participants

were randomly selected senior high school students.

Senior high school students were examine. They we’re the participants of

the study.

The research focused on the result of student’s performance and behavior

inside the school that parenting style affecting their academic performance and

this became the basis of the study.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Parenting. The process of raising and nurturing a child, including providing

physical care, emotional support, and guidance in social and cognitive

development.

Authoritarian Parenting. A parenting style characterized by high levels of

demandingness but low levels of responsiveness, in which parents set strict rules

and expectations but show little warmth or emotional support for their children.

Authoritative Parenting. A parenting style characterized by high levels of

responsiveness and demandingness, in which parents establish clear rules and

children.

Permissive Parenting. A parenting style characterized by low levels of

demandingness and high levels of responsiveness, in which parents show warmth

and support for their children but do not set clear rules or expectations.

Neglectful Parenting. A parenting style characterized by low levels of both

demandingness and responsiveness, in which parents are emotionally and

physically unavailable and provide little guidance or support for their children.

Academic Motivation. The drive and desire to engage in academic activities,

including studying, learning, and achieving academic goals.

Self-Efficacy. The belief in one's own ability to successfully accomplish a task or

achieve a goal.

Parental Involvement. The level and extent of parents' active participation and

engagement in their children's academic activities, including monitoring,

assisting, and supporting their academic progress.

Mediation. The process through which a third variable or factor explains or

modifies the relationship between two other variables, in this case, the

relationship between parenting style and academic performance.

The chapter describes the methods of research design. the respondents of

the study.

Methods and Design

In this chapter, the research design that the researchers will be using is

Phenomenological Design. The respondents that are needed in order to

accomplish this study is clearly described and the data treatment is also presented.

Qualitative Design

This study will be using Phenomenological design to analyze the meaning

behind those experiences of the chosen respondents. This design will focus on

obtaining descriptions of the subjects’ or respondents’ lived experiences either in

written or through interviews.

Locale

The respondents will be the students of Palayan City National High

School, Baranggay Atate, Palayan City, Nueva Ecija.

The study will use a questionnare to collect data from the students. The

questionnare will consist of three sections: (a) demographic information, (b)

parenting style, and (c) academic performance.

Population

The respondents of the study are the chosen senior high school students of

Palayan City National High School who has the highest and lowest averags.The

sampling procedure to determine the sample size of the respondents is cluster

sampling. Charlie Charlie Orbania In this chapter, the research design that the

researchers will be using is Phenomenological Design. The respondents that are

needed in order to accomplish this study is clearly described and the data

treatment is also presented.