The Development of Portable Water Filter with the Addition of Capsicum

annuum ground leaf

Monique Danielle Acuat, Jemaica Bonilla, Daniella Mae Castillo, Jefferson Lopez, Casey Mabalot, Anne Beverly
Denise Mones, Ivan Richardson Poquiz, Heart Lipang and Jarviel Clein Carino
University of the Cordilleras, Senior High School

Abstract

Access to clean drinking water is a critical global issue, with millions of people lacking access to safe drinking
water. Waterborne diseases, caused by pathogenic microorganisms, are a leading cause of mortality worldwide. In
response, there has been a growing interest in developing affordable and portable water filtration systems that can
effectively remove harmful pathogens and make water safe for consumption. The researchers aim to develop a
portable anti-microbial water filter that could effectively remove pathogenic microorganisms from contaminated
water. Through a series of laboratory test trials and water bacteriology tests, the researchers evaluated the
performance of the filter design and analyzed using t-test to compare if there is a significant difference. Findings
show that there is no significant difference in terms of pH test, TDS test, and MPN test between the water sample
from the filter without Capsicum annuum and water sample from the filter with Capsicum annuum. It is suggested
to improve the filter’s anti-microbial component in order to proceed with the study further. The researchers
believe that the filter design has a significant potential to improve access to clean water particularly in
resource-limited settings if study would be taken furthermore.

Keywords: Pepper leaves(Capsicum annuum), Water filter, Antimicrobial, Portable, and Compartmentalized filter
design.

INTRODUCTION Technology has a huge impact in modern

life, and affects almost every aspect of the 21st
Water is a basic right that every person has, century. It has allowed access to many things that
however, billions of people do not have access to would have otherwise been harder to acquire or
safe drinking water. In the Philippines, 1 out 10 establish in the past; it has given people access to
people do not have access to improved water improved communication, better information access,
sources. In 2016, one of the top causes of death was access to services, and especially aids in helping
acute watery diarrhea, which claimed over 139,000 people with labor (Turner, 2023).
lives. (World Health Organization, 2019)
One issue that has been a concern in recent
Peppers, often referred to as Capsicum
years is the affordability of technological devices,
annuum, are a common fruit utilized in many
especially for essential products like water filters.
different cuisines all over the world. Pequin pepper
Water filters are devices that remove impurities from
leaves were discovered to contain high
water, making it safe for human consumption. With
concentrations of phenolic compounds, flavonoids,
access to clean and safe drinking water being a basic
and carotenoids. These chemicals are known for
human need, the affordability of water filters is a
their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities.
pressing concern.
It was discovered that the leaves had antibacterial
properties against several bacterial and fungal In recent years, the prices of water filters
species (Lugo-Cervantes & Yahai, 2013). Chili have been steadily increasing, making them
pepper leaves exhibit moderate antimicrobial unaffordable for many people, especially in
activity against certain pathogenic bacteria, with the developing countries. This rise in prices can be
highest inhibition being observed against attributed to various factors, including the cost of
Staphylococcus aureus (Abilgos-Ramos et al., 2017). production, transportation, and marketing (Bartram
et al., 2019). Additionally, the increased demand for
water filters, especially in regions where water The study was inspired by impoverished
scarcity is prevalent, has also contributed to the price people's inability to purchase expensive electrical
hike. According to a report by the WHO, an water purifiers, as well as numerous situations or
estimated 2.2 billion people around the world lack locations where a portable water purifier is essential
access to safe drinking water, and the cost of water for collecting drinkable water from untreated
filters is often a barrier to accessing clean water sources. Furthermore, conventional water filtering
(WHO, 2020). devices require energy and may only be used in
specific areas. To overcome these issues, the
A report by the Asian Development Bank
researchers planned to develop an electricity-free
(ADB) published in 2018 noted that access to safe
water filter (Batra, et al., 2017).
drinking water in the Philippines remains a
challenge, particularly in rural areas. The report
Due to the nature of this research, the materials
cited the high cost of water treatment technologies,
utilized in this study were limited only to resources
including filters, as a barrier to improving access to
within proximity to the researchers’ location. As
safe drinking water. The report noted that the cost of
such, this study was limited only to the use of
filters can be as high as PHP 60,000 making them
recycled materials and the use of Pequin pepper
unaffordable for many households. The
leaves (Capsicum annuum) in filtering wastewater.
unaffordability of water filters has significant
implications for public health. Many people in
The study only covers the parameters in
developing countries lack access to clean and safe
relation to the filtered water’s pH, total dissolved
drinking water, which can result in the spread of
solids, and total coliform. It does not resolve to
waterborne diseases like cholera, typhoid fever, and
identify alkalinity, taste, odor, and turbidity.
dysentery. Water filters can help address this issue
Although herbs have long been utilized as a means
by providing an affordable and accessible solution to
to cleanse bacteria, an issue in regards to a limited
purify water. However, if the prices of water filters
access to data specifically involving utilizing plant
continue to rise, many people would be unable to
leaves in filtration was encountered.
access this essential technology, leading to increased
health risks (Asian Development Bank, 2013).
This study seeks to utilize affordable
Water filtration is an important part of the materials and Pequin pepper leaves, a natural
water treatment process that ensures safe drinking resource that can be home-grown or found naturally
water. The earliest forms of water filters date back growing in abundance in remote areas, in order to
approximately 4,000 years. People used to believe create a portable water filter that can be assembled
that if the water was clear, it was safe to drink. without requiring costly materials. This research is
However, this resulted in a variety of illnesses and also made with the aim to offer an alternative for
diseases. To avoid these dangers, people began people living in rural areas that cannot afford or have
boiling water before drinking it (BEdwards, et al., access to water filters. Moreover, this study hopes to
2016). Furthermore, they would let the water sit after contribute to the potential uses of plant extracts as a
boiling to allow sediment to settle to the bottom means of filtration, serving as beneficial knowledge
before skimming the drinking water from the top of for future research related to studies that will explore
the container. Hippocrates was the first to develop the subject of filtration.
the concept of passing water through a cloth to help
remove silt and other sediments in the 5th century
BC. (BEdwards, et al., 2016) Statement of the Problem (SOP)

One of the most commonly used in water This study aims to develop a portable water filter
treatments is Alkaline and water ionizer. Alkaline using Capsicum annuum ground leaf as a natural
and ionized water is marketed as one of the antimicrobial agent.
healthiest water treatments, with claims of improved
1. What are the levels of the plant-based
bone and digestive health, a lower risk of cancer and
filtered water in terms of:
heart disease, better skin, and even improved
hydration and taste. Ionized water's electrically Chemical Test: pH Test & TDS Test
charged minerals separate alkaline water from acidic
water, softening the water and improving its
drinking quality. (Simon & Allen, et al., 2022)
 2. How effective is the Capsicum annuum in experimental study is accessible at the University of
removing bacterial contaminants from the Cordilleras, Biology Laboratory. This section
the filtered water in terms of: goes into more detail about the respective uses and
functions.
Water Bacteriology Test:
Pequin Pepper Leaves
- Total Coliform: Multiple Tube Fermentation For the purpose of conducting this
Technique experiment, a Pequin Pepper leaves is a necessary
component. Pequin Pepper leaves are a significant
3. What is the significant difference between contributor to this experiment since it has been
a water filter with no Capsicum annuum proven to have antibacterial effects due to the
and with Capsicum annum presence of active components such as capsaicin,
- Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) carotenoids, and ascorbic acid. These chemicals kill
bacteria by damaging the cell membrane or
Significance of the Study
interfering with cellular metabolism (Bakht, et al.,
This study contributes to the growing body 2020).
of knowledge on natural compounds for water
treatment. The addition of Capsicum annuum to the Mesh (Silk Mesh)
water filter is a novel area of research, and the In order to further filtration, a layer of mesh
findings of this study could provide insights into the would be added to the container in order to prevent
development of alternative and sustainable water the flow of fibers or sand particles from the water.
treatment methods. The study could potentially lead This is often done as part of the pre-treatment
to the reduction of harmful substances in water process to remove larger particles before the water
treatment processes and improve overall water enters the following treatment process (Batra, et al.,
quality, providing health benefits to the population. 2017).

MATERIALS AND METHODS Pumice Stone

Pumice stone was added as a layer. Pumice's
Research Design use in filtration operations includes odor control, soil
This study is quantitative in nature. filtering, and purification of beverages and oils
Quantitative research is often characterized as either (“Hesspumice”, n.d.).
descriptive or experimental, in which case it aims to
determine the connection between different variables 1.5 Liter Bottles
and deals with objectivity, logic and numbers. This For the purpose of this experiment, the
study is experimental in design in which a blueprint bottles are cut in various different sizes and used as
is designed in order to retain control over everything the layers for the portable water filter.
that may affect the outcome of an experiment
(Labaree, 2022). This study aims to utilize Activated Charcoal
accessible plants for the usage of filtration, Carbon enhances taste by removing
specifically, the ground leaf of Pequin pepper chlorine, sediments, and volatile organic compounds
(Capsicum annuum var. Glabriusculum) in order to that contribute to pollution and stink (Nataraj, et al.,
develop a portable and affordable anti-microbial 2017).
water filter.
Cotton
Materials Cotton helps remove more persistent
This study focuses on using Pequin pepper turbidity. It blocks the flow further down in the filter
leaves to develop a portable anti-microbial water of activated charcoal particles. It diminishes the
filter. It is distinguished by the inclusion of activated color given to water by the carbon layer (Batra, et
charcoal, and pumice stone. All study materials al., 2017).
would be collected from the Baguio City area.
Sand
The various materials, tools and equipment The use of sand in the filtration is to get rid of
that would be used throughout the study are listed the coliform bacteria, the algae, the color, and the
below. The majority of the equipment for laboratory iron and manganese levels in the water . The sand
underneath supports a biological filtration layer that presence of coliform bacteria, such as Escherichia
filters water for consumption. Bacteria, fungi, and coli, which is an indicator of fecal contamination in
protozoa in the biofilm break down the water, water and food (Baker, et al., 2020).
resulting in high-quality water with fewer bacteria
(Dalahmeh, et al., 2014). E. Coli Medium
E. coli medium was used in this study for
Muslin Cloth the detection of fecal coliforms in water using the
A muslin cloth has pores that are 12 by 17 inches multiple tube fermentation technique (Standard
in size. The pores allow water to pass but retain Methods, n.d.).
particles and pathogens with sizes greater than the
pore size. (Batra, et al., 2017). Brilliant green lactose bile broth
Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Broth
pH Meter (BGLB) medium was used for the detection of
A pH meter was used to measure the level of coliform bacteria in water samples. (Aryal,
hydrogen ions on the water samples that were 2022).
collected. A pH meter, commonly known as a
potentiometric pH meter, measures the acidity and Inoculation loop or needle
alkalinity of a solution.(“RS”, n.d.) The inoculation loop is first sterilized by heating it
until it glows red hot. Once cooled, the loop is used
TDS Meter to transfer a small amount of the bacterial culture
A TDS meter was used to measure the Total from the stock culture to the first tube of lactose
Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the water samples. broth. (Joy & Varghese, 2014).
Because dissolved ionized solids, such as salts and
minerals, increase a solution's conductivity, a TDS Incubator
meter analyzes the solution's conductivity and Incubator was used to maintain a constant
estimates the TDS from that reading (“Aquasana”, temperature throughout the incubation period. The
n.d.). tubes of lactose broth are placed inside the incubator,
and the temperature is set to 35-37°C, which is the
Beakers optimal temperature for the growth of coliform
A 50 ml beaker was used in this study. bacteria. The incubation period is typically 24-48
Water samples were placed on 3 different beakers hours, during which time the tubes are periodically
with a measurement of 10 ml water samples per examined for the production of gas or acid.
beaker.
METHODS
1 ml Insulin Disposable Syringe
This was used to transfer 1 ml of the water Preparation of Raw Materials
samples to the glass vials with the culture medium.
Preparation of Pequin Pepper Leaves
Glass vials Pequin pepper leaves were harvested from
Glass vials were used in this study. The La Trinidad and were carefully chosen from the
collected water samples are then transported to the same source to guarantee that no contaminated
laboratory in glass vials, where they are analyzed for leaves from other plants or species were present.
bacterial contamination and other water quality The leaves were sun-dried for around 2 - 3 days,
parameters. or until the leaves turned brown, indicating that
they were completely dried. The leaves were
Erlenmeyer flask ground and then stored in a sterile bottle at room
Used for water sampling. Glass bottles were temperature in a dark place.
used in the experiment due to the fact they are easier
to clean and sterilize. (Reed et al., 2017) Sample Preparation

Culture medium: Collecting of Water Samples

Lactose Broth The water that was used in this experiment
Lactose broth was used in this study. It is is wastewater, which was collected at the
commonly used in microbiology to test for the University of the Cordilleras. The waste water
 was collected by mopping up the floors of the
2nd floor of the Science building.

Construction of Water Filter

The design of the water filter is divided into

three parts. The intention behind the design is to
make it user-friendly and easy to operate, without
the need for technical knowledge. This is achieved
by incorporating plastic bottles that are cut and used
to form separate compartments in the filter.

Furthermore, the filter is constructed in

such a way that it is affordable and accessible to the
general population. The first compartment contains
muslin cloth, sand and pumice stones. The cap of
this compartment also has a mesh layer on it to
prevent the flow of fibers or sand particles with
water. The second compartment is composed of
sun-dried Pequin pepper leaves exhibiting
antimicrobial effects. The cap of this compartment
also has a mesh attached. The third compartment has
activated charcoal which helps in removing the foul
smell, ionic dyes as well as the gasses produced by
the microbes in the water (Agalya et al., 2012), and
there are multiple layers of absorbent cotton, which
helps in preventing the flow of charcoal particles
along with water.

Testing of Water Filter

The water filter [Fig.1] consists of three

compartments that can be easily cleaned and filled.
Plastic bottles were used to create a simple design Testing of Water Samples
that does not require technical knowledge. The filter
is also economical and accessible to regular people. Chemical Test
pH Test
Fig. 1: Design of the water filter For the pH testing, three 50 ml beakers
containing 10 ml each were used to hold water
samples. Three trials of each were conducted with
the pH meter electrode submerged in water samples.
The pH value that was displayed on the meter was
noted. Following the measurement, any remaining
solution was rinsed from the pH meter electrode
with distilled water.

TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) test

Three 50 ml beakers with 10 ml each was
used to hold water samples for the TDS test. With
the TDS meter electrode submerged in water
samples, each was tested three times. The meter's
TDS reading was noted. To eliminate any remaining
solution, the electrode was rinsed with pure water
after the measurement.
Water Bacteriology Test samples. F critical was determined using the F
Total Coliform: Multiple Tube Fermentation distribution table for alpha 0.05.
Technique
TREATMENT OF THE DATA
Presumptive Test
15 primary fermentation tubes that contains 20 The data gathered from the test was carefully
ml lauryl tryptose broth are inoculated with 1ml of recorded in tables, analyzed and interpreted
the 3 water samples; 5 tubes for Unfiltered accordingly based on the results of the statistical
wastewater, 5 tubes for filtered water without treatment.
Capsicum annuum and 5 tubes for filtered water
with Capsicum annuum. The fermentation tubes In this study, the researcher used the following
were incubated at 36 for 24 to 48 hrs. Formation of statistical procedures and applications to interpret
gas in any amount within 48 + 3 hr is a positive and analyze the data gathered from the experimental
presumptive test. study.

Confirmatory Test ● One-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance).

Fermentation tubes containing brilliant green This statistical tool is a statistical test used to
lactose bile broth and E. coli broth are loopful analyze the difference between the means of more
inoculated with medium from the tubes showing a than two groups. This test was used to test the null
positive result in the presumptive test. Inoculation hypothesis which states that there is no significant
was performed as soon as possible after the gas difference between the pH and TDS test of the
formation occurred. The inoculated fermentation Unfiltered and With/Without Capsicum annuum
tubes containing brilliant green lactose bile broth water. The below mentioned formula represents
were incubated for 18 to 24 hours at 35 to 37 . The one-way Anova test statistics:
inoculated fermentation tubes containing E. coli
broth were incubated for 18 to 24 hours at 44. Table 2. ANOVA statistics formulas
Formation of gas at any time in the tube indicates a
positive confirmed test.
Source Sum of Degrees Mean of F
of Squares of squares
Analysis of Data Variation freedom
Table 1 is a specific Most Probable Number
(MPN) table that is commonly used for testing water Within SSW = 2 0.047778 2.263158
0.095556
that is suitable for drinking. This table provides
MPN indices and 95% confidence limits for different
Between SSB = 6 0.021111
dilutions of the water sample, allowing for an
0.126667
accurate estimation of coliform bacteria density in
the tested water. By using this table, water quality
analysts can determine if the water sample meets the Total SST = 8
regulatory standards for safe drinking water. 0.222222

Result: There is no significant difference

Table 1: Five-tube MPN (95% confidence of limits)
(Σ𝑋)²
Where: SS=ΣX² - 𝑁

● F: Anova Coefficient
● SSW: sum of squares within the groups
● SSB: sum of squares between the groups
● SST: total sum of squares (SST = SSW +
SSB)
● MSB: mean sum of squares between the
STATISTICAL TOOL groups
One-way ANOVA was used to test the ● MSW: mean sum of squares within the
existence of a statistically significant difference groups
between the mean of the pH and the TDS of the ● MSE: mean sum of squares due to error
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION result of 13.33 mg/l. The water filtrate removed the
particles in the wastewater, but the results did not
This part of the study presents the results and pass the TDS drinking water standard. The filtered
discussion of the study on the effectiveness of water with Capsicum annuum showed a mean result
grounded Capsicum annuum leaves. of 30 mg/l. These results might have been caused by
the grounded leaves in the water filtrate. The results
The table presented below consists of the results did not pass the TDS drinking water standard.
collected from the pH test involving the three water
samples. In the study conducted by Ayenew and Meride
(2016), the researchers tested the TDS concentration
It was observed that the pH test for each variable in the Wondo Genet campus and determined that it
shows it is within the standard for water drinking. has a mean TDS concentration of 118.19 mg/l which
The unfiltered water showed a consistent result of 8 is within the WHO requirement. In this regard, the
pH. Meanwhile, the filtered water without Capsicum study our researcher conducted did not pass the
annuum resulted in 8.3, 7.9, and 7.9 pH. Lastly, the standard TDS for drinking water because the results
results for the filtered water with Capsicum annuum show that it is less than 50 mg/l as it lacks the
are 7.7, 7.8, and 7.9 pH. Additionally, there were no necessary minerals that are needed by humans. The
significant differences between unfiltered water, World Health Organization recommends that
filtered water without Capsicum annuum, and drinking water have no less than 100 mg/L of TDS.
filtered water with Capsicum annuum. The ideal range is between 200 and 500 mg/L
(Winfield, 2022).
In the study conducted by Batra, et al. (2017) the
researchers obtained a result of 6.92 pH which is Table 4: TDS test analysis of water sample
also within the standard for human consumption.
Since pH is regarded as aesthetic water quality, there Filtered Filtered
is no legally binding guideline for drinking water pH TDS Unfiltered sample sample with
values. Although, the U.S. The Environmental Test sample without Capsicum
Protection Agency (EPA) suggests that drinking Capsicum annuum
water has a pH of 6.5 to 8.5 (Jencoi, 2019). annuum (in ppm)
(in ppm)
Table 3: pH test analysis of water samples
1st test 40 10 30

Filtered Filtered 2nd test 30 10 30

pH Test Unfiltered sample sample
sample without with 3rd test 40 20 30
Capsicum Capsicum
Total 110 40 90
annuum annuum
Means 36.67 13.33 30
1st test 8 8.3 7.7

2nd test 8 7.9 7.8 Table 4 shows the result of the Total
Coliform: Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique
3rd test 8 7.9 7.9
analysis. The test was done three times for each
Total 24 24.1 23.4 variable — unfiltered water, filtered water without
Capsicum annuum, and filtered water with
Means 8 8.03 7.8 Capsicum annuum — in three different mediums
(Lactose Broth, Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Broth,
The table presented below consists of the results and E. Coli Medium)
collected from the TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) test
involving the three water samples. The Total Coliform: Multiple Tube Fermentation
Technique involves inoculating a series of tubes
It was observed that the TDS test for each variable containing a nutrient medium with the water sample
differs. The unfiltered water mean result is 36.67 and incubating them at a specific temperature for a
mg/l. The debris particles in the unfiltered affected specified period. The tubes are then examined for
the outcome in the results. The results of the filtered the presence of gas, which is produced as a result of
water without Capsicum annuum showed a mean fermentation by the coliform bacteria.
The results of this test can be interpreted as follows: contaminated. If all of the tubes are negative for gas
Positive: If gas is produced in one or more of the production, it suggests that there are no total
tubes, it indicates the presence of total coliform coliform bacteria present in the sample. From the
bacteria in the sample. experiment, almost all of the samples were positive
Negative: If no gas is produced in any of the tubes, it which means that almost all of the samples were
indicates the absence of total coliform bacteria in the contaminated.
sample.
A study conducted by Delelegn, Sahile, and Husen
From the experiment that the researchers conducted, entitled ‘Water purification and antibacterial efficacy
the results showed that in each variable, out of five of Moringa oleifera Lam’ revealed that Moringa
tubes, four tubes were positive in Lactose broth. The oleifera Lam reduced the total coliform count of the
four positive tubes in Lactose broth were then treated samples. The study found that M. oleifera
inoculated in Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Broth — seed has compounds like tannins and polyphenol
which showed that the results were all positive in that are soluble in acetone and has antibacterial
each variable — and in E. Coli Medium. The results activity. M. oleifera seed four is improved through
in E. Coli Medium were that in unfiltered sample the proteins that promote coagulation and coagulant
and filtered sample without Capsicum annum, all proteins also demonstrated an ability to reduce the
four tubes were positive while in the filtered sample density of E. coli, Bacillus thuringiensis and
with Capsicum annum, three tubes were positive. Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations. (Delelegn, et
al., 2018)
If any of the tubes shows evidence of coliform
bacteria, then the water sample is considered to be

Table 5: Results of Total Coliform: Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique

Medium S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Unfiltered sample + + + + -
Lactose Broth
Filtered sample without Capsicum annum + + + + -

Filtered sample with Capsicum annum + + + + -

Brilliant Green Unfiltered sample + + + +

Lactose Bile Broth

Filtered sample without Capsicum annum + + + +

Filtered sample with Capsicum annum + + + +

E. Coli Medium Unfiltered sample + + + +

Filtered sample without Capsicum annum + + + +

Filtered sample with Capsicum annum + + + -

 Table 5 shows the result of the MPN CONCLUSIONS AND
analysis of water sample. The results are typically RECOMMENDATIONS
reported as the most probable number (MPN) of
coliform bacteria per 100 mL of water which is This study was conducted for the purpose of
presented in Table 1. The MPN chart provides a developing a portable water filter using grounded
table that lists the number of tubes showing Capsicum annuum leaves. The aim of the research
positive results for each dilution factor, along with was to develop a portable and easily affordable
the corresponding MPN value. The MPN test is antibacterial water filter. Anyone may operate the
commonly used in water quality testing and is filter because it is based on a basic and
based on the principle of dilution and growth of uncomplicated purifying procedure, regardless of
bacteria in a series of tubes containing a nutrient education or skill level. Without the need of an
medium. external energy source like electricity, a water
filter may purify water. Because the
The MPN of the unfiltered sample, filtered water weight-operated type is simple to disassemble and
without Capsicum annuum, and filtered water has no mechanical or electrical components,
with Capsicum annuum is 16.0 MPN/100ml handling it is secure. The results of the bacteria
according to table 1. 16.0 MPN is the result of the were observed in cases with lactose broth, E. coli
variables because out of five tubes, there were medium., and BGLB containing wastewater
four positive tubes in which table 1 shows that if samples.
there are four positive tubes, the MPN is 16.0. Through the creation of a portable water filter
This shows that there is no significance in the utilizing Capsicum anuum leaves in aiding further
three variables. filtration, this study established the possibility of
creating a home-made, recycled water filter with
According to Delelegn, Sahile, and Husen, the added application of specific herbs that
Moringa oleifera seed powder has shown a contain antimicrobial properties. However, as
significant reduction of turbidity and coliform displayed during the research, certain herbs
count when it was used at smaller concentrations contain properties that are only effective in
without altering the pH of the water. Moreover, removing specified bacteria, and it is integral to
the extracts of the seed with different solvents understand how to extract these herbs in the most
showed antibacterial activity in all four test efficient but effective manner possible. As a result
organisms, i.e., Escherichia coli, E. coli, of this, there was no significant difference
Salmonella typhi, and Shigella dysenteriae displayed when comparing filtered water
(Delelegn, et al., 2018). containing Capsicum annuum leaves and without.
It is recommended to improve the filter's
Table 6: Results of MPN analysis of water sample
antimicrobial component in order to proceed with
the study further. There is still plenty to be done
on the leaf layer and the following testing in order
Sample MPN/100 ml
to assess this filter's capacity to cleanse water.

Unfiltered sample 16.0 It is recommended that a different method of

extraction be used for Capsicum annuum, which
Filtered sample without 16.0 might lead to few improvements for this study,
Capsicum annum such as using Capsicum annuum leaves to
produce filtration paper and attaching it to the
filter, or switching to another type of plant leaf
Filtered sample with 16.0
Capsicum annum that contains antimicrobial properties that are
effective on removing the certain bacteria found
in the water sample the researchers are using.
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Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
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Philippines: Water Supply and Sanitation from pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var.
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 APPENDIX A: DOCUMENTATION

Fig. 1. Filtering of the Water Sample

Fig. 2. 1st test (pH) Fig. 3. 2nd test (pH) Fig. 4. 3rd test (pH)
Fig. 5. 1st test (TDS) Fig. 6. 2nd test (TDS) Fig. 7. 3rd test (TDS)

Fig. 8 & 9. Preparation and Incubation of Lactose Broth

Fig. 10. Results after the Lactose broth incubation

Fig. 11. Preparation of Brilliant Green Bile Lactose Broth (BGBLB) and E. Coli Medium

Fig. 12. E. Coli Medium sample 1 Fig. 13. BGBLB sample 1

Fig. 14. E. Coli Medium sample 2 Fig. 15. BGBLB sample 2

Fig. 16. E. Coli Medium sample 3 Fig. 17. BGBLB sample 3

Results after the E. Coli Medium and BGBLB incubation

 APPENDIX B: PROTOCOL
Water pH Test

1. Prepare the water samples required for testing the pH level.

2. Place 10 mL of the first water sample in a 50 mL beaker. Do the same for the following water
samples by placing them in separate beakers.
3. Wash the end of the pH meter electrode with distilled water to clear it of any substances.
4. Place the end of the pH meter into the beaker with the first water sample, then switch the meter on
by sliding the switch located at one of the ends of the meter, and wait for the numbers to gradually
stop.
5. Repeat steps 3-4 for the remaining water samples.

TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) Test

1. Prepare the water samples required for testing the TDS level. The water samples utilized in order to
conduct this test are the unfiltered water sample, the sample filtered with pequin pepper leaves, and
the sample filtered without pequin pepper leaves.
2. Place 10 mL of the first water sample in a 50 mL beaker. Do the same for the following water
samples by placing them in separate beakers.
3. Wash the end of the TDS meter electrode with distilled water to clear it of any substances.
4. Place the end of the TDS meter into the beaker with the first water sample, then turn the meter on,
and wait for the numbers to gradually stop.
5. Repeat steps 3-4 for the remaining water samples.

Water Bacteriology Test (Total Coliform: Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique)

Presumptive Test

1. 15 primary fermentation tubes are prepared, consisting of 20 mL of lauryl tryptose broth each. Three
different water samples are prepared; unfiltered water sample, the sample filtered with pequin pepper
leaves, and the sample filtered without pequin pepper leaves.
2. For every 5 tubes containing lauryl tryptose broth, 1 mL of inoculation is gathered from the
unfiltered water sample and placed within the five set of tubes.
3. The same steps are repeated for the rest of the remaining 10 tubes, with 5 tubes being inoculated
with the sample filtered with pequin pepper leaves, and 5 tubes being inoculated with the sample that
was filtered without any leaves.
4. The fermentation tubes were then incubated at 36 degrees for 24-48 hours.
5. Results were collected by determining whether the contents of the test tubes turned positive or
negative via checking for turbidity and gas formation.

Confirmatory Test

1. Positive fermentation tubes from the presumptive test were separated from the negative fermentation
tubes in order to carry out the confirmatory test.
2. New fermentation tubes are prepared containing 10 mL of Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Broth
(BGLB) and E. Coli broth. The amount of tubes prepared were dependent on the number of positive
fermentation tubes from the Presumptive test.
3. An inoculation needle or hoop is sterilized first over a flame before it is used to move content
between tubes.
4. A loopful of inoculation was collected from the contents of one of the positive fermentation tubes
using an inoculation needle, and then transferred into one tube consisting of BGLB.
5. The needle is sterilized using flame sterilization, which is then used to repeat step 3, transferring the
content into a tube consisting of E. Coli broth.
6. This process is repeated until all positive fermentation tubes from the presumptive test have been
inoculated into their own fermentation tubes; with 1 positive fermentation tube being inoculated into
1 tube full of BGLB, and another tube full of E. Coli broth.
7. The inoculated fermentation tubes containing brilliant green lactose bile broth were incubated for 18
to 24 hours at 35 to 37 degrees. The inoculated fermentation tubes containing E. coli broth were
incubated for 18 to 24 hours at 44 degrees
8. Results were collected by determining whether the contents of the test tubes turned positive or
negative via checking for turbidity and gas formation.

APPENDIX C: LETTERS
APPENDIX D: CURRICULUM VITAE

Mabalot, Casey F.
21-5015-927
January 2, 2005
18
#136 Purok 3 Springhills, Loakan
Apugan, Baguio City
Mobile: +639453766259
Email: [email protected]

Education:
(2011 - 2017)
Pugo Catholic School

(2017 - 2021)
Pugo Catholic School

(2021 - 2023)
University of the Cordilleras

Current Parent's Information:

Father's name:
Noel C. Mabalot
Contact no.: +639301831405

Mother's name:
Lany F. Mabalot
Contact no.: N/A

Lipang, Heart A.
22-4200-854
March 8, 2004
19
#209 Serafica Village Crystal Cave,
Bakakeng Central, Baguio City
Mobile: +639065026019
Email: [email protected]

Education:
(2011 - 2012)
Saint Vincent Elementary School
(2012-2016)
All Saints Mission Incorporated School
(2020-2021)
Alternative Learning System (ALS) Roxas National High School
(2021-2022)
Data Center College of the Philippines
(2022-2023)
University of the Cordilleras

Current Parent's Information:

Father’s name: Mother’s name:

Florante B. Lipang Mary Ann F. Lipang
Contact number: Contact Number:
N/A +639566821323
 CURRICULUM VITAE
Lopez, Jefferson U.
21-2332-790
February 25, 2004
19
#148 North Central Aurora Hill, Baguio
City
Mobile: +639608971828
Email: [email protected]

Education:
(2011 - 2017)
Doña Aurora Elementary School

(2017 - 2021)
Doña Aurora Elementary School

(2021 - 2023)
University of the Cordilleras

Current Parent's Information:

Father's name:
Lopez, Danilo B.
Contact no.: +639165737923

Mother's name:
Lopez, Merlita U.
Contact no.: +639397658864

Poquiz, Ivan Richardson D.

21-3614-612
November 05, 2004
18
#15 East Quirino Hill, Baguio City
Mobile: +639296199484
Email: [email protected]

Education:
(2011 - 2017)
Baguio Central University

(2017 - 2021)
Baguio Patriotic High School

(2021 - 2023)
University of the Cordilleras

Current Parent's Information:

Father's name:
Poquiz, Richard C.
Contact no.: +639497165646

Mother's name:
Poquiz, Lucelle K.
Contact no.: +639474765064
 CURRICULUM VITAE
Acuat, Monique Danielle T.
21-2039-916
October 26, 2004
18
Purok 4 Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Mobile: +639653326459
Email: [email protected]

Education:

(2011 - 2017)
Saint Tonis College, Inc.

(2017 - 2021)
Saint Tonis College, Inc.

(2021 - 2023)
University of the Cordilleras

Current Parent's Information:

Father's name:
Acuat, Samson David B. Jr.
Contact no.: +639564202820

Mother's name:
Acuat, Marjorie T.
Contact no.: +639178919402

Bonilla, Jemaica D.
21-2435-522
July 29, 2005
17
Obulan, Beckel, La Trinidad, Benguet
Mobile: +639121892086
Email: [email protected]

Education:

(2011 - 2017)
Beckel Elementary School

(2017 - 2021)
Eastern La Trinidad National High School

(2021 - 2023)
University of the Cordilleras

Current Parent's Information:

Father's name:
Bonilla, Bernabe S. Sr.
Contact no.: +639121890103

Mother's name:
Bonilla, Rosalinda D.
Contact no.: N/A
 CURRICULUM VITAE
Castillo, Daniella Mae C.
21-3003-822
April 1, 2005
18
#26A Balaclabac B. Sto. Tomas Proper,
Baguio City
Mobile: +639460078604
Email: [email protected]

Education:
(2011 - 2017)
Sta. Maria East Integrated School

(2017 - 2021)
Sta. Maria East Integrated School

(2021 - 2023)
University of the Cordilleras

Current Parent's Information:

Father's name:
Castillo, Larry L.
Contact no.: +639300840245

Mother's name:
Castillo, Dina C.
Contact no.: +639460078604

Mones, Anne Beverly Denise C.

21-4465-664
January 2, 2005
18
#240 Puelay, Villasis, Pangasinan
Mobile: +639688877907
Email: [email protected]

Education:
(2011 - 2017)
Aguiguican Elementary School

(2017 - 2021)
Don Ramon E. Costales Memorial National High
School
(2021 - 2023)
University of the Cordilleras

Current Parent's Information:

Father's name:
Mones, Sherwin Dennis Guzman
Contact no.: N/A

Mother's name:
Mones, Evangeline Corpuz
Contact no.: +639688877906
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Carino, Jarviel Clein M.

16-1715-262
January 17, 2000
23
#28 Ledesma Street, Aurora Hill, Baguio
City
Mobile: +639294007219
Email: [email protected]

Education:

(2011 - 2017)
Doña Aurora Elementary School

(2017 - 2021)
Saint Louis School of Aurora Hill

(2021 - 2023)
University of the Cordilleras

Current Parent's Information:

Father's name:
Valenton, Michael S.
Contact no.: +639302029252

Mother's name:
Cariño, Jennielyn M.
Contact no.: N/A