SECTION 3:

SECOND-ORDER FILTERS
ENGR 202 – Electrical Fundamentals II
2 Introduction

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Second-Order Circuits
3

 Order of a circuit (or system of any kind)

 Number of independent energy-storage elements
 Order of the differential equation describing the
system
 Second-order circuits
 Two energy-storage elements
 Described by second-order differential equations

 We will primarily be concerned with second-

order RLC circuits
 Circuits with a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Second-Order Circuits
4

 In this and the following section of notes, we

will look at second-order RLC circuits from two
distinct perspectives:
 Section 3
 Second-orderfilters
 Frequency-domain behavior

 Section 4
 Second-ordertransient response
 Time-domain behavior

K. Webb ENGR 202

5 Second-Order Filters

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Second-Order Filters
6

 First-order filters
 Roll-off rate: 20 dB/decade
 This roll-off rate determines selectivity
 Spacing of pass band and stop band
 Spacing of passed frequencies and stopped or filtered
frequencies
 Second-order filters
 Roll-off rate: 40 dB/decade
 In general:
 Roll-off = 𝑁𝑁 ⋅ 20 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, where 𝑁𝑁 is the filter order
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Resonance
7

 Resonance
 Tendency of a system to oscillate at certain frequencies –
resonant frequencies – often with larger amplitude than
any input
 Phenomenon that occurs in all types of dynamic systems
(mechanical, electrical, fluid, etc.)

 Examples of resonant
mechanical systems:
 Mass on a spring

 Pendulum, playground
swing
 Tacoma Narrows Bridge
©Barney Elliot – The Camera Shop

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Electrical Resonance
8

 Electrical resonance
 Cancellation of reactances (or susceptances), resulting in purely resistive
network impedance
 Occurs at resonant frequencies
 Second- and higher-order circuits

 Reactances (susceptances) cancel – sum to zero ohms (siemens)

 Inductive reactance is positive – (susceptance is negative)
 Capacitive reactance is negative – (susceptance is positive)

 Voltages/currents in the circuit may be much larger than source

voltages/currents
 We’ll take a look at resonance in two classes of circuits:
 Series resonant circuits
 Parallel resonant circuits

K. Webb ENGR 202

9 Series Resonant Circuits

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Series Resonant RLC Circuit
10

 Series RLC circuit

 Second-order – one capacitor, one inductor
 Circuit will exhibit resonance
Impedance of the network: 1 1
𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜔𝜔 = 𝑅𝑅 + + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑗 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 −
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
At the resonant frequency, 𝜔𝜔0 or 𝑓𝑓0 :
𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 + 𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶 = 0 → 𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 = −𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶
1 1
𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿 = → 𝜔𝜔02 =
𝜔𝜔0 𝐶𝐶 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
so
1 1
𝜔𝜔0 = and 𝑓𝑓0 =
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 2𝜋𝜋 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
and

𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜔𝜔0 = 𝑅𝑅
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Series RLC Circuit – Quality Factor
11

 Quality factor, 𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠

 Ratio of inductive reactance at the resonant frequency to
resistance
𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓0 𝐿𝐿
𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠 = =
𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅
 At resonance, inductive and capacitive reactances (magnitudes)
are equal, so
1 1
𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠 = =
𝜔𝜔0 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓0 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

 The ratio of voltage magnitude across the inductor or capacitor to

the voltage across the whole RLC network at resonance
 A measure of the sharpness of the resonance
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Series RLC Circuit – Zin vs. Qs
12

 At 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓0
 𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑅𝑅
 ∠𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0°
 Q determines
sharpness of the
resonance
 Higher Q yields
faster transition
from capacitive,
through resistive, to
inductive regions
 To increase Q:
 Increase L
 Reduce R and/or C

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Series RLC Circuit – Zin
13

Understanding the impedance of a series resonant circuit

Capacitor
impedance
goes up as f
Inductor
goes down.
impedance
goes up as f
𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓0 : goes up.
𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑅𝑅
𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is real
∠𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0°

𝑓𝑓 ≫ 𝑓𝑓0 :
𝑓𝑓 ≪ 𝑓𝑓0 : ∠𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = +90°
∠𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = −90° 𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 looks
𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 looks inductive
capacitive

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Series RLC Circuit – Voltages and Currents
14

 At 𝜔𝜔0 , 𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑅𝑅, so the current phasor is

𝐕𝐕𝐒𝐒 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠
𝐈𝐈 = = ∠0°
𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅
 Capacitor voltage at resonance:
𝐈𝐈 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 ∠0° 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠
𝐕𝐕𝐂𝐂 = = = ∠ − 90°
𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔0 𝐶𝐶 𝜔𝜔0 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅∠90° 𝜔𝜔0 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

 Recalling the expression for quality factor of a series

resonant circuit, we have
𝐕𝐕𝐂𝐂 = 𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠 ⋅ 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 ∠ − 90°
 The voltage across the capacitor is the source voltage multiplied
by the quality factor and phase shifted by −90°
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Series RLC Circuit – Voltages and Currents
15

 The inductor voltage at resonance:

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 ∠0° ⋅ 𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿∠90°
𝐕𝐕𝐋𝐋 = 𝐈𝐈 ⋅ 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿 =
𝑅𝑅
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 ⋅ 𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝐕𝐕𝐋𝐋 =
𝑅𝑅
 Again, substituting in the expression for
quality factor gives
𝐕𝐕𝐋𝐋 = 𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠 ⋅ 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 ∠ + 90°
 The voltage across the inductor is the source voltage multiplied by the
quality factor and phase shifted by +90°
 Capacitor and inductor voltage at resonance:
 Equal magnitude
 180° out of phase – opposite sign – they cancel

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Series RLC Circuit – Voltages and Currents
16

 Now assign component values

 The resonant frequency is
1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝜔𝜔0 = = 100
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

 The quality factor is

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿 100 ⋅ 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠 = = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 10
𝑅𝑅 10 Ω

 The current phasor at the resonant frequency is

𝐕𝐕𝐬𝐬 1 𝑉𝑉∠0°
𝐈𝐈 = = = 100∠0° 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑅 10 Ω

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Series RLC Circuit – Voltages and Currents
17

 The capacitor voltage at the resonant

frequency is
𝐈𝐈 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠
𝐕𝐕𝐂𝐂 = = ∠ − 90° = 𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠 ⋅ 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 ∠ − 90°
𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔0 𝐶𝐶 𝜔𝜔0 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

𝐕𝐕𝐂𝐂 = 10 ⋅ 1 𝑉𝑉∠ − 90°

𝐕𝐕𝐂𝐂 = 10 𝑉𝑉𝑉 − 90°

 The inductor voltage at the resonant frequency:

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 ⋅ 𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝐕𝐕𝐋𝐋 = 𝐈𝐈 ⋅ 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿 = = 𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠 ⋅ 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 ∠ + 90°
𝑅𝑅
𝐕𝐕𝐋𝐋 = 10 ⋅ 1 𝑉𝑉𝑉 + 90°

𝐕𝐕𝐋𝐋 = 10 𝑉𝑉𝑉 + 90°

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Series RLC Circuit – Voltages and Currents
18

 𝐕𝐕𝐒𝐒 = 1 𝑉𝑉
 ∠𝐈𝐈 = 0°
 𝐕𝐕𝐂𝐂 = 𝐕𝐕𝐋𝐋 = 𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠 𝐕𝐕𝐒𝐒 = 10 𝑉𝑉
 𝐕𝐕𝐂𝐂 and 𝐕𝐕𝐋𝐋 are 180° out of phase
 They cancel
 KVL is satisfied

K. Webb ENGR 202

19 Parallel Resonant Circuits

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Parallel Resonant RLC Circuit
20

 Parallel RLC circuit

 Second-order – one capacitor, one inductor
 Circuit will exhibit resonance
Impedance of the network: 1 1
−1
1 1
−1
𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜔𝜔 = + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + = + 𝑗𝑗 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 −
𝑅𝑅 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑅𝑅 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
At the resonant frequency, 𝜔𝜔0 or 𝑓𝑓0 :
𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 + 𝐵𝐵𝐿𝐿 = 0 → 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 = −𝐵𝐵𝐿𝐿
1 1
𝜔𝜔0 𝐶𝐶 = → 𝜔𝜔02 =
𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
so
1 1
𝜔𝜔0 = and 𝑓𝑓0 =
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 2𝜋𝜋 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
and

𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜔𝜔0 = 𝑅𝑅

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Parallel RLC Circuit – Quality Factor
21

 Quality factor, 𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝

 Ratio of inductive susceptance at the resonant frequency to
conductance
1/𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅
𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 = = =
1/𝑅𝑅 𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓0 𝐿𝐿

 At resonance, inductive and capacitive susceptances (magnitudes)

are equal, so

𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 = 𝜔𝜔0 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓0 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

 The ratio of current magnitude through the inductor or capacitor

to the current through the whole RLC network at resonance
 A measure of the sharpness of the resonance

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Parallel RLC Circuit – 𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 vs. 𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝
22

 At 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓0
Impedance Magnitude Normalized by R

1
 𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑅𝑅
0.8
 ∠𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0°
|Z |/R

0.6
Q determines
in

0.4 
0.2 sharpness of the
0
0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
resonance
Phase Angle of the Impedance
 Higher Q yields
100 faster transition
50
Qp = 10
from inductive,
[deg]

Qp = 20
Qp = 50
through resistive, to
0
capacitive regions
Phase

Qp = 100
-50
 To increase Q:
-100
0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2  Reduce L
Normalized Frequency (f/fo)
 Increase R and/or C

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Parallel RLC Circuit – 𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
23

Understanding the impedance of a parallel resonant circuit

𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓0 :
𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑅𝑅 Capacitor
𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is real tends
toward a
short as
Inductor tends
𝑓𝑓 → ∞
toward a short
as 𝑓𝑓 → 0

𝑓𝑓 ≪ 𝑓𝑓0 :
∠𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = +90° 𝑓𝑓 ≫ 𝑓𝑓0 :
𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 looks ∠𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = −90°
inductive 𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 looks
capacitive
𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓0 :
𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is real
∠𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0°
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Parallel RLC Circuit – Voltages and Currents
24

 Sinusoidal current source, 𝐈𝐈𝐬𝐬

 At resonance, 𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑅𝑅, so the
voltage across the network is:
𝐕𝐕𝐨𝐨 = 𝐈𝐈𝐬𝐬 𝑅𝑅 = 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 ∠0° ⋅ 𝑅𝑅

 Current through the capacitor at resonance:

𝐈𝐈𝐂𝐂 = 𝐕𝐕𝐨𝐨 ⋅ 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔0 𝐶𝐶 = 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑅 ⋅ 𝜔𝜔0 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

 Recalling the expression for quality factor of the parallel

resonant circuit, we have
𝐈𝐈𝐂𝐂 = 𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 ⋅ 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 ∠90°
 The current through the capacitor is the source current multiplied
by the quality factor and phase shifted by 90°
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Parallel RLC Circuit – Voltages and Currents
25

 The inductor current at resonance:

𝐕𝐕𝐨𝐨 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑅
𝐈𝐈𝐋𝐋 = = ∠ − 90°
𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿 𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿

 Again, substituting in the

expression for quality factor gives
𝐈𝐈𝐋𝐋 = 𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 ⋅ 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 ∠ − 90°

 The current through the inductor is the source current multiplied

by the quality factor and phase shifted by −90°
 Capacitor and inductor current at resonance:
 Equal magnitude
 180° out of phase – opposite sign – they cancel

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Parallel RLC Circuit – Voltages and Currents
26

 Now, assign component

values
 The resonant frequency is
1 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝜔𝜔0 = =1
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
 The quality factor is
𝑅𝑅 100 Ω
𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 = = = 100
𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿 1 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ⋅ 1 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
 The phasor for the voltage across the network at the
resonant frequency is
𝐕𝐕𝐨𝐨 = 𝐈𝐈𝐬𝐬 𝑅𝑅 = 100 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ⋅ 100 Ω = 10∠0° 𝑉𝑉

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Parallel RLC Circuit – Voltages and Currents
27

 The capacitor current at the resonant

frequency is
𝐈𝐈𝐂𝐂 = 𝐕𝐕𝐨𝐨 ⋅ 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔0 𝐶𝐶 = 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 ⋅ 𝜔𝜔0 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

𝐈𝐈𝐂𝐂 = 𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 ⋅ 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 ∠90° = 100 ⋅ 100 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∠90°

𝐈𝐈𝐂𝐂 = 10 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

 The inductor current at the resonant frequency:

𝐕𝐕𝐨𝐨 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑅
𝐈𝐈𝐋𝐋 = = ∠ − 90° = 𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 ⋅ 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 ∠ − 90°
𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿 𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿

𝐈𝐈𝐋𝐋 = 100 ⋅ 100 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 90°

𝐈𝐈𝐋𝐋 = 10 𝐴𝐴𝐴 − 90°

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Parallel RLC Circuit – Voltages and Currents
28

 𝐈𝐈𝐒𝐒 = 1 𝑉𝑉
 ∠𝐕𝐕𝐨𝐨 = 0°
 𝐈𝐈𝐂𝐂 = 𝐈𝐈𝐋𝐋 = 𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 𝐈𝐈𝐒𝐒 = 10 𝐴𝐴
 𝐈𝐈𝐂𝐂 and 𝐈𝐈𝐋𝐋 are 180° out of phase
 They cancel
 KCL is satisfied

K. Webb ENGR 202

29 Example Problems

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Determine the voltage
across the capacitor, 𝐕𝐕𝐨𝐨 , at
the resonant frequency.

K. Webb ENGR 202

K. Webb ENGR 202
 Determine 𝐕𝐕𝐨𝐨 , 𝐈𝐈, 𝐈𝐈𝐂𝐂 , and 𝐈𝐈𝐋𝐋
at the resonant frequency.

K. Webb ENGR 202

K. Webb ENGR 202
 Determine R, such that
𝐕𝐕𝐨𝐨 = 100 𝐕𝐕𝐬𝐬 at the
resonant frequency.

K. Webb ENGR 202

35 Second-Order Filters

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Second-Order Filters as Voltage Dividers
36

 Derive the frequency response functions of second-order

filters by treating the circuits as voltage dividers

𝑍𝑍2 𝜔𝜔
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 =
𝑍𝑍1 𝜔𝜔 + 𝑍𝑍2 𝜔𝜔

 Now, 𝑍𝑍1 and 𝑍𝑍2 can be either a single R, L, or C, or a series

or parallel combination of any two
Possible combinations of
components for 𝑍𝑍1 or 𝑍𝑍2 :

K. Webb ENGR 202

37 Second-Order Band Pass Filter

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Second-Order Band Pass Filter
38

 One option for a second-order band pass filter:

 The frequency response function:
𝑍𝑍2
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 =
𝑍𝑍1 + 𝑍𝑍2
where
1 −1 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑍𝑍1 = 𝑅𝑅 and 𝑍𝑍2 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 1+ 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
so
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 = =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅 +
1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗/𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗/𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 1/𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Second-Order Band Pass Filter
39

 Consider the filter’s behavior at

three limiting cases for frequency

 𝑓𝑓 → 0:  𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓0 :  𝑓𝑓 → ∞:
 𝐶𝐶 → open  𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 , 𝐵𝐵𝐿𝐿 cancel  𝐶𝐶 → short
 𝐿𝐿 → short  𝐿𝐿||𝐶𝐶 → open  𝐿𝐿 → open
 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 shorted to  𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖  𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 shorted to
ground ground
 Gain → 1
 Gain → 0  Gain → 0

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Second-Order Band Pass Filter
40

 A second option for a second-order band pass filter:

 Now, the impedances are:
1 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 1
𝑍𝑍1 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑍𝑍2 = 𝑅𝑅
 The frequency response function:
𝑅𝑅 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 = =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 1 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 1
𝑅𝑅 +
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝐶𝐶

𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗/𝐿𝐿
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗/𝐿𝐿 + 1/𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Second-Order Band Pass Filter
41

 Consider the filter’s behavior at

three limiting cases for frequency

 𝑓𝑓 → 0:  𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓0 :  𝑓𝑓 → ∞:
 𝐶𝐶 → open  𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶 , 𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 cancel  𝐿𝐿 → open
 𝐿𝐿 → short  𝐿𝐿, 𝐶𝐶 → short  𝐶𝐶 → short
 Current → 0  𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖  Current → 0
 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 → 0  Gain → 1  𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 → 0
 Gain → 0  Gain → 0
K. Webb ENGR 202
 2nd-Order BPF – General-Form Frequency Response
42

 Each of the two BPF variations has the same resonant frequency:
1
𝑓𝑓0 =
2𝜋𝜋 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
 They have different frequency response functions and quality factors:

𝑅𝑅 1 𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿
𝑄𝑄 = 𝜔𝜔0 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑄𝑄 = =
𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿 𝜔𝜔0 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅

𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗/𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗/𝐿𝐿
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 = 𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗/𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 1/𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗/𝐿𝐿 + 1/𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

 Each frequency response function can be expressed in terms of 𝜔𝜔0 and 𝑄𝑄:
𝜔𝜔0
𝑄𝑄 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 = 𝜔𝜔
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 𝑄𝑄0 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝜔𝜔02

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Second-Order Band Pass Filter
43

 Same frequency response for each band pass filter

 Q determines
the sharpness of
the resonance
 Higher Q
provides higher
selectivity
 Narrower pass
band
 Steeper
transition to
the stop bands

K. Webb ENGR 202

 2nd-Order BP Filter – Bandwidth
44

 Bandwidth of a low
pass filter is the 3 dB
frequency
 A band pass filter has
two 3 dB frequencies
 Bandwidth is the
difference between the
two 3 dB frequencies BW = 200KHz

fU = 1.11MHz
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑓𝑓𝑈𝑈 − 𝑓𝑓𝐿𝐿

fo = 1MHz
fL = 910KHz
 Bandwidth is inversely
proportional to Q
𝑓𝑓0
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 =
𝑄𝑄 𝑓𝑓0
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑓𝑓𝑈𝑈 − 𝑓𝑓𝐿𝐿 = = 200 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑄𝑄
K. Webb ENGR 202
 2nd-Order BP Filter – Example
45

 Need a band pass filter to isolate a broadcast TV

channel
 Carrier
frequency: 180MHz
 Bandwidth of the filter: 6MHz

 Thévenin equivalent resistance of signal source: 75Ω

 Use a parallel LC network

A tank circuit

K. Webb ENGR 202

 2nd-Order BP Filter – Example
46

 Center frequency of the filter is:

1
𝑓𝑓0 = = 180 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
2𝜋𝜋 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
 Specified bandwidth dictates the required Q
value
𝑓𝑓0 180 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑄𝑄 = = = 30
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 6 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
 Calculate the required inductance (and/or capacitance) using the values of
𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 , 𝑄𝑄, and 𝑓𝑓0 :
𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 75 Ω
𝐿𝐿 = = = 2.2 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝜔𝜔0 𝑄𝑄 2𝜋𝜋 ⋅ 180 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ⋅ 30

 Use the center frequency to determine the required capacitance

1 1
𝐶𝐶 = = = 355 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝐿𝐿𝜔𝜔02 2.2 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 2𝜋𝜋 ⋅ 180 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 2

K. Webb ENGR 202

 2nd-Order BP Filter – Example
47

K. Webb ENGR 202

48 Second-Order Band Stop Filter

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Second-Order Band Stop Filter
49

 One option for a second-order band stop,

or notch, filter:
 The frequency response function:
𝑍𝑍2
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 =
𝑍𝑍1 + 𝑍𝑍2
where
1 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿+1
𝑍𝑍1 = 𝑅𝑅 and 𝑍𝑍2 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
so
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 1
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 1
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 = =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 1 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 1
𝑅𝑅 +
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 1/𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗/𝐿𝐿 + 1/𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Second-Order Band Stop Filter
50

 Consider the filter’s behavior at

three limiting cases for frequency

 𝑓𝑓 → 0:  𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓0 :  𝑓𝑓 → ∞:
 𝐶𝐶 → open  𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶 , 𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 cancel  𝐶𝐶 → short
 𝐿𝐿 → short  𝐿𝐿, 𝐶𝐶 → short  𝐿𝐿 → open
 Current → 0  𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 shorted to  Current → 0
 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 → 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 ground  𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 → 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖
 Gain → 1  Gain → 0  Gain → 1
K. Webb ENGR 202
 2nd-Order BSF – General-Form Frequency Response
51

 Second-order band stop filter

 Resonant (center) frequency:
1
𝑓𝑓0 =
2𝜋𝜋 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
 Quality factor:
1 𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿
𝑄𝑄 = =
𝜔𝜔0 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅

 Frequency response function:

𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 1/𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗/𝐿𝐿 + 1/𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

 General form, in terms of 𝜔𝜔0 and 𝑄𝑄:

𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2
+ 𝜔𝜔02
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 = 𝜔𝜔
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 𝑄𝑄0 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝜔𝜔02

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Second-Order Band Stop Filter
52

 All second-order notch

filters provide same
response as a function
of 𝑄𝑄 and 𝜔𝜔0
 𝑄𝑄 determines the
sharpness of the
response
 Higher Q provides
higher selectivity
 Narrower stop band
 Steeper transition to
the pass bands

K. Webb ENGR 202

 2nd-Order Notch Filter – Bandwidth
53

 Like the band pass

filter, the band stop
filter has two 3 dB BW = 500KHz
frequencies
 Bandwidth is the
difference between
the two 3 dB
frequencies

fU = 1.28MHz
fL = 780KHz
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑓𝑓𝑈𝑈 − 𝑓𝑓𝐿𝐿
 Bandwidth is inversely
proportional to Q
𝑓𝑓0
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑓𝑓0
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑓𝑓𝑈𝑈 − 𝑓𝑓𝐿𝐿 = = 500 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑄𝑄 𝑄𝑄
K. Webb ENGR 202
 2nd-Order Notch Filter – Example
54

 Consider the following scenario:

 Measuring transient pressure fluctuations inside an
enclosed chamber
 Pressure transducer monitored by a data acquisition system
 Measured signal is small – all frequency content lies in the
1KHz – 15KHz range
 Also interested in the average (DC) pressure value
 AC coupling (HP filter) is not an option
 Need to keep DC as well as 1KHz – 15KHz
 Measurements are extremely noisy
 Signal is completely buried in 60Hz power line noise
 Design a notch filter to reject any 60Hz power line noise

K. Webb ENGR 202

 2nd-Order Notch Filter – Example
55

 Filter design considerations

 Centerfrequency: 60 Hz
 Attenuate signal of interest as little as possible
 Setupper 3 dB frequency one decade below the lower end
of the signal range (1 kHz)
 Sensoroutput resistance: 100 Ω
 DAQ system input resistance: 1 MΩ

K. Webb ENGR 202

 2nd-Order Notch Filter – Example
56

 Upper 3 dB frequency is one decade

below 1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑓𝑓𝑈𝑈 = 100 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

 Simplify by assuming that the 3 dB

frequencies are evenly spaced
about 𝑓𝑓0
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 2 𝑓𝑓𝑈𝑈 − 𝑓𝑓0 = 80 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

 Required Q is then
𝑓𝑓0 60 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑄𝑄 = = = 0.75
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 80 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
 Sensor output resistance can serve
as the filter resistor
 DAQ input resistance of 1 MΩ is
large enough to be neglected
K. Webb ENGR 202
 2nd-Order Notch Filter – Example
57

 Determine 𝐿𝐿 and 𝐶𝐶 values to satisfy 𝑓𝑓0 and 𝑄𝑄 requirements

 The required inductance:
𝑄𝑄 ⋅ 𝑅𝑅 0.75 ⋅ 100 Ω
𝐿𝐿 = = = 198 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝜔𝜔0 2𝜋𝜋 ⋅ 60 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
 Calculate 𝐶𝐶 to place the center frequency at 60 Hz
1 1
𝐶𝐶 = 2 = = 35.5 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿 2𝜋𝜋 ⋅ 60 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 2 ⋅ 198 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

 A couple things worth noting:

 Some iteration selecting standard-
value components would be required
 Accuracy and stability of sensor output
resistance would need to be verified

K. Webb ENGR 202

 2nd-Order Notch Filter – Example
58

K. Webb ENGR 202

59 Second-Order Low Pass Filter

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Second-Order Low Pass Filter
60

 Second-order low pass filter:

 The frequency response function:
𝑍𝑍2
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 =
𝑍𝑍1 + 𝑍𝑍2
where
1
𝑍𝑍1 = 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 and 𝑍𝑍2 =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
so
1
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 1
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 = =
1 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 1
𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 +
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

1/𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗/𝐿𝐿 + 1/𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
K. Webb ENGR 202
 2nd-Order LPF – General-Form Frequency Response
61

 Second-order low pass filter

 Resonant frequency:
1
𝑓𝑓0 =
2𝜋𝜋 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
 Quality factor:
1 𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿
𝑄𝑄 = =
𝜔𝜔0 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅

 Frequency response function:

1/𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗/𝐿𝐿 + 1/𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

 General form, in terms of 𝜔𝜔0 and 𝑄𝑄:

𝜔𝜔02
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 = 𝜔𝜔
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 𝑄𝑄0 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝜔𝜔02

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Second-Order Low Pass Filter
62

 Consider the filter’s behavior at

three limiting cases for frequency

?
 𝑓𝑓 → 0:  𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓0 :  𝑓𝑓 → ∞:
 𝐿𝐿 → short  Behavior at  𝐿𝐿 → open
𝐶𝐶 → open resonance is a

bit trickier  𝐶𝐶 → short
 Current → 0 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 shorted to
here 
 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 → 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 ground
 Gain → 1  Gain → 0
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Second-Order LPF at Resonance
63

 Input impedance at resonance: 𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜔𝜔0 = 𝑅𝑅

 The series LC section is essentially a short
 But, neither the inductor nor the capacitor, individually, are
shorts
 And, output is taken across the capacitor
 Recall that at resonance, capacitor and inductor voltages can
exceed the input voltage

𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑅𝑅, so Output voltage

𝐕𝐕𝐢𝐢 phasor is:
𝐈𝐈 = 𝐈𝐈
𝑅𝑅 𝐕𝐕𝐨𝐨 =
𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔0 𝐶𝐶
𝐕𝐕𝐢𝐢
𝐕𝐕𝐨𝐨 = ∠ − 90°
𝜔𝜔0 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝐕𝐕 = 0 𝑉𝑉 here which may be larger
than 𝐕𝐕𝐢𝐢
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Second-Order Low Pass Filter
64

 Second-order roll-off
rate:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
40
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
 𝑄𝑄 determines:
 Amount of peaking
 Rate of phase
transition
 No peaking at all for
−90° at 𝜔𝜔0 1
𝑄𝑄 ≤ = 0.707
2

 Phase at 𝜔𝜔0 : −90°

K. Webb ENGR 202

 2nd-Order Low Pass Filter – 3dB Bandwidth
65

 3 dB bandwidth is a
function of Q
 Increases with Q
 Peaking occurs for
𝑄𝑄 > 0.707
 For 𝑄𝑄 = 0.707
 Maximally-flat
response
 Butterworth response
 The 3 dB frequency is
equal to the resonant
frequency
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 = 𝑓𝑓0

K. Webb ENGR 202

66 Second-Order High Pass Filter

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Second-Order High Pass Filter
67

 Second-order high pass filter:

 The frequency response function:
𝑍𝑍2
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 =
𝑍𝑍1 + 𝑍𝑍2
where
1
𝑍𝑍1 = 𝑅𝑅 + and 𝑍𝑍2 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
so
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 = =
1 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 1
𝑅𝑅 + + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗/𝐿𝐿 + 1/𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
K. Webb ENGR 202
 2nd-Order HPF – General-Form Frequency Response
68

 Second-order high pass filter

 Resonant frequency:
1
𝑓𝑓0 =
2𝜋𝜋 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
 Quality factor:
1 𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿
𝑄𝑄 = =
𝜔𝜔0 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅

 Frequency response function:

𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗/𝐿𝐿 + 1/𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

 General form, in terms of 𝜔𝜔0 and 𝑄𝑄:

𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 = 𝜔𝜔
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 𝑄𝑄0 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝜔𝜔02

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Second-Order High Pass Filter
69

 Consider the filter’s behavior at

three limiting cases for frequency

?
 𝑓𝑓 → 0:  𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓0 :  𝑓𝑓 → ∞:
 𝐿𝐿 → short  Behavior at  𝐿𝐿 → open
resonance is, 𝐶𝐶 → short
 𝐶𝐶 → open once again, a


𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 shorted to  Current → 0

 bit more
ground complicated  𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 → 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖
 Gain → 0  Gain → 1

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Second-Order HPF at Resonance
70

 Input impedance at resonance: 𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜔𝜔0 = 𝑅𝑅

 The series LC section is essentially a short
 But, neither the inductor nor the capacitor, individually, are
shorts
 And, output is taken across the inductor
 Recall that at resonance, capacitor and inductor voltages can
exceed the input voltage

𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑅𝑅, so Output voltage

𝐕𝐕𝐢𝐢 phasor is:
𝐈𝐈 = 𝐕𝐕𝐨𝐨 = 𝐈𝐈 ⋅ 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿
𝑅𝑅
𝐕𝐕𝐢𝐢
𝐕𝐕𝐨𝐨 = 𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑅𝑅
which may be larger
𝐕𝐕 = 0 𝑉𝑉 here than 𝐕𝐕𝐢𝐢

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Second-Order High Pass Filter
71

 Second-order roll-off
rate:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
40
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
 𝑄𝑄 determines:
 Amount of peaking
 Rate of phase
transition
 No peaking at all for
1
𝑄𝑄 ≤ = 0.707 +90° at 𝜔𝜔0
2

 Phase at 𝜔𝜔0 : +90°

K. Webb ENGR 202

 2nd-Order High Pass Filter – 3dB Bandwidth
72

 Corner frequency is a
function of Q
 Decreases with
increasing Q
 Peaking occurs for
𝑄𝑄 > 0.707
 For 𝑄𝑄 = 0.707
 Maximally-flat
response
 Butterworth response
 The 3 dB frequency is
equal to the resonant
frequency
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 = 𝑓𝑓0
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Damping Ratio - ζ
73

 We’ve been using quality factor to describe second-order filter

response
 A measure of the sharpness of the resonance
 For band pass/stop filters, Q tells us about bandwidth
 For low/high pass filters, Q tells us about peaking

 Another way to describe the same characteristic: damping ratio, 𝜁𝜁

 Damping ratio is inversely proportional to Q:
1
𝜁𝜁 =
2𝑄𝑄
 A measure of the amount of damping in a circuit/system
 Higher 𝜁𝜁 implies a less resonant system
 Less peaking
 Wider bandwidth for band pass/stop filters

K. Webb ENGR 202

 2nd-Order Low Pass Response vs. ζ
74

 As 𝜁𝜁 goes down,
 Less damping
 More peaking
 No peaking at all for
𝜁𝜁 ≥ 0.707
 For 𝜁𝜁 = 0.707
 Maximally-flat
response
 Butterworth response
 The 3 dB frequency is
equal to the resonant
frequency
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 = 𝑓𝑓0

K. Webb ENGR 202

 General-Form Freq. Response Functions in Terms of ζ
75

Low pass in terms of Q: Low pass in terms of ζ:

𝜔𝜔02 𝜔𝜔02
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 = 𝜔𝜔 𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 0 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝜔𝜔02 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 2𝜁𝜁𝜁𝜁0 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝜔𝜔02
𝑄𝑄

High pass in terms of Q: High pass in terms of ζ:

𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2
𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 = 𝜔𝜔 𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 0 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝜔𝜔02 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2 + 2𝜁𝜁𝜁𝜁0 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝜔𝜔02
𝑄𝑄

K. Webb ENGR 202

76 Audio Filter Demo

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Analog Discovery Instrument
77

 2-chan. Scope
 14-bit, 100MSa/s
 5MHz bandwidth
 2-chan. function generator
 14-bit, 100MSa/s
 5MHz bandwidth
 2-chan. spectrum analyzer
 Network analyzer
 Voltmeter
 ±5V power supplies
 16-chan. logic analyzer
 16-chan. digital pattern
generator
 USB connectivity

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Analog Discovery – Audio Demo
78

 Demo board plugs

in to Analog
Discovery module
 Summation of
multiple tones
 Optional filtering
of audio signal
 3.5 mm audio
output jack

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Analog Discovery – Audio Demo
79

K. Webb ENGR 202

80 Example Problems

K. Webb ENGR 202

 The higher-frequency signal is
unwanted noise. Design a
second-order Butterworth
LPF to attenuate the higher-
frequency component by 40
dB.
What is the SNR at the output
of the filter?

K. Webb ENGR 202

K. Webb ENGR 202
K. Webb ENGR 202
K. Webb ENGR 202