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nkw;Fg; gFjpapdh; g[ypj;;njthpd; fl;Lg;ghl;od; fPGk;.

ghlk; 2 fpHf;Fg; gFjpapdh; fl;lbghk;kdpd; fl;Lg;ghl;od; fPGk;
thH;eJ; te;jdh;/
ghisaf; f huh; f s; g[ u l; r p ? ntY}h; fyfk; M’; f pyf; fpHf; f pe; j paf; fk; b gdp j’; f sJ
thptNypg;ig mjpfhpf;Fk; vz;zj;jpy;. ghisaf;fhuh;fspd;
fw; w y; nehf; f ’; f s; thptNy; bra;a[k; Kiwia vjph;j;jJ/ 1792 Mk; Mz;L
fh;ehlf cld;gof;ifapd;go M’;fpnyah;fs;
1/ jkpHh; f s; M’; f pnyaiu vjph; j ; J Kjd; Kjypy; ghisaf; f huh; f is j’; f sJ fl; L g; g hl; o d; fP H ;
nghuhoath;fs; vd;gij bjhpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/ bfhz;Lte;jdh;/ bjd; gFjpapd; ghisaf;fhuh;fSf;Fk;
2/ fl;lbghk;kd; kw;Wk; Cikj;Jiu nghd;w ghisaf;
M’; f pyf; fpHf; F ,e; j pa fk; b gdpf; F k; ,ilapy;
fhuh; f spd; jpahfj; j pid bjhpe; J bfhs; S jy; /
eilbgw; w Muk; g fhy nghuhl; l ’; f s; murpay;
3/ M’;fpnyaUf;Fk; kUJ rnfhjuh;fSf;Fk; ,ilna Vw;gl;l
nkhjy; gw; wpj; bjhpe; J bfhs; Sjy; /
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ/ M’;fpnyah;fs;.
ghisaf;fhuh;fis jk;Kila vjphpfshfnt elj;jpdh;/
ghisaf;fhuh;fSk; btspehl;odh; jk; kPJ Mjpf;fk;
ghisaf; f huh; f s; g[ u l; r p brYj;Jtij tpUk;gtpy;iy/ mjd; tpisthf 1799 Mk;
Mz;L ghisaf;fhuh;fs; g[ul;rp btoj;jJ/
jkpH;ehl;oy;. kw;w ,e;jpag; gFjpfisg;nghy
M’; f pnyaUf; F vjpuhd czh; r ; r pfspd; btspg; g hL
g[ul;rpf;fhd fhuz’;fs; :
cs;ehl;Lf; fpsh;r;rpfshft[k; vGr;rpfshft[k; njhd;wpd/ 1/ 1792 Mk; Mz;L ifbaGj;jplg;gl;l fh;ehlf kw;Wk;
mtw;Ws; 1799 Mk; Mz;L M’;fpy fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdpf;F rPu’;fg;gl;lz cld;gof;iffs; ghisaf;fhuh;fspd;
vjpuhfj; njhd;wpa ghisaf;fhuh;fs; fyfnk kPJ M’;fpnyah;fspd; Mjpf;fk; tYg;gl tHp
Kjd;ikahdjhFk;/ nfhypaJ/ ghisaf; f huh; f s; M’; f pnyaiu
jkpH;ehl;oypUe;J tpul;Ltjw;Fj; jf;fj; jUzj;ij
jkpH;ehl;oy; tpraefug;nguuR Ml;rp bra;j fhyj;jpy; vjph;ghh;jJ
; f;bfhz;oUe;jdh;/
Fwpg; g hf. kJiuia Mz; l tp!; t ehj ehaf; f hpd;
2/ fh;ehlf cld;gof;if K:yk; ghisaf;fhuh;fsplk;
Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ghisaf;fhuh;fs; njhd;wpdh;/
thptNypf;Fk; chpikiag; bgw;w M’;fpnyah;fs;.
ghisaf;fhuh;fs; vd;gth;fs; ghisak; my;yJ bghpa thp tNypf;f Ml;rpah;fis epakpj;jhh;fs;/
epyg;gug;gpw;F chpikahsh;fs; Mthh;/
3/ ghisaf;fhuh;fs; M’;fpnyaUf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L
ghisak; vd;gJ mth;fsJ ,uhQqt nritiag; gzpg[hpa tpUk;gtpy;iy/
ghuhl;o mth;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;l epyg;gFjp MFk;/ 17
kw;Wk; 18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ghisaf;fhuh;fs; jkpHf 4/ M’; f pnyah; f s; Mf; f ukpg; g [ f ; bfhs; i fiag;
murpaypy; mjpf bry;thf;F bgw;wpUe;jhh;fs;/ ehsiltpy; gpd;gw;wpdh;/ ,uhkehjg[uk;. kzg;ghiw. gHdp.
mth;fs; j’;fis Rje;jpuk; bgw;wth;fshf vuf; n fhl; i l. kw; W k; brd; d y; F o Mfpa gy
mwptpj;Jf;bfhz;lhh;fs;/ jpUbey;ntypapd; nkw;Fg; ghisa’; f is M’; f pnyah; f s; Mf; f pukpj; j dh; /
gFjpapy; thH;e;j ghisaf;fhuh;fs; kwth;fs; vd;Wk; M’;fpnyah;fspd; ,e;j Mf;fpukpg;g[f; bfhs;ifia
fpHf;Fg;gFjpapdh; ehaf;fh;fs; vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;ldh;/ ghisaf;fhuh;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy/
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I/g[ypj;njth; :,e;jpahtpy; M’;fp nya gh”;rhy’;Fwpr;rp ghisaj;jpd; Ml;rpg;bghWg;gpid Vw;whh;/

Ml;rpia jkpH; ehl;oypUe;J Kjd; Kjypy; M’;fpnyahpd; thptNy; bfhs;ifna M’;fpnyaUf;Fk;
vjph; j ; j th; vd; w rpwg; g [ bfhz; l th; ; fl;lbghk;kDf;Fk; ,ilna tpnuhjk; Vw;gl Kf;fpaf;
g[ypj;njth; Mthh;/ ,th; jpUbey;ntypf;F fhuzkhf mike;jJ/ 1798 Mk; Mz;L brg;lk;gh; khjk;
mUfpy; cs;s bew;fl;Lk;brt;ty; vd;w gh”; r hy’; F wpr; r pg; ghisak; M’; f pyf; fpHf; f pe; j pa
ghisaj; j py; Mjpf; f k; brYj; j pdhh; / fk;bgdpf;Fr; brYj;jntz;oa thpj;bjhif epYitapy;
M’;fpnyaUf;Fk; Mw;fhl;L ethg;gpw;Fk; ,Ue;jJ/ fLikahd g”;rk; Vw;gl;ljpd; tpisthf
fl;Lg;gl;L fg;gk; fl;l kWj;j g[ypj;njth;. fl;lbghk;kd; fk;bgdpf;Fr; brYj;j ntz;oa epYit
mth; f is vjph; f ; f t[ k ; Muk; g pj; j hh; / thpia brYj; j ,ayhky; my; y Yw; w hh; / Mdhy;
M’; f pnyag; gilfSk; . ethg; g pd; uhkehjg[ u k; Ml; r pah; epYit thpia cldoahf
gilfSk; g[ypj;njtiuj; jhf;fpd/ ,Uthpd; brYj;JkhW tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kDf;Fg; gy foj’;fs;
gilfSk; g[ypj; njthplk; jpUbey;ntyp vGjpdhh;/ Mdhy; fl;lbghk;kd; mtuJ nfhhpf;iffis
vd; D kplj; j py; njhy; t pa[ w ; w d/ ,e; j epuhfhpj;jhh;/
btw; w pf; F g; g pd; . M’; f pnyah; ? ethg; g[ypj;njth;
Tl;lzpia vjph;ff ; . ghisaf;fhuh;fs; midtiua[k; xd;W M’;fpnya Ml;rpah; fhypd; $hf;rd; fl;lbghk;kid
jpul;l g[ypj;njth; Kad;whh;/ Mdhy; rptfphp. vl;lag[uk;. uhkehjg[uj;jpy; jk;ik te;J re;jpf;FkhW gzpj;jhh;/
gh”;rhy’;Fwpr;rp Mfpa ghisaf;fhuh;fs; g[ypj;njtUf;F fl;lbghk;kd; thpg;gzj;Jld; jpUf;Fw;whyj;jpy; fk;bgdp
Mjut[ mspf;ftpy;iy/ Ml; r pah; $hf; r id re; j pf; f tpUk; g panghJ $hf; r d;
fl;lbghk;kidr; re;jpf;f kWj;Jtpl;lhh;/ fl;lbghk;kd;.
cah; mjpfhuj;jpw;F vjpuhf nghuhoa tPuDf;F cjhuzkhf rptfphp. rhj; J }h; . mjd; g pd; jpUtpy; y pg[ j ; J }h; Mfpa
g[ y pj; n jthpd; thH; f ; i f kw; W k; nghuhl; l k; mikfpwJ/ ,l’;fSf;F Ml;rpah; $hf;ridr; re;jpf;f 23 ehl;fs; gpd;
bjhlh;eJ; brd;whh;/ mjd;gpd;d ; h; uhkehjg[uj;jpy; Ml;rpaiu
1759 Mk; Mz;L ethg;gpd; gilfs; a{Rg;fhd; vd;w re;jpf;FkhW fl;lg;bghk;kDf;Ff; fl;lisaplg;gl;lJ/
fhd;rhfpg; jiyikapy; bew;fl;Lk;brt;ty; gFjpiaj; 1798 Mk; Mz;L brg;lk;gh; khjk; 19 Mk; ehs; fl;lbghk;kd;
jhf; f pd/ me; j hey; Y }h; vd; D kplj; j py; g[ y pj; n jth; kw;Wk; mtuJ mikr;rh; rptRg;ukzpagps;is ,UtUk;
njhw;fof;fg;gl;lhh;/ gida{h;. thRnjtey;Y}h; kw;Wk; uhkehjg[uj;jpYs;s uhkyp’;f tpyh!; vd;w muz;kidapy;
bew;fl;Lk;brt;ty; Mfpa ghisa’;fis ethg;gpd; Ml; r pah; $hf; r idf; re; j pj; j dh; / $hf; r d; mth; f is
gilfs; ifg;gw;wpd/ caph; jg;gpj;J jiykiwthf thH;ej ; mtkjpj;jnjhL kl;Lkpy;yhky; mth;fis ifJ bra;at[k;
g[ypj;njth;. fhd; rhfpg; ,we;jJk;. 1764 Mk; Mz;L Kw;gl;lhh;/ fl;lbghk;kd; jd; rnfhjud; Cikj;Jiuapd;
bew;fl;Lk;brt;ty; gFjpia kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;wpdhh;/ 1767 cjtpa[ld; jg;gpr;brd;whh;/ Mdhy; mtuJ mikr;rh;
Mk; Mz;L nfg;ld; nfk;bgy; vd;gtuhy; njhw;fof;fg; rptRg;gpukzpag;gps;is ifJ bra;ag;gl;lhh;/
gl;l g[ypj;njthpd; filrp ehl;fisg; gw;wpj; bjspthf
mwpaKoatpy;iy/ fl;lbghk;kd;. Ml;rpah; $hf;rdpd; elj;ijia
tpthpj;J brd;idf; ft[d;rpYf;F xU fojk; vGjpdhh;/
II.tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; : 1761 Mk; Mz;L nkYk; mth; jd;Dila mikr;rh; tpLjiy bra;ag;gl
tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; gpwe;jhh;/ 1790 Mk; Mz;L ntz;Lk; vdt[k; tpUk;gpdhh;/ mg;nghija brd;id
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MSeuhd vl;th;L fpist; fl;lbghk;kid mDg;gpdhh;/ neukpd;ikahy; fl;lbghk;kd; mij

mogzpa[khW fl;lisapl;lhh;/ nkYk; vl;th;L fpist;. epuhfhpj;jhh;/
Ml;rpah; $hf;rdpd; jtwhd elj;ijf;fhf mtiug; gzp
ePf;fk; bra;J. rptRg;ukzpag; gps;isiaa[k; tpLjiy gh”;rhy’;Fwpr;rpapd; tPH;r;rp :: brg;lk;gh; khjk; 5
bra;jhh;/ vdnt fl;lbghk;kd; ruzilaj; jPh;khdpj;jhh;/ Mk; ehs; nk$h; ghdh;nkd; jiyikapy; M’;;fpnyag;
Mfnt vl;th;L fpist; xU tprhuizf; FGit epakpj;jhh;/ gilfs; gh”;rhy’; Fwpr;rp nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifapl;ld/
1798 Mk; Mz;L ork;gh; 15 Mk; ehs; mf;FGtpd; Kd; ghdh;nkd; gh”;rhy’;Fwp”;rp nfhl;ilf;Fr; bry;Yk; vy;yh
fl;lbghk;kd; M$uhdhh;/ tHpfisa[k; Jz;oj;jhh;/ nkYk; uhkyp’;fKjypahiu
mDg;gp fl;lbghk;kid ruzila[khW ghdh;nkd;
fl;lbghk;kDk; Tl;lzpa[k;: rptf’;if ghisaj;ij nfhhpdhh; / mijf; fl; l bghk; k d; kWj; J tpl; l hh; /
rhh;e;j kUJghz;oah; jd; mz;il ghisaf;fhuh;fSld; uhkyp’;fKjypahh; nfhl;iliag;gw;wpa ufrpa’;fisr;
,ize;J xU Tl;lzpia Vw;gLj;jpdhh;/ nrfhpj;jhh;/ mjd; mog;gilapy; ghdh;nkd; je;jpukhf
fl;lbghk;kDf;F ,e;jf; Tl;lzpapy; nru Mh;tk; nfhl;iliaj; jhf;f jpl;lkpl;lhh;/ fhsh;gl;o vd;w
,Ue;jJ/ Mdhy; mg;nghija Ml;rpah; Y}c&p’;ld;. ,lj; j py; ele; j nkhjypy; rptRg; g pukzpag; g ps; i s
fl;lbghk;kd; kUJ rnfhjuh;fisr; re;jpg;gij jil ifjhdhh;/ g[Jf;nfhl;il murh; fsg;g{h; fhl;oy; xspe;jpUe;j
bra;jhh;/ ,j;jilia kPwp kUJ rnfhjuh;fSk;/ tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kidr; rpiwgpoj;J M’;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpaf;
fl;lbghk;kDk; M’;fpnyaiu vjph;gg ; jw;F xU rjpj;jpl;lk;
fk;bgdpaplk; xg;gilj;jhh;/
jP l ; o dh; / fl; l bghk; k d; rptfphpg; ghisaj; i j jd;
Tl;likg;gpy; nrh;jj ; pl Kad;whh;/ Mdhy; fpsh;rr; pahsh;fs; fl; l bghk; k d; J}f; f pyplg; g Ljy; : gh”; r hy’;
Tl;likg;gpy; nru rptfphp ghisaf;fhuh; kWj;Jtpl;lhh;/ Fwpr;rpapd; tPHr; r; pf;Fg; gpwF ghdh;nkd; rpiwf;ifjpfis
vdnt. fl;lbghk;kd; rptfphp nehf;fp ghisaf;fhuh;fs; Kd; epWj;jp tprhuiz bra;J. kuz
gilbaLj;Jr;brd;whh;/rptfphp ghisak; M’;fpnyah;fSf;F jz;lida[k; tH’;fpdhh;/ 1799 Mk; Mz;L mf;nlhgh; khjk;
jpiw brYj;Jk; ghisakhf ,Ue;jJ/ Mfnt M’;fpyf; 16 Mk; ehs; jpUbey;ntypf;F mUfpy; cs;s faj;jhW
fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdp fl;lbghk;kdpd; gilbaLg;ig nfhl;ilapy; gy ghisaf;fhuh;fspd; Kd;dpiyapy;
jd; mjpfhuj;jpw;bfjpuhd xU rthyhff; fUjpj; jdJ tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;/
gilfis jpUbey; n typ kP J gilbaLf; F khW
fl;lisapl;lJ/ III/kUJrnfhjuh;fs; : 18 Mk; E}w;whz;od; gpw;gFjpapy;
bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; M’;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf kUJ rnfhjuh;fs;
M’;fpnyag;gilfspd; Kd;ndw;wk; : M’;fpnya fyfk; bra;jdh;/ kUJ rnfhjuh;fs; K:fi ; fah gHepag;gd;
jiyik MSeh; bty;y!;yp. 1799Mk; Mz;L nk khjk; kw;Wk; bghd;dhj;jhs; Mfpnahhpd; kfd;fs; Mth;/ K:j;j
fl;lbghk;kDld; nghh; bjhLf;f nk$h; ghdh;nkd; rnfhjuh; bghpa kUJ vd;Wk; ,isath; rpd;dkUJ
jiyikapy; xU gilia mDg; g pdhh; / ghisa’; vd; W k; miHf; f g; g l; l dh; / mth; f Sk; g[ f H; bgw; w
nfhl; i lapy; brg; l k; g h; 4?Mk; ehsd; W jd; i dr; rpd;dkUJ ‘kUJ ghz;oad;’ vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhh;/
re; j pf; F khW fl; l bghk; k Df; F fojk; xd; i wa[ k ; rptf’;ifia Mz;L te;j Kj;J tLfehj njthplk;

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rpd;dkUJ gzpahw;wpdhh;/ 1772 Mk; Mz;L Mw;fhL ethg; mjd; tpisthfj; jkpH; ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j gy
rptf’;ifia Kw;Wifapl;L ifg;gw;wpdhh;/ vdpDk; rpy ghisaf; f huh; f s; M’; f pnyanuhL nghuhLtjw; f hf
khj’;fSf;Fg; gpwF rptf’;if kUJ mzpjpuz;L te;jdh;/ M’;fpnyag; gilfis
rnfhjuh;fshy; kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;wg; vjph;g;gjw;fhf rpd;d kUJ 20.000 tPuh;fisj; jpul;odhh;/
gl;L bghpa kUJ rptf’;ifapd; nk 1801?y; M’;fpnyah;fs; fyff;fhuh;fis j”;rht{h.; jpUr;rp
kd;duhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ Mfpa ,l’;fspy; jhf;fpdh;/ M’;fpnyahpd; gphpj;jhSk;
bfhs;if ghisaf;fhuh;fspd; gilfisg; gphpj;jJ/
fl;lbghk;kd; ,we;jgpwF fyff;fhuh;fs; fhisahh;nfhtpy; brd;wdh;/ mth;fs;
mtuJ rnfhjuh; Cikj; J iu M’;fpyg;gilfshy; njhw;fof;fg;gl;ldh;/ Cikj;Jiu
gh”;rhy’; Fwpr;rpia tpl;L ntW gpogl; L rpur; n rjk; bra; a g; g l; l hh; / uhkehjg[ u k;
,lj;jp;y; j”;rk; g[Fe;jhh;/ khtl; l j; j pYs; s jpUg; g j; J }h; nfhl; i lapy; kUJ
jd;Dila rnfhjudpd; kiwtpw;F rnfhjuh; f s; J}f; f pyplg; g l; l dh; / kUJ rnfhjuh; f s;
fhuzkhd M’;fpnyaiug; gHpth’;f M’;fpnyaiu btw;wp bfhs;shtpl;lhYk; jkpHfj;jpy;
Cikj;Jiu tpUk;gpdhh;/ ,e;jf; njrpa czh;t[ vd;w tpijia Kjd;Kjy; tpijj;jth;fs;
fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;. kUJ rnfhjuh;fs; Mth;/ vdnt bjd; ,e;jpaf;fyfk; jkpHf tuyhw;wpy;
rpd;d kUJ rpwg;gplk; bgWfpwJ/
fl;lbghk;kdpd; rnfhjud;
Cikj;Jiuf;Fg; ghJfhg;g[ mspj;J j’;fsJ Mjuita[k; 1801 Mk; Mz;L gpufldk; M’;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf vy;yh
ey;fpdh;/ ,e; j pah; f isa[ k ; xd; w pizj; j Kjy; gpufldkhFk; /
rpd; d kUJ ‘rptf’; i f rp’; f k;’ vd; W miHf; f g; g l; l hh; /
ntY}h; f yfk;

kUJ rnfhjuh;fspd; ,r;bray; M’;fpnyaiu 1806 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l ntY}h; fyfk; 1857 Mk;
rPww
; kilar;bra;jJ/ M’;fpnyah;fs; rptf’;ifiaj; jhf;fj; Mz;L Vw;gl;l ,e;jpa rpg;gha;f; fyfj;jpw;F Kd;ndhoahf
jahuhapdh;/ kUJ rnfhjuh;fSk; M’;fpnyahpd; ,e;j jpfH;fpwJ/ ,J jkpHf tuyhw;wpy; xU Kf;fpakhd
vjph; g ; i g re; j pf; f Maj; j epiyapy; ,Ue; j dh; / epfH;r;rpahf fUjg;gLfpwJ/ _u’;fg;gl;ldk; nghhpy;
rptf’;ifapd; kPJ chpikapy;yhj nghJk; rptf’;ifiaf; jpg;g[Ry;jhd; bfhy;yg;gl;lJk;. mjidj; bjhlh;e;J
ifg;gw;wp kUJ ghz;oad; Ml;rp elj;jp tUfpd;whh; vd;W Vw;gl;l epfH;r;rpfSk; ntY}h; rpg;gha;f; fyfk; Vw;gl;lf;
M’;fpnyah; mth; kPJ Fw;wk; rhl;odh;/ M’;fpnyahpd; fhuz’; f shapd/ ,f; f yfk; Fwpg; g pl; l FWfpa
,r;bray; rpd;d kUJit M’;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhfg; fhyj;jpw;Fs; xLf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lhYk; jkpHf kf;fspd;
nghhplj; J}z;oaJ/ vdnt. rpd;dkUJ 1801 Mk; Mz;L kdjpy; xU bgUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ/
$Pd; khjk; M’;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf mwpf;if xd;iw
btspapl;lhh;/ mt;twpf;ifapd; xU goiaj; jpUr;rpapy; 1799 Mk; Mz;L jpg;g[tpd; kiwtpw;Fg;gpwF.
ethgpd; muz;kid thapypYk; kw;bwhd;iw _u’;fk; jpg;gt
[ pd; g[jy;th;fSk;. g[jy;tpfSk; ntY}h; nfhl;ilapy;
nfhapy; Rtw;wpYk; xl;odh;/ ,t;thW kUJ rnfhjuh;fs; rpiw itf;fg;gl;ldh;/ ed;F gapw;rp bgw;w gy;ntW
M’; f pnyaUf; F vjpuhf vjph; g ; g [ z h; t pid vy; y h ghisa’;fisr; rhh;e;j nghh; tPuh;fs; M’;fpyg; gilapy;
,l’;fspYk; gug;gpdh;/ nrh;j;Jf; bfhs;sg;gl;ldh;/ ntY}h; nfhl;ilapy; ,Ue;j
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gil tPuh;fs;. M’;fpnyah;fs; bfhz;L te;j cil fpHpf;fg;gl;lJ/ ntY}h; nfhl;ilapy; jpg;g[ Ry;jhdpd;
khw;wj;ij vjph;j;J nghhpLtJ vd;W Kot[ bra;jdh;/ bfho gwf;ftplg;gl;lJ/
giltPuh;fs; jiy Koia kHpf;fntz;Lk; vd;Wk;. kpft[k; ,f;fl;lhd ,e;j NH;epiyapy; Mw;fhl;oy;
kPiria vLf;fntz;Lk; vd;Wk; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;/ j’;fpapUe;j fh;dy; fpy!;gp ntY}Uf;F tpiue;J te;J
b e w ; w p i a m y ’; f hpf; F k; kj rpd; d ’; f s; jil fyff;fhuh;fisj; jhf;fpdhh;/ Vuhskhd ,e;jpa tPuh;fs;
bra;ag;gl;ld/ nkYk; rpYitg; bghwpf;fg;gl;l g[jpa bfhd;W Ftpf;fg;gl;ldh;/ fyfk; KGtJkhf
jiyg;ghifia mzpa tw;gW [ j;jg;gl;ldh;/ ,e;J kw;Wk; mlf;fg;gl;lJ/ gpd;g[ ntY}hpy; mikjp jpUk;gpaJ/
,!;yhkpa tPuh;fs; ,ij vjph;jj ; dh;/ rpYit milahsk;
j’;fis kjk; khw;Wk; Kaw;rp vd;W ,e;J tPuh;fs; njhy;tpf;fhd fhuz’;fs; :
re;njfg;gl;ldh;/ vdnt giltPuh;fs; M’;fpnyaUf;F 1/ cjtpiaa[k;. xj;JiHg;iga[k; nfhhp bjd;dpe;
vjpuhf jiyg;ghifiaj; J}f;fp vwpe;jdh;/ mjdhy; jpahtpy; ,Ue;j gy kd;dh;fSf;F fyff;fhuh;fs;
M’;fpnyah;fshy; giltPuh;fs; jz;of;fg;gl;ldh;/ foj’;fs; mDg;gpdhh;fs;/ Mdhy; cjtp fpl;Lk;
Kd;dnu g[ul;rp btoj;jJtpl;lJ
,e;jpa tPuh;fs; M’;fpnyaiug; gHpth’;f jf;f
2/ g[ u l; r pahsh; f is tHp elj; j pr; bry; y j; jf; f
jUzj;ij vjph;nehf;fp fhj;jpUe;jdh;/ nkYk; ikNh;g;
jiyikapy;iy/
gilfs; ntY}h; rpg;gha;fSf;F Mjut[ mspj;jdh;/ vdnt.
1805?1806 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; M’;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf ntY}hpy; 3/ M’; f pnyaUf; F vjpuhf bray; g l jpg; g [ t pd;
fyfk; btoj;jJ/ ike;jh;fsplKk; cwtpdh;fsplKk; nghjpa mst[
jpwik ,y;iy/
fyfj;jpd; nghf;F: 4/ M’;fpnyahpd; gphpj;jhSk; bfhs;if ,e;jpah;fspd;
jpg;g[ Ry;jhdpd; cw xw;Wikiaf; Fiyj;jJ/
tpdh;fs; 1806 Mk;
Mz;L $Piy 10 Mk; fw;wy; tpist[fs;
1/ bjd; ,e; j paf; fyfj; j pw; f hdf; fhuz’; f isg; g[ h pe; J
ehs; ntY}h; nfhl; bfhz;ldh;/
iliaf; ifg;gw;wj; 2/ g[ypj;njth;. tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; kw;Wk; kUJ
jpl;lkpl;ldh;/ rnfhjuh;fspd; njr gf;jpiag; g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
Mdhy; 1806 Mk; 3/ ntY}h;; fyfk; gw;wp g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
Mz;L $Piy 9 Mk;
ehs; es; s putpy; . Rakjpg; g P L
ntY}h; nfhl; i l I. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf :
apy; ,Ue;j tPuh;fs; ntY}h; nfhl;il 1/ jkpH;ehl;oy; ghisaf;fhuh; Kiw njhd;wpaJ
j’;fSila Kfhik
(m) nrhHh;fs; fhyj;jpy;
tpl;L btspte;jdh;/ mth;fs; M’;fpnyaiu vjph;ghuhj
tifapy; jhf;fp Jg;ghf;fpr; NLk; elj;jpdh;/ nfhl;ilapd; (M) ghz;oah;fs; fhyj;jpy;
fjt[ f s; milf; f g; g l; l d/ nfhl; i lapy; gwe; j (,) gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy;/
M’;fpnyahpd; bfho. fPnH ,wf;fg;gl;L. Rf;F E}whf (<) tpraefu nguurh; fhyj;jpy;
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2/ jkpHfj;jpy; M’;fpnyaiu Kjd; Kjypy; vjph;j;jth; III/ bghUj;Jf :

(m) g[ypj;njth; (M) tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; m/ M
(,) Cikj;Jiu (<) kUJ rnfhjuh;fs;/ 1/ _u’;fg;gl;odk; Mw;fhL ethg;

3/ kUJ rnfhjuh;fs; Ml;rp g[hpe;j ghisak; cld;gof;if

2/ KfkJ myp 1792
(m) gh”;rhy’; Fwpr;rp (M) rptf’;if
3/ M’;fpnyah; fl;lbghk;kdpd; rnfhjuh;
(,) bew;fl;Lk;brt;ty; (<) rptfphp
4/ Cikj;Jiu 1806
4/ ntY}h;fyfk; eilbgw;w Mz;L
5/ ntY}h;fyfk; gphpj;jhSk; bfhs;if/
(m) 1799 (M) 1801 (,) 1806 (<) 1857

IV/ RUf;fkhd tpilasp :

II. nfhol;l ,l’;fis epug;g[f : 1/ fl;lbghk;kd; kw;Wk; uhkehjg[uk; Ml;rpah;
,UtUf;Fkpilapy; ele;j re;jpg;ig Fwpg;gplt[k;/
1/ ghisaf;fhuh;fs; __________ my;yJ __________ 2/ fl;lbghk;kd; vt;thW J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;>
f;F brhe;jf;fhuh;fs;/
3/ kUJ rnfhjuh;fspd; bgw;nwhh; ahh;>
2/ M’; f pnyah; f s; ___________ cld; g of; i fapd; go 4/ Cikj;Jiu ? rpW Fwpg;g[ tiuf/
ghisaf;fhuh;fs; kPJ thptNypf;Fk; chpik bgw;wdh;/ 5/ ntY}h; fyfk; njhy;tp mile;jjw;fhd fhuz’;fs;
ahit>
3/ g[ypj;njth; ___________ vd;w ghisaj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;/

4/ bew;fl;Lk;brt;ty; ethg;gpd; gilfshy; ___________ V/ tphpthd tpilasp :

Mz;oy; jhf;fg;gl;lJ/
1/ ghisaf;fhuh; g[ul;rpf;fhd fhuz’;fs; ahit>
5/ tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; ____________ Mk; Mz;L 2/ g[ypj;njth; vt;thW M’;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf fpsh;r;rp
gpwe;jhh;/ bra;jhh;>
3/ ghisaf;fhuh; Tl;likg;gpy; tPu ghz;oadpd; g’;F
6/ tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; jpUbey;ntypf;F mUfpy; ahJ>
cs;s __________ nfhl;ilapy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;/
4/ M’;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf kUJ rnfhjuh;fs; bray;gl;l
7/ rpd;d kUJ __________ vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhh;/ tpjj;jpid tpsf;Ff/

8/ rpd;d kUJtpd; gpufldk; ,e;jpah;fs; ________ f;F 5/ ntY}h; fyfj;jpd; nghf;if tpsf;Ff/
vjpuhf ,iztjw;fhd Kjy; gpufldkhFk;/ bra; K iwg; gapw; r p
9/ 1806 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l ntY}h;fyfk; 1857 Mk; Mz;L jkpH;ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j g[fH;bgw;w ghisaf;fhuh;fspd;
Vw;gl;l __________ f;F Kd;ndhoahf jpfH;e;jJ/ gl’;fis nrfhpf;ft[k;/
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