tzpftpay;

nky;epiy - Kjyhk; Mz;L

jPz;lhik XU ghtr; bray;

jPz;lhik XU bgU';Fw;wk;
jPz;lhik XU kdpjj; jd;ikaw;w bray;

jkpH; e hl; L g;
ghlE}y; fHfk;
fy;Y}hpr; rhiy. brd;id - 600 006/
C jkpH;ehL muR Kd; D iu
Kjy; gjpg;g[ - 2004/
FGj; j iyth; cah;khw;wj;Jld; g[Jg;g pf;fg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lj;ij xl;o. ,e;E}yhdJ
jpU/nfh/VGkiy gjpndhuhk; tFg;g[ tzpftpay; khzhf;fh;fSf;F Vw;;g vGjg;gl;Ls;sJ/
Jiwj;jiyth; mwptpay; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;El;gJiwapy; Vw;gl;l fLk; khw;w';fspdhy;. mit
KJepiy gl;l tzpftpay; Jiw tzpftpaypy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fkhdJ. ,e;E}ypy; g[Jikahd jiyg;gf [ isr;
muR fiyf; fy;Y}hp nrh;f;f ntz;oa njitia Vw;gLj;jpa[s;sJ/
nryk; - 636 007/ g[jpa tsh;r;rpapy; nkYk; mwpit tsh;j;Jf;bfhs;st[k; mjid
E}yhrphpah; f s; Mrphpah;fs; fw;g pf;fntz;oa[k; cs;ehl;L tzpfk;. gd;dhl;L tzpfk;.
1. jpU/rp/jdghy; 3. jpU/v*; / rpthde; j k; nghf; F tuj; J kw; W k; bghUl; f pl'; F fs; gw; w pa ,ay; f s; tphpthf
Muhag;gl;Ls;sd/
njh;t[epiy tzpftpay; KJepiy tzpftpay; gl;ljhhp Mrphpah;
tphpt[iuahsh; rptfhrp ,e;J ehlhh; tpf;nlhhpah t';fpfSk; fhg;gPl;Lf;FGk';fSk; nkw;bfhs;Sk; g[jpa Kiwfis
nky;epiyg;gs;sp khzhf;fh;fSf;Fj; bjhptpg;gjw;fhf. mz;ikf;fhy tsh;rr
; pfSf;F ,iag[ila
nryk; brsnl*;thp fy;Y}hp
jf;f rhd;WfSld; ,t;tpay;fspy; tphpthf vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/
nryk; - 636 010/ rptfhrp - 626 123/
nkYk;. Efh;nthhplk; tpHpg;gz
[ h;it cUthf;Ftjw;fhft[k.; tzpfh;fs;
2. jpU/vk; / g p/knf=; 4. jpUkjp/vk; / gpnuk; F khhp nkw;bfhs;Sk; jPa tHpKiwfspypUe;J mth;fisf; fhg;gjw;fhft[k.; tpsk;guk;
tphpt[iuahsh; KJepiy tzpftpay; gl;ljhhp Mrphpah; kw;Wk; Efh;thz;ik gw;wpa ,ay;fs; tphpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/
tzpftpay;Jiw b$a;nfhghy; fnuhoah muR bgz;fs;
jhuhskakhf;fy; bfhs;ifapdhy; tUifg;g[hpe;j may;ehl;Lf;
mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf;fHfk; nky;epiyg; gs;sp. irjhg;ngl;il FGk';fs;. gd;dhLfs; gw;wpa RUf;ff; Fwpg;g[fs;. cyf tzpf mikg;g[.
mz;zhkiy efh; - 608 002/ brd;id - 600 015/ kpd;-tzpfk;. tiytpsk;guk;. V/o/vk;. fld; ml;il Mfpad gw;wp ,e;E}ypy;
vLj;jpak;gg;gl;Ls;sJ/
E}yha; t hsh; f s; Vw;w ,l';fspy;. ml;ltizfs;. gltiut[fs; kw;Wk; gl';fs;
1. Kidth; / v*; v k; / brhf; f yp'; f k; 3. jpU/v/ghyf'; f hjud; nrh; f ; f g; g l; L s; s d/ ,it. ghlg; bghUisj; bjspthf czug;
nguhrphpah; kw;Wk; tzpftpay; njh;t[epiy tzpftpay; gad;gLtdthFk;/
Jiwj; jiyth; tphpt[iuahsh; g[jpa ,ay;fisf; fw;g pf;Fk; nghJ ekJ Mrphpah;fSf;Fr; rpy
bjhiyJ}u fy;tp ,af;ffk; o/gp/b$apd; fy;Y}hp nky; Kaw;rpfs; njitg;gLfpd;wd vd vz;Zfpnwhk;/ Mrphpah;fs; ,e;E}y;
mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf;fHfk; bjhug;ghf;fk; gw;wpa j';fs; nkyhd fUj;Jfisa[k;. mwpt[iufisa[k; mspf;FkhW
mz;zhkiy efh; - 608 002/ brd;id - 600 090/ ntz;Lfpnwhk;/
2. Kidth; / bt/|h; j ; j p khzth;fs; njh;tf [ F
; Maj;jg;gLj;jpf;bfhs;Sk; nghJ. jd;kjpg;gl
P o
; y;
,izg; nguhrphpah; bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fs;/fzf;FfnshL kl;Lk; mike;Jtplf;TlhJ/
tzpftpay; Jiw KGg;ghlj;jpypUe;Jk; tpdhf;fSf;Fk;. fzf;FfSf;Fk; tpiljUtjw;F mth;fs;
muR fiyf;fy;Y}hp jk;ik Maj;jgLj;jpf;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/
nryk; - 636 007/ khzhf;fh;fspd; mwptpid tsh;f;fj;jf;f tifapy;. ,e;E}yhdJ
bghUslf;fj;jpYk; juj;jpYk; brGikahdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd ek;gf[ pnwhk;/
tpiy : Q.
,e;E}y; 60 $p/v*;/vk;/ jhspy; mr;rplg;gl;Ls;sJ/
FGj;jiyth;
mr;rpl;nlhh; : ii iii
 bghUslf;fk;
g/vz; 5. nghf; F tuj; J 107 - 141
1. mwpKfk; 1 - 17 nghf;Ftuj;J-bghUs;-nghf;Ftuj;J Kf;fpaj;Jtk;-
gz;lkhw;W Kiwa pd; bghUs;-tzpftpaypd; bghUshjhug; g zpfs; - gy; n tW nghf; F tuj; j pd;
tiutpyf;fzk;-th;j;jfk;-bjhHpy;-tpahghuk;- tiffs; - epyg; n ghf; F tuj; J -nkhl; l hh; yhhpfs;
tpahghuj;jpd; jilfs;-tzpftpaypd; fpisfs; ngUe;Jfs;-,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J-cs;ehl;L ePht ; Hpfs;-
fly; nghf;Ftuj;Jfs;-KiwtHp fg;gy;fs;-KiwtHpaw;w
2. cs; e hl; L tpahghuk; - rpw; w st[ epiya pl 18 - 44 fg;gy;fs;-bfhs;fyd; fg;gy;fs;-bjhl;o fg;gy;fs;-
rpy; y iw tpw; g id mikg; g [ f s;
bgUk;Rik fg;gy;fs;-thd;tHpg; nghf;Ftuj;J ed;ik
cs;ehl;L tpahghuk;-bkhj;jk; kw;Wk; rpy;yiw tpahghuk;- jPikfs;-bfhs;fydhf;fk;-Kf;fpaj;Jtk;-
,ilepiyah;fs;-epiyapl rpy;yiw tpahghu tiffs;- bghJr;ruf;nfw;wp-jdpr;ruf;nfw;wp-bghUs;-
eilghij tpahghuk;-gad;gLj;jpa bghUs; jdpr; r uf; n fw; w p.bghJr; r uf; n fw; w p ntWghLfs; -
tpahghupfs; - bghJgz; l f rhiyfs; - jdpg; b ghUs; nghf; F tuj; j py; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; Mtz'; f s; -
filfs; tHpr;rPl;L-,uapy;nt ,urPJ-tpkhdtHpr;rPl;L/
3. cs;ehl;L tpahghuk;-ngust[ rpy;yiw epiyapl 45 - 78 6. gz; l ff; f hg; g fk; 142-161
tpahghu mikg; g [ f s;
gz;lff;fhg;gfk;-mtrpak;-gz;lfk;-gz;lff;fhg;g pd;
ngust[ epiyapl rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; tiffs;- bghUs;-gz;lff;fhg;g pd; gzpfs;-gz;lff;fhg;g pd;
Jiwthhpg;gz;lfrhiy-ed;ikfs;-jPikfs;- tiffs;-jdp-bghJ-g pizakPe;j gz;lfk;-
kl'; F f; f ilfs; - bghUs; kw; W k; tiutpyf; f zk; - ed; i kfs; - gz; l ff; f hg; g [ Mtz'; f s; - gz; l ff;
Fzhjpra'; f s; - Efh; n thh; Tl; L wt[ r'; f '; f s; - fhg;ghsh; urPJ- gz;lf rhd;whiz- tH';fyhiz
m";ry;tHp thzpfk;-thlif bfhs;Kjy; tpw;gid kw;Wk; -,e;jpah kw;Wk; jkpHfj;jpy; cs;s
jtiz Kiw tpw; g id-rkPgfhy tsh; r ; r pfs; - gz;lff;fhg;gf';fs;/
,izathzpfk;-,-fhkh;*;-kpd;dDtzpfk;/
7. t'; f pa pay; 162-198
4. gd; d hl; L tzpfk; 79 - 106 t';fpfspd; mtrpak;-t';fp-bghUs;-tiutpyf;fzk;-
gd; d hl; L tzpfk; -bghUs; - mtrpak; - gd; d hl; L t'; f pfspd; tiffs; - tzpft'; f pfs; - ikat'; f p-
tzpfj;jpd; epiwfs; Fiwfs;-cs;ehl;L tpahghuk; tzpft';fpapd; gzpfs;-Tl;Lwt[ t';fpfs;-ehl;Lg;g[w
may; e hl; L tpahghuk; ntw; W ikfs; - may; e hl; L t';fpah;-,e;jpa hprh;t; t';fp gzpfs;-kpd;dD|yk;
tpahghuk;-gphpt[fs;-,wf;Fkjp-Vw;Wkjp-kWVw;Wkjp- epjp khw;Wjy; (E.F.T)-,izafk; |yk; t';fpgzpfs;-
,wf;Fkjp tpahghu tHpKiwfs;-may;ehl;L tzpfj;jpy; fhnrhiy-tiutpyf;fzk;-fhnrhiyapd; jd;ikfs;-
,ilepiyah; f s; - mfw; w P l ; L Kfth; f s; - mDg; g P l ; L fhe;jikj;jd;ik fz;lwpa[k; fhnrhiy-fhnrhiy-
Kfth;fs;-fHpt[ Kfth;fs;-Vw;Wkjp tpahghu fPwy; - tiffs; - g[ w f; F wpg; g [ - bghUs; - g[ w f; F wpg; g [
tHpKiwfs; - rpWtpsf; f '; f s; - cyfkakhf; F jy; - tiffs;-fhnrhiymtkjpg;g[-fhuz';fs;/
gd;dhl;L epWk';fs;-lg[s;a[/o/x/(W.T.O)
iv v
 t/ g phpt[
8. fhg; g P L vz; ghlj; j pl; l k;
199 - 224 ntiyfs;
fhg; g P l ; o d; mtrpak; - fhg; g P l ; o d; bghUs; - fhg; g P L -
1. mwpKfk; 10
fhg;gPl;LWjp ntWghLfs;-fhg;gPl;od; nfhl;ghLfs;-
fhg; g P l ; o d; tiffs; - Ma[ s ; fhg; g P l ; L Wjp-Ma[ s ; 2. cs; e hl; L tpahghuk; - rpw; w st[
fhg;gPl;od; tiffs;-tpLkjpg;g[-epakdk;-jP fhg;gPL-
epiyapl rpy; y iw
fly;rhh; fhg;gPL-bfhs;isrhh; fhg;gPL-kUj;Jtf;
fhg; g P L -fhg; g P l ; i l jdpahh; k akhf; F jy; - bghUs; - tpahghu mikg; g [ f s ; 20
jdpahh;kakhf;Fjypd; njit-gad;fs;/
3. cs; e hl; L tpahghuk; - ngust[
9. tpsk; g uk; 225 - 250
tpsk;guj;jpd; bghUs;-tpsk;guj;jpd; nehf;f';fs;-
rpy; y iw epiya pl
tpsk;guj;jpd; ed;ikfs;. FiwghLfs;- tpahghu mikg; g [ f s; 20
tpsk; g urhjd'; f s; - mr; R tpsk; g uk; - bra; j pjhs; -
4. gd; d hl; L tzpfk; 20
gUt,jH;fs;-thbdhyp-bjhiyf;fhl;rp-g[wtpsk;guk;-
jpiug;glk;-rhsuf;fhl;rp-,izaj;jpd; |yk; tpsk;guk;/ 5. nghf; F tuj; J 15
10. tpw; g hz; i k kw; W k; Efh; n thhpay; 251 - 277 6. gz;lff; fhg;g[ 10
tpw;ghz;ik bghUs;-tiutpyf;fzk;-Kf;fpaj;Jtk;-
Efh; n thhpay; - bghUs; - Efh; n thh; - Ruz; l g; g Ljy; - 7. t'; f pa pay; 20
cjhuz'; f s; - g[ f hh; jhf; f P J bra; a filg pof; f
8. fhg; g P L 20
ntz; o a eilKiwfs; - Efh; n thhpd; chpikfs; -
bghWg;gf[ s;-kfhj;khfhe;jp-bfd;do mth;fs;pd; Tw;W- 9. tpsk; g uk; 15
Efh; n thh; ghJfhg; g [ FGf; f s; - njrpaf; F Gkk; -
khepyFG-khtl;lkd;wk;-Efh;nthh; ghJfhg;g py; murpd; 10. tpw;ghz;ik kw;Wk; Efh;nthhpay; 20
g'; F /

278 - 280 bkhj;jk; 170

BIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES

vi vii
 ghlk; 1
mwpKfk;

Com-
merce

tzpfr; rf; f uk;

Kw;fhyj;jpy; xU bghUs; kw;bwhU bghUSf;F khw;whf khw;wg;gl;L
te;jJ/ Mfnt cw;gj;jp vd;gJ xU vy;iyf;Fl;gl;L cs;ehl;L mstpy;
,Ue;jJ/ gpd;dh; te;j fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; kdpjdpd; njitfs; mjpfhpf;fj;
bjhl';fpd/ Mfnt cw;gj;jpak [ ; mjpf mstpy; bra;ag;gl;lJ/ ,jd; fhuzkhf
kf;fspd; ehfhpf kw;Wk; thH;fi; fj; juj;jpy; tsh;rr
; pa[k; Vw;gl;lJ/ ehsiltpy;
bghUl;fis ghpkhw;wk; bra;tjpy; gzk; ,lk; bgw;wjhy; gz;lkhw;W Kiw
iftplg;gl;lJ/ ,jdhy; th;jj ; f eltof;ifapy; tpaf;fj;jf;f khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ/
th;jj; f eltof;iffis bjhHpw;rhiy. tzpfk; vd ,U gphpt[fshfg;
gphpf;fyhk;/ ,';nf tzpfk; vd;gJ tpahghuj;ija[k; mjid rhh;ej ; gpw
Jizg; gzpfshd nghf;Ftuj;J. t';fpapay;. fhg;gPL. gz;lff; fhg;gfk;.
jfty; bjhlh;g[ nghd;w gpw eltof;iffisa[k; cs;slf;fpaJ/
gz; l khw; W tzpfKiw~
gzk; vd;w xd;W fz;lwptjw;F Kd;g[ xU bghUs; kw;bwhU
bghUSf;F khw;whf tH';fg;gl;L te;Js;sJ/ ,Jnt. gz;lkhw;wk; my;yJ
gz;lkhw;W tzpfk; vdg;gLk;/ ,k;Kiw btw;wpfukhfr; bray;gl fPnH
Fwpg;g pl;l eilKiwg; gzpfs; epiwthf mike;jpUj;jy; ntz;Lk;/
(i) xt;bthU tpahghhpa[k; njitf;F mjpfkhfnt bghUl;fis ,Ug;g py;
itj;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;/ mg;bghGJjhd; mg;bghUis th';Fk; nehf;nfhL
tUk; egh;fSf;Fj; njitg;gLk; mstpy; ghpkhw;wk; bra;a Koa[k/;

1
(ii) ,k;Kiwapy; neuo bjhlh;g[ kpf Kf;fpakhff; fUjg;gLk;/ mg;bghGJ mt;tzpfk; brk;ikahf eilbgw tHp Vw;glhJ/ vdnt TLjy; ,Ug;g[
jhd; ghpkhw;wk; xG';fhf eilbgw Koa[k/; cs;s ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; ,e;j tzpf Kiw btw;wp bgWk;/ ,J vg;bghGJk;
(iii) ,Ug[wj;jhhpd; njit ehzaj;jpd; ,Ugf;f';fs; nghy ,Uj;jy; rhj;jpakhff; Toajd;W/
ntz;Lk;/ mg;bghGJjhd; gz;lkhw;wk; vspjhf ele;njWk;/ xUth; tzpfr; ruf; F g; gzk;
tpUk;gt[ ij tH';fp. mthplk; cs;stw;iw Vw;Wf; bfhs;Sk; gz;g[ me;j gz;lkhw;W tzpf Kiwapy; njhd;Wk; nkny Fwpg;g pl;l ehd;F
,UthplKk; ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;/ FiwghLfspdhy; ,ay;ghd tzpf eilKiw tsh;rr ; pf;F gytifj; jilfs;
gz; l khw; W tzpfj; jilfs; ~ bjhlh;eJ
; cUthfpf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk;/ ,j;jF jilfisg; nghf;fg;
ngUjtp g[hptJ gzk;. ,ilaPll ; hh; kw;Wk; tzpfKkhFk;/ Kjypuz;L
gzg;ghpkhw;wk; ,lk; bgwhky; xU bghUisf; bfhLj;J ntW FiwghLfs; gzj;jpdhy; ePff
; g;gl;L tpLk;/ tzpfUk;. tzpf KftUk;
bghUisg; bgWk; tzpf Kiwna gz;lkhw;W tzpf KiwahFk;/ ,Wjp ,UFiwghLfis vspjpy; jPhj ; J
; tpLth;/
,k;Kiwapy; gw;gy FiwghLfs; ,Ue;jd/
tzpfr; rf; f uk;
1/ ,UtUila njitfs; cld;ghoy;yhky; ,Uj;jy;
,d;iwa etehfhpf cyfpy; tzpfj;Jiwapd; rpwe;j tsh;rr ; papd;
,jpy; <LgLnthhpd; njitfs; xj;Jg;nghf ntz;oaJ mtrpakhFk;/ fhuzkhf ehk; cah;ej ; thH;fi; fj; juj;ij mDgtpj;J tUfpnwhk;/
cjhuzkhf jd;dplk; cghpahf mhprpia itj;jpUf;Fk; KUfDf;F fnz=; kfpH;rr
; pahd thH;it mikj;Jf; bfhs;sj; njitg;gLk; vy;yh bghUl;fisa[k;
vd;gth; itj;jpUf;Fk; cghp nfhJik njitg;glyhk;/ mnjnghd;W tzpfk; tH';fp tUfpwJ/
fnzrDf;Fk; KUfdplk; cs;s cghp mhprp njitg;gl ntz;Lk;
,y;iybad;why; mth;fsplk; gz;lkhw;wk; epfH;tJ ,ayhJ/ njitg;gLk; bghUl;fis cw;gj;jpahFk; ,lj;jpypUe;J bgw;W gy;ntW
,l';fSf;Ff; bfhz;L brd;W tpahghu eilKiwg; gzpfSf;Fhpa
2/ bghJthd msitf; FiwghLk; - khw;Wg; bghUs; bray;fis nkw;bfhs;tjw;F tzpfk; vd;W bgah;/ ,e;j tzpfk; vd;gJ
FiwghLk; tpahghuk; kw;Wk; mjd; Jizg; gzpfisa[k; cs;slf;fpa xd;nwahFk;/
gz;lkhw;W Kiwapy; ehk; nehpilahf xU bghUisf; bfhLj;J. tpahghuj;jpd; Jizg; gzpfs; vd;git nghf;Ftuj;J. t';fp. fhg;gPL.
mjw;Fg; gjpyhf kw;bwhU bghUisg; bgw;Wf; bfhs;fpnwhk;/ xt;bthU gz;lfr;rhiy. tpsk;guk; kw;Wk; jfty; bjhlh;g[ nghd;wtw;wpd; bray;fisa[k;
khw;Wg; bghUSf;Fk; jdpj;jdp kjpg;g[ cz;L/ kjpg;gPlo ; y; ahbjhU bghJ Fwpg;gitahFk;/ bghJthf tzpfk; vd;gJ gzk; brYj;jp bghUl;fspd;
kjpg;gk
[ ; gpd;gw;wg; gLtjpy;iy/tpiy kjpg;gl
P o
; d;ikf; fhuzkhf bghUl;fspd; ghpkhw;wj;ija[k; mtw;wpd; bjhlh;ghf bgWk; gzpfisa[k; Fwpf;ff; Toa
kjpg;gPlL ; xg;gi [ kapy; jilfs; cs;sd/ xd;whFk;/ MapDk;. ,e;j tzpfj;Jiw vdg;gLtJ kpf mfd;w bgUk;
gphpitj; jd;dfj;nj bfhz;L ,a';FtjhFk;/,J bghUl;fspd; ghpkhw;wk;
3/ cw;gj;jpahsUf;Fk; Efh;nthUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Uf;f kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; bjhlh;ghd gzpfis kl;Lk; Fwpg;gjd;W/ mtw;nwhL
ntz; o a neuoj; bjhlh; g pd; i k bjhlh;g[ bfhz;Ls;s bghUl;fisj; jilapd;wp tpepnahfk; bra;a cjt[k;
tpw;nghUk;. th';FnthUk; vg;bghGJk; neuoj; bjhlh;g[ bfhs;s gpw Kfth; gzpfisa[k; Fwpg;gjhFk;/
re;jh;gg
; k; Vw;gLtjpy;iy/ Mdhy; gz;lkhw;W Kiwapy; tpw;nghUk; bghUshjhu eilKiwg; gzpfnshL bjhlh;gi [ la cw;gj;jp. ghpkhw;wk;.
th';FnthUk; neUf;F neuhf fl;lhak; re;jpf;f ntz;oaJ mtrpak;/ tpepnahfk;. bghUl;fs; kw;Wk; nritfspd; Efh;t[ bjhlh;ghd gzpfis
,j;jF re;jpg;g[ kpfg; bghpa re;ij tpw;gidf; Tlj;jpy; vg;bghGJk; Vw;gLtJ nkw;bfhs;Sk; Jiwna tzpfk; vdg;gLk;/
,ayhJ/
tzpfk; - tiutpyf; f zk;
4/ TLjy; ,Ug;g[ itf;f ,ayhj epiyik
@bghUl;fspd; ghpkhw;wj;jpd; bghGJ cUthFk; Ms;rhh;jil.
gz;lkhw;W Kiwapy; njitf;F mjpfkhd ifapUg;g[ ,y;iybadpy;. ,lj;jil. fhyj;jil nghd;wtw;iw mfw;Wk; eilKiwr; bray;fspy;
2 3
<Lgl;L nkw;bfhs;Sk; vy;yhf; Tl;Lr; bray;fisj; jhd; tzpfk; vd;gh;@ ,J bghUSf;F totg; gad;ghL fpilf;fpwJ/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf. xU jr;rh;
n$/*;Obgd;rd; fUj;jhFk;/ kuj;ij miwfydhf khw;wp totg; gad;ghl;il jUfpwhh;/ cw;gj;jp MFk;
@bghUl;fis th';fp tpw;Fk; eilKiwg; gzpfnshL Kot[ww ; cw;gj;jpg; ,lj;jpnyna bghUl;fspd; njit cUthfhJ/mit. gy;ntW ,lq;fSf;Fj;
bghUl;fis. cw;gj;jpahsh;fsplkpUe;J Efh;nthh; ,Ug;g plk; bfhz;L brd;W njitg;gLk; bghUl;fshFk;/v';F mtw;wpd; njit cUthfpd;wnjh> m';F
tpepnahfpf;Fk; gzpfns tzpfk; vdg;gLk;@/ ,J <t;ypd; jhk*; fUj;J/ mg;bghUl;fs; bfhz;Lr; bry;yg;gLk;/ ,jw;Fg; nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjd';fs;
bghpJk; cjt[fpd;wd/,Jnt ,lg;gad;ghL vdg;gLk;/ bghUl;fs; gy;ntW
tzpftpay;
gUtj;jpw;Fj; njitg;gLtjw;nfw;g jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd/njitg;gLk;
tzpfj;jpd; xU gFjpahff; fUjg;gLtnj tpahghuk;. tzpfk; kw;Wk; tpahghuk; gUtfhyj;jpw;Fhpa bghUl;fis mt;tg;bghGJ jahhpf;f ,ayhJ/ mtw;iw
vd;w brhy; xd;wpidna Fwpf;Fk; vd;W rpyh; TWth;. Mdhy;. mJ cz;ikad;W. Kd;djhfnt jahhpj;J nrkpj;J itj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ Efh;nthh;
fPnH Fwpg;g pl;Ls;s gz;g[ eyd;fs; tzpfj;jpd; ,ay;ig g[hpe;J bfhs;s cjtf; jk; tpUg;ggg;goj; jk; njitfis vg;bghGJk; g{hj ; j
; p bra;a ,k;Kiw
ToaitahFk;/ bghpJk; cjt[k.; ,j;jF ,Ug;g[ trjpfs; jhd; fhyg; gad;ghL vdg;gLk;/
1) bghUshjhu eilKiwfs; 5) tzpf eltof;if xG';F
ve;j xU bghUshjhu eltof;ifapd; nehf;fKk; ,yhgk; <l;LtnjahFk;. tzpf eltof;if vg;bghGJk; tHf;fkhf eilbgWtjhf ,Uf;f
tzpfk; vd;gJ ,yhgk; <l;Ltjw;fhd nehf;nfhL nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ve;j xU ntz;Lk;/,jpy; khWgl;l my;yJ ntWgl;l eltof;iffs; ,lk; bgwf;
bghUshjhu eltof;iffnshLk; bjhlh;gi [ laJ/ rpy eltof;iffs; bghUspaYld; TlhJ/ giHa miwfyd;fis gGJ ghh;jJ ; tpw;gJ tzpf eltof;iff;F
,ize;Jk;. mjw;F khWgl;Lk; ,U tHpfspy; eilbgWtJk; cz;L/ xU cl;gl;ljd;W/ mnjrkak; miwfyd; tpahghuk; bra;ak
[ ; tpahghhp xUth;
tzpfh; bghUl;fis th';fp tpw;Fk; gzpfisna mof;fo bra;J ,yhgk; bgWfpwhh;/ miwfyd;fis tpw;gijna jd;Dila tHf;fkhf bfhz;Ls;sjhy; mit
vdnt tzpfk; vd;gJ vy;yhg; bghUshjhu eltof;iffisa[k; ,yhgj;ijg; tzpf eltof;iffns/
bgWk; nehf;nfhL nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk; midj;J eltof;iffisa[k; cs;slf;fpaJ/
2) bghUl;fs; kw;Wk; nritfspd; ghpkhw; wk; th;j;jfk; - bjhHpw;rhiy - tpahghuk;
tzpfk; vd;gJ ,yhgj;jpw;fhf bghUl;fs; kw;Wk; nritfspd; ghpkhw;wj;ij th; j ; j fk;
cs;slf;fpwJ/ ,e;jg; bghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gLtjpd; nehf;fk; Efh;nthUf;F
kWtpw;gid nra;tnjahFk;/ xU kdpjd; kpFe;j Mh;tj;Jld; nkw;bfhs;Sk; ahnjDk; xUrpy
eilKiwr; bray;fshy; ,yhgk;. gzk;. bfsutk; kw;Wk; Mw;wy;
3) gyd; bgWk; nehf;fk; Kjyhdtw;iwg; bgw nehpl;lhy; mjidna th;jj ; fk; vd miHf;fpd;nwhk;/
tzpfj; bjhlh;ghd eilKiwg; gzpfis nkw;bfhs;tjhy; bgWk; ,yhgnk bghUshjhuj;jpd; mog;gilapy; th;jj
; fk; vd;w brhy;yhdJ ahnjDk; xU
mg;gzpf;bfd fpilf;Fk; gydhFk;/ ,yhg nehf;fk; my;yhJ bra;ag;gLk; ve;j bghUisj; jahhpg;gjpy; nkw;bfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk; mjdhy; mjpy;
xU braYk; tzpfj;jpd; xU gFjpahf fUjg;glhJ/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf xU <LgLk; kdpjdpd; ghpkhw;w bray;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; |yk; ,yhgj;ij
tpahghhp rpy bghUl;fis mwf;fl;lisf;F md;gspg;ghf tH';Fk; bghGJ mtUf;F mila[k; nehf;fk; epiwe;j gzpiana Fwpf;Fk;/ bghUl;fisj; jahhpj;J
mjpy; ,yhgk; bgWk; nehf;fk; ,y;iy/ vdnt ,J tzpfj;jpd; xU gFjpahf Efh;nthh;fF
; ,yhgj;njhL tpepnahfpf;Fk; KGg; gzpna th;jj ; fk; MFk;/
fUjg;gl ,ayhJ/ Cjpak; bgw;Wf; bfhz;L gpwh;fF; bra;fpd;w nrita[k; th;jj
; fnk/
rpwg;gj
[ ; bjhHpy; kw;Wk; ntiy vd;git tzpfj;jpypUe;J khWgl;l
4) gad; g hLfis njhw; W tpj; j y;
jd;ika[ilait vd;gij mwpjy; ntz;Lk;/ rpwg;gj [ ; bjhHpy; vd;gJ
tzpfk; xU bghUSf;F totk;. ,lk;. kw;Wk; fhyg; gad;ghl;il tHf;fwp"h;. bghwpahsh; nghd;nwhh; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; Fwpg;g pl;l gzpfisr;
cUthf;FfpwJ/ |yg;bghUl;fis Kot[g; bghUl;fshf khw;Wtjd; |yk; xU rpwg;ghfr; bra;J tUtnjahFk;/ me;je;j Jiwapy; mjw;bfd eph;zak;
4 5
bra;ag; bgw;w cah; fy;tpj; jFjpfis mj;jifnahh; bgw;wpUg;gJ 3/ fl;Lkhdj; bjhHpw;rhiy/
mtrpakhFk;/ 4/ jahhpg;g[ bjhHpw;rhiy/
xU kdpjd; ntiy bra;tbjd;gJ. ntiy tH';fpnahUld; bra;J
1/ gphpj; b jLf; F k; bjhHpw; r hiy
bfhz;l xg;ge;jj;jpd; mog;gilapy; eilKiw my;yJ Fwpj;j gzptpjpfspd;
fPH; jdf;F xJf;fg;gl;l gzpia bra;tnjahFk;/ g{kpapypUe;J njhz;o vLf;Fk; bghUl;fisj; J}a;ik bra;J
gphpj;bjLf;ff;Toa bjhHpw;rhiyfSf;Fg; gphpj;bjLf;Fk; bjhHpw;rhiy
th; j ; j fj; j pd; ,d; w paikahg; gz; g [ eyd; f s; vd;W bgah;/ (v/L) ntl;ilahLjy;. kPdg; poj;jy;. Ru';fg; gzpfs;/
1/ kdpjd; njitfisg; g{hj
; j
; p bra;ak
[ ; tpjkhf bghUl;fisnah
2/ kug[ j ; bjhHpw; r hiy
my;yJ rpy nritfisnah gzj;jpw;fhf ghpkhw;wk; bra;tijnah
Fwpf;nfhshf bfhz;oUf;Fk;/ Efh;nthhpd; cgnahfj;jpw;fhf rpy jhtu';fSk;. kpUf';fSk;
2/ bghUl;fSk; mtw;wpd; bjhlh;ghd gzpfSk; cs;sl';fpa xd;nw tsh;ff
; g;gLfpd;wd/ ,itna kug[j; bjhHpw;rhiy vdg;gLfpd;wd/
tzpfk; vd;gJ (c/k;) kPdt
; sh;gg
; .[ nfhHpg;gz;iz. gd;wp tsh;gg
; /[
3/ bghUl;fisnah my;yJ nritfisnah ghpkhw;wk; bra;tJ vd;gJ 3/ fl; L khdj; bjhHpw; r hiy
mof;fo epfH ntz;Lk;/
4/ ,yhgk; <l;Lk; nehf;fk; cilajhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/ fl;ol';fs;. ghy';fs;. rhiyfs;. mizfs;; Kjyhdtw;iwf; fl;lj;
njitahd bghUl;fs; jahhpf;Fk; bjhHpw;rhiyf;F fl;Lkhdj; bjhHpw;rhiy
5/ gy;ntW ,lh;ghLfSf;F tha;gg ; s
[ s
; jhft[k; mjd; |yk; kpFe;j
vd;W bgah;/ ,J gpw bjhHpw;rhiyfs; jahhpj;J tH';Fk; rpbkz;L.
,Hg;g[ kw;Wk; ,yhgk; <l;Ltjpy; epiyaw;w jd;ikfis cilajhft[k;
,Uk;g[ kw;Wk; v\F Kjyhdtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;Sk;/
,Uf;Fk;/
th; j ;jf eltof;iffis ,U bgUk; g phpt[ f shf 4/ jahhpg; g [ bjhHpw; r hiy
g phpf; f yhk;
m/ bjhHpw;rhiy M/ tzpfk;/ fr;rhg; bghUl;fis my;yJ ghjp Kot[ bgw;wg; bghUl;fis.
Kot[w;w bghUl;fshf khw;wf; Toa bjhHpw;rhiyfisj; jahhpg;g[
bjhHpw; r hiy
bjhHpw;rhiy vdyhk;/ gUj;jp Jzp cw;gj;jp bra;af;Toa Miy ,jw;F
bjhHpw;rhiy vd;gJ |yg;bghUl;fisa[k.; Kot[ww ; bghUl;fisa[k; xU cjhuzkhFk;/ Vbddpy; fr;rhg;gUj;jpia. E}hypiHahft[k; E}ypiHia
cw;gj;jp bra;tjhFk;/ bjhHpw;rhiy vd;w brhy;yhdJ th;jj ; fj; bjhlh;ghd ey;y Jzpahft[k; ,j;bjhHpw;rhiy khw;Wtjhy; ,jidj; jahhpg;gj [ ;
eilKiwf; gzpfisa[k.; bghUl;fisj; jahhpg;gjpYk; jk;ik <LgLj;jpf; bjhHpw;rhiy vdyhk;/ jahhpg;g[ bjhHpw;rhiyfis nkYk; bjhlh;
bfhs;tnjahFk;/ xU bjhHpw;rhiyapy; cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gl;l bghUl;fs; bjhHpw;rhiy vdt[k.; xd;W jpul;Lk; bjhHpw;rhiy vdt[k; gphpf;fyhk;/
neuoahf ,Wjp Efh;tf [ F
; tUkhdhy; mit Efh;tg[ ; bghUl;fs; vdg;gLk;/
(c/k;) gw;gir. nrhg;g.[ bjhiyf;fhl;rp bgl;o/ bjhlh; bjhHpw; r hiy
Mdhy; kw;bwhU bjhHpw;rhiy jahhpf;ff;Toa bghUl;fSf;Fj; ,t;tpjj; bjhHpw;rhiyapy; fr;rhg; bghUl;fisj; bjhHpw;rhiyapd;
njitg;gLk; cjphp ghf';fisj; jahhpf;Fk;/ mjdhy;. mg;bghUs; |yjdg; xUKidapypl;L. gy;ntW epiyfisf; fle;J Kw;Wg;; bgw;wg; bghUl;fshf
bghUl;fs; vdg;gLk;/ (v/fh) ,ae;jpu';fs;. cjphpghf';fs;/ khw;Wfpd;wd/ ,j;bjhHpw;rhiyapy; bghUl;fs; gy;ntW epiyfspy; bjhlh;eJ
;
tUtjhy; bjhlh;; bjhHpw;rhiy vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ (v/>) Mil.
bjhHpw; r hiyfis ehd; F tifahfg; gphpf; f yhk; fhfpjk; kw;Wk; rh;ff
; iu jahhpf;Fk; bjhHpw;rhiyfs;/
1/ gphpj;bjLf;Fk; bjhHpw;rhiy/
2/ kug[j; bjhHpw;rhiy/
6 7
xd; W jpul; L k; bjhHpw; r hiy cs;shilfs; cybf';Fk; cs;s Efh;nthUf;F bfhz;L bry;yg;gLfpd;wd/
bey;Y}h; mhprp nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjd';fshy; brd;idthH; Efh;nthh;fF ;
,t; t pj bjhHpw; r hiy gy; n tW bghUl; f isr; nrfhpj; J . vspjhff; fpilj;J tUfpwJ/ xU bghUs; Efh;nthh; thGk; ,l';fspy;
xd;wpizj;J. filrp epiyapy; Kw;Wg; bgw;wg; bghUl;fshf khw;Wfpd;wd/ fpilg;gJ mhpJ vd;w epiy Vw;gl;lhy;/ mg;bghUs; gad;ghL ,d;wp
nkhl;lhh;thfdk;. kpjptz;o. fzpg;bghwp ,jw;F cjhuz';fshFk;/ kiwe;nj ngha;tpLk;/ Efh;nthhpd; njitfisg; g{hj
; j
; p bra;at[k; tpiutpy;
tpahghuk; bghUl;fspd; tpepnahfk; eilbgwt[k; nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjd';fs; bghpJk;
cjtp tUfpd;wd/ ,it cyfpy; cs;s vy;yh ,l';fSf;Fk; bjhlh;gf [ is
tpahghuk; vd;gJ gzj;jpw;fhfg;; bghUis th';FtJk;. tpw;gJkhd Vw;gLj;Jtjd; |yk; cyfpd; vg;gFjpapYk; cs;s Efh;nthh; j';fSf;F
gzpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;/ ,jpy; th';FgtUk; tpw;gtUk; Mfpa ,UtUk; ,lk; njitahd bghUl;fis bgw;Wf; bfhs;s tHptif bra;fpd;wd/
bgw ntz;Lk;/
3/ fhyj; jil
jilfSk; ,ila{WfSk; xU Fwpg;g pl;l gUt fhyj;jpy; kl;Lnk cw;gj;jpahFk; rpy
1/ Ms;rhh;jil bghUl;fSf;F Mz;L KGtJk; njit Vw;gLk;/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf. czt[
jhdpa';fs;. gUj;jp Kjyhdit Fwpg;g pl;l fhy';fspy; tpistpf;fg;gl;L
cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; kpff;Fiwe;jth;fns/ mth;fs;
Mz;L KGtJk; Efug;gLfpd;wd/ xU rpy bghUl;fs; Fwpg;g pl;l
xU E}whapuk; Efh;nthh; Tl;lj;jpypUe;J jdpj;Jg; gphpe;jpUg;gth;fs;/
gUtfhy';fspy; jhd;; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd/ Mdhy;. mjw;F Kd;ng
cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; vg;bghGJk; nehpilahf Efh;nthhpd; njitfisg; g{hj; j
; p
jahhpf;fg;gl;L kpFjpahf ,Ug;g[ itj;Jf;bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
bra;a ,ayhJ/ vdnt. cw;gj;jpahsUk; Efh;nthUk; xUtUf;bfhUth;
fk;gsp Milfs;. Filfs;. kiH m';fp nghd;wit kiH fhy';fspy;
mwpKfk; bra;J bfhs;Sk; re;jh;gg ; k; Vw;gl tha;gn
; g fpilahJ/ ,e;jf;
kl; L nk gad; g Lk; / Mdhy; mit Mz; L KGtJk; cw; g j; j p
Fiwghnl Ms;rhh; jil vdg;gLk;/ Mdhy; eilKiwapy; ehk;
bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/ cw;gj;jpg; bghUl;fs; Efh;tf [ F
; j; njitg;gLk; bghGJk;.
,f;Fiwghl;il czh;tjpy;iy/ bjhHpy; ty;Yeh; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;Kiw
th';f tpUk;gk [ ; bghGJk; fpilf;f ntz;Lk;/ ,j;njitiag; g{hj
; j
; p
,ilepiyahsh;fs; tzpfg; bghUl;fis th';Fk; kw;Wk; tpw;Fk;; eilKiwg;
bra;a gz;lf';fs; bghpJk; cjtp g[hpfpd;wd/ ,jdhy; Efh;nthhpd;
gzpfspy; nehpilahf <Lgl;Ls;sdh;/ mth;fns cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;Fk;.
njitfs; vg;bghGJk; g{hj ; j
; p bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/ bghUl;fSf;fhd
Efh;nthh;fF; k; ,ilna njitg;gLk; bjhlh;ig Vw;gLj;jp tUfpd;wdh;/
njitnah. jl;Lg;ghl;ilnah ePfF ; k; tpjj;jpy; Kd;Tl;ona ,';F nrfhpj;J
bkhj;j tpahghhp. rpy;yiu tpahghhp kw;Wk; bghUl;fis th';fp ,Ug;g[
itj;Jf; bfhs;tjd; |yk; fhyj; jilia ePfF ; k; fhuzpahf gz;lf';fs;
itj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; ,ilepiyahsh;fs; Mfpnahh;jhd; Efh;nthUf;Fj;
tps';Ffpd;wd/
njitg;gLk; bghUl;fis tpw;ft[k; tpepnahfk; bra;at[k; gy;ntW ,l';fspy;
Vw;ghL bra;J tUfpd;wdh;/ 4/ ,lh;ghl;Lj; jil
2/ ,lj;jil xhplj;jpypUe;J kw;bwhU ,lj;jpw;F ,Ug;g[ itf;f bfhz;L bry;Yk;
bghUl;fs; kpff;Fiwe;j xU rpy ,l';fspy; jhd; cw;gj;jp nghnjh. ,Ug;g[ itj;jpUf;Fk; nghnjh bghUl;fSf;F nrjk; Vw;gl tha;gg ; [
bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/Mdhy;. ,jidg; gad;gLj;j tpUk;gk
[ ; Efh;nthnuh ehl;od; cz;L/ jPgg ; poj;jy;. g[ay; nghd;w gy;ntW tifahd ,aw;ifr; rPww
; ';fs;
gy;ntW ,l';fspy; thH;eJ ; tUfpd;wdh;/ cw;gj;jpahsUk;. Efh;nthUk; kw;Wk; tpgj;Jf;fs; Vw;gLtjhYk; ,Hg;g[ Vw;gLfpd;wd/ ,t;tpjj; jilfs;
g[tp mikg;g pd;go jdpj; jdpahf ,Uf;f ntz;oa[ss ; J/ ,jidg; fhg;gPlo
; d; |yk; epth;jj ; p bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/
nghf;f nghf;Ftuj;J rhjd';fs; ngUjtpahf cs;sd/ ,g;nghf;Ftuj;J
5/ mwpt[rhh; jil
rhjd';fs; J}uj;ij fle;J cw;gj;jp bghUl;fis Efh;nthh; ,lj;jpy;
bfhz;L nrh;f;fpd;wd/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf jpUg;g{hpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; re;ij epytu';fis gw;wpj; bjhpe;J bfhs;s Koahjjhy; Efh;nthh;
8 9
kpfr; rpwe;j bghUl;fis th';f Koahky; ngha;tplf; TLk;/ ,ij mwpt[rhh; tzpfKk; mjd; fpisfSk;
jil vd;W Twyhk;/ tpw;fg;gLk; bghUl;fs; gw;wpa bra;jpfis mwpe;J bfhs;Sk;;
jpwd; bgwhjjhy; rhpahd Kiwapy; njh;t[ bra;J bghUl;fis th';Fk; jpwid
,He;J tpLfpd;wdh;/ bghUl;fSf;Fhpa rhpahd tpsk;guk; kw;Wk; tpw;gidahsh;
gzp Kiwahf mikahtpoy; ,j;jF FiwghLfs; Vw;gLk;/

6/ epjpj; jil
cw;gj;jpahsh; Efh;nthUf;F Vw;wKiwapy; vy;yhg;; bghUl;fisa[k; cw;gj;jp
bra;J mDg;gk [ ; mstpw;F epjp epiyik trjpahf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;/ vj;jF
jilfspd;wp bjhlh;eJ ; cw;gj;jpahsh; bghUl;fis jahh; bra;J re;ijapy; jilapd;wp
Efh;nthh;fF ; fpilf;f Vw;ghL bra;a ntz;Lk;/ Efh;nthh; kdepiwt[ bgWkhW
mth; jk; njitf;F Vw;g ,Ug;gf [ s; Fiwahj tz;zk; bghUl;fis itj;jpUe;J 1/ tpahghuk;
tpahghuk; bra;a cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;Fj; njitg;gLtJ epjp trjpna. tpahghhp.
bkhj;j tpahghhpfs;. rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; kw;Wk; tzpf Kfth;fspd;
Efh;nthh;. gpwtzpfk; bjhlh;ghd egh;fs; midth;fF ; k; ,e;j epjp epiyik
cjtpa[ld; tpahghuk; Ms;rhh; jilia ePfF ; fpwJ/ bghUl;fspd; chpika[k.;
rhpahf mika ntz;Lk;/ ,y;iynay; tzpfk; ghjpf;fg;gLk;/ cw;gj;jpf;Fk;;
cilika[k; cw;gj;jpahshplkpUe;J Efh;nthiu brd;W miltJ fl;lhakhFk;/
Efh;tf[ F
; k; ,ilna Vw;gLk; fhy ,ilbtspapdhy; Kjy; bjhif Kl';fpg;
mg;nghJ jhd; Efh;nthh; ,j;jF bghUl;fis Efu Koa[k/; ,e;j gzpfis
ngha;tpLk;/ eilKiw |yjd njitf;fhf t';fpfSk;. gpw epjp epWtd';fSk;
tpahghu epWtdq;fns rhpahf bra;J Kof;f ,aYk;/
rpy Fwpg;gpl;l tpjp KiwfnshLk;. jf;f gpizaj;njhLk; tzpfh;fSf;Fj; njitg;gLk;
cw;gj;jpahsh;fsplkpUe;J bkhj;j tpahghhpfs; bghUl;fisg; bgWfpd;wdh;/
epjpfis tH';fp tUtjhy; ,j;jF epjprhh;jil Vw;glhtz;zk; jtph;ff ; yhk;/
bkhj;j tpahghhpfsplkpUe;J rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; me;jg; bghUl;fisg;
tzpfj; j pd; cl; g phpt[ f s; bgWfpd;wdh;/ Efh;nthh; jj;jk; njitfSf;nfw;g bghUl;fisr; rpy;yiw
tpahghhpfsplkpUe;J th';fpf; bfhs;fpd;wdh;/ ,t;thW Ms;rhh;jil
cw; g j; j p bghUl; f is my; y J nritfis jahhpg; g hshplkpUe; J
ePff
; g;gLfpwJ/
Efh;nthUf;F ghpkhw;wk; bra;ak[ ; gzpapy; mika[k; eltof;iffs; midj;ija[nk
tzpfk; vd;w brhy;ypd; cs;slf;fyhk;/ nkw;fz;l ghpkhw;wj;jpy; gy jilfs; 2/ nghf; F tuj; J
FWf;fpLfpd;wd/ cw;gj;jpahsUf;Fk;. Efh;nthUf;Fk; ,ilna j';F jilaw;w
nghf;Ftuj;J ,lj;jilfis ePfF ; fpwJ/ bghUl;fspd; njit
tzpf ghpkhw;wk; epfH;tnj tzpfj;jpd; Fwpf;nfhshFk;/
Fiwthf cs;s ,lj;jpYk;. mjpf bghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp bra;ag;glyhk;/
tpahghuk;. nghf;Ftuj;J. epjp. gz;lfk;. fhg;gPL. tpsk;guk; Kjyhdtw;Ws; vdnt cghp bghUl;fs; nghf;Ftuj;J rhjd';fspd; cjtpnahL njit
mt;tg;bghGJ rpy jilfs; njhd;wf; TLk;/ ,Ug;g pDk;. ,tw;nwhL bjhlh;gs [ s
; cs;s ,l';fSf;F bfhz;L bry;yg;gLfpd;wd/ ,jd; |yk;
rpy tzpf eltof;iffs; jilfis ePff ; g; ngUjtpahf ,Uf;fpd;wd/ mg;bghUl;fSf;F ehk; ,lg;gad;ghl;il cUthf;Ffpnwhk;/ ,lg;gad;ghl;L
Kiwahy; cw;gj;jpahsh; cw;gj;jpia mjpfg;gLj;jp jd; tUthia bgUf;fpf;
bfhs;fpwhh;/ ,j;jF cw;gj;jpg; bghUl;fspd; rhpahd tpepnahfj;jhy;
Efh;nthh; njit epiwntWfpwJ/ rhiy. ,uapy;. fly;. thd; nghd;w
gy;ntW tifahd nghf;Ftuj;J rhjd';fs; thzpfk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;
tsh;rr
; pf;F cWJizahf cs;sd/ mnj rkak; bghUl;fspd; njitia
bghWj;J xU cw;gj;jpahsh; ve;j mst[ ntz;LkhdhYk; cw;gj;jp bra;at[k;
,aYk;/
10 11
3/ gz; l ff; f hg; g fk; 6/ fhg;gPL
fhyj;jilia gz;lff;fhg;gfk; ePff; ptpLk;/ gUj;jp. rzy;. czt[ Xhplj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhh; ,lj;jpw;F nghf;Ftuj;J rhjd';fs; |yk;
jhdpa';fs;. rh;ff ; iu Kjyhd bghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp rpy Fwpg;g pl;l bghUl;fisf; bfhz;L bry;Yk; nghJ jPg;g poj;jy; kw;Wk; jpUl;L
gUtfhy';fspy; jhd; bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/ Mdhy; mtw;wpd; njit Mz;L nghd;wtw;why; ,lh;ghLfs; Vw;gl tha;gg ; z
[ L
; / ,e;j ,Hg;gf
[ shy; tpahghu
KGtJk; ,Uf;Fk;/ Mz;L KGtJk; ,g;bghUl;fs; jilapd;wp fpilf;fg; tsh;rr ; papy; gy jilfs; Vw;glf; TLk;/ ,t;tif ,lh;ghl;oid
gz;lff;fhg;gfk; njitg;gLfpwJ/ rpy bghUl;fs; rpy Fwpg;g pl;l fhg;gPlL; epWtd';fsplk; fhg;gPL bra;tjd; |yk; kl;Lg;gLj;jpf; bfhs;s
gUtfhy';fspy; kl;Lnk gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd/ fk;gspj; Jzpfs; KofpwJ/ ,j;jF fhg;gPlL ; j; jpl;l';fshy; njrpa tzpfk; kl;Lkd;W. cyf
gdpf;fhyj;jpYk;. kiHm';fp kw;Wk; Filfs; kiHf;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jk; tzpfKk; gw;gy ed;ikfisg; bgw;Wj; jk;ikf; fhj;Jf; bfhs;s ,aYk;/
bghUl;fs; MFk;/ ,j;jF bghUl;fs; me;jg; gUtfhy';fs; tUtjw;F 7/ jfty; bjhlh;g[
Kd;djhfnt njitf;F mjpfkhfnt jahuhf ,Ug;g[ itj;Jf; bfhs;s
ntz;oaJ ,d;wpaikah gzpahFk;/ ,j;jF eilKiwg; gzpfs; gz;lff; tpw;nghUk;. th';FnthUk; bkhj;j tpahghu epiyapYk;. rpy;yiw
fhg;gfj;jpd; cjtpnahL jhd; epiwntw;wg; gLfpd;wd/ tpahghu epiyapYk; jj;jk; tzpfr; bra;jpfisj; jk;Ks; ghpkhwpf; bfhs;s
ahnjDk; rpy rhjd';fis vjph;ghh;jj ; pUf;f ntz;oa[ss; J/ cw;gj;jpahsh;
4/ t';fpg; gzpfs; jj;jk; cw;gj;jpg; bghUl;fisg; gw;wp Efh;nthUf;F mt;tg;bghGJ bjhptpj;J
epjpg; gw;whf;Fiw vg;bghGJk; cUthff; Toa xd;Wjhd;/ tu ntz;oa[ss ; J/ th';Fnthh; jhk; tpUk;gk [ ; bghUl;fisg; bgw;Wf;
vg;bghGJk; bghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpf;Fk;. Efh;tf
[ F
; k; ,ilna kpFjpahf bfhs;s tpw;nghUf;F chpa Kiwapy; bjhptpf;f ntz;oa[ss ; J/ m";ry;
fhy,ilbtsp Vw;gLtJ ,ay;ng/ ,j;jF bghUl;fs; Efh;nthhplk; epiyak;. jdpahh; Thpah; rh;t*
P .; \ngf;*.; bjhiyngrp. bry;nghd; nghd;wit
tpw;w gpwnf mj;jF bghUl;fSf;Fhpa gzk; fpilf;ff;TLk;/ ,f;fhy ,j;jF bra;jpg; ghpkhw;w';fSf;Fg; bghpJk; cjtp tUfpd;wd/
,ilntisapy; tzpfj;ij bjhlh;e;J elj;j tzpfh;fSf;F epjp
thzpgKk; tpahghuKk;
njitg;gLfpwJ/ ,e;epjpj; njitfis gw;gy tzpf t';fpfSk; epjp
epWtd';fSk; g{hj ; j
; p bra;J tUfpd;wd/ thzpgk; kw;Wk; tpahghuk; xd;Wf;bfhd;W bjhlh;gi
[ lajhFk;/ mit
5/ tpsk; g uKk; tpw; g hd; i ka[ k ; xnu bghUisj; juf; Toait md;W/ thzpgk; vd;w brhy; tpahghuk;
vd;w brhy;iytpl tphpthd bghUisj; jUtjhFk;/ tpahghuk; vd;gJ
Efh;nthh; re;ijapy; fpilf;Fk; gy;tifg;gl;l bghUl;fisg; gw;wpa bghUl;fis th';FtJk;. tpw;gJk; MFk;/ Mdhy; thzpgk; vd;gJ
vy;yh tpgu';fisa[k; mwpe;J itj;jpUg;nghh; vdf; Tw ,ayhJ/ ,j;jF gzpfisr; bra;tnjhL Tl. ,jd; bjhlh;ghd vy;yh eilKiwg;
Efh;nthhpd; th';Fk; jpwd; tsuhky; jLf;Fk; epiyiag; bghpJk; tsh;gg ; J gzpfisa[k; ed;Kiwapy; bra;J. vg;bghGJk; bghUl;fs; jilapd;wp
mg;bghUl;fisg; gw;wpa bra;jpfis mwpa ,ayhjpUg;gnj MFk;/ fpilg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghl;oidr; bra;J cw;gj;jpahsUf;Fk;. Efh;nthUf;Fk;
cw;gj;jpahsUk; bgUkst[ Efh;nthiu miltijna tpUk;gt [ hh;/ ,jw;F ,ilapy; ey;Ywt[ tsUk; gzpia bra;J tUtjhFk;/
tpsk;guKk;. tpw;ghd;ika[k; bghpJk; cjtp bra;fpd;wd/ Efh;nthh;fF ; g; tpahghuk; vd;gJ bghUl;fis th';FtJk; tpw;gJkhFk;/ xU
bghUl;fs; bjhlh;ghd vy;yhr; bra;jpfisa[k.; mtw;wpd; rpwg;gf [ isa[k.; tpahghhp bghUl;fisj; jd; brhe;j cgnahfj;jpw;fhf th';fhky;. gpw
fpilf;Fk; ,l';fisa[k;. gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwfisa[k; bjhiyfhl;rp. tpahghhpfSf;F tpw;Fk; nehf;nfhL mg;bghUl;fis th';Ffpwhh;/ ,j;Jld;
thbdhypapd; gz;giy xypgug;g.[ ,izak; nghd;w rhjd';fs; |yk; Efh;nthh;fF; k; yhgj;njhL tpw;Fk; eilKiwg; gzpiaa[k; nkw;bfhs;tJ
bjhlh; e ; J tpsk; g uk; bra; J Efh; n thh; f ; f pilna tpHpg; g [ z h; r ; r p tpahghuj;jpd; nehf;fkhFk;/ cw;gj;jpahsUf;Fk;. Efh;nthUf;Fk; ,ilapy;
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd/ epd;W ,UtUf;Fk; ey;Ywt[ Vw;gLj;Jk; eilKiwg; gzpfisr; bra;J
tUgth;fs; tpahghhpfns/

12 13
tpahghuk; - th;j;jfk; - bjhHpw; rhiy ntWghLfs; ehfhpfj;ija[k; mwpe;J bfhs;s tHp Vw;gLk;/ ,jd; tpisthfg; gd;dhl;L
mstpy; gz;ghl;L xUikg;ghL Vw;gLk;/
<-tzpfk; (kpd; d Z tzpfk; my; y J kpd; t zpfk; )
m bg;gi l
Nt W ghL
t pa hghuk ; t h;
j;j fk ; njho pw;
rhi y <-tzpfk; vd;gJ kpd; mZ tzpfk; MFk;/ bra;jpj;Jiwapd;
1.nghU s ; , /J nghU l; fs ; , /J ja hhpj;jy ; , /J % y g; ,izak; (Internet) |ykhf Efh;nthUld; neuoahf tzpfj; bjhlh;g[
t hq ;
t pw;
F t J k;
gJ k;M fpa
nghU s ;
ghpkhw;w k;
nghU l;
nra J
f i s J }a ;
; ey y
ik
; K bT w;w
bfhs;tijna < tzpfk; vd;gh;/
gz pfNs hL ei lK i wg; nghU s ;f s hf kpd; mZ tzpfk; g[jpa tHpapy; tzpf eilKiwf;F tHptFj;J
njhlh; Gi la J gz pfs ; ja hhpj;
J njhlh; Gs s;
M fpa t w;NwhL gpw bray;gl Cf;fkspf;fpwJ/ ,J tzpf epWtd';fSf;F fpilj;j neuj;ijj;
njhlh;
vy y
;h
Gi la njho pw;
t oq ;
rhi y fS f;
F fpwJ .
F
jf;fthW gad;gLj;jp re;ijapLjypy; fPHf; z;lthW gad;gLfpwJ/
gz pfi s A k; 1) j';fSila Efh;nthiug; gw;wpa vy;yh tpgu';fisa[k; mwpe;J
nra ;
J tU tJ .
bfhs;s cjt[fpwJ/
2.K jy ; , jpy ; , jpy ; , jpy ;k pf m jpfk hf
t hz pgj; i jf Nkw; n fhs ; S k ; % y jd k ; 2) j';fSila tpepnahfg; gzpfspd; thapyhf njitfisf; fz;lwpe;J
fhl;b Y k;
F i we; j m s Nt
t hz pgj;
g % y jd k;
j pw;
Nfw;- Nji t g; gLk ;
.
tzpfj;ij tsh;jJ; f; bfhs;s cjt[fpwJ/
% y jd k ; k pF jpa hfj;
Nji t g; gLk ;
. Nji t g; gLk ; .
3.Nehf;
f k; nghU l; fi s , J , y hg njhlf; f epi y tpdhf; f s;
t hq f
; pt pw;
gNj Nehf;NfhL ja hhpg;
GfS f; F j;
, jD i la nghU l;fi s J i z GhpA k ; I rhpahd tpilia njh; e ; b jLj; J milg; g [ Fwpf; F s;
vGJf~
Nehf; fk ;
. c w;gj;j pk w;W k; nghU l;fi s
ghpkhw;w j;j py ; K i wgLj; J t J k;
<Lgl;
nrhj;
L
J f; fi s
m jd ;njhlh;
gz pfi s
ghd
1/ tzpfk; vjndhL bjhlh;gi [ laJ
Nrh;gg
;Nj , jd ; nra J ; t U t jhF k; . (m) bghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp (M) bghUl;fspd;
Nehf;fk ;.
ghpkhw;wk;
4., lh;
ghL Nji t Nfw; g , lh;ghL fs ; k w;w , uz ;il
nghU l; f s pd ; vg;n ghO J k; fhl; b Y k;, lh;ghLfs ; (,) ntiytha;gi ; gj; njhw;Wtpg;gJ ( < ) gzpfisj;
t pi y i a f;
F i wg; gJ k ;
>
c z L ; .vd Nt
, y hgk;
k pfk pf m jpfk ;
.
njhw;Wtpg;gJ
m jpfhpg;gJ k ; epi y a w;wJ . tpil~ M
ngU k ;, lh;
t fpf;F k.
; 2/ tzpfk; fpisna/
(m) tpahghuk; (M) t';fpg;gzp
(,) bjhHpy;Jiw (< ) bghUshjhuj;jpd;
tzpfj; j pd; Kf; f paj; J tk; tpil~ <
xt;bthU kdpjDk; trjpahd kw;Wk; kfpH;r;rpahd thH;it 3/ tpahghuj;jpd; mog;gil nehf;fk;
tpUk;gf
[ pwhd;/xt;bthU njrKk; rpwe;j thH;ifj; juj;ij mila tpUk;gf [ pwJ/
(m) ,yhgk; bgWtJ (M) gzpahsUf;F
,t;tpuz;Lnk Fiwe;j tpiyapy; mjpf mstpy; cw;gj;jp bra;ak [ ; bghGJ cjt[tJ
rhj;jpakhFk;/ mj;Jld; cw;gj;jp ikaj;jpypUe;J Efh;nthh; ikaj;jpw;Fj;
(,) r|fj;jpw;F cjt[tJ (<) tpahghhpfSf;F
njitahd bghUl;fs; jilapd;wp fpilf;f tHp tFf;Fk;/ ehLfSf;fpilna cjt[jy;
jilapd;wp bjhlh;eJ ; bghUl;fs; fpilj;Jf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fkhdhy;
tpil~ m
cyfr; re;ijapy; gy;tif tzpf ruf;fpw;F rkkhd tpiy mikaf;
TLk;/ jhuhskhd tpahghuj; bjhlh;g[ gy;ntW ehl;L kf;fspilna
cUthFnkahdhy;. xU ehl;ilr; rhh;ej ; hh; gpwehl;L kf;fspd; gz;ghl;ila[k;

14 15
 4/ |yg;bghUis Kot[w;w bghUshfj; jahhpf;Fk; gzpia
nkw;bfhz;Ls;s bjhHpw;rhiy IV rpW tpdhf; f s; :
(m) fl;Lkhd bjhHpw;rhiy (M) kug[ tHpj; bjhHpw;rhiy 1/ tzpfj;ij tiuaWf;f/
(,) cw;gj;jp bjhHpw;rhiy (<) gphpj;njLf;Fk; bjhHpw;rhiy 2/ gz;lkhw;W Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
tpil~ , 3/ tpahghuj; Jizg; gzpfis gl;oaypL/
5/ cw;gj;jpahFk; ,lj;jpypUe;J Efh;nthh; tiu bghUl;fis 4/ epjprhh; jil vd;gJ ahJ?
bfhz;L bry;Yk; Kiwf;F 5/ tpahghu eilKiwg; gzpfSf;F jfty; bjhlh;g[ vt;thW
(m) fhyg;gad;ghL (M) ,lg;gad;ghL cjt[fpwJ?
(,) totg; gad;ghL (<) gzpg;gad;ghL 6/ th;jj; fk; vd;w brhy;ypid tpsf;Ff/
tpil~ M 7/ tzpfk; kw; W k; tpahghuk; vd; g it xd; n whblhd; W
bjhlh;gi [ lait/ tpsf;Ff/
8/ jw;fhy thH;tpy; tzpfk; bgWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff/
II g{h; j ; j p bra; f ~ 9/ < tzpfk; vd;gJ ahJ?

1/ xU khw;Wg; bghUshfg; gad;gLj;jhJ bghUl;fs; kl;Lk; V bgU tpdhf; f s;

ghpkhw;wk; bra;ag;gLk; tzpf Kiwf;nf gz;lkhw;W Kiw vdg; 1/ gz;lkhw;W Kiwapy; cs;s ,ila{Wfs; ahit?
bgah;/ (gzk;) 2/ bjhHpw;rhiyapd; eilKiwg; gzpfspy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s gue;j
2/,lj;jiliag; nghf;f cjt[tJ (nghf;Ftuj;J); gphpt[fs; ahit?
3/gz;lfrhiy trjp gad;ghl;oid tsh;fF ; k;/ 3/ th;jj ; fk; vd;w brhy;ypw;F tpsf;fk; je;J mjd; Kf;fpa
(fhyg;) gz;gf [ isf; Fwpg;g pLf/
4/th;jj; f eilKiwg; gzpfs; kw;Wk; 4/ th;jj; f eltof;iffspd; gphpt[fs; ahit?
vd ,Utifahfg; gphpf;fg;gLk;/ (bjhHpw;rhiy. tzpfk;) 5/ th;jj ; fk; - tpahghuk; kw;Wk; bjhHpw;rhiy ,tw;Ws; cs;s
5/tpahghhpfs; cw;gj;jpashUf;Fk; Efh;nthUf;Fk; ,ilna ntWghl;il tpsf;Ff/
bray;gLth;/ (,ilaPll ; hsuhf)
6/ </ tzpfk; vd;gJ vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLk;/ (kpd; mZ VI fl; L iu tpdhf; f s; :
tzpfk;) 1/ tzpfj;jpd; cl;g phpt[fs; ahit?
2/ tzpfj;jpd; jilfs; ahit? mit vt;thW ePff
; g;gLfpd;wd?
III bghUj; J f~ 3/ tzpfj;jpd; ,ay;gf [ is tpsf;Ff/

1/ gz;lkhw;W Kiw - m/ fhg;gPL

2/ ,lh;ghl;Lj; jil - M/ kpd; mZ tzpfk;
3/ < tzpfk; - ,/ tpsk;guk;
4/ bjhHpy; - </ bghUSf;F to';Fk; khw;Wg;
bghUs;
5/ mwpt[rhh; jil - c/ gzp

tpil~ 1 (<)/ 2 (m)/ 3 (M)/ 4 (c)/ 5 (,)/

16 17
 ghlk; 2 cs;ehl;L tpahghuk; ,U Kf;fpa cl;g phpt[fisf; bfhz;Ls;sJ/
mit bkhj;j tpahghuk; kw;Wk; rpy;yiw tpahghuk; MFk;/
cs; e hl; L tpahghuk; - rpw; w st[ epiyapl rpy; y iw bkhj;j tpahghuk; vd;gJ bghUl;fis cw;gj;jp bra;gthplk; bkhj;jkhf
tpahghu mikg; g [ f s; th';fp rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;F Fiwe;j mstpy; tpw;Fk; eilKiw tzpfr;
brayhFk;/ rpy;yiw tpahghuk; vd;gJ Efh;nthUf;F rpwpa mstpy;
Ms;rhh; jilfs; midj;Jk; ePff; g;gl;L rpwg;ghf eilbgWk; tzpf bghUl;fis tH';Fk; eilKiw tzpfr; brayhFk;/
eilKiwg; gzpfisj;jhd; tpahghuk; vd;fpnwhk;/ vdnt Ms;rhh; jilfs;
ePf;fg;gl;l tpahghunk tzpfj;jpd; xU fpisahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ/
btspehl; L tpahghuk;
cw;gj;jpahsUf;Fk; Efh;nthh;fF
; k; ,ilna ahbjhU bjhlh;gk [ ; Vw;glhj xU ehl;od; vy;iyiaj; jhz;o eilbgWk; tpahghuj;jpw;F btspehl;L
epiyna ,j;jF jilfs; njhd;w fhuzkhapUf;fpwJ/ tpahghu eltof;iffs; tpahghuk; vd;W bgah;/ xU ehl;oypUe;J ntbwhU ehl;ow;F bghUl;fs;
,e;j ,Utiua[k; ,izf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; mikjy; ntz;Lk;/ cw;gj;jpahsh;fF ; k; ghpkhw;wk; bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ ,J bghJthf kpfg; bghpa mstpy; eilbgWk;
Efh;nthUf;Fk; ,ilna rpy ,ilepiyah; ,Ue;J tzpfr; ruf;fpd; tpahghukhFk;/(c-k): mug[ ehLfspy; cw;gj;jpahFk; bgl;nuhypag; bghUl;fs;
ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F mjpfk; cjtp bra;J tpahghuk; ed;whf eilbgw tHp ,e;jpahtpy; tpw;fg;gLtJ/
tFf;fpd;wdh; vdyhk;/
,wf; F kjp tpahghuk;
tpahghuk; ,Utifahfg; g phpf; f g; g Lfpd; w d
cs;ehl;L njitf;fhf btspehl;oypUe;J bghUl;fis th';Ftnj
1/ cs;Sh;/cs;ehL/brhe;j tpahghuk; ,wf;Fkjp tpahghuk; MFk;/ (c-k;): brsjp muhgpahtpypUe;J bgl;nuhy;
2/ btspa{h/; btspehL/gd;dhl;L tpahghuk; ,e;jpahtpw;F ,wf;Fkjp bra;ag;gLfpwJ/
Vw; W kjp tpahghuk;
tpahghuk;
cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpg; bghUl;fis btspehLfSf;F tpw;gJ Vw;Wkjp
tpahghuk; MFk;/ (c-k): ,e;jpah. ,Uk;g[ kw;Wk; v\F nghd;wtw;iw $g;ghDf;F
Vw;Wkjp bra;fpwJ/
btspehL
cs;ehL
kW Vw; W kjp tpahghuk;
xU ehl;oypUe;J bghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp bra;J mtw;iw ntW
ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp |yk; tpw;gnj kW Vw;Wkjp tpahghuk; vdg;gLk;/ ,e;j
bkhj;jk; rpy;yiw Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp kWVw;Wkjp tpahghuj;ij nkw;bfhs;Sk; xU ehL bghUl;fis xd;W jpul;o gpw ehl;ow;F
tH';Fk; tzpf ikakhfr; bray;gLfpwJ/ ,j;jF ehL jk;kplk; kpfg; bghpa
gz;lfrhiy gytw;iw bgw;W tps';FtnjhL. xU';fpizj;jy; Kjyhd
cs; e hl; L tpahghuk;
rpwg;g[ kpf;f gzpfis nkw;nfhz;L bra;af;Toa trjp tha;gg
; f
[ is bgw;W
xU Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;od; vy;iyf;Fs; eilbgWk; tpahghunk cs;ehl;L tps';Fk;/ (c-k): rp';fg;g{h/;
tpahghuk; vdg;gLk;/ ehl;ow;Fs;nsna bghUl;fis th';FtJk;. tpw;gJkhd cs; e hl; L tzpfj; j pd; tpepnahf tHpKiwfs;
gzpfis ,J nkw;bfhs;Sk;/ ,e;j tpahghuj;jpy; th';FgtUk;. tpw;gtUk;
xnu ehl;ilr; rhh;ej
; tuhf ,Ug;gh;/ tH';fy;tHp vd;gij M';fpyj;jpy; nrdy; vd;w brhy;ypy; Fwpg;gJ
(c-k): Me;jpu gpunjrj;jpy; tpisa[k; khk;gHk; jkpH; ehl;oy; tpw;fg;gLfpwJ/ tHf;fk;/ nrdy; vd;w M';fpy brhy; nfdy; vd;w gpbu";R bkhHpapypUe;J
g";rhg;g py; tpisa[k; nfhJik jkpH; ehl;oy; tpw;fg;gLfpwJ/ cUthdJ/ tH';fy; tHp vd;gJ bghUl;fis tpepnahfk; bra;a[k;

18 19
,ilepiyah;fspd; bjhlh; gzpia Fwpg;gjhFk;/
,jpy; ,ilepiyah;fs; g';nfw;W cw;gj;jpahshplkpUe;J Efh;nthUf;F
tH';fy; tHp vd;gJ fz;o\g; kw;Wk; *;oy; Mfpnahhpd; fUj;jpd;go cw;gj;jpahFk; bghUl;fisr; rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; |yk; tpepnahfk; bra;th;/
cw; g j; j pahshplkpUe; J Efh; n thhpd; gad; g hl; o w; b fd bghUl; f is ,';F rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; cw;gj;jpahsh;fF ; k; Efh;nthh;fF
; k; ,ilapy;
neuoahfnth kiwKfkhfnth mDg;gt [ jpy; <Lgl;Ls;s midj;Jnk tH';fy; bjhlh;ig cUthf;Fk; gzpia bra;J tUth;/ (c-k;) bjhiyfhl;rp.
tHp MFk;/ fzpg;bghwp tpw;gid ika';fs;/
mbkhpf;f re;ijapay; fHf fUj;jpd;go xU';fpize;j tzpf mikg;g[ ,/ cw; g j; j pahsh; - bkhj; j tpahghhp-rpy; y iw
kw; W k; gpw tzpf Kfth; f s; tzpfg; bghUl; f isnah. cw; g j; j pg; tpahghhp-Efh; n thh;
bghUl;fisnah. nritfisnah bkhj;jkhft[k.; rpy;yiwahft[k.; re;ijapLk;
nehf;nfhL nkw;bfhs;Sk; vy;yhf; Tl;likg;gf [ Sk; tH';fy; tHp vdg;
bgah; bgWk;/

m) cw;gj;jpahsh; - Efh;nthh;; ;

cw;gj;jpahsh; bkhj;jtpahghhp rpy;yiwtpahghhp Efh;nthh;

bkhj;j tpahghhp cz;ikahd cw;gj;jpahsiu mZfp. Kad;W bgw;w

bghUl;fis rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;F tpw;gidbra;th;/ Efh;nthh; jj;jk;
njitfSf;nfw;g bghUl;fisr; rpy;yiw tpahghhpfsplkpUe;J bgw;Wf;
bfhs;th;/
cw;gj;jpahsh; Efh; n thh;
tH'; f y; tHpia jP h ; k hdpf; F k; fhuzpfs;
,k;Kiwapy; cw;gj;jpahFk; bghUl;fs; neuoahf Efh;nthUf;F tpw;gid
rhpahd tH';fy; tHpia fPHt
; Uk; fhuzpfs; jPhk
; hdpf;fpd;wd/
bra;ag;gLk;/ ,jpy; ,ilepiyah;fs; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;/ (c-k;: neuo ghy;
1/ cw;gj;jpf; fhuzp
tpw;gid/
2/ re;ij fhuzp
3/ Efh;nthh; fhuzp
M/ cw;gj;jpahsh; - rpy;yiw tpahghhp - Efh;nthh;
4/ ,ilepiyah; fhuzp
5/ cw;gj;jpahsh; fhuzp
1/ cw;gj;jpf; fhuzp
cw;gj;jpg; bghUl;fspd; jd;ik kw;Wk; tiffs;. tH';fy; tHpia
jPhk
; hdpf;fpd;wd/ tpiy cah;ej; cw;gj;jpg; bghUis eLj;ju th;ff
; j;jpdh;
kpff; Fiwe;j mstpnyna itj;jpUg;gh;/ ,jdhy;. ,j;jF bghUl;fis
th';Fnthhpd; vz;zpf;ifa[k; Fiwe;j msthfnt ,Uf;Fk;/ (c-k;):
cw; g j; j pahsh; rpy; y iw tpahghhp Efh; n thh; Ml;nlhbkhigy; bghUl;fs;. mGfpf; bfLk; bghUl;fs;. eLj;ju th;fj;jhhplk;

20 21
mjpfk; ,Ug;g[ ,Uf;fhJ/ Vbddpy;. mit Efh;nthiu vspjhft[k.; ,ilepiyah; f s;
tpiuthft[k; ngha;r; nrh;tjhy;. njitg;gLk; bghGJ njitahd mstpw;F
th';fpg; gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;th;/ (c-k;): fha;fwp. gHk;/ rpy bghUl;fs; bjhlf;fepiy cw;gj;jpahshplkpUe;J ,Wjpepiy Efh;nthhplk;
tpw;gidf;F kpFjpahfj; njitg;gl;lhYk;. eLj;ju th;fj;jpdh;fF
; ,J mjpfk; bghUl;fs; brd;W mila[k; tiuapy; gz;l';fspd; ghpkhw;wj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;s
njitg;glhJ/ (c-k): bug;hp$pnul;lh;. th=p';bk=pd;/ midtUnk ,ilepiyah;fs; Mth;/
,j;jF ghpkhw;wg; gzpapy; <Lgl;Ls;s ,ilepiyah;fis ,UbgUk;
2/ re;ij fhuzp gphpt[fshf gphpf;fyhk;/
re;ijapd; jd;ik kw;Wk; tiffs; tH';fy; tHpia jPhk; hdpf;fpwJ/
mjpf ,l';fspy; tpw;fg;gl ntz;oa ve;j xU bghUSf;Fk; ePzl ; tH';fy;
tHp njitg;gLfpwJ/ Fiwthd ,l';fspy; tpw;fg;gLk; bghUs;fSf;F ,ilepiyah;fs;
mjpf mstpshd ,ilepiyah;fs; njitg;gLtjpy;iy/
3/ Efh; n thh; fhuzp
Efh;nthhpd; vz;zpf;ifa[k; tH';fy; tHpia jPhk; hdpf;Fk; fhuzpahf
tps';FfpwJ/ Efh;nthh; vz;zpf;iff; Fiwthf ,Ue;J. xU Fwpg;g pl;l
ikag; gFjpapy; Efh;nthh; thH;eJ ; tUnthuhapd; neuo tpahghuk; kpf tzpf Tpahghu ,il
Kfth;fs; epiyah;fs;
vspjhft[k; rpf;fdkhft[k; ,Uf;Fk;/ Efh;nthhpd; vz;zpf;if kpFjpahf
,Ue;J gy;ntW ,l';fspy; gutyhf thH;eJ ; tUnthuhapd;. ,ilepiyah;fs;
re;ijaplYf;Fg; bghpJk; cjt[fpd;wdh;/ Efh;nthh; kpFe;j vz;zpf;ifahy;
bghUl;fis th';f tpUk;gk [ ; bghGJ cw;gj;jpahshplkpUe;J neuoahfnt
th';fpf; bfhs;s tpUk;gt[ h;/,jw;F khwhf Efh;nthh; Fiwe;j mstpy;
th';f Kw;gLk; nghJ ,ilepiyah;fs; |yk; th';Ftnj vspjhdJ/
m) tzpf Kfth;fs;/
4/ ,ilepiyah; fhuzp
M) tpahghu ,ilepiyah;fs;/
,ilepiyaUf;F tH';fg;gLk; tpw;gid fHpt[ ,ilepiyah;fis
jPhk
; hdpf;Fk; Kd;djhf ftdj;jpy; bfhs;sg;gl ntz;Lk;/ Vbddpy;. mth;fsJ m) tzpf Kfth;fs;
fHpt[j; bjhif mjpfhpf;f nehpl;lhy; bghUl;fspd; tpw;gid tpiya[k; mjpfhpf;f
tzpf Kfth;fs; gzptHp ,ilepiyah;fs; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;/
nehpLk;/vdnt. ,ilepiyah;fs; epakdKk; msnthLjhd; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/
xU tpahghhp jk;Kila bjhHpy; eltof;iffis bra;J tUtjw;bfd
,y;iybadpy; bghUl;fspd; tpw;gid tpiy cah;thy;. vjph; tpist[fs;
epakpf;fg;gLk; egh; jhd; tzpfKfth; vd miHf;fg;gLthh;/ ,ay;ghd
Vw;glf;TLk;/
tpahghu eilKiwfisf; fz;lwpe;J jk;ik Kftuhf epakpj;j tpahghhpapd;
5/ cw; g j; j pahsh; gpujpepjpahf ,Ue;J. mthpd; rhh;ghfg; bghUl;fis th';fpa[k.; tpw;Wk;
cw;gj;jpahsUf;F cs;s epjp trjpa[k; tH';fs; tHpia jPhk; hdpf;fpwJ/ tUfpd;w gzpia ,th; nkw;bfhs;th;/ bghUl;fis tH';fp mtw;wpw;Fhpa
mjpf mstpy; bghUl;fis cw;gj;jp bra;ak [ ; cw;gj;jpahsh; jhnd neuoahf gzj;ij bgw;Wf; bfhs;Sk; chpika[k; ,th;fSf;F cz;L/ Mdhy;
rpy;yiw tpw;gid epiya';fis jpwf;f tpUk;gt [ hh;/ mnj rkak; rpW bghUl;fSf;Fhpa chpikahsuhf chpik bfhz;lhl ,ayhJ/ bghUl;fspd;
cw;gj;jpahsh; ,ilepiyah;fis rhh;en; j ,Ug;ghh;/ cilikiag; bgw;wpUe;jhYk; chpikia bgWtjpy;iy/ ,th;fs; bra;J

22 23
tUk; gzpfSf;bfd eph;zak; bra;ag; bgw;w tpw;gidapd; kPjhd fHpt[j; cw;gj;jpahshpd; bghUl;fis tpw;gidf;fhfj; jk;kplk; ,Ug;g[ itj;Jf;
bjhifia Cjpakhfg; bgWk; chpik kl;Lk; ,e;j tzpf Kfth;fSf;F bfhs;thh;/ ,th; cw;gj;jpahshpd; bgaiu btspaplhky; jk; bgauhy; tpahghuk;
cz;L/ bra;ak[ ; chpik bgw;wth;/ ,th; jk;kplk; cs;s bghUl;fisj; jk; bghWg;g py;
tzpfKfth; f spd; tiffs; : flDf;Fk; tpw;fyhk;/ eilKiwia gpd;gw;wp vy;yh tHpfspYk; tpahghuj;ijg;
bgUf;Fk; gzpia nkw;bfhs;thh;/,th; jhk; tpw;Fk; bghUl;fSf;Fhpa gzj;ijj;
i) jufh;fs; ii) jd;bghWg;g[ Kfth;fs; jhnk bgw;W ,urPJ tH';Fk; chpik cilath;/ ,tuJ tpahghu
iii) fHpt[ Kfth;fs; iv) gpiz Kfth;fs; eltof;iffSf;F ,tnu bghWg;ghthh;/ ,th; jk; xg;ge;j tHpKiwfSf;nfw;g
v) Vyjhuh;fs; vi) gz;lffhg;ghsh;fs; rk;ke;jgl;lth;fs; kPJ ahnjDk; xU fhuzj;jpd; mog;gilapy; tHf;F
bjhLf;Fk; chpik cilath;/ jk; bghWg;g py; cs;s bghUl;fSf;Fhpa
nruntz; b a fHpt[ Kjyhd brYj; j g; g lhj bjhifia Kiwahf
bgUtjw;Fhpa eltof;if vLf;Fk; vy;yh chpikfisa[k; bgw;wpUg;gth;

jufh;fs;
Mthh;/
fh gz ;
gg; ; s
f Kfth; f Sf; F k; jufh; f Sf; F k; cs; s ntWghL/
hs ;lf
fth
hf; t z pf K
s
; tzpf
Kf t h;f s t.vz; jd; nghWg;G Kfth;fs; jufh;fs;
Kfth;fs; fH
; Kf pt[ Kjy;th; xUtuhy; mth; rhh;g hf thq;FgtiuAk; tpw;gtiuAk;
; s
f th
jhuh f
; s tpahghu eltbf;iffis xd;W ,izj;J tpahghuj;ij
Kfth;fs;

Vy ; 1.
gpiz

Nkw;nfhs;s epakpf;fg; gLth; Kbf;f Nguk; NgRk; egh; jufh;

Kfth;Mthh;. Mthh;.
chpikahsh; rhh;g hf
2. jk; ngahpNyna nray;g Lth;.
nray;g Lth;.
(i) jufh;fs;
kw;wth;fSf;fhf Kd;dpd;W nguk; ngrp tpahghuj;ij ,yhgfukhf tpw;g idj; njhifiag; ngw tpw;g idj; njhifiag; ngw
3.
epiwntw;wp mjw;bfd fHpt[ bgWk; egiuna jufh; vd;gh;/ mth;fSf;F KbAk;. KbahJ.
tH';fg;gLk; fHpt[ juF vd miHf;fg;gLk;/ ,U tpahghhpfSf;fpilna ,tuJ tpahghu KbTfSf;F
,tUf;F ve;jtpjg; nghWg;Gk;
bghUl;fis th';Fk; my;yJ tpw;Fk; gzpfis nkw;bfhz;L ngrpKoj;J 4. ,tNu nghWg;G Vw;f Ntz;Lk;.
fpilahJ.
jPht
; f
[ hz ,ilepiyauhf epd;W bray;gLtnj jufhpd; gzpahFk;/ ,th;
th';Fgtiua[k.; tpw;gtiua[k; xU';fpizf;Fk; gzpia nkw;bfhs;gtuhth;/
5. Cjpak; fopT vdg;g Lk; Cjpak; juF vdg;g Lk;.
,th; vg;bghGJk; bghUl;fis jk;kplk; itj;Jf; bfhs;tJkpy;iy/ mjd;
chpikahsuhft[ k ; bray; g Ltjpy; i y/ xg; g e; j Kot[ f Sf; F k; . jdf;Fr; Nru Ntz;ba fopTj;
bghWg;gf [ Sf;Fk; ,th; xU nghJk; bghWg;ghsh; Mfkhl;lhh;/bghUl;fspd; njhifiag; ngWk; tiuapy; mJNghd;w chpik vJTk;
6.
KGkjpg;g pw;Fhpa gzj;ij ,th; vg;bghGJk; bgwkhl;lhh;/ jd;dplk; cs;s ruf;fpd; kPJ ,tUf;F ,y;iy.
chpik cs;stuhfpwhh;.
(ii) jd;bghWg;g[ Kfth;fs; (Factors)
cw;gj;jpahsh; jk; bghUl;fis tpw;gidr; bra;tjw;bfd jk; nehf;fg;go ,th; nghJg; gzp top ,th; rpwg;Gg; gzp top
7.
,ilepiyah; Mthh;. ,ilepiyah; Mthh;.
epakpf;Fk; tpahghu Kftiuj;jhd; Kfth;fs; vdg; bgahpl;L miHg;gh;/
,th; jhk; bgw;w bghUl;fspd; kPJ chpik bfhz;lhlhj tz;zk;
24 25
(iii) fHpt[ Kfth;fs; mjpfg;gLj;jpf; nfl;Fk; NHiy cUthf;fpago ,Ug;ghh;/ VyjhuUk;.
chpikahsUk; tpUk;gpa bjhiff;F Vyk; nfl;fg;gLk; nghJ Vyjhuh; nkirapd;
jdf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; fHptpw;fhf bghUl;fis th';fp tpw;gtnu fHpt[
kPJ kur;Rj;jpapdhy;; xU jl;L jl;o Vyg; gzpia Kog;ghh;/ ,jw;F VyKot[
Kfth;fs; Mthh;/ ,th; Efh;nthUf;Fk; bghUspd; chpikahsUf;Fk; ,ilna
tpiy (Knocked down price) vd;W bgah;/
,ilepiyauhf gzpg[hpfpwhh;/ jd; nritf;fhf xU Fwpg;g pl;l rjtPjk;
fHpthfg; bgWfpwhh;/ mjpfgl;r tpiy Vw;gl;lt[ld; Vyjhuh; tpw;gtUf;Fk;. th';Fgth;fF
; k;
,ilapy; xU Kftuhf ,Ue;J tpw;gidg; gzpia Koj;J itg;ghh;/
fHpt[ Kfth; re;ij epytuq;fisg; gw;wp rpwe;j mwpt[ gilj;jtuhf
,g;gzpf;fhf Vyjhuh; tpw;gidahshplkpUe;J jkf;Fhpa fHpt[j; bjhifia
,Uf;fpwhh;/ jufh;fisg; nghd;W my;yhky; jk; brhe;j bgahpnyna
bgw;Wf; bfhs;thh;/ Vyj;jpw;F Kd;ng tpw;gidahsUf;Fk; VyjhuUf;Fk;
ruf;Ffis th';fp tpw;gjhy; ,th;fs; jufh;fis tpl nkk;gl;lth;fshf
fHpt[ bjhlh;ghd ngr;R thh;ji; j ele;J ,Wjp Kot[ vLf;fg;gl;L tpLk;/
fUjg;gLthh;fs;/ mj;Jld; ,th;fs; tpw;gid tpiyiaa[k;. tpw;Fk;
mjd; mog;gilapy; jd; fHpt[j; bjhifiag; bgw;Wf; bfhs;thh;/
tHpKiwfisa[k; gw;wp KobtLf;f Koa[k/; ,th;fs; tpw;gidj; bjhifapy;
j';fSf;Fr; nru ntz;oa fHpt[j; bjhifiaa[k.; bryt[fisa[k; fHpj;Jf; (vi) gz;lff; fhg;ghsh;
bfhz;L kPjpia Kjy;tUf;F mDg;gt [ hh;fs;/
gz;lff;fhg;g[ chpikahsh; jk; gz;lfr;rhiyapy; tpahghhpapd;
(iv) gpiz Kfth;fs; bghUl;fis ,Ug;g[ itj;Jg; ghJfhf;Fk; gzpiar; bra;fpwhh;/ ,jw;bfd
,tUf;F xU bjhif Cjpakhf tH';fg;gLk;/ jkf;Fhpa bjhif fpilf;fhj
ve;j xU tzpf Kfth; flDf;F tpw;gid bra;ag;gl;l bghUl;fSf;F
nghJ jf;f eltof;if vLf;Fk; chpik ,tUf;F cz;L/ gz;lfr;rhiy
cz;lhd tpiyia tNypj;J jUtjhf jd;Dila Kjy;tUf;F xg;gW [ jp
chpikahsh; jk;kplk; ,Ug;g[ itf;fg;gl;l bghUl;fSf;F chpa ,urPJ tH';f
tH';Ffpwhnuh mtnu gpiz Kfth; Mthh;/ ,t;xg;gW [ jpf;fhf mtUf;F
ntz;Lk;/ ,J bghJthf bghUl;fis Vw;Wf; bfhz;ljw;fhd xg;gj [ y;
mspf;fg;gLk; fHpt[ld; nrh;j;J gpizf; fHpt[ vd;w TLjy; fHpt[
,urPJ kl;LnkahFk;/ gz;lfk; itj;jpUg;gthpd; ,urPJ nrkf;fhg;gf [ f
; hfr;
tH';fg;gLk;/ thuhf;fld; nehpl;lhYk; gpizKftnu mjid Vw;Wf;
ruf;Ffisg; bgw;Wf; bfhz;ljw;fhd btWk; xg;gi [ fr; rPlL
; kl;LnkahFk;/
bfhs;fpwhh;/ vdnt gpiz Kfth; thuhf; flidj; jLf;Fk; bghUl;L fld;
,J xU ruf;Fhpik Mtzkhfj; jpfHhJ/Mdhy; ,th; gz;lfr; rhd;whiz
tpw;gidapy; kpFe;j ftdk; brYj;j ntz;Lk;/
bgw;Wf; bfhz;lhy; ,J xU ruf;Fhpik Mtzkhff; fUjg;gLk;/
(v) Vyjhuh;fs;
(M) tpahghu ,ilepiyah;
bghUl;fspd; chpikahsh; rhh;ghf bghUl;fis Vyj;jpd; |yk;
tpw;W jUk; gzpia nkw;bfhs;gtnu Vyjhuh; Mthh;/ Vy tpw;gid bjhlh;ghd cw;gj;jpahshplkpUe;J bghUl;fisg; bgw;W. jk; bgahpy; mtw;iw
tpgu';fs; bjspthf Kd;djhfnt tpsk;guk; bra;ag;gl ntz;Lk;/ tpw;W. jkf;Fhpa ,yhgj;ijg; bgw;Wf; bfhz;L. mjw;Fhpa gzj;ijj; jpUg;g pr;
Vyg;bghUl;fs;. Vyk; tpLk; ,lk;. njjp. neuk;. Vyk; vLf;Fk; tpjpKiwfs; brYj;Jk; Xh; ,ilaPll ; hsiuna tpahghu ,ilepiyah; vd miHg;gh;/
Kjyhdit Kd;djhfnt bra;jpj;jhs;fs;. Rtbuhl;ofs;. Jz;lwpf;iffs;. mth;fs; bghUl;fSf;Fhpa chpikg; gz;igg; bgWtnjhL. mtw;iw
xypgug;gr
[ hjd mwptpg;gf
[ s; |yk; bghJkf;fSf;Fj; bjhptpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;/ tpw;gidf;nfw;g ,Ug;g[ itj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; mjpfhuKk; bgw;wpUg;ghh;/ mth;fs;
,e;j Vy tpahghuk; ,Utifg;gLk; mit: xJf;fPlL ; VyKiw. xJf;fPlw;w jk; bgahpnyna vy;yh eilKiw tzpfr; bray;fisa[k; bra;J tUtnjhL.
VyKiw vd miHf;fg;gLk;/ mjw;Fhpa KG bghWg;iga[k; Vw;W bray;gLth;/ ,th;fs; ,U tifg;gLth;/

bghUspd; chpikahsh; eph;zak; bra;j Fiwe;j gl;r tpiyf;Ff; 1/ bkhj;j tpahghhpfs;/;

fPnH Vyk; nfl;fg;gLnkahdhy;. mg;bghUs; tpw;fg;gl khl;lhJ/ ,j;jF 2/ rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs;/
VyKiwf;nf xJf;fPlL ; VyKiw vd;W bgah;/ xU bghUis Vyjhuh; kpf
mjpf tpiyf;F tpw;Fk; nehf;nfhL Vyj;bjhifia gpwh; thapyhf
26 27
 bra;th;/ ,th;fs; Efh;nthhplk; neuo bjhlh;g[ bfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;/
iii) cw; g j; j pahsh; f splkpUe; J neuoahf th'; F jy;
t pahghu bkhj;j tpahghhpfs; vg;bghGJk; cw;gj;jpahsh;fsplkpUe;njh.
, i l epi y ah;f s jahhpg;ghsh;fsplkpUe;njh neuoahfg; bghUl;fis bkhj;jkhf th';Fth;/
iv) Fwpg;g pl;l bghUl;fis kl;Lk; tpahghuk; bra;jy;
cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gLk; vy;yhg; bghUl;fisa[k; bkhj;jkhf th';fhky;.
mtw;Ws; xd;nwh my;yJ xU rpy bghUl;fis kl;Lk; bkhj;jkhf th';Fk;
nkhj ;j r py ;y i w
u gz;gi
[ lath;/
t pahghhpf s t pahghhpf s ; v) jdpgl;l nrit
w cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; cw;gj;jp bra;ak[ ; bghUl;fspy; Fwpg;g pl;l xU rpytw;iw
th';Fk; vz;zk; bfhz;lth;/ mjd; |yk; cw;gj;jpahsh;fF ; k;. rpy;yiw
1/ bkhj;j tpahghhpfs;; tpahghhpf;Fk; ,ilna ,izg;gg [ ; ghykhf tps';Ffpwhh;/
bkhj;j tpahghhp vd;Dk; brhy; bkhj;j tpahghuk; vd;Dk; brhy;ypypUe;J
cUthdJ/ bghUl;fis kpfg; bghpa mstpYk;. bkhj;jkhft[k; tpw;Fk; bkhj; j tpahghhpfspd; gzpfs;
tpahghhpia bkhj;j tpahghhp vd miHf;fg;gLth;/ ,tnu. cw;gj;jpahsUf;Fk; bkhj;j tpahghhpfs; re;ijapLjy; gzpia nkw;bfhs;Sk; nghJ
Efh;nthh;fF
; k; ,ilapy; ,Ue;J ,UtUf;Fk; ,ilna bjhlh;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; gy;tifahd bray;Kiwfis nkw;bfhs;th;/ mtw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdit
Kjd;ik tpahghhpahff; fUjg;gLthh;/ I) bfhs;Kjy; kw;Wk; xd;W jpul;Ljy;
<t;ypd; jhk*; fUj;jpd;go xU cz;ikahd bkhj;j tpahghhp II) ,Ug;gi[ tj;jy; my;yJ gz;lff;fhg;g[
cw;gj;jpahsuhfnth. rpy;yiw tpahghhpahfnth ,y;yhky; ,e;j ,UtUf;Fk; III) nghf;Ftuj;J trjp mspj;jy;
,ilna bjhlh;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; gzpia nkw;bfhs;gtuhth;/ IV) epjptrjpia jUjy;
fz;o\g; kw;Wk; *;oy; vd;nghhpd; fUj;jpd;go. bkhj;j tpahghhpfs; V) ,lh;ghLfis Vw;wy;
tzpfg; bghUl;fis bkhj;jkhf th';fp. gpw tpahghhpfSf;nfh my;yJ VI) jug;gLj;Jjy;. rpg;g';fl;Ljy;. fl;Lkk; bra;jy;
rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;nfh tpw;gid bra;thh;fnsjtpu. Efh;nthh;fF ; VII) re;ij epytu';fisj;jUjy;
nehpilahf tpw;gid bra;a khl;lhh;fs;/ VIII) gutyhf;Fjy; kw;Wk; tpw;gid bra;jy;

bkhj; j tpahghhpapd; gz; g [ eyd; f s; i) bfhs;Kjy; kw;Wk; xd;W jpul;Ljy;

i) bkhj;jkhf th';Fjy; gytifg;gl;l bghUl;fis cw;gj;jpahsh;fsplkpUe;J th';fp.
,dthhpahf xd;W jpul;o ,Ug;g[ itj;J rpy;yiw tpahghhpf;F tpw;gJ/
cw;gj;jpahsh;fsplkpUe;J bkhj;jkhfg; bghUl;fis th';fp rpwpa
ahUila bghUl;fs; bjhlh;rr
; pahf th';fg;gLfpwnjh mtw;iw cw;gj;jpahshplk;
mstpy; tpw;gid bra;th;/ bkhj;j tpahghhpf;F ,Uf;f ntz;oa Kf;fpa
nfl;Lg; bgw;W ,Ug;g[ itj;Jf; bfhs;tJ/ Fwpg;g pl;l fhyj;jpy; kl;Lk;
gz;ghf ,J fUjg;gLk;/
tpw;Fk; bghUl;fis me;je;j fhyj;jpy; th';fp itg;gJ/ mjpf njita[ss ;
ii) gpw tpahghhpfSf;F tpw;wy;; bghUl;fis me;je;j fhyj;jpd; njitf; nfw;g bjhlh;eJ ; th';fp ,Ug;g[
itj;J tpw;gJ/ rpy;yiw tpahghhpfspd; njitfisa[k; vjph;ghh;gg ; f
[ isa[k;
bkhj;j tpahghhp bghUl;fisr; rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;F tpw;gid
fz;lwpe;J mjw;nfw;g bghUl;fis th';fp tpw;gJ/ njitfspd; tsh;rr ; pfspy;

28 29
ftdk; brYj;jp g[jpa jahhpg;gf
[ is th';fp itg;gJk; njitaw;w jahhpg;gf
[ is v) ,lh;ghLfis Vw;wy;
th';fhJ tpl;L tpLtJk; bkhj;j tpahghhpfspd; ,ay;ghd bray;fs; MFk;/ bghUl;fspd; tpiytPHr ; r; p. bfl;Lg;nghjy;. bghUl;fspd; mHpt[. ,Ug;g[
ii) ,Ug; g [ i tj; j y; my; y J gz; l ff; f hg; g [ itg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; gpw ,Hg;gf [ s; midj;ija[k; bkhj;j tpahghhpfs; Vw;Wf;
bfhs;fpd;wdh;/ nkYk; rpy;yiw tpahghhpfshy; Vw;gLk; thuhf;fld; ,Hg;iga[k;
bkhj;j tpahghhp cw;gj;jpahshhplkpUe;J bghUl;fis xd;Wjpul;o. bkhj;j tpahghhpfns Vw;W ; f;bfhs;fpd;wdh;/ vdnt tpahghuj;jpd; midj;J
th';fpa gpwF mtw;wpd; njitf;nfw;gt[k;. rpy;yiw tpahghhpfspd; tpjkhd ,lh;ghLfisa[k; bkhj;j tpahghhpfns Vw;fpd;wdh;/
njitfSf;nfw;gt[k; tpepnahfk; bra;a Kd;djhfnt th';fp ,Ug;g[ itj;Jf;
bfhs;fpwhh;/ cw;gj;jpf;Fk;. Efh;tf
[ F
; k; ,ilna Vw;gLk; fhy ,ilbtspia vi) jug; g Lj; J jy; . rpg; g k; f l; L jy; . fl; L kk; b ra; j y;
kdjpw;bfhz;L bghUl;fs; fpilf;Fk; bghGnj th';fp ,Ug;g[ itj;J juk;. tif. tot[. frpt[ kw;Wk; cs;slf;fk; Mfpatw;wpf;F Vw;g
tpahghuk; bra;tJ eyk; gaf;Fk; vd vz;zp ,Ug;g[ itg;gJz;L/ cw;gj;jpg; bghUl;fis bkhj;j tpahghhpfs; jdpj; jdpahfg; gphpj;J tifg;gLj;jp
cw;gj;jpahsh;fspd; bghUl;fs; jf;fthW ,Ug;g[ itj;J ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tpLth;/ nkYk;. bgUk; rpg;g';fis rpW rpW rpg;g';fshf fl;Lkk; bra;J
njitg;gLk; nghGJ rpy;yiw tpahghhpf;F rpW rpW mstpy; tpw;f ,aYk;/ rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;F tpepnahfk; bra;th;/
,t;thW xU bkhj;j tpahghhp ,Ug;g[ itf;Fk; gzpapy; jf;f ftdk;
brYj;jp bghUl;fis mHptpypUe;J ghJfhj;J. re;ijapy; njitg;gLk; vii) re;ij epytu';fisj; jUjy;
bghGbjy;yhk; fpilf;FkhW bra;th;/ bkhj;j tpahghhpfs; gaDs;s re;ij epytu';fisf; fz;lwpe;J
iii) nghf;Ftuj;J trjp mspj;jy; cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;Fk; rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;Fk; mt;tg;nghJ Twp
tUthh;fs;/ bghUl;fspd; juk; kw;Wk; tiffs; gw;wp rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;F
bkhj;j tpahghhp bghUl;fis bkhj;jkhf th';fp jk; gz;lf rhiyapy; mwptpg;gjhy;. re;ijapy; tpw;gid bra;tjw;Fhpatw;iw kl;Lk; th';ft[k.;
,Ug;g[ itj;J thfd';fspd; |yk; njitg;gLk; ,l';fSf;F mDg;g p tpw;ft[k; trjp cUthfpwJ/ Efh;nthhpd; njit. tpUg;gk; kw;Wk; g[jpa
itg;ghh;/ nkYk; rpy;yiw tpahghhpfspd; filfSf;Fj; njitg;gLk; ehfhPf';fisg; gw;wp cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;F vLj;Jf; TWtjhy;. mjw;nfw;g
bghGbjy;yhk; thfd';fs; |yk; bghUl;fis mDg;g p itg;gh;/ ,t;thW bghUl;fisj; jahhpj;J tpahghuj;ij bgUf;fpf; bfhs;s bkhj;j tpahghhpfs;
bghUl;fis bkhj;jkhf th';fp ,Ug;g[ itj;J mDg;gt[ jd; |yk; mDg;gi
[ f cjt[fpd;wdh;/
fl;lz';fspy; rpf;fdj;ij filg;g pof;fpwhh;/
viii) gutyhf;Fjy; kw;Wk; tpw;gid bra;jy;
iv) epjptrjpia jUjy;
gy;ntW ,l';fSf;Fg; gutyhfr; brd;W mila[khW tpw;gid bra;ak[ ;
bkhj;j tpahghhpfs; re;ijapy; mjpfkhd epjptrjpia cUthf;Ftjd; rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;F bkhj;j tpahghhpfs; tpepnahfk; bra;fpd;wdh;/
|yk; tpahghuj;Jiwapy; kpfr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; g';nfw;fpwhh;fs;/ rpy;yiw gutyhf M';fh';nf rpjwp ,Uf;Fk; rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;F bkhj;j
tpahghhpfSf;Fj; njitg;gLk; epjp cjtpia tH';f bkhj;j tpahghhpfs; tpahghhpfs; j';fs; bghUl;fis tpw;gid bra;fpd;wdh;/
mth;fSf;Fg; bghUl;fisf; fldhf tH';fp njitfisg; g{hj ; j
; p bra;J
bfhs;s cjt[fpd;wdh;/ Kot[ww ; bghUl;fspd; kPJ eilKiw |yjdk; bkhj; j tpahghhpfspd; nritfs;
Kl';Ftijg; bghJthf jahhpg;ghsh;fs; tpUk;gt
[ jpy;iy/ cw;gj;jpahshplkpUe;J 1/ cw; g j; j pahsUf; F Mw; W k; nritfs; /
FWfpa fhyf; fldhf cw;gj;jpg; bghUl;fisg; bgw;Wj; jk; bghWg;g py; i) bghUl; f is bkhj; j khf th'; Fjy;
,Ug;g[ itj;Jf; bfhs;th;/ ,jdhy; bgUkst[ epjpr;Rik cw;gj;jpahshplkpUe;J
bkhj;j tpahghhpf;F bry;fpwJ/ bkhj;j tpahghhpfs; jk; bghWg;g py; cw;gj;jpahsh;fsplkpUe;J bkhj;j tpahghhpfs; bkhj;jkhf bghUl;fis
bghUl;fisf; fldhf rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;F tH';fp tpahghuj;ijg; bfhs;Kjy; bra;fpd;wdh;/ ,jdhy; cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; nfl;gjw;F jFe;jthW
bgUf;f tHp tFg;gjhy;. cw;gj;jpahsh;fspd; epjpr;Rik kpft[k; FiwfpwJ/ mjpf mstpy; bghUl;fis cw;gj;jp bra;a KofpwJ/

30 31
ii) cw;gj;jpapy; jdp ftdk; brYj;Jjy;: 2/ rpy;yiw tpahghhpf;F Mw;Wk; nritfs;
rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;Fr; rpW rpW mstpy; tpw;Fk; ntiyia i) njitiag; g{h;j;jp bra;jy;
bkhj; j tpahghhpfs; nkw; b fhz; L tUtjhy; cw; g j; j pahsh; f s;
rpy;yiw tpahghhp Efh;nthhpd; njitf;nfw;g vy;yhtpjkhd
,j;bjhy;iyapypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gl;L cw;gj;jpapy; j';fsJ KG ftdj;ija[k;
bghUl;fisa[k; jk;kplk; itj;Jf; bfhz;L tpahghuk; bra;thh;/ ,lg;
brYj;j Koa[k/;
gw;whf;Fiwapd; fhuzkhft[k.; |yjdg;gw;whf; FiwghL fhuzkhft[k;
iii) rpf;fdk; xt;bthU tifahd bghUl;fis mjpf mstpy; th';fp itg;gJ ,ayhJ/
bkhj;j tpahghhpfs; cw;gj;jpahd bghUl;fis ,Ug;g[ itj;Jf; ,f;Fiwia bkhj;j tpahghhp jhd; nghf;Ffpwhh;/ tiftifahd bghUl;fis
bfhs;Sk; gzpia nkw;bfhs;tjhy; cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;F gz;lfg; ghJfhg;gg
[ ; mjpf mstpy; ifapWg;g[ itj;jpUf;Fk; bkhj;j tpahghhp rpy;yiw tpahghhpf;F
gzp FiwfpwJ/ ,jdhy; cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;F mDg;gi [ f bryt[fs; njitg;gLk; nghJ mtw;iw rpW rpW mst[fspy; tpw;W bghpJk; Jiz
kpr;rkhFk;/ mnj neuj;jpy; |yjdKk; Kl';Ftjpy;iy/ cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; g[hpfpwhh;/
Fiwe;j KjYld; bjhHpiyj; bjhlu Koa[k/;
ii) rpwg; g [ jfty; f isj; jUjy;
iv) tpiyiaf; fl;Lg; gLj; J jy; bkhj; j tpahghhp xU Fwpg; g pl; l tifahd bghUs; f isna
me;je;j gUtf; fhyj;jpd; njitf;nfw;g bkhj;j tpahghhp bghUl;fis ifahStjhy; mijgw;wpa mDgtmwpit bgw;wtuhf tps';Fthh;/ ,t;tDgt
,Ug;g[ itj;Jf; bfhz;L njitf;nfw;g ed;F tpw;W tpahghuj;ijg; bgUf;fp mwptpid rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;F bjhptpf;fpwhh;/
tUthh;/ ,jdhy; bghUl;fspd; tpiy Fwpg;g pl;l fl;Lg;ghl;ow;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;/ iii) re; i j ,lh; g hLfis Fiwj; j y;
tpUg;gk; nghy; ntz;Lbkd;nw tpiyia Vw;Wk; braypypUe;J jLj;J.
mg;bghUs; ed;F tpw;W tu cjtp bra;th;/ rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; Fiwe;j mstpnyna bghUl;fisj; jk;kplk;
itj;Jf; bfhs;th;/ bkhj;j tpahghhpfns ,th;fsJ Fiwe;j |yjdj;njhL
v) re;ij epytuj;ij mwptpj;jy; epiwtha; tpahghuk; bra;J tu cjt[th;/ ,jdhy; rpy;yiw tpahghhpapd;
bkhj;j tpahghhp re;ijapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;. bghUl;fspd; njit. |yjdk; bghWg;g.[ tpiyapd; Vw;wj;jhH;t.[ njitapd; khw;w';fs;. ehfhPfk;.
tpw;gidapd; epiyik Kjyhdtw;iw cw;gj;jpahsUf;F mt;tg;nghGJ tpUg;gk; nghd;wtw;wpy; mjpf bghWg;g[ Vw;fhky; njitf;nfw;g ,Ug;g[ itj;Jf;
jUfpwhh;/ Kjd;Kjypy; bkhj;j tpahghhpfs; njitg;gLk; bghUl;fisr; bfhs;s ,aYk;/
rpy;yiw tpahghhpaplkpUe;J nfl;lwpe;J. mjw;nfw;g cw;gj;jpahshplkpUe;J iv) g[ j pa jahhpg; g [ f is mwpKfk; bra; j y;
bghUl;fis bkhj;jkhfg; bgWth;/ mg;bghGJ Efh;nthhpd; tpUg;gk;.
njitapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; nghd;wtw;iwr; Rl;of; fhl;Lth;/ nkYk;. bkhj;j tpahghhpfns g[jpa jahhpg;gf
[ isj; jj;jk; tpw;ghz;ikah; |ynkh.
bkhj;jtpahghhp mt;tg;nghJ khWk; ehfhPf khw;wk;. mtw;wpd; mst[ ghh;itf;F itj;jpUg;gjd; |ynkh. tpiyg;gl;oaypd; |ynkh. rpy;yiw
bghUl;fspd; juk;. njitg;gLk; bghUl;fs; Kjyhdtw;iw cw;gj;jpahsUf;F tpahghhpfSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jp tpahghuk; tsu cjt[th;/
bjhptpj;J bfhz;oUg;gh;/ v) epjp trjp mspj; j y;
vi) ,lh;ghL Vw;wy; rpy;yiw tpahghhpf;F bkhj;j tpahghhpfns epjp cjtpfisr; bra;J
bkhj;j tpahghhp jhd; tpahghuj;jpy; jpObud cz;lhFk; bghhUl;fspd; tUfpwhh;fs;/ jk;kplKs;s bghUl;fisf; flDf;Fg; bgw;W tpahghuk; bra;J
tpiyapy; tPH;r;rp my;yJ ,Ug;g py; itj;j bghGJ Vw;gl;l mHpt[ tu rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;F cjt[th;/ Efh;nthhplkpUe;J tpw;w bghUl;fSf;Fg;
nghd;wtw;wpw;F KGg; bghWg;ngw;fpwhh;/ flDf;Fr; rpy;yiw tpahghhpaplk; gzk; fpilj;j gpwF rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; jhk; bgw;w flid bkhj;j
tpw;wjhy; Vw;gLk; thuhf;flDf;Fk; mtnu bghWg;ngw;gh;/ tpahghhpfSf;Fr; brYj;Jk; trjp Vw;gLfpwJ/ Fiwe;j |yjdk; bfhz;L
jk; tpahghuj;ij elj;j ,e;j Kiw rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;Fg; bghpJk; eyd;
gag;gjhf cs;sJ/
32 33
II) rpy; y iw tpahghhpfs; Kjyhdtw;why; Vw;gLk; el;lj;jpw;Fg; bghWg;ngw;gh;/ tpahghuj;jpy; ,ay;ghf
Vw;gLk; ,j;jF vy;yhtpjkhd tpahghu bghWg;gf[ is ,th;fs; Vw;W mjw;nfw;g
gz;l';fspd; ghpkhw;wj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;Fk; Efh;nthh;fF ; k; bray;gLth;/
,ilapy; bjhlh;g[ Vw;gLj;Jk; filrp gzpahsuhf ,Ug;gth; rpy;yiw
tpahghhp Mthh;/ Efh;nthh;fF ; j; njitg;gLk; vy;yhg; bghUl;fis v) ,Ug;g[ itj;jYk; fl;Lkk; bra;jYk;
tpw;ft[k.; tpepnahfk; bra;at[k; th;jj
; fj;jpy; rpy;yiw tpahghunk Kf;fpakhdjhf bkhj;j tpahghhpfsplkpUe;J bgw;w bghUl;fis rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs;
tps';FfpwJ/ jk; gzlff;fhg;g py; vjph; fhyj;jpw;F cjt[k; tifapy; nrkpj;J itg;gh;/
v*;/vtpypd; jhk*; fUj;jpd;go Efh;nthhpd; njitfis brt;tnd Efh;nthh; njitf;nfw;g bghUl;fis rpwpa mst[ila rpg;g';fshff; fl;o
g{hj
; j
; p bra;ak
[ ; bghUshjhu r';fpypapy; ,Wjpahf ,Ug;gth; rpy;yiw tpahghhp tpw;gid bra;th;/ rpy neu';fspy; bghUl;fis juk; thhpahf gphpf;Fk;
Mthh;/ gzpfspYk; <LgLfpwhh;/

fz;o\g; kw;Wk; *;oy; Mfpnahhpd; tpiutpyf;fzj;jpd;go xU rpy;yiw bkhj; j tpahghhpf; F Mw; w pLk; nritfs;
tpahghhp vd;gth; tpahghhpahft[k.; rpy neu';fspy; Kftuhft[k; bray;gl;L
1/ mikg;g[j; bjhlh;g[
rpW Efh;nthUf;F tpw;gid bra;tijna jdJ Kf;fpa gzpahff;
bfhz;Ls;shh;/ xU gf;fj;jpy; bkhj;j tpahghhpiaa[k.; kWgf;fj;jpy; Efh;nthiua[k;
,izf;Fk; Kftuhf rpy;yiw tpahghhp bray;gLfpwhh;/ bkhj;j tpahghhpfsplk;
rpy; y iw tpahghhpapd; gzpfs; cs;s bghUl;fis rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; ve;j neuj;jpYk; v';fpUe;Jk;
i) trjpfisj; jUjy; vLj;J te;J tpahghuk; bra;a[k; gz;g[ilath;fs;/ Mjyhy; rpy;yiw
tpahghhpfshy; jhd; bkhj;j tpahghunk eilbgWfpwJ vdyhk;/
rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; Efh;nthh; j';fis vspjpy; mZfp j';fs;
njitfisg; g{hj
; j
; p bra;J bfhs;s VJthf filfis jpwf;fpd;wdh;/ 2/ Efh; n thh; tpUg; g j; j pw; F Kd; D hpik
ii) tpUg;gg;go njh;t[ bra;jy: rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; Efh;nthhplk; beU';fpa bjhlh;g[ bfhz;oUg;gjhy;;
mth;fspd; njitfis ed;F mwpe;J itj;jpUg;gh;/ Efh;nthhpd; njitfis
rpy;yiw tpahghhp jk; thof;ifahsh;fs; jj;jk; tpUg;gg;go bghUl;fisj; Kd; Tl;ona vjph;ghh;jJ
; mtw;iw g{hj ; j; p bra;ak
[ ; epiyapy; vg;bghGJk;
njh;eb
; jLf;fg; nghjpa re;jh;gg ; j;ijj; jUfpwhh;/ mth;fspd; njitfis ,Ug;gh;/ vdnt Efh;nthhpd; njitfis bkhj;j tpahghhpfSf;F
,th; ed;F mwpe;J itj;jpUg;ghh;/ vdnt. mth;fs; tpUg;gj;jpw;nfw;g vLj;Jiug;ghh;/
bghUl;fis ,tuhy; tH';f ,aYk;/
3/ jdpf; f tdk:
iii) jfty;fisj; jUjy;
bkhj;j tpahghhpapd; rhh;ghf rpy;yiw tpahghhp jd; Efh;nthhpd; kPJ
Efh;nthhpd; njitf;Fk; tpUg;gj;jpw;Fk; Vw;w bghUl;fisg; gw;wpa jdpf;ftdk; brYj;Jthh;/ tpw;fg;gl;l bghUl;fspy; Vw;gLk; rpW rpW gGJfis
tpgu';fisr; nrfhpj;J itj;Jf; bfhs;th;/ ,e;jr; bra;jpfis bkhj;j me;je;j ,lj;jpnyna brd;W rhp bra;J rpwg;ghd nrit g[hpfpwhh;/
tpahghhpfs; |yk; cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;Fg; ngha;r; nrUk;. ,jdhy;.
njitfSf;nfw;g cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; bghUl;fspd; tot[. juk;. mst[. cUtk; 4/ re; i jia tphpthf; f k:
Kjyhdtw;iw khw;wpaikj;J bghUl;fisj; jahhpj;J tH';f ,aYk;/ rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; bghUl;fis rpwpa mstpy; tpw;W. re;ijia
iv) ,lh;ghL Vw;wy: tphpt[g; gLj;Jk; gzpapy; <LgLth;/ ,jdhy;. bkhj;j tpahghhpfspd;
bghWg;gf [ isf; Fiwj;J tpahghuk; vspjhf tsu cjt[th;/
rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; bghUl;fspd; mHptpw;Fk;. tpiyr; rhptpw;Fk;
bghWg;ngw;Wf; bfhs;th;/ jPahy; mHpt[. jpUl;L. juf;Fiwt[. bfl;Lg;nghjy;
34 35
Efh; n thUf; F Mw; W k; nritfs; 5/ ,ju gzpfs;
rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;Fk; bkhj;j tpahghhpfSf;Fk; 1/ rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; Efh;nthUf;F mth;fs; th';Fk; bghUl;fis
Mw;Wk; nritfnshL nehpilahd bjhlh;gk [ .; jdpg;gl;l bjhlh;gk
[ ; bfhz;Ls;s mth;fsJ tPlo ; y; bfhz;L nrh;fF
; k; ntiyia ,ytrkhf bra;th;/
Efh;nthUf;F mjpfkhd nritia bra;J tUfpwhh;/ rpy;yiw tpahghhpfspd; 2/ tpahghuj;njhL Efh;nthUf;F tpw;gidf;F gpwFk; nritahw;Wfpwhh;/
Kf;fpa nehf;fnk Efh;nthh;fF; ed;F nrit bra;tnjahFk;/ 3/ tpw;gidapd; kPJ buhf;f js;Sgo mspf;fpwhh;/

1/ ruf;F itj;jpUj;jy; bkhj; j tpahghhpf; F k; rpy; y iw tpahghhpf; F k; cs; s

ntWghL
fhyneuj;jpw;nfw;g Efh;nthh; tpUk;gk[ ; bghUl;fis njitahd mstpw;F
rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; ,Ug;g[ itj;jpUg;gh;/ mth;fs; ,e;jg; bghUl;fis
ve;j neuj;jpYk; th';fp tpw;gid bra;ak [ ; tpUg;gk; bfhz;lth;/ Efh;nthh; jk;
t.
njitf;Fhpa bghUl;fis bghpa mstpy; th';fp itj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; epiyapy; nkhj;j tpahghhp rpy;y iw tpahghhp
vz;
,y;iy/ vdnt. njitg;gLk; nghJ mtw;iwr; rpy;yiw tpahghhpfsplkpUe;J
th';fpf; bfhs;th;/ nkhj;j tpahghhpiaAk;> ,Wjp
cw;g j;jpahsiuAk; rpy;y iw
1. Efh;NthiuAk; ,izf;Fk; ghykhf
tpahghhpiaAk; ,izf;fpwhh;.
2/ jfty;fisj; jUjy; ,Uf;fpwhh;.
Cw;g j;jpahshplkpUe;J kpfg; nghpa nkhj;j tpahghhpaplkpUe;J Fiwe;j
Efh;nthh;f;Fhpa bghUl;fs; gytpj';fspy; gyuhy; 2.
mstpy; nghUl;fis thq;Fth;. mstpNyNa nghUl;fis thq;Fth;.
jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ ,j;jF vz;zpyl';fh g[jj ; k; g[jpa bghUl;fisj;
jf;fthW ghh;itf;F itj;J rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; Efh;nthhpd; ftdj;ij xNu tifahd nghUl;fis gytpjkhd nghUl;fis thq;fp
3.
mtw;wpd; gf;fk; jpUg;gf
[ pd;wdh;/ Jzptiffs;. bea;jyhilfs; kw;Wk; nkhj;jkhf thq;fp tpw;g h;. tpw;g h;.
jsthlrhkhd;fs; nghd;wtw;Ws; Vw;gLk; ehfhPf khw;w';fSf;F Vw;g gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; tpahghuj;ij Fwpg;g pl;l tl;lj;jpYs;s Xh; ,lj;jpy;
4.
jfty;fis jufq;fs; Efh;nthUf;F jUfpd;wdh;/ tphpthfr; nra;th;. ,Ue;jgb tpahghuk; nra;th;.

3/ mDgtmwptpd; gyidj; jUjy; ,th; cw;g j;jpahsh;fsplk; mjpfk; ,th; Efh;Nthh;fsplk; mjpf
5. neUf;fkhTk;> Efh;Nthiu tpl;L neUf;fkhfTk;> cw;g j;jpahsiu tpl;L
rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; jh';fs; tpw;gid bra;J tUk; bghUl;fisg; tpyfpAk; ,Uf;fpwhh;. tpyfpAk; ,Uf;fpwhh;.
gw;wpa vy;yhr; bra;jpfisa[k; bjspthf mwpe;jpUg;gh; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy/ ,th; rpd;dQ;rpwpa fpuhkj;jpy; ,Ue;J
gy cw;gj;jpahsh;fshy; jahhpf;fg;gLk; xnu tifahd bghUl;fspd; juk;. ,th; kpfg; nghpa efuq;fspy; jhd; kpfg; nghpa efuq;fs; tiu cs;s
6.
gad; ntWghL nghd;wtw;iw gw;wpa xg;gPli ; l vLj;Jf; TWfpwhh;/ jd; tpahghhuj;ij elj;jp tUth;. vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; tpahghuj;i j
elj;jp tUth;.
4/ fld; trjpaspj;jy;
tpw;g idg; gzpiaj; jtpu gpw tpw;g idg; gzpf;Fg; gpe;i ja
epue;jukhd thof;ifahsUf;F rpy;yiu tpahghhpfs; jk; bghUl;fis 7.
gzpfisr; nra;a Kd; tu khl;lhh;. NritfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;thh;.
flDf;F tpw;W tUth;/ rpwg;ghf epue;ju tUtha; cs;nshiuf; fz;lwpe;J.
mth;fspd; njitfSf;nfw;g khjk; KHtJk; bghUl;fisf; fldhf tH';fp.
mth;fsJ khjr; rk;gsk; bgw;w ehspy; mjidj; jpUg;g pr; brYj;Jk; trjp
tha;gg
; f
[ is cUthf;fp cjt[th;/

36 37
 rpw; w st[ rpy; y iw tpahghu mikg; g [ f spd; tiffs; ; Tilapy; itj;Jk;. js;Stz;oapy; itj;Jk;. re;ijapy; itj;Jk; tpahghuk;
bra;nthiuj; jhd; Rw;whLk; tzpfh;fs; vd miHg;gh;/ ,th;fs; kpff;
Fiwe;j |yjdj;njhL Fiwe;j mst[ bghUl;fisf; bfhz;L tpahghuk;
bra;th;/
Rw;whLk; tzpfh;fs; epiyapil rpy; y iwf; filfs;
m) jiyr;Rik kw;Wk; Ttp tpw;Fk; tpahghhpfs;
1/ jiyr;Rik kw;Wk; rpw;wst[ ngust[ ele;J brd;W tpahghuk; bra;ak
[ ; rpW tpahghhpfs;/ jk; jiyapnyh>
Ttp tpw;Fk; tpahghhpfs; KJfpnyh bghUl;fis itj;J Ttpf; Ttp tpahghuk; bra;gth;/ tPLtPlhfr;
1/ bjUf;filfs; brd;W Efh;nthhpd; njitfis epiwt[ bra;ak [ ; gzpapy; jk;ik <LgLj;jpf;
2/ eilghij tpahghhpfs; 2/ gad;gLj;jpa nghUs; bfhs;sf; Toath; Mth;/ Ttp tpw;Fk; tpahghhpfs; bghJthf VjhtbjhU
3 re;ij tpahghhpfs; filfs; trjpahd tz;oapy; bghUl;fis itj;J tPLtPlhfr; brd;W tpw;Fk; gzpia
4 ,lk; bgah; tpahghhpfs; 3 bghJf; filfs; nkw;bfhs;th;/
4/ jdpg; bghUs; filfs;
M) eilghij tpahghhpfs;
brd;id. Kk;ig kw;Wk; bfhy;fj;jh Kjyhd bghpa efu';fspy;
cs;s eilghijfspy; j';fs; filia itj;Jf; bfhz;L jk; bghUl;fis
jiyr; R ik kw; W k; eilghij tpw;gth;/ ,uapy; epiya';fspd; Kd; gFjpapYk;. tPjpfs; FWf;fpLk; rhiy
$tp tpw;Fk; tpahghhpfs; Xu';fspYk; ,j;jF filfs; fhzg;gLk;/ ,';Fg; bghJthfg; g[jj ; ff; filfs;.
tpahghh pfs; ngdh gGJ ghh;fF ; k; filfs;. ig tpw;nghh; kw;Wk; gpw tPlL
; g; bghUl;fis
tpw;gh;/
,) re; i j tpahghhpfs;
Rw; whLk; tzpfh; f s; khjf; filrpapYk;. thuf; filrpapYk; btt;ntW ,l';fspy;.
bghUl;fisg; ghh;itf;F itj;J tpahghuk; bra;nthuhth;/ bghpa
fpuhk';fspYk;/ rpwpa efu';fspYk; ,j;jF re;ijfs; tHf;fkhff; TLtij
ek; ehl;oy; fhzyhk;/
re;ij , l k; ngah; <) ,lk; bgah; tpahghhpfs;
tpahghhpfs; tpahghhpfs;
FoapUg;g[ tl;lhu';fspy; ahnjDk; Xh; ,lj;ij thliff;F vLj;Jf;
bfhz;L tpahghuk; bra;nthh;/ tPlL ; cgnahfg; bghUl;fshfpa Jzpfs;.
ghj;jpu';fs;. gpsh*;of; bghUl;fs; Kjyhdtw;iw tpw;gh;/ nkYk; ,th;fs;
,lk; tpl;L ,lk; brd;W tpahghuk; bra;ak [ ; gHf;fKk; cilatuhth;/
Rw; w hLk; tzpfh; f s;
Fiwe;j tpiya[ss
; bghUl;fshd gHk;. fha;fwp. kPd.; fz;zhor;
rhkhd;fs;. Jzptiffs;. g[jj
; f';fs; Kjyhdtw;iw jiyapy; itj;Jk;.

38 39
 FWfpa mstpnyna ,Uf;Fk;/ rpwpa bghJthd filfs; Tl Efh;nthh;fF ; j;
rpw; w st[ rpy; y iw tpahghu epWtdq; f s; njitg;gLk; kUe;J. Jzp. gyruf;F. mLkid bghUl;fs;. vGJ bghUl;fs;.
rhf;nyl;-kpl;lha; Kjyhd bghUl;fis Fiwe;j mstpy; itj;J tpahghuk;
bra;tJz;L/ Efh;nthh;fF ; j; j';fs; tPlo
; d; mUfpnyna j';fSf;Fj;
njUf; fil tpahghhpfs; njitahd bghUl;fis th';Fk; trjpfs; ,jdhy; cz;lhFk;/
4/ rpwg; g '; f hofs;

rpwg;g';fhofs;
rpw; w sT rpy; yiu rpy Fwpg;g pl;l bghUl;fisj; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; tpw;gid bra;nthh;/

bghUl;fs;
tpw;nghh;
giHa
tpahg hu ,it rpwpa epue;ju filfshf mikj;J bghJf; filfisg; nghy ,Ue;J
xU Fwpg;g pl;l tHpapy; cw;gj;jp bra;ak
[ ; bghUl;fis tpahghuk; bra;th;/
e pWtdq; f s;
,jpy; Maj;j Milfs; tpw;Fk; filfs;. vGJ bghUl;fs; tpw;Fk; filfs;.
ngh Jg; miwfyd; tpw;Fk; filfs; nghd;wtw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Twyhk;/
g z;lrh iyfs ;

tpdhf; f s;
,th;fs; Fwpg;g pl;l Xh; ,lj;jpy; jk;kplk; cs;s Fiwe;j |yjdj;ijf;
bfhz;L msthd bghUl;fis ,Ug;ghff; bfhz;L tpahghuk; bra;th;/ I) rhpahd tpilia njh;e;bjLj;J milg;g[ Fwpf;Fs; vGJf
1/ bjUf; f il tpahghhpfs; : 1/ btsp ehLfspypUe;J bghUl;fis th';Ftjw;F vd;W bgah;/
m/ ,wf;Fkjp M/ kW Vw;Wkjp
rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpw;fhf epue;jukhf bjUtpy; xU fil mikj;J ,/ Vw;Wkjp </ kPlL
; Vw;Wkjp
tpahghuk; bra;nthh;/ ,j;jF filfs; rpwpa mstpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;/ tpil (m)
,th;fSf;F kpfr; rpwpa mstpyhd ,lk; nghJkhdjhFk;/ bkhj;j 2/ cw;gj;jpahsh;fF
; k; Efh;nthh;fF
; k; ,ilapy; ,Ue;J tzpf tsh;rr ; pf;F
tpahghhpfsplkpUe;njh my;yJ cs;Sh; cw;gj;jpahsh;fsplkpUe;njh cjt[gth;
bghUl;fisg; bgw;W tpw;gid bra;th;/ Efh;nthUld; beU';fpa bjhlh;ig m/ tpahghhpfs; M/ ,ilepiyah;fs;
Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhz;L tpahghuk; bra;th;/ ,/ Kfth;fs; </ Vyjhuh;
2/ giHa bghUl; f s; tpw; n ghh; tpil (M)/
3/ Vw;Wkjpf;bfd bghUl;fs; ,wf;Fkjp bra;ag;gl;lhy; mit vd
giHa Jzpfs;. g[jj ; f';fs;. jsthlrhkhd;fs; nghd;wtw;iw th';fp miHf;fg;gLk;/
tpw;Fk; tpahghhpfshth;/ gad;gLj;jpa bghUl;fis tpw;nghhplKk;. Vyj;jpd; m/ btspehl;L tpahghuk; M/ cs;ehl;L tpahghuk;
|yKk; ,j;jF bghUl;fis th';fp gpwh;fF ; tpw;gh;/ Efh;nthhpy;; ViH ,/ kW Vw;Wkjp tpahghuk; </ tpahghuk;
kf;fshf ,Ug;nghUk;. g[jpa bghUl;fis tpiy bfhLj;J th';f ,ayhjtUk; tpil (,)
jhd; ,th;fspd; thof;ifahsh;fs; Mth;/ 4/ xU Kfth; vd;gtuhy; epakpf;fg;gLgth;/
3/ bghJg; gz; l rhiyfs; m/ bkhj;j tpahghhp M chpikahsh;
,/ rpy;yiw tpahghhp </ cw;gj;jpahsh;
epiyahd filfspy; Kiwahfg; bghUl;fis th';fp itj;J tpahghuk;
tpil (M)/
bra;nthh;/ Mdhy;. ,th;fsJ tpahghuk; kw;Wk; tut[ bryt[fs; kpff;

40 41
 5/ xU gz;lff;fhg;g[ chpikahsh; bghUl;fis xg;gf [ ; bfhs;th;/ 4/ cs;Ah; tpahghuk; vdt[k; vdt[k; ,Utifahfg;
m/ ,Ug;g[ itg;gjw;F M/ Vw;Wkjpf;F gphpf;fg;gLk; (bkhj;j tpahghuk;. rpy;yiw tpahghuk;)
,/ tpw;gjw;F </ ,wf;Fkjpf;F 5/ tpahghu Kfth;fs; vdg;gLnthh; ,ilepiyah;fs; vdt[k;
tpil (m) miHf;fg;gLth;/ (gzpepiy)
6/ bkhj;j tpahghhpfs; mstpy; bghUl;fis itj;jpUg;gh;/ 6/ xU gz;lfr;rhiy chpikahsh; cWjpbkhHpg; gj;jpuj;ij
m/ rpwpa M/ bghpa tH';Fth;/ (gz;lfr;rhiy)
,/ eLj;ju </ msnthL 7/ fHpt[ Kfth;fs; re;ijaplypy; Kf;fpa g';F tfpg;gth;/
tpil (M) (tptrhag; bghUl;fs;)
7/ re;ijapd; tpiy Fiwe;j bghGJ bghUl;fis ,Ug;g[ itj;Jk; 8/ xU rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; bghUl;fis itj;jpUg;gth;
tpiy VWk; bghGJ bghUl;fis btspna mDg;g pa[k; tUth;/ (ntWgl;l)
m/ Kfth; M/ tpahghu Kfth; 9/ Fiwe;j tpiya[ss ; bghUl;fisr; Rw;wpj; jphpe;J tpw;nghiu
,/ bkhj;j tpahghhp </ rpy;yiw tpahghhp vd miHg;gh; (Rw;whLk; tzpfh;)/
tpil (,) 10/ bghJf;filfs; cs;s gFjpapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;/
8/ th';Fgth;fisa[k;. tpw;gth;fisa[k; bjhlh;g[gLj;Jk; gzpapy; (FoapUg;nghh;. kj;jpa)
<LgLgth;
m/ jufh; M/ fHpt[ Kfth;
III) bghUj; J f
,/ tpw;gid Kfth; </ ,Ug;ghsh;
tpil (m) gphpt[ m gphpt[ M
9/ epue;ju ,lk; ,d;wp Rw;wpathW Fiwe;j tpiya[ss ; bghUl;fis 1/ gz;lfr; rhiy chpikahsh; m) Vyk; nfl;nghh;
tpahghuk; bra;nthiu vd;gh;/ 2/ jufh; M) gytpjkhd
m/ rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; M/ Kfth;fs; 3/ Vyjhuh; ,) rpy;yiw tpahghup
,/ bjUf;fil tpahghhpfs; </ Rw;whLk; tpahghhpfs; 4/ bkhj;j tpahghhp <) fHpt[
tpil (<) 5/ rpy;yiw tpahghhp c) ,yhgk;
10/ rpw;wst[ epue;ju rpy;yiw tpahghhpa[k; vd;gjDs; ml';Fth; 6/ gpiz Kfth; C) jufh;
m/ bghJ gz;lfrhiyfs; M/jiyr;Rik m';fhoah; 7/ tpahghu ,ilepiyah; v) gz;lfr;rhiy cWjpr;rPlL
;
,/ kypt[ bghUs; tpw;nghh; </ Ttp tpw;nghh; 8/ tpahghu Kfth; V) gpizf;fHpt[
tpil (m) 9/ fHpt[ Kfth; I) xw;iw tHp
10/tpahghhp x) juF
II) g{h;j;jp bra;f
tpilfs: 1-(v) 2-(x) 3-(m) 4-(I) 5-(M)
1/ tpahghug; gzpfs; vd;git cw;gj;jpahsh;fF ; k; ,ilna 6-(V) 7-(,) 8-(C) 9-(<)> 10-(c)
bjhlh;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; gzpfnsahFk;/
(Efh;nthh;)/ iv) rpW tpdhf;fs;
2/ tpahghuk; kw;Wk; vd ,U tifahfg; gphpf;fg;gLk;/
(cs;ehl;L tpahghuk;. btspehl;Ltpahghuk;) 1/ tpahghuk; vd;why; vd;d?
3/ cs;Ah; tpahghuk; vd;gij vdt[k; miHf;fyhk;/ (cs;ehl;L 2/ tpahghuj;ij vj;jid tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;?
tpahghuk;)/
42 43
3/ cs;ehl;L tpahghuk; vd;why; vd;d?
4/ btspehl;L tpahghuk; vd;why; vd;d?
5/ cs;Sh; tpahghuj;jpy; gad;gLk; topKiwfs; ahit?
6/ ,ilepiyah; vd;gth; ahh;?
7/ bkhj;j tpahghhp - tpsf;Ff
8/ rpy;yiw tpahghhp - tpsf;Ff
9/ tpahghu Kfth; vd;gth; ahh;?
10/jufh; vd;gth; ahh;?

v) bgU tpdhf;fs;:
1/,ilaPll ; hsUf;Fk;. jufh;fSf;Fk; cs;s ntWghl;oidf; Fwpg;gpLf/
2/bkhj;j tpahghhpfs; vd;gth; ahh;? mth;fspd; jdpj;jd;ikfs;
ahit?
3/bkhj;j tpahghhp rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;F bra;ak [ ; gzpfs; ahit?
4/bkhj;j tpahghhp cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;F bra;ak [ ; gzpfs; ahit?
5/bkhj;j tpahghhpf;Fk;. rpy;yiw tpahghhpf;Fk; cs;s ntWghLfs;
ahit?
6/rpy;yiw tpahghhp vd;gth; ahh;? mtUila gzpfs; ahit?
7/rpw;wst[ epue;ju rpy;yiw tpahghhpfspd; ntWgl;l tiffis
tpsf;Ff.
8/Fwpg;g[ vHJf/
m/ fHpt[ Kfth;fs;
M/ gpiz Kfth;fs;
,/ Vyjhuh;fs;

vi) fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;

1 / rhpahd tH';fy; tHpKiwfis njh;eb
; jLg;gjpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl ntz;oa
fhuzpfs; ahit?
2 / tpahghu Kfth; vd;gth; ahh;? mth;fspd; tiffisf; Fwpg;g pLf/
3 / bkhj;j tpahghhpfspd; eilKiwg; gzpfisf; Fwpg;g pLf/
4 / rpy;yiw tpahghhpfspd; eilKiwg; gzpfis tpsf;Ff/
5 / bkhj;j tpahghhp vd;gth; ahh;? ,th;fsJ eilKiwg; gzpfis
tpsf;Ff/

44
 ghlk; - 3
cs; e hl; L tpahghuk;
ngust[ epiyaplr; rpy; y iw tpahghu mikg; g [ f s;
etPd fhy';fspy; mjpntf tpahghu eltof;iffspd; bgUf;fj;jhy;.
ngustpy; thzpfk; tphpthf;fg;gl;L gy rpy;yiw thzpf mikg;gf [ s;
gy;ntW tiffspy; gy gFjpfspy; njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd/

ngust[ epiyaplr; rpy;yiw epWtd';fs; gpd;tUkhW/ mit gy

tot[fisj; jh';fpapUf;Fk;/

I. Jiwthhpg; gz;lfrhiyfs;(Departmental Stores)

II. kl';F filfs;(Multiple Shops)

III. Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[r; r';f';fs;(Consumer Co-operative Stores)

IV. m";ry; tHp thzpfk; (Mail Order Business)

V. thliff; bfhs;Kiw tpahghu epWtd';fs; (Hire Purchase Trading

Houses)

VI.rkPgfhy tsh;rr
; pfs; (Recent Developments)

m/ ,iza js re;ijapLifa[k.; kpd;dZ thzpfKk; (Web Marketing and

E-Commerce)

M/ bjhiyj; bjhlh;g[ tHp thzpfk; (Teleshopping)

I. Jiwthhpg; gz; l fr; r hiy

xU efuj;jpd; ikag; gFjpapy; mikf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk; kpfg;bghpa
rpy;yiw tpahghu mikg;ng Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiyahFk;/ mjpy; gy
Jiwfs; ,Uf;Fk;/ xt;bthU Jiwa[k; xt;bthU tifg; bghUis thzpfk;
bra;ak
[ /; midj;Jj; JiwfSk; xnu eph;thfj;jpd; fPH.; xnu Tiuapd; fPH;
xU';fpize;J ,a';fp tUtJ Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiy MFk;/

Kjd; Kjypy; Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiyfs; gpuhd;*; ehl;oy;

bjhl';fg;gl;ld/ 1850-k; Mz;oy; ,e;j mikg;g[ gpuhd;rpy; ghd;khh;r;
(Bon Morche, Louvre) vd;w bgahpy; Muk;g pf;fg;gl;lJ/ gy;ntW ehLfspy;
,t;tifj; Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiyfs; brHpj;njh';fp tUfpd;wd/
45
 njitahd vy;yhtifg; bghUl;fisa[k; th';fpg; gad; bgw Koa[k/;
rpy;yiw tpahghu mikg;gf
[ s;
Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiyapy; Fz;Lrp Kjy; thfdk; tiu midj;Jg;
bghUl;fSk; fpilf;fpd;wd/ nkYk; xnu bghUspy; gytiffs; ,Ug;gjhy;
Efh;nthh; mtw;iwj; njh;eb
; jLj;J th';fp jpUg;jpailayhk;/;
Rw;whLk; tzpfh;fs; epiyapl rpy;yiw filfs;
2)ngust[ bray;fs;: ,J xU ngust[ mikg;ghFk;/ ,e;j mikg;g[
efhpd; Kf;fpa tpahghu ,;l';fspy; mike;jpUf;Fk;/ bgUk;ghYk; tpiy
mjpfKs;s bghUl;fns ,';F tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd/
rpw;wst[ ngust[
3)th';Fk; trjpfs;: kpfg;bghpa Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiyfspy;
m";ryf';fs;.bjhiyngrp epiya';fs;. thfdk; epWj;Jk; ,lk;. rpw;Wz;or;
rhiy trjpfs;. gog;gf';fs;. Xa;tiwfs; nghd;w midj;Jg;
I. Jiwthhp gz;lfr;rhiy
II. kl';Ff; filfs; bghGJnghf;F trjpfSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd/
III. Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[r; r';f';fs; 4)Jiwfspd; xU'; f pizg; g [ : xnu chpika pd; fPGk; .
IV. m";ry; tHp tzpfk;
fl;Lg;ghl;ow;Fs;Sk; midj;Jj; JiwfSk; bray;gLk;/ xt;bthU Jiwa[k;
V. thliff; bfhs;Kjy; Kiw
jdpj;nj ,a ';fpdhYk; kw;w JiwfSld; bjhlh;g[ bfhz;Ls;sJ/ ,jdhy;
tpahghu epWtd';fs;
VI. rkP g fhy tsh; r ; r pfs; ~ vy;yhj; JiwfSk; xU';fpize;J bray;gl KofpwJ/
m) ,iza js re;ijapLifa[k; 5)Ratpsk;guk;: xUJiw kw;bwhU Jiwf;F tpsk;gukhf mikfpwJ/
kpd;dZ tzpfKk;
xU Fwpg;g pl;l bghUis th';f ntz;Lk; vd;w nehf;fj;Jld; ,f;filf;Fs;
M) bjhiyj; bjhlh;g[ tHp tzpfk;
EiHa[k; Efh;nthh; xUth;. gy;ntW Jiwfisf; fle;J bry;yk;nghJ.
,j;Jiwfspy; cs;s kw;w bghUl;fis mth; Kd;dnu th';f ntz;Lk;
vLj; J f; f hl; L fs; /
vd;W vz;zpapUf;fhtpl;lhYk; mth; kdjpy; th';fj;J}z;Lk; vz;zj;ij
gpuhd;rpy; ghd; khh;r.; yht;hP (Bon Morche, Louvre) ,';fpyhe;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; Ratpsk;gukhf xt;bthU Jiwa[k; Jizg[hpfpwJ/
n&h;uhl;*%k;. bry;g phpl;$Rk;. (Harrods and Selfridges) mbkhpf;fhtpy;
mikg; g [ Kiw :
*PhR
; k;. Ubgf;Fk; (Sears and Roebucks) brd;idapy; *;bgd;*h;*;
(Spencers) ,e;jpahtpd; jiug;gil. fg;gw;gil. gz;lfr;rhiyfs; MFk;/ Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiyahdJ kpfg; bghpa Xh; mikg;ghjyhy;.
tiuaWj;j bghWg;gi [ la jdp epWkkhfnth my;yJ tiuaWj;j bghJ
$p/gp/fpy;**
; pd; Tw;Wg;go. xU Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiy
epWkkhfnth ,J rhjhuzkhf mikf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,J xnu eph;thfj;jpd;
vdg;gLtJ gy filfs; Tl;lhf xU Tiuapd; fPH.; xnu eph;thfj;jpy;
fPH; ,a';FfpwJ/ ,J ,af;Fduitapy; (Board if Directors) nkyhz;ik
xt; n thh; fila[ k ; jdpg; g l; l bghUl; f is tpw; F k; m'; f hoahf
bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ ,af;Fduitapy; ,jd; ,Wjpf; fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhuk;
bray;gLtjhFk;/
cs;sJ/ md;whl eph;thfk;. nkyhz;ik ,af;Fehplk;(Managing Director)
II. Jiwthhpg; gz; l fr; rhiyfspd; rpwg; g[ f ; TWfs; xg;gilf;fg;gLfpwJ/

1)xnu ,lj; j py; gy; b ghUs; tpw; g id: Jiwthhpg; ,t;tikg;g[ gy Jiwfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L xt;bthU Jiwa[k;
gz;lfr;rhiyapd; |yk; ekf;Fj; njitahd midj;J tifg; bghUl;fSk; xU Jiw nkyhshpd; nkw;ghh;itapy; bray;gLfpwJ/
xnu ,lj;jpy; tpw;gid bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/ xnu Tiuapd;fH
P ; kdpjDf;Fj;
46 47
Jiwthhpg; gz; l fr; r hiyapd; ed; i kfs ; vi) ngustpy; ,a';Fjypdhy; ed;ikfs;
i) ngust[ bfhs;Kjy; ngustpy; bray;gLjypd; vy;yh ed;ikfSk; Jiwthhpg;
gz;lfr;rhiyf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wd/ njh;ej
; ty;Yeh;fis epakpj;J. mth;fspd;
jahhpg;ghsh;fsplkpUe;J neuoahfg; ngustpy; Jiwthhpg;
MH;ej; re;ijawptpd; Jizbfhz;L ed;Kiwapy; ruf;F bfhs;Kjy;
gz;lfr;rhiy ruf;Ffisf; bfhs;Kjy; bra;tjhy;. mjpfst[ bfhs;Kjy;
bra;ayhk;/ ,jdhy; ey;y gad; fpilf;Fk;/
kPjhd tl;lk; bgWk; tha;gg
; [ cz;L/ ,jdhy; Fiwthd tpiyapy; ruf;F
bfhs;Kjy; bra;aKofpwJ/ Jiwthhpg; gz; l frhiya pd; FiwghLfs;
ii) thof;ifaUf;F th';Fk; trjpfs; i) bray;Kiwapy; TLjy; bryt[
j';fs; njitfis epiwntw;wpf; bfhs;s Efh;nthh; xt;bthU efhpd; ika ,lj;jpy; miktjhYk;. tpsk;guKk;. thof;ifaUf;Fr;
filahf Vwp ,w';f ntz;oajpy;iy/ xnu Tiuapd; fPH; midj;Jg; bra; J bfhLf; f g; g Lk; vz; z w; f hpa trjpfSk; bryitf;
bghUs;fisa[k; th';fpf; bfhs;syhk;/ xU Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiyahdJ TLjyhf;Ffpd;wd/ vdnt. ,';Fg; gz;l';fspd; tpiy TLjyhfnt
gytifg; bghUs;fisa[k; jd;dfj;nj bfhz;Ls;sjhy;. thof;ifahshpd; ,Uf;Fk;/ tpw;gidiaf; ftUk; tifapy; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; tpw;f KoahJ/
neuKk;. ciHg;gk[ ; kpr;rg;gLfpd;wd/ juj;jpw;Fk;. trjpf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;Fk; bry;te;jUf;nf Jiwthhpg;
gz;lrhiy Vw;wJ/ ViHfSf;fy;y vd;w fUj;Jk; ,jdhy; jhd;
iii) th';Fjy; kfpH;t[ld; eilbgWfpwJ
Twg;gLfpwJ/
Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiyapy; Xa;tiwfs;. kdkfpH;trjpfs;. njePh;
ii) bghUe; j hj ,ltikg; g [
tpLjpfs;. bjhiyngrp trjpfs; Kjypait ,Ug;gjhy; kfpH;tl [ Dk;.
kdepiwt[lDk; thof;ifahsh;fs; ruf;F th';f KofpwJ/ thof;ifahshUk; ,J kf;fs; trpf;Fk; ,l';fspypUe;J bjhiytpy;
fdpt[ld; bfsutpf;fg;gLtjhy; mth;fs; kpFe;j kdepiwt[ bgWfpd;wdh;/ mike;jpUg;gjhy;. clDf;Fld; th';f ntz;oa rpy bghUs;fSf;fhf
efhpd; ikag; gFjpf;Fr; bry;yg; bgUk;ghYk; kf;fs; ja';Fth;/
iv) jd; tpsk;guk;
iii) neuoj; bjhlh; g pd; i k
xt;bthU Jiwa[k; mLj;j Jiwf;F tpsk;guk; bra;tJnghy;
mikfpwJ/ gy Jiwfs; tHpahf thof;ifahsh;fs; bry;Yk;bghGJ. ,e;j mikg;g pd; chpikahsUf;Fj; j';fs; thof;ifahsUld;
fz;fth;tz;zk; mLf;fp itf;fg;gl;Ls;s bghUs;fisf; fz;Zw;W. beU';fpa neuoj; bjhlh;g[ ,y;yhjjpdhy;. mth;fspd; nky; jdpg;gl;l
xt;bthU JiwaYk; EiHa[khW J}z;lg;gLfpd;wdh;/ Kd;dh; vz;zpapuhj mjpf ftdk; brYj;j Kotjpy;iy/ vdnt kf;fs; ntW rpwpa rpy;yiw
bghUs;fisa[k; Tl mth;fs; th';Ffpd;wdh;/ filfSf;Fr; bry;y tpUk;gf [ pd;wdh;/

v) ika ,ltikg;g[ iv) KjyPL bra;a mjpf Kjy; njitg;gLfpwJ

bghJthfj; Jiwthhpg; gz;lfrhiyahdJ efhpd; ikag; ,e;j Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiyiaj; bjhl';fp KjyPL bra;a
gFjpapy;jhd; mike;jpUf;Fk;/ Mfnt efhpd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspypUe;Jk; mjpf KjYk;. jpwikahf nkyhz;ik bra;a mjpf nkyhz;ikj; jpwika[k;
thof;ifah; te;J bry;yj;jf;f tifapy; mJ ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/ gpw njitg;gLfpwJ/ vdnt Fiwthd KjYlDk;. tiuaWj;j jpwika[lDk;
Ch;fspypUe;J te;J bry;Yk; kf;fSf;F ika ,ltikg[ rpwe;j gad; cs;s xU tzpfh; ,e;j gz;lfrhiyiaj; bjhl';fj; ja';Ffpwhh;/ ,e;j
ey;Fk; rpwg;gf
[ ; TwhFk;/ tifahd tzpfhpd; eltof; i fa pdhy; ,e; j pahtpy; Jiwthhpg;
gz;lfr;rhiyiaj; bjhl';fj; ja';Ffpwhh;/ ,e;j tifahd tzpfhpd;

48 49
eltof;ifapdhy; ,e;jpahtpy; Jiwthhpg; gz;lrhiyfspd; tsh;rr
; p kpft[k; ,Ue;jhYk; mit xnu ika eph;thfj;jpd; fPGk; fl;Lg;ghl;od; fPGk; ,a';
Fiwthfnt ,Uf;fpwJ/ Ffpd;wd/ gy;tiff; fpisfisa[k; jiyikafnk fl;Lg;gLj;jp eph;tfpj;J
tUfpwJ/ xt;bthU fpisa[k; fpis nkyhsuhy; eph;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ/
II) kl'; F f; f ilfs; my; y J bjhlh; gz; l fr; r hiyfs;
,f;fpisfis nkyhsh;fs; Rakhf KobtLf;fhky;. jiyikafk; tpLf;Fk;
(Chain Stores)
fl;lisfis Vw;Wr; bray;gLthh;fs;/
kl';Ff; fil vd;w bgahpy; cs;s midj;Jf; filfSk; xnu
eph;thfj;jpd; fPH; vy;yh ,l';fspYk; xnu khjphpahf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/
2/xd;W my;yJ xU rpy gz;l';fspy; rpwg;g[Wjy;
,it Inuhg;ghtpy; kl';Ff; filfs; vd;Wk;. mbkhpf;fhtpy; bjhlh; ,d;wpaikahg; bghUs;fspy; my;yJ md;whl thH;tpy; njitg;gLk;
gz;lfr;rhiyfs; vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ePzl ; fhyk; ciHf;fj;jf;f bghUs;fspd; tpw;gidapy; kl';Ff; filfs;
<LgLfpd;wd/ kl';Ff; fil xnu tifahd bghUl;fis my;yJ xU
,e;j kl';Ff; filfSf;F mjpf Kjy; njitg;gLtjhy; bghJthf
rpy tifahd bghUl;fis kl;Lk; tpw;gid bra;ak [ ; rpwg;g[ m';fhoahfj;
,e;jf; filfs; Tl;Lg; g';F epWk mog;gilapy; mikf;fg;gl;L xnu ika
jpfH;fpwJ/ kl';Ff; filfs; gy;tif Efh;bghUs; tpw;gidapy;
eph;thfj;jpd; fPH; nkyhz;ik bra;ag;gLfpwJ/
<LgLtjpy;iy/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf. ghl;lh =% fk;bgdp fhyzpfisa[k.;
,af;Feh;fs; mitaplk; (Board of Directors),jd; nkyhz;ik c=h epWkk; ,ae;jpu';fisa[k; &pf;fpd;ghjk;*; epWtdk; g[jj ; f';fisa[k;
(Management) xg;gilf;fg;gLfpwJ/ tpw;gid bra;fpd;wd/
tiutpyf; f zk; 3/jukpf; f bghUl; f s;
fpshh;fp kw;Wk; fpshh;fp mth;fspd; Tw;Wg;go xU bjhlh; ,f;filapy; bghUl;fspd; juk;. tpiy. nghd;wit vy;yhf;
gz; l fr; r hiy vd; g J gy; n tW rpy; y iw tpw; g idf; filfis fpisfspYk; xnu khjphpahf tpw;gid eph;zak; bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ mjdhy;
cs;slf;fpajhft[k; xnu tifahd bghUl;fis tpw;gid bra;tJld; ,f;filfspy; cs;s bghUl;fs; xnu jd;ika[ilaitahf cs;sd/
xnu nkyhz;ikapd; fPH; ikaf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; bray;gLfpwJ.
4/ ikaf; b fhs; K jy; . tpw; g idg; gutyhf; f k;
vy;tpd; jhk*; fUj;Jg;go @xnu tiff; filfspd; r';fpyp thpirna
,J/ ,it midj;jpd; chpika[k; xU bjhHpy; epWtdj;jplk; cs;sJ/ midj;Jf; fpisfSf;Fk; njitahd bghUl;fis mjd;
midj;ija[k; ,Jnt fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ@/ jiyikafnk ikaf; bfhs;Kjy; bra;fpwJ/ mtw;wpd; fpisfs; cs;Shpy;
ruf;F th';f mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy/
bghUs;
bfhs;Kjy; braj ruf;Ffis gy;ntW fpisfSf;Fj; njitg;gLk;
xU efuj;jpnyh my;yJ xU ehl;od; gy;ntW gFjpfspnyh mstpy; tpw;gidf;fhf mDg;g p itf;fpwJ/ vdnt fpisfspd; |yk;
jdJ fpisfis epWtp tpahghuk; bra;ak [ ; xU epWtdnk kl';Ff; fil bghUl;fs; tpw;gid gutyhf;fg;gLfpwJ/
MFk;/ ,J xnu tifg; bghUl;fisna tpw;gid bra;ak [ ; filahfj;
jpfH;fpwJ/ tpw;gidasitf; Tl;ol. nkYk; nkYk; ,t;tifahd filfs; 5/buhf; f tpw; g id
jpwf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ midj; J r; ruf; F fSk; buhf; f tpw; g id mog; g ila py;
kl'; F f; filapd; rpwg; g [ f ; TWfs; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd/ thof;ifahsUf;Ff; fld; tpw;gid bra;tJ fpilahJ/
buhf;fk; brYj;jpg; bgw;Wr; bry;f (Cash and Carry) vDk; nfhl;ghL
1/ika nkyhz; i ka[ k ; . fl; L g; g hLk;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ/
kl';Ff; filfspd; fpisfs; rpythfnth my;yJ gythfnth
50 51
6/tpsk; g uj; j d; i k filfspYk; cs;s bghUs;fSf;Fk; bghUe;Jk;/ ,J tpsk;gur; bryit
kpft[k; Fiwf;fpwJ/
rhsuf; fhl; r pa[ k ; ntWtifahd tpsk; g u'; f Sk; gy; n tW
fpisfspYs;s xnu tifahd bghUs;fSf;F xnu khjphp tpsk;guk;
6/fpisapilr; ruf; F Efh; t [
bra;ag;gLtjhy; Efh;nthh; ,f;filfis vspjpy; milahsk; fhzKofpwJ/ xU Fwpg;g pl;l fpisapy; ruf;F ntfkhf tpw;gidahfhtpoy;.
njit mjpfk; cs;s gphpbjhU fpisf;Fr; ruf;if khw;wpf; bfhs;syhk;/
7/fpisfSf; f pilna ruf; F khw; w k;
ruf;F ePzl
; ehs; tpw;gidahfhJ nj';fpapUj;jy; ,jdhy; jtph;ff
; g;gLfpwJ/
xnu fpisapy; njitf;F mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; bghUl;fs; ,d;bdhU
7/ruf; F g; gw; w hf; F iw
mjpfj; njita[ss
; fpisf;F vspjhf khw;wk; bra;tnjhL mjd; tpiya[k.;
juKk; rPuhdjhf ,Ug;gjw;F ,t;tiff; filfs; cjtp g[hpfpd;wd/ mnj nghd;W xU fpisapy; ruf;F jPhe
; J
; tpl;lhy. mUfpy;
cs;s fpisfspypUe;J cldoahfr; ruf;ifj; jUtpj;J epiyikiar;
kl'; F f; filfspd; ed; i kfs; rkhspj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;/
1/,ilepiyah; f is eP f ; F fpwJ 8/ruf; i fj; jpUg; g p mDg; g [ j y;
kl';Ff; filfspy; chpikahsh;.xU jahhpg;ghsnuh my;yJ bkhj;j ,f;filfspd; |yk; jahhpg;ghsh;fSf;Fk; Efh;nthh;fSf;Fk; neuoj;
tpahghhpahfnth ,Ug;gjpdhy;. jahhpg;ghsUf;Fk;. Efh;nthh;fSf;Fk; ,ilna bjhlh;g[ ,Ug;gjpdhy; tpw;gid bra;ag;gl;l bghUl;fspd; FiwghLfis
cs;s ,ilepiyah;fis ,J ePfF ; fpwJ/ cldoahfj; jahhpg;ghsh;fSf;F vLj;Jr; brhy;y KofpwJ/
2/ikaf; b fhs; K jy; 9/tuhf; f ld; ,y; i y
vy;yhf; fpisfSf;Fk; njitahapUf;Fk; gz;l';fs; xnu buhf; f j; j pw; F kl; L nk tpw; F khW midj; J f; fpisfSk;
tifahdjhy;. kl';Ff; filapy; jiyikafnk rpwe;j ty;Ydh; |yk; mwpt[Wj;jg;gLfpd;wd/ vdnt tuhf;fld; vd;w nfs;tpf;nf ,lkpy;iy/
mjpf bfhs;Kjnyh cw;gj;jpnah bra;fpwJ/ nkYk; rpwg;gj
[ ; njh;rr
; p
10/thof; i faUf; F mUfhik
bfhs;Kjypd; |yk; midj;Jg; gad;fSk; fpilf;fpd;wd/
gy;ntW gFjpfspy; fpisfisj; bjhl';Ftjd; |ykhf
3/vy;yh ,l';fspYk; xnu tpiy thof;ifah; ,Uf;Fkpklk; nehf;fp kl';Ff; fil bry;fpwJ/ j';fSf;Fj;
vy;yhf; fpisfspd; filfspYk; ruf;Ffs; xnu rPuhd tpiyapy; njitahdtw; i w th'; f Efh; n thh; beLe; b jhiyt[ bry; y
tpw;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,J bghJkf;fSf;F kpFe;j ek;g pf;ifia cUthf;FfpwJ/ ntz;oajpy;iy/

4/tpiuthd mjpf tpw;gid kl'; F f; filfspd; FiwghLfs;

md;whlk; njitg;gLk; bghUs;fisna kl';Ff; filfs; tpw;gid 1/xU rpy bghUs;fspy; kl;Lk; tpw;gid
bra;tjhy;. tpw;gidnahl;lk; (Turnover) vy;yh ,l';fspYk; ntfkhft[k.; kl';Ff; filahdJ Fwpg;g pl;l rpy tifg; bghUs;fis kl;Lk;
mjpfkhft[k; ,Uf;fpwJ/ vdnt mjpf ,yhgk; <l;Lk; tha;gg; [ Vw;gLfpwJ/ tpw;gid bra;tjhy; thof;ifahsh; xUth;. jdf;Fj; njitahd midj;Jg;
5/tpsk; g ur; bryt[ Fiwt[ gz;l';fisa[k; xU fl;olj;jpnyna th';f ,ayhJ/ nkYk; gytifg;
bghUs;fSs; xd;iwj; njh;e;bjLf;Fk; tha;g;g[k; kl';Ff; filapy;
midj;Jf; filfspYk; xnu tifahd bghUl;fns tpw;gid thof;ifaU;fF tH';fg;gLtjpy;iy/
bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ vdnt xnu bghUSf;F bra;ak
[ ; tpsk;guk; midj;Jf;
52 53
2/jdpf; f tdk; brYj; j Koahik Jiwthhpg; g z; l f rhiyfSf; F k; kl'; F filfSf; F k; cs; s
ntWghLfs;
kl';Ff; filfspy; xnu tifahd Fwpg;g pl;l xU rpy bghUl;fs;
Jiwthhpg; g z; l fr; r hiyfs; kl'; F f; filfs;
kl;Lk; tpw;gid bra;tjpdhy; thof;ifahsh;fs; kj;jpapy; jdpg;gl;l ftdk;
brYj;j KoahJ/ 1/ tiutpyf;fzk;. njhw;Wtpg;g~[ 1/ gy;ntW gFjpfspy; fpisfis
Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiy xnu njhw;Wtpg;gJ kl';Ff; filfs;
3/thof; i faUf; F th'; F k; trjp tH'; F tjpy; i y fl; o lj; j py; gy JiwfSld; my;yJ bjhlh; gz;lfr;rhiyfs;
bray;gLfpwJ/ vdg;gLk;/
th';Fk; trjpfshd thfdk; epWj;Jkplk;. njePh; tpLjpfs;.
bjhiyngrp trjpfs;. Xa;t[ miwfs; nghd;witfs; tH';fg;gLtjpy;iy 2/ ,ltikt[ ~ 2/ kl';Ff; filfs; bghJthf
,e;j gz;lfr;rhiyfs; bghpa thof; i fahsh; f spd; trpf; F k;
4/gad; F iwe; j nkw; g hh; i ta[ k ; fl; L g; g hLk; efu'; f spd; ikag; g Fjpfspy; ,l';fspd; mUfpy; mikf;fg;
gy fpisfs; gy;ntW ,l';fspy; gutyhf ,Ug;gjpdhy; mikg; g f; f g; g Lfpd; w d/ efhpd; gLfpwJ/ vdnt kl';Ff; filia
vy;yh gFjp kf;fSk; vspjhf te;J epWtntz;oa ,lk; xU
jiyikafj;jpd; neuoahd nkw;ghh;ita[k; fl;Lg;ghLk; nkw;bfhs;s
bry;yf; Toa tifa py; gpur;ridna my;y/
Kotjpy;iy/ vdnt ,jd;|yk; Vw;gLk; jpwikapd;ikapd; tpisthfr; mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd/
rpy fpisfspy; nkhro epfH tha;gg
; [ cs;ssJ/
3/ ruf;F tiffs; ~ 3/ jkJ thof;ifahsh;
5/tpw; g id mjpfhpf; f Mh; t kpd; i k ,e;j gz;lfr;rhiyfspy; vz;zw;w njh;eb
; jLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; Kiwapy;
tifg; bghUl;fs; tpw;gidf;F gy; t ifg; g z; l '; f is kl'; F f;
xU kl';Ff; filapd; fpis nkyhsh;. xU rhjhuz jiyik
itf; f g; g l; L s; s d/thof; i f- filfs; itj;jpUg;gJ ,y;iy/
tpw;gidahsnu/ ,tUf;F ruf;Ffisf; bfhs;Kjy; bra;anth. tpw;gid ahsh;fspd; midj;J njit- vdnt ,J thof;ifahsh;fSf;F
tpiyia eph;zak; bra;anth vt;tpj mjpfhuKk; fpilahJ/ vdnt fisa[k; xnu ,lj;jpy; g{hj; j
; p bra;a xU rpy Fwpg;g pl;l bghUs;fis
,jd;|yk; fpisapd; tpw;gidia mjpfhpf;f Kotjpy;iy/ nkYk; cs;Sh; ,aYk;/ kl;Lnk tpw;gid bra;J mth;fspd;
NH;epiyf;nfw;g tpw;gidapy; khw;wk; bra;a fpis nkyhsUf;F vt;tpj njitfis g{hj ; j
; p bra;fpwJ/
Rje;jpuKk; ,y;iy/ 4/ befpH;tj [ j
; d;ik ~ 4/ ,e;j mikg;ig bghWj;jtiu
,e;j gz;lfr;rhiyia bjhl';Fk; vg; g Fjpa pYk; fpisbahd; i w
6/fld; t pw; g idapd; i k nghJ Muk;gj;jpy; gy bjhl'; F tJ kpft[ k ; vspJ/
buhf;fk; brYj;jpg; bgw;Wr; bry;f (Cash and Carry System) vDk; g pur; r idfis vjph; b fhs; s mt;thW el;lk; Vw;gLk; fpisfis
nfhl;ghL tGthJ gpd;gw;wg;gLtjhy;. kpft[k; beUf;fkhd. ehzakpf;f ntz;Lk;/ (c-k;) nghjpa epjp |o tplt[k; Koa[k/;
jpul;ly;. jf;f ,lj;ijj;
thof;ifaUf;Ff; Tl fld;tpw;gid bra;a Koahky; nghfpwJ/ ,jdhy;
njh; e ; b jLj; j y; . ty; Y eh; f is
tpw;gidiag; bgUf;fpl Kotjpy;iy/ epakpj;jy; nghd;wit MFk;/ ,ij
7/thof; i fahsh; f spd; vz; z pf; i fia mjpfhpf; f |otpLtjpYk; gy rpf; f y; f s;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd/
Kotjpy; i y
5/ ,ltikt[ khw;wk; ~ 5/ kl'; F f; f ilapd; xt; b thU
,f;filfs; bgUk;ghYk; efuj;jpd; cl;gFjpapy; mike;jpUg;gjpdhy;. ,J xU bghpa mikg; g hf fpisa[ k ; rpwpa mstpnyna
thof;ifahsh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfhpf;f Kotjpy;iy/ ,Ug;gjhy; ,ij Xhplj;jpypUe;J ,a'Ftjhy; tpw;gid Fiwa[k;
kw;bwhU ,lj;jpw;F vspjpy; khw;w bghGJ mij mnj efhpy; ntW
,ayhJ/ xU ey;y ,lj;jpw;F khw;wpf;bfhs;s
Koa[k/; /
54 55
6/ tpiy ~ ,e;j gz;lf rhiyapd; 6/ bkhj;jkhf bfhs;Kjy; bra;jhYk; III. Efh; n thh; Tl; L wt[ g ; gz; l fr; r hiyfs;
md;whl bryt[fSk;. nky; ntW gpw rpf;fd brytpd';fyhYk;
bryt[fSk; mjpfkhf cs;sd/ kl';Ff; filapd; tpiy re;ij Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[g; gz;lfr;rhiy xU rpy;yiw tpw;gid
,jdhy; bghUs; f spd; tpiy tpiyf;F rkkhfnth (m) tzpfkhFk;/ Efh;nthh;fs;. midtuk; nrh;eJ; ,tw;iwj; j';fSf;fhfnt
mjpfhpf; f g; gLfpwJ/ vdnt Fiwthfnth ,Uf;fpwJ/ bjhl';fp ,tw;iwj; jhdfnt elj;jp j';fspd; cWg;g pdh;fSf;nf
bghUs;fspd; rpy;yiw tpiyiatpl bghUl;fisa[k; nritfisa[k; tpdpnahfk; bra;J gad; milfpwhh;fs;/
,tw;wpd; tpiy mjpfkhf cs;sJ/ ,ilj; jufh;fis ePff ; p. j';fspd; cWg;g pdh;fSf;nf ey;y tpiyapy;
7/ th';Fk; bghGJ trjpfs; ~ 7/ thof; i fahsh; gz; l '; f s; jukhd bghUl;fis tpdpnahfk; bra;tnj ,;e;j gz;lrhiyapd;
Xa;tiwfs;. rpw;Wz;or; rhiyfs; th';Fk; nghJ vt;tif Kjd;ikahd nehf;fkhFk;/
kw;Wk; gy trjpfSk; ,g;gz;lfr; trjpfisa[k; kl';Ff; fil bra;J
rhiyfs; bra;J jUtjhy; jUtjpy;iy/ ,e;j gz;lrhiyf;Fj; njitahd midj;Jg; bghUl;fSk; bkhj;j
thof;ifahsh;fs; Mh;tkhf ruf;F tpahghhpaplkpUe;J bkhj;jkhf mjpf mstpy; bfhs;Kjy; bra;ag;gLfpwJ/
th';fp kdepiwt[ld; bry;fpd;wdh;/ ,J cWg;g pdh;fSf;F re;ij tpiyapnyna bghUl;fis tpw;gid
8/ tuhf; f ld; ~ Jiwthhpg; 8/ kl';Ff; filfs; buhf;fj;jpw;nf bra;fpwJ/
gz;lfr;rhiyfisg; bghUj;jtiu ruf;Ffis tpw;gid bra;fpd;wd/
fld; tpw; g id Vw; g Ltjhy; vdnt tuhf;fld; el;lk; Vw;gl ,e;j r';fk; <l;Lk; ,yhgj;jpd; xU gFjpia cWg;g pdh;fSf;Fg;
tuhf;fld; Vw;gLtij jtph;f;f tha;gg
; py;iy/ g'; f hjhakhft[ k ; bfhs; K jy; mog; g ila py; nkY}jpakhft[ k ;
,aytpy;iy/ tH';fg;gLfpwJ/
9/ ruf; F ,lkhw; w k; ~ ,jpy; 9/ xU kl';Ff; filapd; fpis
tiutpyf; f zk;
btt;ntW tifg;bghUis xd;wpd; ruf;F jPhe
; J
; tpod;. gpw
tpw;gid bra;tjhy; xU Jiwapy; fpisfspypUe; J cldoahf n$/*;Ogd;rd; vd;Dk; mwp"h;. bghJ ey mog;gilapy;
ruf; F jP h ; e ; J tpod; . mLj; j ruf;fpidg; bgw;W epiyikia bfhs;Kjy; bra;J rpf;fdg;gLj;jpa[k.; bghJthf tpw;gjd; |yk; ,yhgj;ij
JiwapypUe;J mtw;iwg; bgw;W rkhypf;f ,aYk;/ mjpf mst[ nrh;jJ; itj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; nehf;FlDk; xd;WgLk; egh;fspd;
jl;Lg;ghl;ilr; rkhspf;f KoahJ/
nrh;fi
; fna Tl;Lwt[ tH';fy; r';fk; (Co-operative Distribute Society)
10/ Kjy; ~ ,e;j gz;lf rhiyfs; 10/Mdhy; ,jw;F Fiwthd Kjny vd;W Twpa[ss; hh;/
Fz;>rp Kjy; fg;gy; tiu gy nghJkhdJ/
tifahd bghUs;fis th';fp njhw; w k;
tpw;gid bra;tjhy; mjpf Kjy;
,'; f pyhe; J ehl; o y; uhf; n ly; vd; w Chpy; ,Ue; j 28
njitg;gLfpwJ/
berthsh;fspd; Kd;ndho Kaw;rpfns Tl;Lwt[ tH';fy; r';f';fspd;
11/tpsk;guk;~,e;j gz;lfr;rhiyapy; 11/,jd; |yk; bfhLf;Fk;
njhw;wj;jpw;F mog;gilf; fhuzkhFk;/ 1844-k; Mz;oy; uhf;nly;
tpw;fg;gLk; bghUs;fs; cs;Ah; tpsk;guj;jhy; gy efu';fspy; cs;s
Kd;ndhofs; neh;ikr; r';fk; vd;w mikg;gi ,e;berthspfs; cUthf;fpdh;/
thrpfspd; njitfis epiwt[ midtUf;Fk; chpa njitfis
bra;tjhy;. cs;Ah; tpsk;gunk epiwt[ bra;a ,aYk;/ Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[ gz;lfr;rhiyapd; rpwg;g[f; TWfs;
nghJkhdJ/
12/Jiwj;jiythpd; chpikfs; ~ 12/njitahd bghUs;fis
1/ jd;dpr;irahf nrUk; r';fk;
bghUs;fspd; tpiyia eph;zak; bfhs;Kjy; bra;tjw;nfh. tpiyia bfhs;is ,yhgk; mog;nghhpd; gpoapypUe;J j';fisf; fhj;Jf;
bra; a t[ k ; . NH; e piyf; n fw; w thW eph;zak; bra;tjw;nfh. tpiyia bfhs;Sk; nehf;Fld; Efh;nthh; jhkhfnt xd;WTo jd;dpr;irahf
tpiyia khw;wpaikf;ft[k; ,tUf;F khw;wpaikg;gjw;nfh ,tUf;F chpik cUthf;Fk; mikg;ng Tl;Lwt[ Efh;nthh; r';fkhFk;/ Tl;Lwt[rr
; ';f';fs;
chpik cz;L/ ,y;iy/
56 57
rl;lj;jpd; fPH; ,it gjpt[ bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/ ,tw;iwj; bjhl';fplf; Fiwe;jJ gzk; gilj;njhhpd; Mjpf;fj;ijf; Fiwg;gjpy; ,t;thf;Fhpik rpwe;j
gj;J egh;fshtJ xd;W nruntz;Lk;/ ghJfhg;ghf mikfpwJ/
2/Kjy; Efh; n thh; Tl; L wt[ g ; gz; l fr; r hiyapd; ed; i kfs;
bjhHpyikg;gf[ s; mtw;wpd; chpikahshplkpUe;J Kjy; bgWtJ 1/Tl;Lwt[g; gz;lfr;rhiyapd; g';F Fiwe;j kjpg;g py; ,Ug;gjhy;.
,ay;g/[ mt;thnw Tl;Lwt[r; r';fKk; mjd; cWg;g pdhplkpUe;J g';F rKjhaj;jpd; eype;j gphptpdUk; mjd; cWg;g pduhfp mjd; gaidg; bgw
Kjy; bgWfpwJ/ ViH vspa kf;fSk; mjd; g';Ffis th';f cfe;jtz;zk; KofpwJ/
g';Ffspd; Kfkjpg;g[ Fiwthdjhfnt ,Uf;fpwJ/
2/xUtUf;F xU thf;F vd;w nfhl;ghL gpd;gw;wg;gLtjhy;. kf;fshl;rp
3/nkyhz; i k Kiwapy; ,J ,a';FfpwJ/
j';fSf;fhfnt njh;eb
; jLf;fg;gl;l cWg;g pdh;fisf; bfhz;l 3/fyg;glkw;w bghUs;fs; tH';fg;gLtjhy;. cWg;g pdh;fs; bghpJk;
eph;thff; FG my;yJ nkyhz;ikf; FG xd;W cs;sJ/ gz;lfr;rhiy gad; b gWfpd; w dh; / fl; L g; g hl; L g; bghUs; f s; (Controlled Goods)
gpd;gw;wntz;oa bfhs;iffis mJnt tFf;fpwJ/ md;whl eph;thfk;. cWg;g pdh;fSf;F vspjpy; fpilf;f tHp bra;ag;gLfpwJ/
Cjpak; bgWk; mYtyh;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gLfpwJ/
4/jl;Lg;ghL kpFe;j fhy';fspy; Tl. tpiy Vw;wg;gLtjpy;iy/
4/buhf; f tpw; g id mlf;ftpiya[ld; Fwpg;g pl;l ,yhg tpfpjnk nrh;f;fg;gl;L tpiy
bghJthf ,r;r';f';fs; buhf;f tpw;gidf;nf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jPhk
; hdpf;fg;gLfpwJ/
bfhLf;fpd;wd/ vdnt tuhf;fld; el;lk; jtph;ff ; g;gLfpwJ/ Mdhy; 5/Fiwthf vil nghLjy;. jtwhd vilf;fy;iyg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
jw;bghGJ fld; tpw;gidiaa[k; mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ nkYk; bgUk;ghyhd Fiwthdmst[ nghd;w neh;ikaw;w Kiwfs; Tl;Lwt[ epWtdj;jpy;
b g h U l ; f s ; e y ; y K i w a p y ; f l ; L k k ; (Package) b r a ; a g ; g l ; L . ,Ug;gjpy;iy/
thof;ifahsh;fSf;F tpw;gid bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/
6/cWg;g pdh;fs; jh';fs; th';Fk; ruf;fpd; mog;gilapy; nkY}jpak;
5/,yhgg; gfph; t [ bgWtjhy;. mth;fspd; bjhlh;ej; Mjut[ fpilj;jpl tHp gpwf;fpwJ/
Tl;Lwt[r; r';fk; <l;Lk; ,yhgk; KGtJk; tH';fg;gLtjpy;iy/ 7/bghJthf buhf;fj;jpd; mog;gilapnyna tpw;gid epfH;tjhy;.
tH';fg;gLk; g';fhjhak; xU Fwpg;g pl;l tpGf;fhl;ow;F nky; kpff;TlhJ/ tuhf;fldhy; Vw;gLk; el;lk; jtph;ff
; g;gLfpwJ/
nkYk; jh';fs; th';Fk; ruf;fpd; mog;gilapy; cWg;g pdh;fSf;F nkY}jpak;
8/,e;jpahtpy; Tl;Lwt[r; r';f';fs; Kw;wpYk; muR Mjut[ld; ,a';Ffpd;wd/
(Profit Distribution) tH';fg;gLfpwJ/ ,J gut[g; g';fhjhak; (Patronage
mtw;wpw;Fg; gy rYiffs; tH';fg;gLfpd;wd/ nkYk; muR mYtyh;fs;
Dividend) vdt[k; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,yhgj;jpd; xU gFjp bghJ ey
mt;tg;bghGJ mtw;wpd; fzf;Ffisj; jzpf;if bra;fpd;wdh;/
nehf;fj;jpw;fhft[k; (Common Good Purpose) brytplg;gLfpwJ/
FiwghLfs;
6/mog; g ilf; n fhl; g hLfs;
1/j';fspd; mwpahikahYk;. fy;yhikapd; fhuzj;jhYk; cWg;g pdh;fs;
,f;Tl;Lwt[ mikg;gf [ spd; mog;gilf; nfhl;ghLfs; tUkhW vtUk;
j';fSila chpikfisa[k.; bghWg;gf [ isa[k; czh;tjpy;iy/ vdnt.
cWg;g pduhFk; chpik. epahatpiyapy; fyg;glkw;w bghUs;fis tH';fy;.
bgUk;ghd;ikahd r';f';fspy; bry;te;jhpd; Mjpf;fk; ePof;fpwJ/
Foahl;rp Kiwapy; nkyhz;ik MfpaitahFk;/ cWg;g pdh; xUth; jhd;
vj;jidg; g';Ffis itj;jpUg;g pDk;. xU egUf;F xU thf;F (One 2/nkhrofSk;. Fw;w';fSk;. KiwnfLfSk; Tl;Lwt[r; r';f';fspy; Tl
Man, One Vote) vd;w nfhl;ghL gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ/ ,jd;|yk; eph;thfj;jpy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/

58 59
3/gz;lfr;rhiyia eph;tfpg;nghUf;F Cf;f Cjpak; VJk; jug;glhikahy;. nrfhpj; J itj; J f; bfhs; S k; / ,tw; w pd; |yk; ,J E}iy
mJ eph;thfj; jpwikf; Fiwtpw;F tHpnfhYfpwJ/ btspapLk;bghGbjy;yhk;. me;E}ypd; rpwg;gf
[ ; TWfis Jz;nlL (Leaflet)
tpiyg;gl;oay;. E}ypd; khjphpg; gofs; nghd;wtw;iw ,ytrkhf
4/bfhs;Kjy; gzpapy; nghjpa ftdk; brYj;jg;gLtjpy;iy/ vdnt jtwhd
thof;ifahsh;fSf;F mDg;g p Mizfisg; bgWfpwJ/
nehf;Ff; bfhz;nlhh;. j';fs; gjtpiag; gad;gLj;jpj; juk; Fiwe;j
bghUs;f; isf; bfhs;Kjy; bra;tjw;F tHp cz;lhfpwJ/ 4/ruf; F Mizfisg; bgw; W ruf; i f mDg; g [ j y;
IV. m";ry;tHp thzpf epiya';fs; ruf;fDg;gf; nfhUk; Mizfisg; bgw;wt[ld;. ruf;Ffis
Kiwahff; fl;Lkk; (Package) bra;ag;gl;L. gjpt[g; ghh;ry; m";ry; tHpnah
m";ry; |ykhf bghJkf;fsplkpUe;J bghUl;fSf;F Mizfisg;
my;yJ gj[pt[ g[jj ; f m";ry; tHpnah thof;ifahsh;fSf;F mDg;gg;gLfpwJ/
(Orders) bgw;W tpahghuk; bra;jiy m";ry;tHp thzpfk; vd;W TWfpnwhk;/
Mdhy; bghJthf ,t;tifr; ruf;Ffs;. ruf;F. kjpg;g.[ brYj;jj;jf;f
thof;ifahshplkpUe;J bgWk; MizfSf;Fhpa ruf;fpid m";ry; |yk;
m";ry; (V.P.P. Value Payable by Post) tHpahf mDg;gg;gLfpwJ/ rhjhuzkhf.
thof;ifahhpd; tPl ; o
; w;nf thzpfh; mDg;g p itf;fpwhh;/
Miz mDg;gk [ b; ghGnj mjw;Fhpa tpiyiaa[k; brYj;jpl ntz;Lk;/
thof;ifah;fs; neuoahff; filfSf;Fr; brd;W ruf;Ffs; Mdhy; ,jd;|yk; m";ry; Jiwapdhplk; ruf;Ff;Fhpa gzj;ijr;
th';Ftij (Personal Shopping) ,J jtph;ff
; pwJ/ bghUl;fis tpw;gJk;. brYj;jpat[ld;. thof;ifah; ruf;ifg; bgw;Wf; bfhs;syhk;/ mDg;gntz;oa
th';FtJk; m";ry; |ykhfnt eilbgWfpwJ/ ruf;F mjpfg; gUkDilajhf ,Ug;g pd;. ,uapy;nt ghh;ry; |yk; my;yJ
m"; r y; t Hp thzpfj; j pd; rpwg; g [ f ; TWfs; yhhp |yk; mDg;gg;gLfpwJ/

1/thof; i fahsh; f Sld; bjhlh; g [ 5/bghUj; j khdg; bghUl; f s;

th';Fgth;fSf;Fk;. tp;wg
; th;fSf;Fk; ,jpy; neuoj; bjhlh;g[ ,;yi
; y/ vy;yhtifg; bghUs;fSk;. m";ry; tHp thzpfj;jpw;nfw;wjy;y.
ehL KGtJk; Efh;nthh; gutpapUg;gjpdhy; mth;fs; midtUk; jkf;Fj; jug;gLj;jg;gl;L. thzpfg; bgahplg;gl;l ruf;Ffns rhyr;rpwe;jit/ Vbddpy;
njitahdg; bghUl;fis m";ry; |yk; Mizapl;Lg; bgw;Wf; bfhs;syhk;/ ,tw;iw Efh;nthh; vspjpy; milahsk; fz;L bfhs;st[k.; ,d;d
jd;ikfis cilad vd;W g[hpe;Jbfhz;L ruf;Ffis Mizaplt[k;
2/tpsk; g uk;
Koa[k/; nkYk; ruf;Ffs; mjpf ,lj;ij milj;Jf; bfhs;tjhft[k.; vil
bjhiyf;fhl;rp. thbdhyp. bra;jpj;jhs;fs;. gUt ,jH;fs; mjpfkhf cs;sdthft[k; ,Uf;ff;TlhJ/ bghJthf iff;fofhu';fs;.
nghd;witfspd; |yk; vy;yh ,l';fSf;Fk; m";ry; tHp thzpf epWtd'; ngdhf;fs;. g[jj; f';fs;. kUe;Jfs; nghd;wit ,t;tifahd thzpfj;jpw;F
fs; gutyhf tpsk;guk; jUfpd;wd/ Vw;witahFk;/
3/Kfthpg; gl;oay; jahh; bra;jy; m"; r y; t Hp thzpfj; j pd; ed; i kfs;
Kjw;gzpahf Kfthpg; gl;oay; xd;iw m";ry;tHp thzpfk; jahh; m)Efh; n thiug; bghWj; j tiu
bra;fpwJ/ ,jpy; th';ftpUf;Fk; thof;ifahsh;fspd; bgah;fs;. Kfthp
nghd;w tptu';fs; mjpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;/ gy;ntW ,l';fspypUe;J 1/tP l ; o ypUe; J bfhz; n l Efh; n thh; f s; j'; f Sf; F j; njitahd
,e;j tptu';fis ,J nrfhpf;fpwJ/ bghUl;fisg; bgwKofpwJ/ rpy;yiw tpw;gidahplk; brd;W ruf;F th';fg;
gazk; nkw;bfhs;sj; njitapy;iy/ ,jdhy; mth;fSf;F neuKk; gzKk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,J efuhl;rpfspd; Kf;fpa VLfspypUe;J
kpr;rg;gLfpd;wd/
jfty;fis nrfhpf;fpwJ/ nkYk; ,J E}y; btspaPlL ; epWtdk; fy;Y}hpfs;
kw;Wk; gs;spfspy; gzpg[hpa[k; Mrphpah;fspd; bgah;fisa[k.; Kfthpfisa[k; 2/m";ry;tHp |yk; tUk; ruf;fpidg; bgWk; tiu. thof;ifah; ruf;fpd;
tpiyj;bjhifapid brYj;jj; njitahd eltof;ifia nkw;bfhs;syhk;/
60 61
3/cs; S hpy; fpilf; f g; bgwhj bghUl; f is m"; r y; t Hp |yk; 5/Vkhw;Wk; vz;z';fisf; bfhz;l rpy tpw;Feh;fs; nghjpa mDgtkw;w
bgw;Wf;bfhs;syhk;/ ghku kf;fis m";ry;tHp thzpfj;jpy; Vkhw;Wk; tha;gg
; [ mjpfKz;L/

M)tpw; g tiug; bghWj; j tiu 6/ruf;if th';FKd; ruf;F gw;wpa tptu';fis mwpa. m";ry; bryt[
kw;Wk; mjw;F vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; neuk; midj;Jk; njitaw;wJ/
1/fz;fth; rhsuf; fhl;rp KiwfSf;bfd (Window Display) mjpfr;
bryt[ bra;aj; njitapy;iy/ tpw;ghz;ikaiu epakpf;f ntz;oajpy;iy/ 7/tzpf tPHr
; r
; papd; fhuz';fis tpw;gtuhy; vspjpy; fz;Lgpof;f KoahJ/
,f;fhuz';fshy;; ,af;fr; bryt[fs; kpft[k; Fiwfpd;wd/
8/beLe;bjhiytpypUe;J ruf;F ntz;oapUg;g pd;. rpyntisfspy; fhy
2/Fiwe; j KjYld; ,t; t if thzpfj; i j bjhl'; f Koa[ k ; / jhkjk; Vw;glyhk;/ vdnt cldoj; njitfSf;F m";ry; tHp thzpfk;
Mizfisg;bgw ruf;F mDg;gf; nfhUk; Mizfisg; bgw;wt[ld;. bghUj;jkhdjy;y/
ruf;Ffs; Kiwahf fl;Lkk; bra;ag;gl;L. gjpt[ ghh;ry; m";ry; tHpnah
my;yJ gjpt[ g[jj
; f m";ry; tHpnah thof;ifaUf;F mDg;gg;gLfpwJ/ V. thliff; b fhs; K jy; K iw tpahghu epWtd'; f s;
3/ruf;F. kjpg;g.[ brYj;jj;jf;f (V.P.P. ) tHpahfr; ruf;Ffis mDg;gk
[ n
; ghJ. bghUs; th';Fnthh; mjd; tpiyiag; gy khj';fs; my;yJ
tuhf;fldhy; Vw;gLk; el;lk; jtph;ff ; g;gLfpwJ/ Mz;Lfs; ePof;Fk; jtizfspy; brYj;j xg;gf
[ ; bfhs;Sk; Kiw thliff;
bfhs;Kiw vdg;gLfpwJ/
4/ruf;Ffisr; nrfhpj;J nrkpj;J itf;f ntz;oajpy;iy/ ruf;fhizg;
bgw;wt[ld; ruf;Ffis nrfhpf;fj; jahuhfyhk;/ xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifbaGj;jpl;lt[ld; bghUs;fspd; cilikia
th';Feh; bgw;wbghGjpYk;. mjd; chpikahdJ mth; ,Wjpj; jtiziar;
5/bghUl;fis tpw;gid bra;a ehL KGtJk; gutyhd bghpa re;ij. brYj;Jk; tiu tpw;wthplnk ,Uf;Fk;/ mjhtJ mJtiu tpw;Fenu
tpw;gidaUf;Ff; fpilf;fpwJ/ tpw;w bghUspd; chphikahsuhf ,Uf;fpwhh;/
6/tpw;gid epiyaj;ij v';F ntz;LkhapDk; epWtyhk;/ efhpd; ikag; thliff; b fhs; K jy; K iwa pd; rpwg; g [ j ; jd; i kfs;
gFjpapy; jhd; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy;iy/
i) thliff;bfhs;Kjy;Kiw tpw;gida[k; fld;tpw;gidiag; nghd;wJ/
m"; r y; t Hp thzpfj; j pd; FiwghLfs;
ii) bghUspd; cilik jd;id tpl;Lr; brd;w gpwFk; Tl tpw;gidahsnu
1/ruf;F ntz;o MizapLk; Kd;dh; ruf;Ffisg; ghh;jJ ; j; njh;eb
; jLf;Fk; mjd; chpikahsuhf Mfpwhh;/
tha;gg
; [ th';FeUf;Ff; fpilg;gjpy;iy/ th';Feh; epidj;j ruf;Ffsy;yhky;. iii) filrpj; jtizia brYj;jpa gpd;dh;jhd; th';Fgth; bghUspd;
ntW ruf;Ffis tpw;Feh; mDg;g nehplyhk;/ chpikahsuhf Mfpwhh;/
2/tpsk;guj;jpw;Fg; bgUk;bryt[ nkw;bfhs;s ntz;oa[ss ; J/ nkYk; ruf;F iv) th';Fgth; jtizj; bjhifiar; brYj;jj; jtwpd;. mthplkpUe;J
tptug;gl;oaiya[k; (Catalogue) tpiyg;gl;oaiya[k; (Price List) mt;tg;bghGJ bghUis kPzL ; k; bgw;wpLk; chpik tpw;gtUf;F cz;L/
mr;rpl;L. ruf;F th';fapUg;nghUf;F mDg;gt [ jhy;. TLjy; bryt[fs;
Vw;gLfpwJ/ v) bjhiyf;fhl;rp. thbdhyp. kpd;tprpwp nghd;w beLehs; gad;juf;Toa
bghUs;fs; kl;Lnk thlif Kiwapy; tpw;gjw;F Vw;wit/ thliff;
3/gog;gwptw;w kf;fSf;F ,e;j thzpfk; Vw;wjy;y/ bfhs;Kiwiag; nghd;nw ntbwhU Kiwa[k; cz;L/ mJ jtiz
4/thof;ifah;. bgUk;gadha; fUJk;. fld;tpw;gid bgUk;ghYk; tpw;gid Kiw vdg;gLk;/ ,ij ePs; gad; brYj;Jk; jtiz Kiw
mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy/ (Deferred Payment system) vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

62 63
jtizKiw tpw; g id vspjd;W/ Vbddpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l giHa bghUl;fis (Second-hand
goods) re;ijapy; tpw;gJ kpft[k; fodk;/
,k;Kiwapy; Tl xg;g[f;bfhs;sg;gl;l jtizfspy; tpiy
brYj;jg;gLfpwJ/ Mdhy; Kjy; jtizj; bjhifiar; brYj;jpat[lndna
thliff; b fhs; K jy; K iwf; F k; . jtizKiw
th';Fgth; mg;bghUspd; chpikahsuhfpwhh;/ ,t;thW ,t;tpU
tpw; g idf; F k; ,ilna cs; s ntWghLfs;
KiwfSf;FKs;s mog;gil ntWghlhdJ. thlif-tpw;gid Kiwapy;.
,Wjpj; jtiziar; brYj;Jk; tiu bghUspd; chpik tpw;Fgthplnk thliff; b fhs; K jy; K iw jtizKiwtpw; g id
,Uf;Fk;/ jtiz tpw;gid Kiwapy;. Kjy; jtiziar; brYj;jpat[ld;
1/ tpw;gid xg;ge;jk; ~ ,J xg;ge;j 1/ ,J xU xg;ge;j tpw;gidahFk;/
th';Feh; cldoahf mjd; chpikahsuhfpwhh;/ tpw;gid my;y Vbddpy; ,Wjpj; Vbddpy; Kjy; jtizj;
thliff; b fhs; K jy; K iwa pd; ed; i kfs; jtiziar; brYj; J k; tiu bjhifiar; brYj;jpat[lndna
bghUspd; chpik tpw;gidahshplnk th';Fgth; chpikahsh; Mfpwhh;/
i) tpiya[ah;ej
; bghUs;fisf; Tl Efh;nthh; th';f KofpwJ/ fhuzk; cs;sJ/
ahbjdpy; thliff; bfhs;Kiwapy; bghUs;fspd; tpiy gy khj';fspy;
2/bghUis th';fpathpd; chpikfs;~ 2/ bghUis th'; f patUf; F
jtizfshfr; brYj;Jk; trjp ,Uf;fpwJ/ bghUis th';fpath; mij mg;bghUspd; kPJ KG chpika[k;
ii) ,k;Kiw bghUs; tpw;gidiag; gd;kl';fha;g; bgUfpapUf;fpwJ/ thliff;nfh my;yJ tpw;fnth mtUf;fpUg;gjhy;. mth;
my;yJ mlF itf;fnth KoahJ/ mg;bghUis vJt[k; bra;ayhk;/
iii) ,k;Kiw tpw;FeUf;F kpft[k; Vw;wJ/ Vbddpy; th';Feh; jtizj;
3/ eltof;if ~ jtizj; 3/ jtizj; bjhifia th';fpath;
bjhifiar; brYj;jj; jtwpd;. tpw;w bghUis kPzL; k; bgw;Wf;bfhs;Sk;
bjhifiar; brYj;jj; jtwpdhy;. brYj;jj; jtwpdhy;. mg;bghUis
chpik tpw;FeUf;F cz;L/ th';fpathplkpUe;j bghUl;fisj; kPzL; k; jpUk;g vLj;Jf; bfhs;s
iv) jtizKiwa py; gy khj'; f s; fld; bjhifiaf; fl; l jpUk; g vLj; J f; bfhs; s t[ k ; . xU tpw;gidahsuhy; KoahJ/
ntz; o a pUg; g jhy; . ,k; K iw fl; l hakhfr; nrkpf; F k; gHf; f j; i j ,Jtiu brYj;jpaj; bjhifiaj; Mdhy; jdJ bjhifia bgw
jpUg; g p mspf; f hkYk; ,Uf; f rl;lg;goahd eltof;ifia
th';Fgth;fspilna cz;lhf;FfpwJ/
tpw;gidahsUf;F chpik cz;L/ th';fpath; kPJ vLf;fyhk;/
thliff; b fhs; K jy; K iwapd; FiwghLfs; 4/ tuhf;fld; ~ tpw;w bghUl;fspd; 4/ bghUis th';fpath; KGj;
i) vspjhd tpiyiar; brYj;j Koa[khjyhy;. j';fs; jFjpf;F kPwpa chpik tpw;gidahshplk; ,Ug;gjhy; bjhifiar; brYj;JKd; bghUspd;
tpiya[ah;ej
; bghUs;fisa[k; Efh;nthh; th';f Kw;gLfpd;wdh;/ ,jdhy; tuhf;fld; nghd;w el;l';fs; ,jpy; chpikahsuhfp tpLtjhy;.
Mlk;gug; bghUs;fis th';Fk; tifapy; bryt[ bra;a[k; nghf;F mjpfk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy/ tuhf;fld; nghd;w ,Hg;gf
[ s; Vw;gl
mjpftha;gg
; z
[ L
; /
bgUFfpwJ/
rkPg fhy tsh;r;rpfs;
ii) Fwpg; g pl; l fhyk; tiu. gy jtizfspy; tpiy brYj; j
ntz;oapUj;jyhy;. Efh;nthh; jk; vjph;fhy tUkhdj;ij mlkhdk; itg;gJ m) ,iza js re;ijapLifa[k.; kpd;dZ thzpfKk;(Web Marketing
nghyhfpwJ/ and Electronic Commerce)
iii) buhf;f tpiyia tplj; jtizf; bfhs;Kjy; tpiy TLjyhf M) bjhiyj; bjhlh;g[ tHp thzpfk; (Teleshopping)
cs;sJ/
iv) jtizj; bjhif brYj;jj; jtWk;bghGJ tpw;w bghUis kPzL ; k;
bgw;wpLk; chphik tpw;Feh;fF
; ,Ue;jnghjpYk;. kPzL
; k; ,tw;iw tpw;gJ
64 65
m) ,izajs re;ijapLifa[k;. kpd;dZ thzpfKk; bghWj;J. ,e;j KG bray;ghLk; rpy kzp neu';fspnyh my;yJ thuf;
fzf;fhfnth eilbgw;W te;jJ/ ,d;W midj;J epfH;r;rpfSk;
1/Kd; D iu
bray;ghLfSk; KGikahf khwpa[ss ; d/
tpahghuk; kw;Wk; thzpfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tsh;r;rpahdJ
,d;iwa cyfpd; midj;J bray;ghLfSnk kpd;dZitr; rhh;eJ ;
,izajsk; (Internet) kw;Wk; kpd;dZ thzpfj;jpd; (E-commerce)njitia
eilbgw;W tUfpd;wd/ kpd;dZ thzpfk; vd;gJ vGj;J g{ht ; khf ,y;yhj
mjpfhpj;Js;ssJ/ jw;bghGJ cyfshtpa re;ijapy; bghUl;fSk;
fPHf
; f
; z;litfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; jfty; ghpkhw;wkhFk;/
nritfSk; gue;J tphpe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ ,J re;ijapLjy;. tpw;gid
bra;jy;. ruf;if mDg;gj [ y;. nrit bra;jy; kw;Wk; gzk; brYj;Jjy; kpd;dZ jut[ ghpkhw;wk; - E-DI-Electronic Date Interchange
nghd;w th;jj
; fhPjpahd bray;fis kpd;dZ thzpfj;jpd; |yk; bray;gLj;jp
kpd;dZ epjp khw;wk; - E-FI-Electronic Funds Transfer
tUfpwJ/
kpd;dZ buhf;fk; - E-Cash-Electronic Cash
2/,izak; (Internet)
kpd;dZ Kj;jpiu thp tpy;iy - E-Stamp-Electronic Stamp
,izak; vd;gJ cyfshtpa fzpdpfspd; tiyaikg;g[ MFk;/
,J mstpy;yhj jfty;fis mspj;J tUfpwJ/ ,J cyfshtpa kpd;dZ thzpfk; - E-Commerce - Electronic
cah;jpwd; bfhz;l fzpdpfspd; tiyaikg;g[ (International Network of Commerce
Computers) bjhFg;ghFk;/ mit xd;nwhblhd;W ,izg;gf [ ; fk;g pfshYk;.
bjhiyngrp ,izg;gf [ shYk;. Ez; miyfshYk;. braw;iff; nfhs;|yk; 4/ th;j;jfg; gad;ghl;Lfs;(Business Applications)
tiy mikg;g[ (Network) bra;agl;Ls;sd/
,e; j g; gFjpapy; kpd; d Z thzpfj; j pd; rpy th; j ; j fg;
,e; j ,izakhdJ ntiyahl; f s; . thof; i fahsh; f s; . gad; g hl; L fs; ( Business Applications of E-Commerce) gw; w p ehk;
bghUl;fis mspg;gth;fs; kw;Wk; th;jj; ff; Tl;lhspfs; Mfpnahh;fspilna. bjhpe;Jbfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;/ th;jj ; fk;-Efh;nthh; (Business to Consumer)
cyfshtpa jfty; ghpkhw;wk;. nrh;e;J bray;gLjy; Mfpatw;wpw;F th;jj
; fk; - th;jj ; fk; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L th;jj ; f bray;ghl;L Kiwfs;
cWJizahf bray;gLfpwJ/ gy epWtd';fspy; cWg;g pdh;fs; kw;Wk; nghd;wit Kf;fpakhd rpy th;jj ; fg; gad;ghl;Lf;fs; MFk;/
gytpj ,Ug;g pl';fspy; thGk; kf;fs; Mfpnahh;. re;ijia tphpt[gLj;Jjy;.
i) th; j ; j fk; - Efh; n thh;
bghUl;fspd; juk;. nritfisf; fl;of;fhj;jy; Mfpatw;wpy; xd;W nrh;eJ ;
bray;gl ,J tHp tFf;fpwJ/ kpd;dZ thzpfkhdJ th;jj ; fj;jpw;Fk;. Efh;nthh;fSf;Fk; ,ilna
eilbgWk; Efh;nthhpd; jd;ik. th;jj ; f bray;ghl;L Kiwfs; kw;Wk;
3/ kpd;dZ thzpfk; (E-commerce) re;ijfs; kPJ etPd jfty; bjhHpy;El;g Kiwfs; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ij
kpd;dZ thzpfk; vd;gJ vGj;J g{ht ; khf ,y;yhj (Paperless) mjpfg;gLj;jp tUfpwJ/ ,J kpd;zZ thzpfk;.Efh;nthhpd; jd;ik.
bjhHpy; El;g';fis mog;gilahf; bfhz;l tiy mikg;g[ cila th;j;jf bray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; nghl;ofSf;fpilna cl;bjhlh;g[fis
,izaj;jpd; |yk; eilbgWk; th;jj ; f jfty; ghpkhw;wj;ijf; (Exchange (Interrelations) Vw;gLj;JfpwJ/ ,izajsj;jpd; |yk; rpy;yiw tpahghuk;
of Business Information) Fwpf;fpwJ/ (Retailing on the web) bra;tJ ,jw;fhd Xh; vLj;Jf; fhl;lhFk;

Kd;bgy;yhk; Efh;nthh; fil filahfr; brd;W jdf;F ntz;oa ii) th;j;jfk; - th;j;jfk;
bghUisj; njh;eb
; jLj;J. nguk;ngrp. bfhs;Kjy; bra;tjw;F epiwa
th;jj
; fk; - th;jj
; fk; kpd;dZ thzpfkhdJ tzpf Kiwapd;
fhy mtfhrk; ,Ue;jJ/ th';Fk; bghUsp;d; juk;. kw;Wk; mstpidg;
xU KGikahd bray;ghlhFk;/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf. xU th;jj
; f epWtdk;
66 67
xU bghUis cw;gj;jp bra;J mjid kw;w th;jj ; f epWtd';fSf;F bfhz;L bray;gLk; re;ijfSf;F ,ilnaahd bjhlh;gf
[ s; nghd;wtw;iwf;
tpw;gid bra;a tpUk;gf [ pwJ vd itj;Jf; bfhs;nthk;/ mjw;fhd. me;j Fiwe;j brytpy; epiwntw;wplt[k; ,e;j ehd;F tifahd jpwd;kpf;f
th;jj; f epWtdk;. |yg;bghUl;fisa[k.; gy jug;gl;l xg;ge;j mog;gilapyhd bray;ghLfs; nkYk; tHp bra;fpd;wd/
nritfia[k; gpw th;jj ; f epWtd';fsplkpUe;J th';fp th;jj ; f cwt[fis
,iza js';fspd; |yk; nkk;gLj;jpf;bfhs;syhk;/ kpd; d Z thzpgj; j pd; ed; i kfs; (Advantage of E-
commerce)
iii) cs;ehl;L th;j;jf bray;ghl;L Kiw
1/kpd;dZ thzpfk; tpw;gidia mjpfhpj;J. bryt[fisf; Fiwf;fpwJ/
cl;Tl;likg;g[ bray;Kiw kpd;dZ thzpfj;jpd; Kf;fpa nehf;fk;
ahbjdpy;. mJ th;j ; j; f cwt[ Kiwfisf; fl;of; fhg;gjhFk;/ Vbddpy; 2/xU th;jj
; f epWtdkhdJ cyfbk';Fk; gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;w rpwpa
kpfr; rpwg;ghd thof;ifah; nrit mspg;gJ vd;gJ kpft[k; fodkhd bfhs;Kjy; bfhz;l re;ijf; TWfis mZFtjw;F kpd;dZ thzpf
xd;whFk;/ ,iza js';fspd; |yk; eilbgWk; Mf;fg{h;tkhd Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;syhk;/
bray;ghLfs; aht[k; Efh;nthiua[k.; re;ijiaa[k; ikakhff; bfhz;nl 3/,jdhy; tpw;gidahsh;fSf;F tpw;gid tha;gg ; f
[ s; mjpfhpg;gjdhy;.
bray;gLfpd;wd/ kpd;dZ thzpfkhd eph;thfj;jpdUf;F xspj;njhw;w th';Fgth;fSf;F ,jd;|yk; th';Fk; tha;gg
; f
[ Sk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ/
Mnyhridf; Tl;lk; (Video Conferencing) . kpd;dZ m";ry;(E-mail) .
kw;Wk; jfty; gyiffs; (Bulletin Boards) |yk; rpwe;j Kiwapy; jfty; 4/jfty; ghpkhw;w';fs; kpft[k; ntfkhft[k; mnj ntisapy; kpfj;
ghpkhw;wk; bra;J bfhs;st[k.; kpfr;rhpahd Kot[fs; vLf;ft[k.; kpft[k; bjspthft[k; eilbgWtjpdhy; th';FtjpYk;. tpw;gidapYk; Vw;gLk;
cWJizahft[k; trjpahft[k; cs;sJ/ jfty;fs; tpiuthft[k;. brytpd;mst[ Fiwfpd;wdJ
clDf; F lDk; ghpkhw; w k; bra; J bfhs; s g; g Ltjhy; midj; J j; 5/kpd;dZ thzpfkhdJ bghUs;fis th';FnthUf;F mth;fns
JiwfSf;Fkpilna xU ey;y bjhlh;g[ ePoj;J epw;fpwJ/ ,t;thwhf njh;eb
; jLf;Fk; tifapy; gytifg;gl;l bghUl;fis mwpKfk; bra;fpwJ/
midj;J mikg;gf [ isa[k; jhspy;yhj mYtyf';fshf khw;Wtjw;F Mdhy; gH';fhy thzpf Kiwapy; njh;eb ; jLf;ff; Toa tifapy;
midj;J Kaw;rpfSk; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. gytifg;gl;l bghUl;fspd; mwpKfk; re;ijapy; eilbgwtpy;iy/
5/ kpd; d Z thzpfj; j pd; th; j ; j f Kf; f paj; J tk; 6/jfty; ghpkhw;wj;ijj; jdptifahf;fp (Customizing) th';Fgth;fSf;F
(Business value of the E-commerce) ,e;j kpd;dZ thzpfk; cjtp g[hpfpwJ/ ,J bfhs;Kjy; rk;ge;jkhd
g[tpaikg;g.[ fhyk;. bryt[ kw;Wk; mikg;gf [ s; hPjpahf ehd;F Kf;fpa jfty; bjhFg;ig. th';Fgth;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fr; bra;fpwJ/
th;jj
; j; jilfs; cs;sd/ mitfis ePff ; t[k.; th;jj
; fj;jpy; th;jj
; f nkYk; ,izajsj;jpd; |yk; tphpthd bjspthd jftiy cldoahf
epWtdk; kpfg;bghpa btw;wpiag; bgwt[k; kpd;dZ thzpfk; Jizg[hpfpwJ/ mila th';Fgth;fSf;F ,e;j thzpfk; cjt[fpwJ/

gy;ntW kpd;dZ thzpf bray;ghLfs;. xU th;jj ; f epWtdk; 7/bkd;bghUs;fs; (Software). ,ir (Music) . Monah fpspg;gf [ s; (Audio
bjhiyJ}uj;jpy; mike;Js;s ,l';fisa[k.; Fiwe;j brytpy; Jhpjkhfj; Clips) kw;Wk; gpk;g';fs; (Imagins) nghd;w rpytifg; bghUl;fs;,izak;
bjhlh;gb
[ fhs;s cjtp bra;fpd;wd/ mjd;g pd; jfty;fisg; ghpkhwpf; |yk; mDg;gg;gLfpd;wd/
bfhs;st[k.; mjd; mikg;g pd; jpl;lkpl;lf; bfhs;iffis epiwntw;wplt[k; 8/bghUl;fSk;. nritfSk; ,Jtiu fpilf;fg; bgwhj bjhiyJ}u
tif bra;fpd;wd/ ,tw;iw ,e;j ehd;F tifahd jpwd;kpf;f bray;ghLfs; gFjpfSf;Fk;. ,l';fSf;Fk; ,it fpilf;f kpd;dZ thzpfk; tHptif
typa[Wj;Jfpd;wd/ bra; f pwJ/ vLj; J f; f hl; l hf bjhiyJ}uf; fy; t pa pd; (Distance
th;j;jf epWtd';fs;. ,izajsj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; Education)Jiza[ld; gy jpwikfis j';fSf;Fs; tsh;jJ ; f; bfhz;L.
|yKk;.rpwg;ghd Efh;nthh; nrit |yKk; kw;Wk; xd;nwhblhd;W bjhlh;g[ gy gl;l';fisg; bgwt[k; kpd;dZ thzpfk; Jizg[hpfpd;wJ/
68 69
FiwghLfs; kpft[k; cjtpaha; cs;sJ/ midj;Jj; jug;g pdh; kl;Lkpd;wp. Fwpg;ghf
tajhdth;fSk;. CdKw;wth;fSk; vspjhfg; bghUl;fis th';Ftjw;Fj;
1/,izajsj;jpd; |yk; eilbgWk; fld; ml;il (Credit Card) brYj;Jk;
bjhiyj;bjhlh;gt[ Hp thzpfk; Jiz g[hpfpd;wJ/ clw;FiwghLs;s kf;fs;
Kiwfspy; gy nkhrofspd; fhuzkhf Efh;nthh;fs; ,e;j thzpfj;jpy;
bghUs;fis th';Ftjw;F ,dpnky; gpwh; cjtpia ehl ntz;lhk;/
<Lgl ,d;Dk; jaf;fk; fhl;Lfpwhh;fs;/
tajhndh;. cly; CdKw;nwhh; kl;Lkpd;wp vy;yh kf;fSnk ,j;bjhiyj;
2/Efh;nthh;fs; bjhiyJ}ug; gFjpfspy; ,Ug;gjhy;. mHpa[k; bghUl;fshd bjhlh;g[ tHp thzpfk; |yk; gad;bgwyhk;/
(Perishable Goods) kPd.; fha;fwpfs;. g{ff
; s; nghd;wita[k.; kpf tpiy
kjpg;gi
[ la j';f Mguz fisa[k.; kpfg;gHikahd fiyg;bghUl;fisa[k; TELESHOPPING
(antiques) ey;yKiwapy; Ma;t[ bra;tJ vd;gJ Koahj xd;W/
3/,izaj;ij bray;gLj;Jk; gadhsh;fs; (Net Users) kf;fs; tpfpjhr;rhug;go
kpf;Fiwthd vz;zpf;ifna cs;sdh;/ nkYk; mth;fs; mijg; gad;gLj;Jk;
Kiwa[k; jpUg;jpfukhf ,y;iy/
4/gy NH;epiyfspy; ,tw;wpw;fhd bryt[ mjpfkhfnt ,Uf;fpwJ/
5/,jd;|yk; ghpkhw;wk; bra;ag;gLk; bghUspd; juk;.mst[ nghd;wtw;iw Point
mtw;wpd; cz;ikahd kjpg;g pw;F kjpg;gPL bra;at[k; Koatpy;iy/ of
Sale
M)bjhiyj; b jhlh; g [ tHp thzpfk;
,d;iwa ehfhPf cyfpy; thof;ifahsh;fs; bjhiyj; bjhlh;g[ tHp
thzpfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jfpd;wdh;/ ,izaj;Jld; nrh;ej ; fzpdpfs;
(Computers with Internet) kw;Wk; bjhiyf;fhl;rpg; bgl;ofs; (Televisions)
|yk; tpsk;guk; bra;ag;gLk; gy;ntW tifahd bghUl;fis th';Ftnj
bjhiyj; bjhlh;g[ tHp thzpfkhFk;/ gy rpy;yiw tpw;gidahsh;fspd;
chpikahsh;fsplk; tpw;gidg; g[ss ; pfSk; gpd; mYtyff; fzpzp KiwfSk;
(Back Office Computer System) m i k f ; f g ; g l ; L s ; s d / , t w ; i w
thof;ifahsh;fs; j';fs; jdpg;gl;l cgnahfj;jpw;fhf tPlo ; y; itj;jpUf;Fk;
fzpzpfSld; ,izj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;/
rpwg; g [ mk; r '; f s;
gytifg;gl;l bjhHpy;El;g Kiwfs; jdpegh; cgnahfpf;Fk;
fzpdpa[ld; ,izf;fg;gl;L eilKiwapy; bray;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd/
,j;jifa ,izg;g[k;. jut[ tpgu';fisg; ghpkhwpf;bfhs;Sk;
trjpfSk; ,Ug;gjhy; bjhiyj;bjhlh;g[ thzpfj;ij rpwg;gw
[ bray;gLj;jyhk;/
tajhd Kjpath;fSf;Fk;. CdKw;nwhh;fSf;Fk;. fz;. fhJ kw;Wk;
ngRk; jpwdpy; FiwghL cs;sth;fSf;Fk; bjhiyj; bjhlh;g[ tHp thzpfk;
70 71
gad; f s; 5/bghUl;fSf;Ff; bgwg;gLk; gzj;ijg; ghJfhg;ghff; ifahStjpy; kpft[k;
1/tajhdth;fSk;. cly;; CdKw;nwhUk; bghUs;fs; th';Ftjpy; gpwiur; ftdj;Jld; bray;glntz;Lk;/
rhh;ej
; pUf;f ntz;oa mtrpakpy;iy/ 6/,j;jifa FiwghLs;s kf;fspd; tUkhdj;jpwnfw;wthW jpl;lkpl;Lg;
2/,J mth;fSilaj; jdpj;jd;ikia mth;fSf;F czh;jj ; p. mth;fs; bghUl; f is th'; f mth; f Sf; n fw; w tHpKiwfis tFj; J r;
jd;dk;g pf;ifnahL Rakhfg; bghUl;fis th';Fk; cWjpia tsh;ff; pwJ/ bray;glntz;Lk;/

3/mth;fs; Rakhpahija[lDk;. thH;fi

; fia Mf;fg{ht
; khf vjph;bfhs;Sk; tpdhf; f s;
jpwika[lDk; tps';f ,J tHptiffs; gy bra;fpd;wJ/ I. nfhol; l ,l'; f is epug; g [ f
4/fz;. fhJ kw;Wk; ngRk; jpwd; FiwghL cs;sth;fSk; xt;bthU 1/Kjd;Kjypy; Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiyfs;////////////////////////////////ehl;oy;
tiff;fhd Kiwfs; |yk; bjhiyj;bjhlh;g[ tHp thzpf Kiwapy; bjhl';fg;gl;ld/
bghUl;fis th';f Koa[k/;
2/bghJthf Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiyahdJ efhpd;/////////////////jhd;
5/Kjpnahh; ,y;yk; nghd;w tajhd kw;Wk; CdKw;w kf;fisf; ftdpj;JtUk; mike;jpUf;Fk;
gy rKjhanrit epWtd';fs; ,jdhy; nrkpf;Fk; neuj;jpy;. nkYk;
3/Jiwthhpg; gz; l fr; r hiya pd; md; w hl eph; t hfk; / ////////////////
mth; f sJ gytifahd r|f nritfis kw; w ,l'; f Sf; F k;
xg;gilf;fg;gLfpwJ/
tphpt[gLj;jyhk;/
4/Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiyiaj; bjhl';fp KjyPL bra;a mjpf ////////////
jP i kfs; ////////////njitg;gLfpwJ/
1/bjhiyj; bjhlh;g[ tHp thzpfj;jpd; bray;ghl;odhy; vjph;bfhs;sg;gLk; 5/Inuhg;ghtpy; kl';Ff; filfs; vd;Wk;. mbkhpf;fhtpy;//////////////////vd;Wk;
Kjy; rpf;fy; nrit eph;thfnk. nritf; FGtpdh; thof;ifahsh;fis. miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd/
Fwpg;ghf tajhdth;fisa[k.; cly; CdKw;nwhiu[ak; mZFtjpy; gy
eilKiwr; rpf;fy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ 6/midj;Jf; fpisfSf;Fk; njitahd bghUl;fis kl';Ff; filapd;///
///////////////////ikaf; bfhs;Kjy; bra;fpwJ/
2/fz;.fhJ kw;Wk; ngRk; jpwdpy; FiwghL cs;sth;fshy; bjhiybjhlh;g[
tHp thzpfj; j pd; |yk; bghUs; f is vspjpy; th'; f KoahJ/ 7/kl';Ff; fil tpw;gidapy;////////////////////vDk; nfhl;ghL gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ/
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf bjhLjpiu (Touch sensitive Screen) |yk; ,f;Fiwfis 8////////////trjpfis Efh;nthh;fSf;F kl';Ff; fil tH';Ftjpy;iy/
epth;jj
; p bra;ayhk;/
9///////////////////////Mk; Mz;oy;. uhf;nly; Kd;ndhofs; neh;ikr; r';fk;
3/bjhiyj;bjhlh;g[ tHp thzpf nritapy;. bghUl;fisg; gphpj;J mDg;gk
[ ; vd;w mikg;ig berthspfs; cUthf;fpdh;/
mikg;ghdJ gyjug;gl;l ,l';fspypUe;J tUk; rpW rpW Mizf;
bfhs;Kjy;fisg; guhkhpf;fg;gl ntz;oaf; fl;lhaj;jpy; cs;sJ/

4/nkYk; ,J gytifg;gl;l bghUl;fspd; vz;zpf;ifg; gotj;ij md;iwa

cw;gj;jp tiuf; fzf;bfLj;Jj; jahhpj;jy; ntz;Lk;/ ,J kl;Lkpd;wp.
xt;bthUthpd; njitf;nfw;g gytifg;gl;l bjhHpy;El;g totj;jpy; mit
totikf;fg;gl;oUf;fntz;Lk;/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf gl';fs; |ykhfg;
bghUl;fisg; gw;wpa tptu';fis mth;fSf;Fj; bjspt[gLj;jyhk;/
72 73
10/Efh;nthh;fs; jh';fshfnt xd;WTo////////////////////mikf;fg;gl;l tpilfs;
Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[r; r';fkhFk;/
1/gpuhd*; 11/g';fhjhakhf
11/Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[r; r';fk; <l;Lk; ,yhgk; KGtJk; g';Fjhuh;fSf;Fg;
2/ikag;gFjpapy; 12/muR
//////////////////////tH';fg;gLtjpy;iy/
3/nkyhz;ik ,af;Fehplk; 13/Kfthpg; gl;oay;
12/,e;jpahtpy; Tl;Lwt[r; r';f';fs; Kw;wpYk;//////////////////////Mjut[ld;
,a';Ffpd;wd/ 4/Kjy; 14/ruf;F.kjpg;g.[ brYj;jj;jf;f m";ry;(VPP)

13/Kjd;ik gzpahf/////////////xd;iw m";ry;tHp thzpfk; jahh; bra;fpwJ/ 5/bjhlh; gz;lfr;rhiyfs; 15/jtizfspy;

14/bghJthf m";ry;tHp thzpfj;jpd; |yk; ruf;Ffs;//////////////////////tHpahf 6/jiyikafnk 16/ePs; gad;brYj;Jk; jtizKiw

mDg;gg;gLfpwJ/ 7/buhf;fk; brYj;jpg; bgw;Wr;bry;f17/buhf;f
15/bghUs; th';Fnthh; mjd; tpiyiag; gy khj';fs; my;yJ Mz;Lfs; 8/th';Fk; 18/kpd;dZ
ePof;Fk;//////////////brYj;j xg;gf
[ ; bfhs;Sk;Kiw thliff;bfhs;Kjy;Kiw
9.1844 19/,izak;
vdg;gLfpwJ/
10/jd;dpr;irahf 20/kpd;dD tzpfj;jpd;
16/jtiz tpw;gid Kiwia ////////////////Kiw vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

17//////////////tpiyiatplj; jtizf; bfhs;Kjy; tpiy TLjyhf cs;sJ/

II. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh; e ; b jL
18/tpahghuk; kw;Wk; thzpfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tsh;rr ; pahdJ. ,izajsk;
kw;Wk;///////////////////thzpfj;jpd; njitia mjpfhpj;Js;sJ/ 1/,e; j rpy; y iw tpw; g ida pd; |yk; Efh; n thUf; F j; njitahd
midj;Jtifg; bghUl;fSk; xnu ,lj;jpy; tpw;gid bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/
19//////////////////////vdg;gLtJ Xh; cyf ehLfSf;fpilnaahd fzpdpfspd;
,izg;ghFk;/ m)kl';Ff;fil M)bjhiyj;bjhlh;g[ tHp thzpfk;

20/ bjhiyJ}u gFjpfSf;Fk; kpd;dZ thzpfj;jpd; |yk; bghUs;fSk;. M)Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiy <) m";ry;tHp thzpfk;
nritfSk; fpilf;fr; bra;fpd;wd/ 2/xU efuj;jpnyh my;yJ xU ehl;od; gy;ntW gFjpfspnyh jdJ
fpisfis epWtp tpahghuk; bra;ak
[ ; xU epWtdnk

m)Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[ M)kl';Ff;fil gz;lfrhiy

,)thliff;bfhs;Kjy;Kiw <),izajs re;ij

74 75
3/bghJey mog;gilapy; bfhs;Kjy; bra;J rpf;fdg;gLj;jpa[k.; bghJthf bghUj; J f
tpw;gjd; |yk; ,yhgj;ij mjpf mst[ nrh;j;J itj;Jf;bfhs;Sk;
1)n&h;uhl;*Pk.; bry;g phpl;R$k; m)vGj;jwptw;w kf;fSf;F Vw;wjy;y
;
nehf;FlDlk; xd;WgLk; egh;fspd; nrh;fi
; fna ,e;j mikg;ghFk;/
2)kl';Ff;fil M)Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[g; gz;lfrhiy
m)Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[g; M),izajs re;ij thzpfk;
gz;lfrhiy 3)m";ry; tHp thzpfk; ,)xnutifahd bghUl;fs;
,)kl';Ff;fil <)bjhiyj;bjhlh;g[ tHp thzpfk; 4)jtiz bfhs;Kjy; Kiw <)bjhiyj;bjhlh;g[ tHp thzpfk;
4/ruf;F. kjpg;g.[ brYj;jj;jf;f Kiw tHpahfr; ruf;Ffs; mDg;gk
[ b
; ghGJ. 5)xU cWg;g pdh; - xU thf;F c)Jiwthhpg; gz;lfrhiy
tuhf;fldhy; Vw;gLk; el;lk; jtph;ff
; g;gLfpwJ/
C)vjph;fhy tUkhdj;ij mlFitj;jy;
m)Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiy M)Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[g; gz;lfr;rhiy
tpilfs;
,)bjhiyj;bjhlh;g[ tHp tzpfk; <)m";ry;tHp thzpfk;
1) c 2) , 3) m 4) C 5) M
5/FiwghLs;s. ,ayhjth;fs; kw;Wk; taJ Kjph;ts
[ s
; egh;fSf;F ,e;j
IV. rpW tpdhf;fs;
nrit thzpfk; cjt[fpwJ/
1/Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiy vd;why; vd;d?
m)kpd;dZ - thzpfk; M)jtizKiw tpw;gid
2/kl';Ff;fil vd;why; vd;d?
,)bjhiyj;bjhlh;g[ tHp tzpfk; <)kl';Ff;fil
3/Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[g; gz;lfr;rhiy vd;why; vd;d?
tpilfs;
4/m";ry; tHp thzpfk; vd;why; vd;d?
1) , 2) M 3) m 4) < 5) ,
5/kjpg;g.[ brYj;jj;jf;f. m";ry; (V.P.P.) vd;why; vd;d?

6/thliff; bfhs;Kjy;Kiw vd;why; vd;d?

7/jtiz tpw;gid Kiw vd;why; vd;d?

8/kpd;dZ - thzpfk; vd;why; vd;d?

9/,izak; vd;why; vd;d?

10/kpd;dZ - thzpfj;jpd; tpahghu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; TWf/

76 77
11/Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiyf;F |d;W vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUf/

12/Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiy tH';Fk; th';Fk; trjpfs;

13/bjhlh; gz;lfr;rhiyf;F tiutpyf;fzk; jUf/

14/kl';Ff;filapd; tpsk;guj; jd;ikia tpsf;Ff/

15/bjhiyj; bjhlh;g[ tHp thzpfk; vd;why; vd;d?

V. bgU tpdhf;fs;
1/Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[g; gz;lfr;rhiyapd; ed;ikfs;. FiwghLfs; ahit?
tpsf;Ff/

2/thliff; bfhs;Kiw tpw;gidf;Fk;. jtizKiw tpw;gidf;FKs;s

ntWghLfs; ahit? tpsf;Ff/

3/thliff; bfhs;Kjy;Kiw tpw;gidf;Fk;. jtizKiw tpw;gidf;Fk;

cs;s rpwg;gf
[ ; TWfs; ahit?

4/kpd;dZ-thzpfj;jpd; FiwghLfs; ahit?

5/bjhiyj;bjhlh;g[ tHp thzpfj;jpd; ed;ikfs; ahit? ,t;tzpfj;jpYs;s

gpur;rpidfis tpthp/

VI. fl; Liu tiuf

1/Jiwthhpg; gz;lfr;rhiyapd; rpwg;gf
[ ; TWfs;. ed;ikfs;. FiwghLfs;
ahit? tpsf;Ff/

2/kl';Ff; filfspd; rpwg;gf

[ ; TWfs;. ed;ikfs;. FiwghLfs; ahit?
tpsf;Ff/

3/Jiwthhpg; gz;l fr;r hiyfSf; F k; . kl'; F f; filfSf; F k; cs;s

ntWghLfis TWf/

4/m";ry;tHp thzpfj;jpd; rpwg;gf

[ ; TWfs;. ed;ikfs;. FiwghLfs; ahit?
tpsf;Ff/

78
 ghlk; - 4
gd; d hl; L tzpfk;
Kd; D iu~

tpahghuk; vd;gJ bghUs;fs; cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J

my;yJ bghUs;fs; bfhs;Kjy; bra;ag;gl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J Efh;nthUf;F vLj;J
bry;Yk; bray;Kiwna MFk;/ tpahghuj;ij cs;ehl;Ltzpfk;. btspehl;L
tzpfk;. bkhj;j tzpfk; kw;Wk; rpy;yiw tzpfk; vdg;g phpf;fyhk;/ xU
ehl;Lf;Fs;nsna eilbgWk; gz;l ghpkhw;wk; cs;ehl;L tzpfk; vdg;gLfpwJ/
btt;ntW ehLfSf;fpilna eilbgWk; gz;l ghpkhw;wk; btspehl;L tzpfk;
my;yJ may;ehl;L tzpfk; vdg;gLfpwJ/ bkhj;j tzpfj;jpy;. gz;l';fs;
mjpf mstpy; rpy;yiw tzpfh;fSf;F tpw;fg;gLfpwJ/ rpy;yiw tzpfj;jpy;.
gz;l';fs; rpwpa mstpy; Efh;nthUf;F tpw;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,g;ghlj;jpy; gd;dhl;L
tzpfk;. gd;dhl;L epWk';fs;. cyf kakhf;Fjy; kw;Wk; cyf th;j;jf mikg;g[
(W.T.O) ,tw;wpd; tpsf;fk;. njit. ed;ik. jPikfs; Mfpatw;iw fhz;nghk;

International
gd; Trade
dhl;L tzpfk;

79
tpsf; f k; ~ 5/ bghUshjhu tsh;r;rptPj ntWghLfis Fiwj;jy;~
bghUshjhu tsh;r;rp tPjk; ehl;Lf;F ehL ntWgLfpwJ/ Mjyhy;.
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l ehLfSf;F ,ilna eilbgWk; tsUk; kw;Wk; tsk; Fd;wpa ehLfs; epjp kw;Wk; bjhHpy; El;g';fSf;fhf
tzpfnk gd;dhl;L tzpfk; my;yJ may;ehl;L tzpfk; vdg;gLfpwJ/ tsh;e;j ehLfis
cjhuzkhf. mbkhpf; f h. $g; g hd; . gpuhd; * ; . ghfp*; j hd; Mfpa rhh;eJ
; ,Uf;f ntz;oa[ss; J/ ,J gd;dhl;L tzpfj;ij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ/
ehLfSldhd ,e;jpa tzpfk;. may;ehl;L my;yJ btspehl;L tzpfk;
vdg;gLfpwJ/ ,U ehLfSf;fpilna eilbgWk; tzpfj;ij @,UKid
6/ Fiwe; j cw; g j; j p brytpd; ed; i kia gfph; e ; J
tzpfk;@ (bilateral) vd;Wk;. gyehLfSf;fpilna eilbgWk; tzpfk;
bfhs;Sjy;~ cw;gj;jpr; bryt[ kpft[k; Fiwthft[s;s ehl;oypUe;J.
bghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp bra;tjhy;. Fiwe;j cw;gj;jp brytpd; ed;ikia
@gyKid tzpfk;@ (multitateral) vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/
gfph;eJ
; bfhs;tij gd;dhl;L tzpfk; rhj;jpakhf;FfpwJ/
njit~
7/ tp"; " hd kw; W k; bjhHpy; El; g Kd; n dw; w j; j pd;
gpd;tUgit may;ehl;L tzpfj;jpd; njita[k.; nehf;f';fSkhFk;/ ed;ikfis mDgtpg;gJ~ tp";"hd bjhHpy; El;g Kd;ndw;wk;
fhuzkhf. Efh;nthhpd; njitfs; ,f;fhyj;jpy; mjpfhpj;jpUf;fpwJ/
1/ njrpa tUkhdj; i ja[ k ; . thH; f ; i fj; juj; i ja[ k ; cs;ehl;L tzpfk; kl;Lnk ,j;njitfisg; g{hj
; j
; p bra;a Koahjhifahy;
cah;jJ
; jy;~ may;ehl;L tzpfj;jpd; nehf;fk;. njrj;jpd; tUkhdj;i
; j gd;dhl;L tzpfk; jtph;ff
; KoahjjhfpwJ/
cah;jJ
; tjd; |yk;. kf;fspd; thH;fi
; fj; juj;ij cah;jJ
; tjhFk;/
ed; i kfs; ~
2/ ,aw;if ts';fis rPuhf g';fpLjiy
rhj;jpakhf;Fjy;~ xt;bthU njrKk; btt;ntW tifahd ,aw;if gd; d hl; L tzpfk; . njrpa kw; W k; jdpegh; tUkhdj; i j
ts';fis bgw;Ws;sJ/ jd;dplKs;s njitf;F mjpfkhd ,aw;if bgUf;FtnjhL kl;Lky;yhky;. gy;ntW ed;ikfisa[k; jUfpwJ/ mitfs;
ts';fis xUehL. kw;w ehl;ow;F jUfpwJ/ cjhuzkhf. Fitj; gpd;tUkhW~
ehl;oy; fpilf;Fk; bgl;nuhy; gy;ntW ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp bra;ag;gLfpwJ.
,t;thwhf. gd;dhl;L tzpfk; kpif ts';fis njitg;gLk; ehLfSf;F
1/ jdprpwg;g[j; jd;ikf;F ,l;Lr; bry;fpwJ~ xUehL
ntiy gfph;t[ kw;Wk; g[jpa cw;gj;jp Kiwfs; fhuzkhf. bghUs;fis
g';fPL bra;fpwJ/
gpwehl;il xg;g pLk;nghJ Fiwe;j mlf;ftpiyapy; cw;gj;jp bra;a KofpwJ/
3/ tptrha tpisbghUl; f is rP u hf g'; f pLjiy Mfnt. gd;dhl;L tzpfk;. xU ehL jdpr;rpwg;g[j;jd;ik miltjw;F
rhj;jpakhf;Fjy;~ xt;bthU ehLk; tptrha tpisbghUl;fis cjt[ t njhL. gy; n tW bghUs; f s; gy; n tW ehLfspy; cw; g j; j p
cw;gj;jp bra;tjw;fhf gy;ntW trjpfis ,aw;ifahfnt bgw;Ws;sJ/ bra;ag;gLtij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ/ xU ehL jd;dplKs;s ts';fis
cjhuzkhf. fpa{gh mjpf rh;ff; iu cw;gj;jp bra;fpwJ/ vfpg;J mjpfst[ rhpahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jk; nghJ me;ehl;ow;F mjpfgl;r tUkhdk;
gUj;jp tpistpf;fpwJ/ mh;$d;ildh mjpfst[ nfhJik cw;gj;jp fpilf;FkhW bra;fpwJ/
bra;fpwJ/ ,g;bghUl;fs; gpwehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp bra;ag;gLfpwJ/
2/ vy;yh tifahd bghUs;fis bgWtij
4/ cw;gj;jpapYs;s jilfis Fiwj;jy;~ |yg;bghUl;fs;. rhj;jpakhf;FfpwJ~ xU ehL jd;dhy; cw;gj;jp bra;a Koahj
,ae;jpu';fs;. bjhHpy; El;g';fs; fpilg;gjw;F mhpjhf ,Ug;gjhy;. xUehL bghUs; f is. g pw ehl; o ypUe; J bgWtij gd; d hl; L tzpfk;
,d;bdhU ehl;olkpUe;J gy;ntW ed;ikfis fUjp bghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp rhj;jpakhf;FfpwJ/ xU ehL ve;j xU bghUisa[k.; gpw ehLfspypUe;J
bra;antz;oa[ss ; J/ ,wf;Fkjp bra;a gd;dhl;L tzpfk; cjt[fpwJ/

80 81
3/ ngust[ cw; g j; j p gad; f is jUfpwJ~ cs; e hl; L nghf;Ftuj;J rhjd';fs; nkk;ghL miltjw;Fk; gd;dhl;L tzpfk;
Efh; r ; r pf; F kl; L kpd; w p. Vw; W kjpf; f hft[ k ; bghUs; f s; cw; g j; j p cjt[fpwJ/
bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/ Mfnt. ngustpy; cw;gj;jp eilbgWfpwJ/ ,t;thwhf.
10/ rh; t njr mstpy; xUtiubahUth; ed; w hf
Fiwe;j mlf;ftpiy. cah;e;j juk;. cw;gj;jp fhuzpfis KGikahf
g[hpe;Jbfhs;tjw;F cjt[fpwJ~ gy;ntW ehLfspilna ey;y
gad;gLj;Jjy; Mfpa ed;ikfis gd;dhl;L tzpfj;jhy; bgwKofpwJ/
bjhlh;g.[ ey;byz;zk; Vw;gLtjw;F gd;dhl;L tzpfk; cjt[fpwJ/ ,J
4/ tpiythrpia epiyg;gLj;Jjy;~ njitg;gLk; ehLfSf;F gu*;gu cjtp. kw;Wk; xUtUila gpur;idia kw;wth;fs; g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;
bghUl;fis tH';Ftjhy;. gd;dhl;L tzpfk; bghUl;fspd; tpiyia Mfpa ed;ikfis jUtnjhL. cyf mikjpiaa[k; nkk;gLj;JfpwJ/
cyfk; KGtJk; rPuhf;FfpwJ/ jP i kfs; ~
5/ juj;ij cah;j;Jjy;~ cs;ehl;oYk;. btspehl;oYk; cs;s 1/ rpf; f yhd eilKiwfs; ~ Vw; W kjp kw; W k; ,wf; F kjp
nghl;o fhuzkhf gd;dhl;L tzpfk; bghUs;fspd; juj;ij cah;jJ
; fpwJ/ eilKiwfs; rpf;fyhditahf ,Ug;gjhy;. cs;sehl;L tzpfj;ij tpl
,jdhy;. cybf';fpYk; cs;s Efh;nthh; cah;ej
; juKs;s bghUs;fis mjpf gpur;idfis gd;dhl;L tzpfk; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ/
Fiwe;j tpiyapy; bgWKofpwJ/
2/ bghUshjhu rhh;gj [ j
; d;ik~ tsk; Fd;wpa ehLfs;. tsh;e;j
6/ ts';fis cj;jk mstpw;F gad;gLj;Jk; epiyia ehLfis rhh;e;J ,Ug;gjhy;. ,J bghUshjhu Ruz;lYf;F tHp
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ~ rpwe;j cw;gj;jp Kiwfshy;. xU ehL jd;dplKs;s tFf;fpwJ/
mhpjhd ts';fis rpf;fdkhf gad;gLj;jp. bghUs;fis cw;gj;jp bra;a
KofpwJ/ Mfnt. ts';fs; tPzhtJ jLf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,t;thwhf. 3/ cs;ehl;L bjhHpw;rhiyfSf;F ghjpg;g~[ cs;ehl;oYs;s
gd;dhl;L tzpfk;. xt;bthU ehLk; jd;dplKs;s ,aw;if ts';is bjhlf;f epiyapYs;s bjhHpw;rhiyfspd; thH;tf [ n
; f xU gaKWj;jyhf
cj;jk mstpw;F gad;gLj;Jtjw;F cjt[fpwJ/ gd;dhl;L tzpfk; mikfpwJ/ nghl;o kw;Wk; jhuhs ,wf;Fkjp fhuzkhf
cs;ehl;L bjhHpw;rhiyfs; btFthf ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ/
7/ bjhHpy;El;g ghpkhw;wk; kw;Wk; g[jpa bjhHpw;rhiyfs;
Jtf;fk;~ tsh;ej
; ehLfs; j';fsplk; cs;s bjhHpy;El;gk;. ,ae;jpu';fs; 4/ jPikjUk; bghUs;fs; ,wf;Fkjp~ Mlk;gu bghUl;fs;
kw;Wk; fUtpfis tsh;e;J tUk; kw;Wk; tsk; Fd;wpa ehLfSf;F kw;Wk; nghyp kUe;Jfs; ,wf;Fkjp. kf;fspd; ey;thH;it ghjpf;fpwJ/
juKofpwJ/ ,J ,wf;Fkjp bra;a[k; ehLfspy; g[jpa bjhHpw;rhiyfs; ,J ehl;od; ehfhpfk; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;ija[k; ghjpf;fyhk;/
cUthtjw;F cjt[fpwJ/
5/ cs;ehl;oy; bghUs; jl;Lg;ghL~ cs;ehl;oy; njitg;gLk;
8/ ntiytha;gg
; f
[ is mjpfhpf;fpwJ~ btspehl;L cjtpa[ld;. mj;jpahtrpag; bghUl;fs;. mjpf gzk; rk;ghjpg;gjw;fhf btspehLfSf;F
etPd bjhHpy;El;gj;Jld; Vw;Wkjp rk;ge;jg;gl;l Jiw kw;Wk; gpw JiwfspYk; Vw;Wkjp bra;ag;glyhk;/ ,J cs;ehl;oy; bghUs; gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLtjpy;
g[jpa bjhHpw;rhiyfs; epWtg;gLtjhy;. ntiy tha;gg ; f
[ s; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ/ KofpwJ/
,t;thW gd;dhl;L tzpfk; g[jpa ntiytha;g;g[fis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
6/ cyfg;nghh;~ gd;dhl;L tzpfj;jpy; Mnuhf;fpakw;w nghl;o.
9/ jfty; bjhlh; g [ kw; W k; nghf; F tuj; J trjpfs; ehLfspilna gifia mjpfhpf;fpwJ/ rpy rka';fspy;. ,J ehLfspilna
nkk;ghL~ gytpjkhd etPd jfty; bjhlh;g[ rhjd';fs; |yk; gy;ntW nghiuj; J}z;LfpwJ/
ehLfisr; nrh;ej; th;fs; jfty; ghpkhw;wk; bra;J bfhs;tij gd;dhl;L
7/ murpay; rhh;ge
[ piy~ gd;dhl;L tzpfk;. xU ehL ,d;bdhU
tzpfk; rhj;jpakhf;FfpwJ/ ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,iza trjpfs;. kjpg;g[ kpf;f
ehl;Lf;F moikahFk;go bra;ayhk;/ ,J bghUshjhu rhh;g[epiyf;F
tpahghu jfty;fis ghpkhwp bfhs;tjw;F cjt[fpwJ/ gy;ntW tifahd
,l;Lr; brd;W. me;j ehl;od; murpay; *;jpuj;jd;ikia Fiyf;fpwJ/
82 83
8/ ,aw;if ts';fs; jPh;e;J nghjy;~ mjpf gzk; <l;Lk;
nehf;Fld;. kpf mjpfkhf Vw;Wkjp bra;ag;glyhk;/ ,J FWfpa fhyj;jpnyna may;ehl;L tzpfj;jpd; tiffs ;
xU ehl;od; ,aw;if ts';fis jPh;j;J tpLk;/ ,J fhyg;nghf;fpy;
may;ehl;L tzpf eltof;iffis gpd;tUkhW |d;W tiffshfg;
me;ehl;od; bghUshjhu tPHr ; r
; pf;F fhuzkhf mika[k/;
gphpf;fyhk;/

cs; e hl; L tzpfj; j pw; F k; . may; e hl; L

tzpfj; j pw; F Ks; s ntWghLfs; ~ Tgd; dhl;
Y PE S LOFtzpfj; jpd; tiffs;
FO REIGN TRA D E
vz; cs;ehl;L tzpfk; btspehl;L tzpfk;

1/ xU ehl;oDs;nsna eilbgWk; gy;ntW ehLfSf;fpilnaahd

tzpfj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ tzpfj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ

2/ cs;ehl;onyna bghUs; kw;Wk; gy;ntW ehLfspilna bghUs; Im,wf;

po rtFtrkjp
ade Vw;Wkjp tzpfk;
E xport T rade kWVw;Wkjp
E ntrepot Tr ade
tzpfk; tzpfk;
nrit ghpkhw;wj;ij cs;slf;fpaJ kw;Wk; nrit ghpkhw;wj;ij
cs;slf;fpaJ

3/ ,jpy; btt;ntW ehl;Lg; gz ,jpy; btt;ntW ehLfspd; gz

,wf; F kjp tzpfk;
ghpkhw;wkpy;iy ghpkhw;wKz;L
tpsf;fk;~ may;ehl;oypUe;J bghUl;fs; th';fg;gLk;nghJ mJ
4/ ,jpy; nghf;Ftuj;J ,lh; ,jpy; bghUs;fs; gy;ntW nghf;F
,wf;Fkjp tzpfk; vdg;gLfpwJ/ cjhuzkhf. ,e;jpah Fitj;jplkpUe;J
gd;dhl;L tzpfj;ijtpl Fiwth -tuj;J rhjd';fs; |yk; ePz;l bgl;nuhy; th';Fk;nghJ mJ ,wf;Fkjp tzpfk; vdg;gLfpwJ/
-fnt cs;sJ J}uj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; bry;yg;
gLtjhy; nghf;Ftuj;J ,wf;Fkjp tzpff;bfhs;if~ bgUk;ghYk; vy;yh ehLfspYk;
,lh; ,jpy; mjpfk; ,wf;Fkjp tzpfj;ij murh';fnk fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ/ mf;fl;Lg;ghl;od;
nehf;f';fshtd~
5/ ,jpy; cs;ehl;oy; mKypy; cs;s ,jpy; gy;ntW ehLfspd; rl;l';
rl;l';fs; kl;Lk; gpd;gw;wg;gl -fs; tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; tHf;f'; m/ me;epa bryhtzpia rhpahf gad;gLj;Jjy;/
ntz;Lk; -fs; gpd;gw;wg;gl ntz;oa[s;sd
M/ njitaw;w kw;Wk; Mlk;gu bghUl;fs; ,wf;Fkjpia jilbra;jy;/
6/ ,jd; nehf;fk; mj;jpahtrpa ,jd; nehf;fk; kf;fspd; thH;fi
; fj;
,/ cs;ehl;Lj; bjhHpw;rhiyfis ghJfhj;jy;/
bghUl;fs; kw;Wk; nritia juj;ij cah;jJ ; jny
rpf;fdkhf tH';Fjny ,wf;Fkjp tzpf eilKiwfs; (Import Trade procedure)~
;
,wf;Fkjp tzpf eilKiwfs; ehl;Lf;F ehL ntWgLfpwJ/
gpd;tUtd ,wf;Fkjp tzpfj;jpw;fhd xU bghJthd eilKiwahFk;/
84 85
1/ tpahghu tprhuiz~ ,wf;Fkjp bra;a[k; vz;zKs;sth;. Vw;Wkjp
bra;a ,Ug;gth;fsplk; tpahghu tprhuiz bra;fpwhh;/ bghUs;fspd; ruf;F njit
tpiy. juk;. totikg;g[. mst[. gzk; brYj;Jk; Kiwfs;. bghUs; Fwpg;gPL
tH';fy; epge;jidfs; ,tw;iwg;gw;wp bghUs; th';f vz;zKs;stnu
my; y J mtuJ Kftnuh tprhuiz bra; f pwhh; / Vw; W kjpahsh;
mt;tprhuidf;F gjpy; mDg;g[fpwhh;/ ,it @tpiyg;g[s;sp@ (Quotation)
vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ ,wf;Fkjp bra;a Kot[ vLg;gjw;F Kd;
jpwe;j ruf;F |lg;gl;l ruf;F cWjp bra;a[k;
vy;yh tpiyg;gs[ s
; pfSk; xg;g pl;L ghh;ff
; g;gLfpd;wd/
njit Fwpg;gPL njit Fwpg;gPL ruf;Fj; njit
Fwpg;gPL
2/ ,wf; F kjp chpkk; kw; W k; g'; F msit bgWjy;
(Quota)~ bghUs;fis ,wf;Fkjp bra;tJ. ,wf;Fkjp kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp ruf;Fj; njit Fwpg;gPL |d;W tifg;gLk;/
(fl;Lg;ghL) rl;lj;jpdhy; (1947)-y; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLtjhy;. ,wf;Fkjp m/ jpwe; j ruf; F j; njit Fwpg; g P L (Open Indent):
bra;a tpUk;g[gth; chpkk; tH';Fk; JiwaplkpUe;J chpkk; bgw ntz;Lk;/ ruf;Ffis njh;e;bjLg;gJ kw;Wk; gpw tpgu';fis may; ehl;oYs;s
,wf;Fkjp chpkkhdJ. bghJ chpkkhfnth my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l chpkkhfnth Kfthpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F tplg;gl;lhy;. mjw;F jpwe;j ruf;Fj; njit Fwpg;gPL
,Uf;fyhk;/ bghJ chpkk; ve;j njrj;jpypUe;Jk; ,wf;Fkjp bra;a vd;W bgah;/
mDkjpf;fpwJ/ Mdhy;. Fwpg;g pl;l my;yJ jdpg;gl;l chpkk; rpy Fwpg;g pl;l
njr';fsplkpUe;J kl;Lnk ,wf;Fkjpia mDkjpf;fpwJ/ ,wf;Fkjp chpkk; M/ |lg;gl;l ruf;Fj; njit Fwpg;gPL (Closed Indent):
,U gpujpfshf tH';fg;gLfpwJ/ Kjy; gpujp ,wf;Fkjpahsh; ruf;Ffis njitg;gLk; ruf;Ffisg; gw;wpa KG tpgu';fSk; ml';fpapUe;jhy; mJ
vLj; J r; bry; Y k; nghJ R'; f j; J iwapdhplk; bfhLf; f g; g LfpwJ/ |lg;gl;l ruf;F njit Fwpg;gPL vdg;gLk;/
,uz;lhtJ gotk; ika t';fpaplkpUe;J me;epa bryhtzp bgWtjw;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/
,/ cWjp bra;ak
[ ; ruf;F njit Fwpg;gPL (Confirmatory
Indent)~ cWjp bra;ag;gl ntz;oa ruf;fhizia ,wf;Fkjpahshpd;
3/ me;epar; bryhtzpiag; bgWjy;~ ,wf;Fkjpahsh; Vw;Wkjp Kfth; bfhLj;jhy;. mJ cWjp bra;ak
[ ; ruf;Fj; njit Fwpg;gPL vdg;gLk;/
bra;ak
[ ; ehl;Lf;F. me;ehl;od; bryhtzpapnyna gzk;; juntz;oapUg;gjhy;.
,wf;Fkjpahsh; chpkk; bgw;w gpwF. njitahd me;epar; bryhtzpiag; 5/ fld; fojk; bgw Vw;ghL bra;jy; (Letter of Credit)~
bgWtjw;F Vw;ghLfs; bra;a ntz;oa[s;sJ/ ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;jpa ika ,wf;Fkjpahshpd; kPJ Vw;Wjpahsh; tiua[k; khw;WKiw cz;oay; (Bills
t';fp (RBI) me;epar; bryhtzp gad;ghl;il bewpg;gLj;Jtjw;F mjpfhuk; of Exchange) jd;dplk; tUk;nghJ mjw;F gzk; jug;gLk; vd;W.
gilj;jJ/ ,wf; F kjpahsUila t'; f papd; cWjpbkhHpna fld; fojkhFk; /
,wf;Fkjpahshpd; ehzaj;jd;ikia cWjp bra;tjw;fhfnt ,f;fojk;
4/ ruf; F j; njitf; f hd Fwpg; g P L my; y J Miz bgwg;gLfpwJ/
gpwg;g pj;jy;~ ,wf;Fkjp chpkk; kw;Wk; njitahd mst[ me;epar;
bryhtzp bgw;wgpd; ,wf;Fkjpahsh; ruf;Fj; njitf;fhd Fwpg;gLP my;yJ 6/ fg; g y; Mtz'; f isg; bgWjy; ~ ruf; F Miziaa[ k ;
Mizia gpwg; g pf; f pwhh; / ruf; F j; njit Fwpg; g P L vd; g J xU fld; fojj;ija[k; bgw;w gpwF. Vw;Wkjpahsh; ruf;Ffis fg;gypy; Vw;Wfpwhh;/
,wf;Fkjpahsh;. xU Vw;Wkjpahshplk; Fwpg;g pl;l ruf;Ffis mDg;g[khW ,jd;g pwF Vw;Wkjpahsh;. ,wf;FkjpahsUf;F xU Mnyhrid Fwpg;g[
gpwg;g pf;Fk; xU MizahFk;/ ,jpy; ,wf;Fkjp bra;ag;gLk; ruf;Ffs; rPl;L (Advise Note) mDg;g[tjd; |yk;. ruf;Ffs; mDg;gg;gl;lij
gw;wpa KG tpgu';fs;. tpiy gw;wpa epge;jidfs;. fg;gypy; Vw;wg;gLk; bjhptpf;fpwhh;/ ,e;j Mnyhrid Fwpg;g[r; rPl;L. fg;gy; nrUkplj;
tpgu';fs;. ruf;Fg; gl;Lthlh. gzk; brYj;Jk; Kiw nghd;wit ,Uf;Fk;/ (Destination Port) JiwKfj; j pw; F te; J nrUk; cj; n jrj; njjpia
86 87
,wf;FkjpahsUf;Fj; bjhptpf;fpwJ/ ,jd;g pwF. Vw;Wkjpahsh; mDg;g pa ,wf;Fkjp tzpfj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;s ,ilepiyahsh;fs;
ruf;Ffspd; kjpg;g pw;F <lhd bjhiff;F ,wf;Fkjpahshpd; t';fp kPJ (Intermediaries involved in import trade)~ njitf; Fwpg;gPl;lfk;
khw;WKiw cz;oay; jahhpf;fpwhh;/ ,e;j khw;WKiw Mtzk; njitahd (Indent House) kw;Wk; ruf;bfLg;g[ Kfth;fs; (Clearing Agents) Mfpa
fg;gy;; Mtz';fSld; mDg;gg;gl;lhy;. mJ @Mtz';fSld; Toa ,ilepiyahsh;fs; |ykhf ruf;Ffs; ,wf;Fkjp bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/
cz;oay;@ (Documentary Bill) vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,jpy;.
1/ njitf;Fwpg;gPll
; fk; (Indent Houses)~ ,th;fs; xU Fwpg;g pl;l
1/ khw;WKiw cz;oay; tzpfj;jpy; rpwg;ghf <Lgl;Ls;sth;fs;/ mr;rpwg;g[ nritf;fhf ,th;fs;
,wf;FkjpahshplkpUe;J juF bgWfpwhh;fs;/ ,wf;Fkjpahsh; njit
2/ fg;gy; Mtz';fs; Fwpg;gl
P l
; fj;jpd; nritia bgw tpUk;gpdhy;. mth; mjd;g pd; xU cld;ghL
(Agreement) bra; J bfhs; s ntz; L k; / njit Fwpg; g P l ; l fk; .
Mfpait ml';fpa[s;sd/ fg;gy; Mtz';fspy; fg;gy; urPJ (Bill of
njitf;Fwpg;gl P L
; epWtdk; my;yJ ,wf;Fkjp jufh;fs; (Import Commission
Lading). fhg;gPL Mtz';fs;. cw;gj;jpapl rhd;wpjH; (Certificate of Origin).
Houses) vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/
J}juf gl;oay; (Consular Invoice) Mfpait ml';Fk;/ ,itfs;
,wf;Fkjpahshpd; ehl;oy; jdJ ,izianah my;yJ Kftiunah njitf; F wpg; g P l ; l f'; f spd; gzpfs; ~
bfhz;Ls;s xU me;epar; bryhtzp t';fpahy; gzk; bgWtjw;fhf
,wf;Fkjpahshpd; t';fpf;F mDg;g p itf;fg;gLfpwJ/ fld; foj Vw;ghl;L m/ ,wf;FkjpahsUf;Fk;. Vw;WkjpahsUf;Fkpilna xU ,ilepiyahsuhf
Kiwapy; ,wf;Fkjpahshpd; t';fp. R';f mjpfhhpfsplkpUe;J ruf;if ,it bray;gLfpd;wd/ cs;ehl;L tzpfh;fsplkpUe;J ruf;fhiz
bgWtjw;fhf ,wf;FkjpahsUf;F ,t;thz';fis jUfpwJ/ fld; fojk; bgw;wgpd; btspehLfspypUe;J ruf;Ffis ,wf;Fkjp bra;fpd;wd/
,y; y hj epiyapy; ,wf; F kjpahshpd; t'; f p ,e; j Mtz'; f is
M/ gytifahd ruf;Ffs; fpilg;gJ gw;wpa jfty;fis jUtJld;.
,wf;FkjpahsUf;Fj; jUtjpy; Vw;Wkjpahshpd; cj;jut[g;go ele;J
,wf;FkjpahsUf;F fld; trjpa[k; bra;J jUfpd;wd/
bfhs;fpwJ/
,/ ,it Vw;WkjpahsUld; bjhlh;g[ bfhz;L ruf;Ffspd; khjphpfisg;
,jpy; khw;WKiw cz;oay; @Vw;g[f;Fg;g pd; Mtz';fs;@ (Documents
bgw;W cs;ehl;L tzpfh;fSf;F nehpy; fhl;o. mth;fspd; ruf;fhidfis
against acceptance) vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;oUe;jhy;. ,e;j Mtz';fs;
bgWfpwJ/ ,wf; F kjpahsh; f spd; Fiwfisa[ k ; . g[ f hh; f isa[ k ;
,wf;Fkjpahsh; ,e;j cz;oaYf;F jdJ Vw;ig je;j gpd;dnu Mtz';fs;
Vw;WkjpahsUf;F bjhptpf;fpd;wd/
tH';fg;gLk;/ tHf;fkhf ,e;j cz;oaypd; fhyk; 30-ypUe;J 90 ehl;fs;
tiu ,Uf;Fk;/ ,e;j khw;WKiw cz;oay; @gzk; brYj;jpagpd; 2/ ruf;bfLg;g[ Kfth;fs; (Clearing Agents)~ ,wf;Fkjpahsh;
Mtz';fs;@ (Documents against payment) vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;oUe;jhy;. gy;ntW ruf;Ffis bgWKd;. gy;ntW rl;l rl';F Kiwfis g{h;j;jp
,wf;Fkjpahsh; cz;oay; bjhifia brYj;jpa gpd;ng Mtz';fs; bra;a ntz;oa[ss; J/ ,wf;Fkjpahsh; jhdhfnth my;yJ ruf;bfLg;g[
mtUf;F tH';fg;gLk;/ Kfth;fis epakpj;njh ruf;Ffis bgwyhk;/ kw;wth;fs; rhh;ghf
ruf;Ffis bgWtjw;fhf. gy;ntW rl';F Kiwfis rpwg;ghf bra;a[k;
7/ ruf;Ffis vLj;Jr; bry;Yjy; (Clearing the goods)~ gzpapy; <Lgl;Ls;sth;fns ruf;bfLg;g[ Kfth;fshth;/ ,r;nritf;fhf
ruf;FfSf;fhd chpik rhd;W Mtz';fis bgw;wgpd; ,wf;Fkjpahsh;
mth;fs; juF bgWfpwhh;fs;/
fg;gypd; tUiff;fhf fhj;jpUf;fpwhh;/ fg;gy; te;J nrh;e;jgpd;.
,wf;Fkjpahsh; ruf;Ffis vLj;Jr; bry;tjw;fhf R';f mYtyfj;jpw;F
,wf;Ff;Typ. ,wf;Fkjp thp. R';f thp kw;Wk; ,ju JiwKf thpfisr;
brYj;jp bghUl;fis bgw;Wf;bfhs;fpwhh;/
88 89
 Vw; W kjp tzpfk; (Director General of Foreign Trade, DGFT). my;y
; J kz;ly chpik tH';F
mjpfhhpf;nfh (Regional Licensing Authority). Fwpg;g pl;l gotj;jpy;
tpsf;fk;~ may;ehl;oYs;s xU tzpfUf;F ruf;Ffis tpw;gijna tpz;zg;gpf;f ntz;Lk;/ ,t;tjpfhhp jFjpahdth;fSf;F chpkk; tH';Fthh;/
Vw;Wkjp tzpfk; vd;fpnwhk;/ cjhuzkhf. ,e;jpah kw;w njr';fSf;F
ruf;if tpw;gid bra;tij Vw;Wkjp tzpfk; vd;fpnwhk;/ 5/ me;epar; bryhtzp xG';fhw;W tpjpfs;
g p d ; g w ; w g ; g L t J (Compliance of foreign exchange
Vw; W kjp tzpf eilKiwfs; ~ ,wf; F kjp kw; W k; Vw; W kjp regulations): me;epar; bryhtzp xG';fhw;Wr; rl;lk; 1947-d; go
(fl;Lg;ghl;L) rl;lk; 1947 ,e;jpahtpd; Vw;Wkjpia bewpg;gLj;JfpwJ/ xt;bthU Vw;WkjpahsUk;. ruf;Ffspd; KG kjpg;g pw;fhd me;epar;
ruf;F Vw;Wkjpapy; ehl;ow;F ehL eilKiwfs; ntWgLfpd;wd/ vd;whYk;. bryhtzpia ,e;jpa ika t';fpf;F Fwpg;g pl;l fhyf;bfLtpw;Fs;
fPH;fz;l bghJthd eilKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd/ brYj;jptpLtjhf cWjpbkhHp ju ntz;Lk;/ ,jw;fhd gotj;ij (GR
1/ tprhuizfis bgWtJ~ Kjy; fl;lj;jpy; xU gotk;) Vw;Wkjpahsh; ehd;F gpujpfshf jahhpf;f ntz;Lk;/ ruf;Ffs;
,wf;FkjpahshplkpUe;J ruf;Ffspd; tpiy. juk; kw;Wk; epge;jidfis fg;gyp;y; Vw;wg;gl;l 180 ehl;fSf;Fs; mjw;fhd me;epar;bryhtzp
gw;wpa xU tzpf tprhuizia Vw;Wkjpahsh; bgWfpwhh;/ mjd;g pd;. ,e;jpahtpy; bgwg;gl ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf. ,e;jpa ika t';fpahy;
Vw;Wkjpahsh; tpw;gidf;fhd epge;jidfs;. tpw;gid bry;Yepiyf;fhyk; Fwpg;g plg;gl;Ls;s gotnk GR gotkhFk;/
(Validity Period). ruf;F tH';F fhyk; (Delivery Schedule). gzk; brYj;J 6/ fg;gy; Miz bgWjy; (Obtaining Shipping Order) :
tpjpfs; (Payment forms) Mfpait cs;sl';fpa @tpiyg;g[s;sp@ia fg;gy; Miz vd;gJ. mjpy; Fwpg;g pl;l mst[ ruf;Ffis bgw;Wf;
(Quotation) mDg;g p itf;fpwhh;/ bfhs;SkhW fg;gy; jiytUf;F (Captain) cj;jut[fs; ml';fpa xU
MizahFk;/ fg;gy; epWtdj;Jlndh my;yJ mjd; KftUlndh xU
2/ ruf; f hiz my; y J njitf; F wpg; g PL bgWjy; cld;ghL Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhz;L. xU fg;gypy; njitahd ,lj;ij
(Receipt of order or indent): ,uz;lhtJ fl;lj;jpy; Vw;Wkjpahsh;. thliff;F mkh;jj ; pf; bfhs;s njitahd Vw;ghLfis bra;antz;oaJ
ruf; f hizia ,wf; F kjpahshplkpUe; J neuoahfnth my; y J
Vw;Wkjpahshpd; flikahFk;/ ,f;flikahdJ. ,e;jj;Jiwapy; rpwg;ghf
njitf;Fwpg;gPl;lf';fs; nghd;w rpwg;g[ Kfik |ykhfnth bgWfpwhh;/
gzpahw;Wk; thlif tz;o Vw;ghl;Lj;jufh; my;yJ Kfth;fsplk; ,g;bghWg;g[
3/ fld; fojk; bgWjy; (Obtaining letter of Credit): xg;gilf;fg;glyhk;/ Vw;Wkjpahsh; rhh;ghf fg;gy; epWtdj;jplkpUe;J.
cWjpgLj;jg;gl;l ruf;fhiz bgw;wgpd; Vw;Wkjpahsh;. ,wf;Fkjpahshpd; fg;gy; Kfth; fg;gy; Miz bgWfpwhh;/ mDg;gPL bghpastpy;
ehzaj;jd;ikiag; gw;wp tprhhpf;fpwhh;/ bghJthf. Vw;Wkjpahsh;. ,Uf;Fnkahdhy;. Vw;Wkjpahsh; xU KGf;fg;giynah my;yJ xU fg;gypd;
,wf;Fkjpahshplk; xU fld; fojk; mDg;gk [ hW nfl;fpwhh;/ fld; fojk; bgWk; gFjpianah thliff;F mkh;j;jyhk;/ ,e;epiyapy;. fg;gy;
vd;gJ Vw;Wkjpahsuhy;. ,wf;Fkjpahsh; kPJ tiuag;gl;l khw;WKiw epWtdj;njhL Vw;Wkjpahsh; bra;J bfhs;Sk; cld;ghnl thlif xg;ge;jk;
cz;oay; jd;dplk; tUk;nghJ mjw;F gzk; jug;gLk; vd;w ,wf;Fkjpahshpd; (Charter Party Agreement) vdg; g LfpwJ/ ruf; F nghf; F tuj; J
t';fpapd; cWjpbkhHpna fld; fojkhFk;/ th';FnthUila bghWg;g py; ,Ug;g pd;. ve;j njjpapy; ruf;Ffs;
mDg;gg;gLtjw;F jahuhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ th';FgtUf;F bjhptpf;fg;gl
4/ Vw;Wkjp chpkk; my;yJ mstPL bgWjy; (Obtaining ntz;Lk;/
Export Licence or Quota): Vw;Wkjp tzpfk;. ,wf;Fkjp kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp
(fl;Lg;ghL) rl;lk; 1947 kw;Wk; me;epa thzpgk; (tsh;rr
; p kw;Wk; bewpKiw)
7/ fl; L khdk; . FwpaP L kw; W k; mDg; g [ i f Vw; g hL
rl;lk; 1992 ,tw;why; bewpg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/ fl;Lg;ghl;ow;F cl;gl;Ls;s
bra;jy; (Packing, marking and forwarding): Vw;Wkjpahshpd;
cj;jut[fSf;F ,z';f fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; FwpaPL bra;ag;gly; ntz;Lk;/
ruf;Ffis xU bry;yj;jf;f Vw;Wkjp chpkk; bgwhky; Vw;Wkjp bra;a
,J ruf;Ffis ghJfhg;ghd Kiwapy; nrh;gg; pg;gjw;F VJthf ,Uf;Fk;/
KoahJ/ Vw;Wkjpahsh;. may;ehl;L tzpf bghJ ,af;FeUf;nfh
90 91
Vw;Wkjpf;fhd ruf;Ffis fg;gypy; Vw;Wtjw;F Kd; rpy rl';FKiwfis JiwKf urPjpd; xU gpujpia itj;Jf;bfhz;L. kw;bwhU gpujpia
g{h;j;jpbra;jy; ntz;Lk;/ mDg;g[if Kfth;fs; ,tw;iw g{h;j;jp bra;th;/ Vw;WkjpahsUf;nfh my;yJ mtuJ KftUf;nfh jpUg;g p jUfpwhh;fs;/

8/ ruf;Fg;gl;oay; gl;oay; jahhpj;jy; (Preparation of 11/ fg; g ypy; Vw; w g; g Lk; ruf; F fis rhpghh; j ; j y;
invoice and consular invoice) : mDg;g[if KfthplkpUe;J jfty; (Verification of goods to be shipped)~ ruf;Ffs; JiwKfj;jsj;jpw;nfh
bgw;wgpd;g[ my;yJ ruf;Ffis fg;gypy; Vw;wpagpd;g[. Vw;Wkjpahsh; my;yJ neuoahf fg;gYf;nfh bfhz;L tug;gLfpwJ/ ruf;Ffs; fg;gypy;
ruf;Fg;gl;oaiy jahhpf;f ntz;Lk;/ ,g;gl;oaypy; fg;gypd; bgah;. ruf;F Vw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd; fg;gy; jiytuhnyh (Captain of the ship) my;yJ
mDg;g pajd; tpgu';fs;. nrUkplk;. njit FwpaPlL ; vz;. fl;Lkhd kw;Wk; mtuJ cjtpahsuhnyh (mate) fg;gy; urPJ kw;Wk; MizfSld;
FwpaPl;L tpgu';fs;. ruf;fpd; tpiy kw;Wk; gpw bryt[fs; Mfpait rhpghh;ff
; g;gLfpwJ/
,lk;bgWk;/ Vw;Wkjpahsh; kw;Wk; ,wf;FkjpahsUf;Fkpilna Vw;gl;l
cld;ghl;od;go ,J jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ruf;Ffspd; kjpg;g[ mog;gilapy; 12/ fg;gy;jiythpd; cjtpahsh; urPJ (Mates receipt)~
thptpjpf;fg;gl;lhy;. R';f mjpfhhpfSf;Fj; jUtjw;fhf Vw;Wkjpahsh;. ruf;Ffs; fg;gypy; Vw;wg;gLk;nghJ fg;gypd; jiytnuh my;yJ mthpd;
,wf;FkjpahsUf;F J}Jth; gl;oaiy (Consular invoice) mDg;g p cjtpahsnuh fg;gy; jiythpd; cjtpahsh; urPJ vdg;gLk; urPij
itf;fpwhh;/ ruf;Ffis fg;gypy; ,Ue;J vLf;Fk;nghJ Vw;gLk; fhytpuak; tH';Ffpwhh;/ ,e;j urPjpy; ruf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if. fl;Lkhd vz;zpf;if.
kw;Wk; ,ila{Wfis jtph;g;gjw;fhfnt ,t;thW bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ fl;Lkhdj;jpd; epyik nghd;wit ,lk;bgWk;/ fg;gy; jiythpd; cjtpahsh;;
Vw;Wkjpahshpd; ehl;oYs;s ,wf;Fkjp ehl;ow;fhd me;epa (Consular) jpUg;jpaile;jhy; gpiHaw;w (Clean receipt) urPJk;. ,y;iybadpy; gpiHa[ss
;
J}JthplkpUe; J . ,g; g otk; (Consular invoice) bgwg; g LfpwJ/ urPJk; (Foul receipt) tH';Ffpwhh;/
,e;jg;gotj;jpy;. Vw;Wkjpahsh; ruf;ifg;gw;wpa KG tpgu';fisa[k; Fwpg;gpl;L 13/ fg;gy; urPJ bgWjy; (Bill of lading)~ ,J ruf;Ffs;
ruf;fpd; kjpg;g pw;F rhd;W mspf;fpwhh;/ ,jd;g pwF may;ehl;Lj;J}Jth; fg;gypy; ;Vw;wg;gl;ljw;fhd fg;gy; epWtdj;jhy;; mspf;fg;gLk; xg;g[if
(Consular) ,jw;fhd rhd;wpjiH tH';Ffpwhh;/ urPjhFk;/ nkYk;. ,J brd;wila ntz;oa JiwKfj;jpw;F ruf;Ffis
9/R';fthpj; jPh;t[ bgWjy;(Obtaining customs clearance) : bfhz;L bry;tjw;fhd epge;jidfs; kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfisa[k; cs;slf;fp
Vw;Wkjpahsh; R';fthp mYtyfj;jpw;F Vw;Wkjp tpz;zg;gj;Jld; fg;gy; ,Uf;Fk;/ fg;gy; urPij gpd;vGJjy; |ykhf Rygkhf khw;wk; bra;ayhk;/
urPjpd; (Shipping bill) |d;W gpujpfisa[k.; Vw;Wkjp chpkj;ija[k; juntz;Lk;/ fg;gy; jiyth; ,jpy; ifbahg;gk; ,Lfpwhh;/ ,jpy;; fg;gypd; bgah;.
njitg;gl;l thp brYj;jpagpd; fg;gy; urPjpd; ,uz;L gpujpfisa[k; Vw;Wkjp ruf;F Vw;wg;gl;l ,lk;. ruf;F tpgu';fs;. brd;wila[k; JiwKfk;. njjp.
chpkk; kw;Wk; got';fis Vw;WkjpahsUf;F R';fthp mjpfhhpfs; jpUg;g pj; fg;gy; thlif. ruf;Ffs; tH';fg;glntz;oa eghpd; bgah;. ruf;nfw;wpathpd;
jUfpwhh;fs;/ ,jpy; ,uz;lhtJ gpujp R';f mYtyfj;jpnyna ,l;L bgah;; Mfpait fhzg;gLk;/ ,J |d;W nehf;f';fis g{hj ; j
; p bra;fpwJ/
itf;fg;gLfpwJ/ R';f mjpfhhpfs; vy;yh rl';FKiwfisa[k; rhpghh;jj ; gpd; 1) ,J fg;gypy; Vw;wg;gl;l ruf;FfSf;fhd urPjhft[k.; Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gl;l
Vw;Wkjp mDkjpr;rPl;L (Export pass) tH';Ffpwhh;/ epge;jidfs; kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfspd; rhl;rpahft[k; gad;gLfpwJ/
10/ JiwKfj; j s fl; l zk; brYj; J jy; (Paying dock 2) ruf;Ffis bfhz;L bry;tjw;fhd xg;ge;jj;jpd; rhl;rpahft[k; ,J
dues)~ Vw;Wkjpthp brYj;jpagpd; ruf;Ffis JiwKfj;jsj;jpw;F tps';FfpwJ/
bfhz;Lbry;y Vw;ghL bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ JiwKfj;jsk; vd;gJ fg;gypy;
ruf;Ffis Vw;Wtjw;fhd xU itg;g plkhFk;/ ,e;epiyapy;. JiwKfj;js 3) ,jpy; Fwpg;g plg;gl;Ls;s ruf;FfSf;F chpik khw;W Mtzkhf
brYj;J rPl;od; (Dock challan) ,uz;L gpujpfSk;; fg;gy; urPjpd; xU tps';fp Rygkhf khw;wk; bra;aj;jf;fjhf cs;sJ/
gpujpa[k; JiwKfj;js mjpfhhpfSf;F rkh;gg
; pf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,t;tjpfhhpfs;

92 93
1 4 / f h g ; g P L b r a ; j y ; (Offering insurance): f l y ; mjid Vw;Wkjpahshpd; fzf;fpy; tut[ itf;fpwJ/
Mgj;JfspypUe;J bghUl;fis ghJfhg;gjw;fhf fg;gy; mDg;gPLfSf;F
fhg;gPL bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/ fhg;gPL bra;ag;gltpy;iybadpy;. t';fpaplk; Mtz'; f Sldhd khw; W Kiw cz; o aiy tl; l k;
,e;j khw;WKiw Mtzj;ij tl;lk; bra;a KoahJ/ Mjyhy;. bra; j y; (Discounting documentary bills of exchange):
Vw;WkjpahsUf;F cldoahfg; gzk; njitg;gl;lhy;. mth; khw;WKiw
Vw;Wkjpahsh; ruf;F nghf;Ftuj;jpd;nghJ Vw;glf;Toa vy;yhtpj
cz;oaiy t';fpaplk; tl;lk; bra;J bfhs;syhk;/ ,jw;fhf. Vw;Wkjpahsh;
,lh;fSf;F vjpuhf ruf;Ffis fhg;gPL bra;fpwhh;/ fg;gypy; Vw;wg;gl;l
Vw;Wkjp ruf;Ffis fld; cj;juthj fHfj;Jld; (Export credit guarantee t';fpf;F @mlkhdf; fojk;@ (Letter of hypothecation) juntz;Lk;/
corporation) fhg;gPL bra;tJ. th';Fgthpd; jpthy; epiy kw;Wk; fyfk;. khw;WKiw cz;oay; ,wf;Fkjpahsuhy; kWg;g[ bra;ag;gLk; epiyapy;.
cs;ehl;L nghh; nghd;w tzpf kw;Wk; murpay; ,lh;fspypUe;J ghJfhf;Fk;/ ,r; r uf; F fis tpw; g jw; F ,e; j mlkhdf; f ojk; t'; f paUf; F
mjpfhukspf;fpwJ/
,J Vw;Wkjpahsh; t';fpfsplkpUe;J Vw;Wkjp epjpcjtp bgWtjw;F
cjtpahf cs;sJ/
1/ Mtz';fSldhd fld; fojk; (Documentary
15/ cw; g j; j p ,lr; rhd; w pjH; bgWjy; (Obtaining letter of credit): Mtz';fSldhd fld; fojk; vd;gJ Vw;Wkjpahshpd;
certificate of origin)~ thp brYj;Jtjpy; rYif bgWtjw;fhf bgahpy; fld; fojj;ij ,wf;Fkjpahsh; xU t';fp |yk; Vw;ghL bra;tjhy;
Vw;Wkjpahsh; cw;gj;jp ,lr;rhd;wpjiH bgw;W ,wf;FkjpahsUf;F Rygkhft[k;. tpiuthft[k; Vw;Wkjpahsh; gzk; bgwKofpwJ/ ,e;j
mDg;g[fpwhh;/ ,r;rhd;wpjH; Vw;Wkjp bra;ag;gLk; ruf;Ffs;. cw;gj;jp Vw;ghnl Mtz';fSldhd fld; fojk; vd;fpnwhk;/ Vw;Wkjpahsh;
bra;ag;gl;l ehl;od; bgaUf;F rhd;W mspf;fpwJ/ ,e;jpahtpy; jdJ t';fpahplk; Mtz';fSldhd khw;WKiw cz;oaiy rkh;gg ; pj;J
,r;rhd;wpjiH tH';f. ,e;jpa tzpf kw;Wk; bjhHpy; Tl;likg;g[ (Federation cldoahf gzk; bgwKofpwJ/
of Indian chamber of Commerce and Industry). Vw;Wkjp tsh;r;rp FG
(Export promotion council) kw;Wk; gy;ntW tzpf r';f';fs; Mfpatw;wpw;F 2/ may; e hl; L gztpil |yk; gzk; b gWjy;
,e;jpa murh';fk; mjpfhuk; tH';fpa[ss ; J/ (Payment through foreign draft)~ ,k;Kiwapy; ,wf;Fkjpahsh;.
Vw;Wkjpahshpd; ehl;oYs;s xU t';fpapd; fpisapy; gzk; bgWk;goahf
16/ gzk; bgWjy; (Receiving payments)~ Vw;Wkjpahsh;. Vw;Wkjp ruf;fpd; kjpg;g pw;fhd gztpilia. jdJ t';fpapy; bgw;W Vw;WkjpahsUf;F
bra;ag;gl;l ruf;fpw;fhd gzj;ij ,wf;FkjpahsUld; bra;Jbfhz;l mDg; g p itf; f pwhh; / ,jid bgw; w t[ l d; Vw; W kjpahsh; me; j
xg;ge;jg;go bgWfpwhh;/; gzk; bgWjYf;fhd gy;ntW tHpKiwfs; fPnH t';fpf;fpisapypUe;J cldoahf gzk; bgwyhk;/
jug;gl;Ls;sd/
17/ gy;ntW Vw;Wkjp Cf;fj;bjhiffis bgWjy;
Mtz';fSldhd khw;WKiw cz;oay; (Documentary (Obtaining export incentives): Vw; W kjpia Cf; F tpg; g jw; f hf
bills of Exchange): Vw;Wkjpahsh;. Vw;Wkjp bra;ag;gl;l ruf;Ffspd; murh';fk; brYj;jpa thpia jpUk;gg; bgWjy; (Duty drawback). ,wf;Fkjp
kjpg;g pw;F xU khw;WKiw cz;oay; vGjp mjid kw;w Mtz';fSld; <Lfl;Lk; chpkk; bgWjy; (Import replenishment license). brYj;jpa fyhy;
,wf;FkjpahsUf;F mDg;g p itf;fpwhh;/ ,e;j Mtz';fs; gzk; thpia kPl;g[ bra;jy; (Excise duty refund) kw;Wk; gy;ntW tH';Fjy;
brYj;jg;gl;ljw;Fg;g pd; ,wf;FkjpahsUf;F jug;gl;lhy; mjw;F @gzk; tUkhdthp Cf;Ftpg;g[fs; nghd;wtw;iw tH';FfpwJ/
brYj;jpagpd; Mtz';fs;@ (Documents against payment - D.P.)) vd;W Vw; W kjp tzpfj; j py; <Lgl; L s; s ,ilepiyahsh; f s;
bgah;/ khw;WKiw cz;oay; ,wf;Fkjpahsuhy; Vw;g[ bra;ag;gl;lgpd;g[ (Intermediaries involved in Export Trade): f P H ; f ; f z ; l
Mtz';fs; jug;gl;lhy; mjw;F @Vw;gf [ F
; g;g pd; Mtz';fs;@ (Documents ,ilepiyashh;fs; Vw;Wkjp tzpfj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;sth;fs;/
against acceptance - D.A.) vd;W bgah;/ ,k;Kiwapy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
t';fpapd; fpis khw;WKiw cz;oaypd; Kjph;rr ; p fhyj;jpy; gzk;; bgw;W
94 95
 juFj;bjhif brYj;Jtjw;F ,e;jpa ika t';fp ,t;tzpfj;jpy;
Vw; Wkjped tzpfj; <Lgl;Ls;sth;fSf;F mjpfhuk; mspj;Js;sJ/ Vw;Wkjpahsuhy;
Interm iaries injEpy;xp o<Lgl; Ls;
rt T rad es
,ilepiyahsh;fs; rkh;gg
; pf;fg;gl;l Mtz';fspd; mog;gilapy; mjpfhuk; bgw;w tzpfh;fs;.
je;jp tHp |ykhfnth. m";ry; tHp |ykhfnth my;yJ gztpil
(Demand draft) |ykhfnth ,j;juif brYj;Jfpwhh;/

Vw;EWxp
kjp 3/ Vw;Wkjp kw;Wk; tzpf epWtd';fs; (Export and Trading
rl'; F Kiwfis
C learing and C o mjuF
m issio n o rt kw;&Wk; Houses)~ Vw;Wkjpia mjpfhpg;gjw;fhft[k;. cyfshtpa mstpy;
F o g{
rwh;j ;jp ing
ard bra;
A gJ
ents A g enftss;
Kfth; T rad tzpf
in g H o uses re;ijapLif rf;jpia tYt[s;sjhf Mf;Ftjw;Fk; kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp
nkyDg;g[k; Kfth;fs; epWtd';fs;
brayhf;fj;ij mjpfhpg;gjw;fhft[k; gy;ntW trjpfis bgWtjw;fhft[k.;
1/ rl';FKiwfis g{h;j;jpbra;J nky;mDg;g[k; ,t;tzpf epWtd';fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ Vw;Wkjp tzpf kw;Wk;
Kfth;fs; (Clearing and forwardings agents): ruf;Ffis fg;gypy; Vw;Wkjp cw;gj;jpahsh;. tzpf epWk';fs;. Vw;Wkjpia ikakhff;bfhz;l
Vw;Wtjw;fhd R';f kw;Wk; ruf;nfw;W rl';FKiwfis g{hj; j
; p bra;tjw;fhf. epWtd';fs; (Export oriented units). Vw;Wkjp bra;Kiw kz;lyj;jpYs;s
,t;tif Kfth;fs; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;/ ,r;nritf;fhf mth;fs; epWtd';fs; (Export oriented zones). kpd;dZ bghUl;fs; bjhHpy;El;g
epahakhd fl;lzk; bgWfpwhh;fs;/ fPH;f;fz;l gzpfis mth;fs; g{'; f hf; f s; (Electronic Hardware Technology Parks) nghd; w it
bra;fpwhh;fs;/ m';fPfhpf;fg;gl;l Vw;Wkjp kw;Wk; tzpf epWtd';fSf;Fs; ml';Fk;/

1/ fg;gy; xg;ge;jj;ij fg;gy; epWtdj;Jld; ngrp Kot[bra;jy;/ Vw; W kjp kw; W k; tzpf epWtd'; f spd; gad; f s; ~

2/ R';fj;Jiw rl';FKiwfis g{h;j;jp bra;jy;/ 1/ fly;fle;j tzpfj;jpw;F mDkjp bgWtjpy; Kd;Dhpik bgWjy;/
2/ thptpyf;F bgWtjpy; Kd;Dhpik bgWjy;/
3/ fg;gypy; ruf;Ffis Vw;Wjy;/
3/ jFjpbgw;w rpy bghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp bra;tjw;F rpwg;g[
4/ fg;gy; urPJ (Bill of lading) bgWjy;/ chpkk; bgWjy;/
5/ ruf;Ffis fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; FwpaPL bra;jiy Vw;wy;/ kWVw;Wkjp tzpfk; (Entrepot Trade)~
6/ ruf;Ffis fhg;gPL bra;a cjtp bra;jy;/ tpsf;fk;~ ,d;bdhU njrj;jpw;F Vw;Wkjp bra;a[k; nehf;fj;njhL. xU
ehl;oypUe;J ruf;Ffis ,wf;Fkjp bra;jhy; mJ kWVw;Wkjp tzpfk;
2/ juF Kfth;fs; (Commission agents)~ juF Kfth;fs; vdg;gLk;/ ,r;ruf;Ffspd; kPJ ,wf;Fkjp thp tpjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy/
mDg;ghizfisg; bgw;W Vw;Wkjpahsh;fSf;F mDg;g p itf;fpd;wdh;/ yz;ld;. &h';fh';. Mk;*l; h; nlk; kw;Wk; rp';fg;g{h; Mfpait kWVw;Wkjp
,k;Kfth;fs; xg;g[f;bfhz;l juF tPjj;bjhifia bgWfpwhh;fs;/ juF tzpfj;jpy; Kf;fpa ika';fshFk;/
Kfth;fisj; njh;e;bjLf;Fk; nghJ xU xg;ge;jk; bra;ag;glntz;Lk;/
,t;bthg;ge;jj;jpYs;s ,Ujug;g pdUk; 45 ehl;fSf;F Kd;djhf mwptpg;g[ rpwg; g [ j ; jd; i kfs; (Features)~ fP H ; f ; f z; l it ,t; t if
bfhLg;gjd; |yk; xg;ge;jj;ij Kwpt[ (Termination) bra;ayhk;/ tzpfj;jpd; rpwg;gj
[ ; jd;ikfshFk;~

R';fj;Jiw Mtzj;jpy; bjhptpj;jpUe;jhy; kl;Lnk ,j;juF bjhif 1/ ,t;tif ruf;Ffspd; kPJ ,wf;Fkjp thp Rkj;jg;gLtjpy;iy/
brYj;Jtjw;F mDkjp jug;gLfpwJ/ mjpf gl;rkhf 12/5 rjtPjk;
2/ ,t;tif ruf;Ffs; kWVw;Wkjpf;fhf jahh; bra;ag;gl;L kW fl;Lkhdk;
96 97
bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/ (Internet). elkhLk; bjhiyngrp (Mobile Phone). tpahghu ntiyfSf;fhd
fzpdpfs; . tP l ; L j; bjhiyf; f hl; r p |yk; Efh; n thh; jfty; f s; .
3/ ,t; t if ruf; F fs; kWVw; W kjp bra; a g; g Lk; tiu g piza bjhiyf;fhl;rp |yk; bghUs; th';Fjy; Mfpait kjpg;g[ tha;ej ; tpahghu
gz;lfrhiyapy; itf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ jfty;fis je;J tUfpd;wd/ rpwe;j jfty;bjhlh;g[ rhjd';fspd;
njit~ fPH;tUk; NH;epiyfspy; ,t;tif tzpfk; mtrpakhfpwJ~ |ykhf cyfnk ,d;W xU rpwpa fpuhkk; nghy khwptpl;lJ/

1/ ,wf;Fkjp bra;a[k; ehl;oy; nghJkhd mst[ t';fp trjpfs; 2/ nghl;ofspdhy; bjhHpy;El;gk;. gapw;rp Kiwfs;. bjhHpyhsh;fs;
,y;yhkypUf;Fk;nghJ nkyhz;ikapy; g';F bgWjy; Mfpatw;wpy; tsh;r;rp mjpfhpj;J. cyf
Kj; j piu bgw; w bghUl; f Sld; cyf re; i ja py; g'; F bgWtJ
2/ bjhlh;e;J may;ehl;L tzpfk; bra;a[k; mstpw;F ruf;Ffspd; mst[ rhj;jpakhfpa[ss
; J/
,y;yhkypUf;Fk;bghGJ
3/ nghl; o tpiyfspy; ey; y juKs; s bghUl; f is kpff; F iwe; j
3/ Vw;Wkjp bra;a[k; ehl;ow;Fk;. bghUl;fis EfUk; ehl;ow;Fkpilna mlf;ftpiyapy; cw;gj;jp bra;tjw;fhf xl;Lbkhj;j junkyhz;ikia
neuo bjhlh;g[ Vw;gLj;jg;gLtJ rpf;fyhf ,Uf;Fk;bghGJ/ (Total quality management) gpd;gw;WtJ re;ijapy; tw;g[Wj;jg;gLfpwJ/
cyfkakhf;fy; (Globalization) 4/ jpl;l nkyhz;ik (Project management). je;jpu nkyhz;ik (Strategic
management) kw;Wk; gpw nkyhz;ik jpwikfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,J
tpsf;fk;~ ruf;Ffs;. nritfs;. bjhHpy;El;gk;. epjp kw;Wk; gzpahsh;fs; mjpfhpj;Js;sJ/
Mfpatw; w pd; rh; t njr re; i jfis xU'; f pizg; g [ bra; j iyna
cyfkakhf;fy; vd;fpnwhk;/ cyfg;bghUshjhuj;Jld;. xU ehl;od; 5/ re;ijapy; bjhlh;eJ ; ,Ug;gnj xU rthyhf Mfptpl;ljhy;. nghl;oia
bghUshjhuk; ,iztnj ,J/ xU ehl;od; re;ij cyfre;ija[ld; rkhspg; g jw; F g[ j pa bghUs; cw; g j; j papd; Kf; f paj; J tj; i j ,J
,izg;g[g; bgWtijna ,J Fwpf;fpwJ/ cyfkakhf;fy; me;epa neuo mjpfhpj;Js;sJ/
KjyPl;il (Foreign Direct Investment) Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ/ me;epa neuo 6/ tpahghu re;jh;gg
; ';fis gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;tjw;fhf. xd;W my;yJ
KjyPL bra;aj;jf;f |y';fis mjpfhpg;gnjhL kl;Lky;yhJ. Vw;Wkjpiaa[k; mjw;F nkw;gl;l may;ehl;L epWk';fSld; cyfshtpa je;jpu Tl;lhz;ikfs;
J}z;LfpwJ/ gd;dhl;L epjp epWtdk; (IMF). cyf tzpf mikg;g[ cUthfpa[ss ; d/
(W.T.O.) kw;Wk; cyf t';fp Mfpa ,itfs; cyfkakhf;fypy; <Lgl;Ls;s
Kfth; f shf fUjg; g LfpwJ/ cyfkakhf; f ypd; bray; g hLfis 7/ bkhj;j mlf;ftpiy kw;Wk; may;ehLfspYs;s Muha;r;rp trjpfis
mjpfhpg;gjpy;. gd;dhl;L jPhi
; t kw;Wk; tzpf bghJ cld;gof;if (General gfph;e;J bfhstjw;fhf kw;w ehLfSld; ,iz-tpid bray;ghLfis
Agreement onTariffs and Trade - G.A.T.T.) kw;Wk; tlmbkhpf;f Rje;jpu ,J mjpfhpj;Js;sJ/
tpahghu cld;gof;if (North American Free Trade Agreement - N.A.F.T.A.)
8/ chpk cld;gof;if |ykhf Kj;jpiuaplg;gl;l bghUl;fs; my;yJ gjpt[
Mfpait fphpah Cf;fpfshf bray;gLfpd;wd/
chpik bgw;w bray;Kiwfs; my;yJ gjpg;g[ chpik bgw;w bghUl;fs;
ed;ikfs;~ cyfkakhf;fypd; ed;ikfs; RUf;fkhf fPnHjug;gl;Ls;sd~ Mfpatw;iw re;ijapypLk; chpikia ,J mjpfhpj;Js;sJ/

1/ jfty; bjhHpy;El;gj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s tpiuthd Kd;ndw;w';fSk;. jP i kfs; ~

mjd; mjpfhpj;Jf; bfhz;nl bry;Yk; cgnahfKk;. jfty;fspd; tpahghu 1/ ,e;jpa m';fhofspy; gybtspehl;L epWtd';fs; EiHe;Js;sjhy;.
hPjpahd kjpg;ig cah;jj
; pa[ss
; d/ kpd;d";ry; (Electronic Mail). ,izak; ,it me;epar; bryhtzp brYj;Jepiy gpur;rpidfis cUthf;FfpwJ/

98 99
2/ j';fs; ehLfspy; fhyhtjpahfptpl;l ,uz;lhk;gl;r bjhHpy;El;g';fis tH';Fnthh;fisa[k; ,it Mjhpf;fpd;wd/
gd;dhl;L epWk';fs; ek; ehl;ow;Fs; g[Fj;Jfpd;wd/
4/ tpahghug; nghl;o fis mjpfhpj;J . cs;e hl;L Kw;Whpikfis
3/ cs;ehl;L bjhHpy;El;gk; kw;Wk; rpWbjhHpy;fis nrhh;tilar; bra;fpwJ/ (Monopolies) ePfF
; tjw;F ,it cjt[fpd;wd/

4/ Vw;Wkjpia mjpfhpg;gjw;fhf mof;fo cs;ehl;L ehza kjpg;g[ 5/ cybf';fpYk; cw;gj;jp fhuzpfspd; tpiyia rkr;rPuhf;f ,it
Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ/ KaYfpd;wd/

gd;dhl;L epWk';fs; (Multinational Companies ) 6/ jpwikahd Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; tsh;r;rpg; gzpfis elj;jp mjd; |yk;
g[jpa fz;Lgpog;g[fSf;Fk; (Invention). g[j;jhf;f';fSf;Fk; (Innovation)
tpsf;fk;~ xd;Wf;F nkw;gl;l ehLfspy; jd;
tHptFf;fpwJ/
bray;ghLfisa[k;.KjyPl;lhsh;fisa[k; bfhz;Ls;s xU epWkj;ijna
gd;dhl;L epWkk; vd;fpnwhk;/ gy;ntW ehLfspy; bghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp 7/ jh';fs; bray;gLk; ehLfspy;. me;ehLfspd; Vw;Wkjpia mjpfhpf;ft[k.;
bra;ag;gl;L. gy;ntW ehLfspy; tpw;gida[k; bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ cjhuzkhf. ,wf;Fkjp njitfis Fiwj;Jf; bfhs;st[k; ,it cjt[fpd;wd/
$g;ghdpd; blhnahl;lh epWkk;. mbkhpf;fhtpd; b$duy; nkhl;lhh;*; epWkk;.
8/ gy;ntW njrpa bghUshjhu';fis xU';fpizg;gjw;fhd jpwikahd
,e;jpahtpd; ,e;jpad; Mapy; fk;bgdp Mfpait gd;dhl;L epWk';fshFk;/
tHpKiwfis jUfpd;wd/
I/gp/vk;/ epWtdj;jpd; jiyth; n$hf;*; rd;nuhf; gpd;tUk; Ie;J mk;r';fis
g{h;j;jp bra;a[k; epWknk xU gd;dhl;L epWkk; vd;W TWfpwhh;/ jP i kfs; ~
1/ gy;ntW bghUshjhu tsh;r;rp epiyfspYs;s gy;ntW ehLfspy; 1/ cs;ehl;oy; ntiytha;g;g[ tsh;r;rpia ,it jLf;fyhk;/
bray;gLjy;/
2/ nghl;ofis mHpj;J Kw;Whpik (Monopoly powers) mjpfhu';fis
2/ j';fs; ehl;oYs;s Jiz epWk';fis gd;dhl;L epWk';fns nkyhz;ik ,it bgw tha;g;g[z;L/
bra;jy;/
3/ gd;dhl;L epWk';fspd; bjhHpy;El;gk; cyfshtpa mstpy; cr;ryhgj;ij
3/ cw;gj;jp trjpfs;. Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp bray;ghLfs; cs;spl;l miltjw;nf cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;snjad;wp. ViH ehLfspd; njitfis
KGikahd bjhHpw;rhiy mikg;g[fis gy;ntW ehLfspy; ngzp g{hj
; j
; p bra;tjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gltpy;iy/
ghJfhj;jy;/
4/ gd;dhl;L epWk';fs; j';fs; bghUl;fspd; khw;Wtpiyia (Transfer
4/ gd;dhl;L ika nkyhz;ikia gpd;gw;Wjy;/ priving) NH;rr
; pfukhf khw;Wtjd; |yk; thpia jtph;ff
; pd;wd/
5/ gd;dhl;L KjyPll
; hsh;fis bgw;wpUj;jy;/
5/ gd;dhl;L epWk';fs; j';fspd; gyk; kw;Wk; ,zf;fj;jd;ik |ykhf.
ed; i kfs; ~ cs;ehl;L bghUshjhu jdpj;jd;ikia fl;Lg;gLj;jp rPhF
; iyar; bra;tJ
me;je;j ehLfis ghjpf;Fk;
1/ jh';fs; bray;gLk; njr';fspy; KjyPl;Lepiy. tUkhdk; kw;Wk;
ntiytha;g;g[fis ,it mjpfhpf;fpd;wd/ cyf tzpf mikg;g[ (World Trade Organisation) :
2/ etPd nkyhz;ik a[f;jpfis ifahStjd; |yk; nkyhz;ikj;
jpwikfis ,it mjpfhpf;fpd;wd/
tpsf;fk;~ gy ehLfSf;fpilnaa[ss
; tzpf tpjpfSld; bjhlh;gi
[ la.
3/ cs; e hl; L epWkr; bray; g hLfisa[ k ; . cs; e hl; L ruf; F
100 101
xnu cyfshtpa mikg;gj [ hd; cyf tzpf mikg;ghFk;/ ,jd; gd;dhl;L 8/ cyfshtpa tzpfj;jpd; mog;gilf; fUj;Jf;fs; thH;it nkYk;
tzpfj;jpy; bghUl;fs; kw;Wk; nrit cw;gj;jpahsh;fs;. Vw;Wkjpahsh;fs; jpwika[s;sjhf Mf;FfpwJ/
kw;Wk; ,wf;Fkjpahsh;fs; MfpnahUf;F cjtp bra;tnj ,jd;
nehf;fkhFk;/ gyehLfSf;fpilna j';F jilaw;w tzpfk; eilbgwr; 9/ murh';f';fs; fl;rp nrh;e;J bfhs;tij ,J jLf;fpwJ/
bra;tnj ,jd; Kf;fpa nehf;fkhFk;/ ,e;j cyf tzpf mikg;g[ 10/ murh';f';fs; j';fs; ehLfis ed;F eph;tfpf;f J}z;lg;gLfpd;wd/
1995-y; epWtg;gl;lJ/ 1999-k; Mz;oy;. ,jpy; bkhj;jk; 135 njr';fs;
cWg;g pdh;fshf ,Ue;jd/ tpdhf; f s;
gzpfs;~ gpd;tUtd cyf tzpf mikg;g pd; gzpfshFk;/ I/ rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf~
1/ tzpf cld;ghLfspd; bray;ghLfs; mKy;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; 1/ gy;ntW ehLfSf;fpilnaahd tzpfk;
nehf;f';fis eph;thfk; bra;jypy; ,J cjtp g[hpfpwJ/
m/ cs;ehl;L tzpfk; M/ tzpfk; ,/ ,UKid tzpfk;
2/ ,jd; cWg;g pdh;fshf cs;s njr';fSf;fpilna j';F jilaw;w </ gy;Kid tzpfk;
tzpfk; eilbgWtjw;fhf rkur trjpfis bra;JjUfpwJ/
2/ ,wf;Fkjp tzpf eilKiw ,j;Jld; Muk;gkhfpwJ
3/ ,jpy; m';fj;jpdh;fshft[ss
; ehLfSf;fpilna Vw;gLk; rr;rut[fis
m/ tpahghu tprhuiz M/ tpiyg;g[s;sp bgWjy;
jPh;j;J itf;f cjt[fpwJ/
,/ ruf;Fj; njitf; Fwpg;gPL ,Ljy; </ fld; foj Vw;ghL bra;jy;
4/ cyfshtpa bghUshjhuf;bfhs;if tFg;gjpy; xj;jepiyia
Vw;gLj;Jtw;fhf ,J gd;dhl;L epjp epWtdk; (IMF) kw;Wk; cyf t';fpa[ld; 3/ me;epar; bryhtzp rk;ge;jkhd khw;WtPjhr;rhu rr;rut[fis jLg;gjw;fhf
xj;JiHf;fpwJ/ ,t;tPjhr;rhuk; fPHf
; f
; z;lnghJ eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ/
m/ ruf;fhiz gpwg;g pj;jy; M/ fg;gyhiz bgWjy;
ed; i kfs; ~
,/ R';fj;jPh;it bgWjy; </ JiwKfj;js thp brYj;Jjy;
1/ ,t;tikg;g[ mikjpia nkk;gLj;j cjt[fpwJ/
4/ ,wf;FkjpahshplkpUe;J gzk; bgWk;Kiw
2/ cWg;g pdUf;fpilnaahd ntWghLfis Mf;fg;g{h;tkhd Kiwapy;
m/ khw;WKiw Mtz';fs; bgWjy;
ifahsg;gLfpd;wd/
M/ khw;WKiw Mtzj;ij tl;lk; bra;jy;
3/ tpjpKiwfs; vy;nyhUf;Fk; Vw;g[ilajhf cs;sJ/
,/ fld; fojk; bgWjy;
4/ jilaw;w tzpfk; thH;f;ifr; bryitf; Fiwf;fpwJ/
</ may;ehl;L gztpil bgWjy;
5/ gy;ntW tifahd juKila bghUl;fis ,J tH';FfpwJ/ c/ nkw;Twpa midj;Jk;
6/ cyfshtpa tzpfk; tUkhdj;ij mjpfhpf;fpwJ/ 5/ fPH;f;fz;ltw;Wld; bjhlh;g[s;s cyf tzpf mikg;g[

7/ cyfshtpa tzpfk; bghUshjhu tsh;rr

; pia vGr;rpbgwr; bra;fpwJ/ m/ cyfshtpa tzpf tpjpfs; M/ cs;ehl;L tzpf tpjpfs;
,/ kW Vw;Wkjp tzpf tpjpfs; </ nkw;Twpa vJt[k; ,y;iy
102 103
 tH';fg;gLk; urPJ 6/ Vw;Wkjp fld; cj;juthjf; fHfk; 7/ Vw;Wkjp
tpilfs;~ 1/ < 2/ m 3/ m 4/ c 5/ m
kw;Wk; tzpf epWk';fs; 8/ gd;dhl;L epWk';fs;
II/ nfhol;l ,l';fis epug;g[f~
III/ bghUj;Jf~
1/ ,d;bdhU ehl;ow;F Vw;Wkjp bra;ak
[ ; nehf;Fld; xUehl;oypUe;J ruf;Ffs;
1/ gpiza gz;lfrhiy -m/ kWVw;Wkjp
,wf;Fkjp bra;ag;gl;lhy;. mjw;F ---------- vd;W bgah;/
2/ btspehl;Lj;J}juf gl;oay; -M/ jilfsw;w m';fho
2/ ---------- vd;gJ xU ,wf;Fkjpahsh; xU Vw;Wkjpahshplk; ruf;F
mDg;gk[ hW gzpg;gjhFk;/ 3/ cw;gj;jpaplr; rhd;wpjH; -,/ ,e;jpad; Mapy;

3/ --------- vd;gJ ,wf;Fkjpahshpd; t';fpauhy;. ,wf;Fkjpahshpd; 4/ kWVw;Wkjp tzpfk; -</ Vw;Wkjp ,ilepiyahsh;
kPJ vGjg;gl;l khw;WKiw cz;oay; jd;dplk; tUk;nghJ gzk; jug;gLk; 5/ cyfshtpa m';fho -c/ btspehl;Lj;J}juf gotk;
vd;w cWjpbkhHpahFk;/ 6/ cyf tzpf mikg;g[ -C/ cyfshtpa mikg;g[fs;
4/ --------- vd;gJ fg;gy; epWtdj;jhy;. fg;gy;kPJ ruf;Ffisg; bgw;Wf; 7/ gd;dhl;L epWkk; -v/ ,wf;Fkjp juF epiya';fs;
bfhz;ljw;fhd xU xg;gi [ f MtzkhFk;/
8/ cr;r tzpf epiya';fs; -V/ xU ehl;oy; jahhpj;j ruf;Ffs;
5/ -------- vd;gJ fg;gy; jiytuhnyh my;yJ mtuJ cjtpahsuhnyh
9/ njitf;Fwpg;gPl;L epiya';fs;-I/ nghf;Ftuj;J bryit
bgw;Wf; bfhs;sg;gl;l ruf;Ffspd; tpgu';fSf;fhd mj;jhl;rpahFk;/ rpf;fdg;gLj;Jjy;
6/ -------- vd;gJ gy;ntW tifahd ,lh;fSf;F vjpuhd fhg;gPL 10/ ruf;bfLg;g[ Kfth;fs; -x/ ,wf;Fkjp ,ilepiyahsh;fs;
tH';Fk; xU epWtdkhFk;/
tpilfs;~ 1/ I 2/ c 3/ V 4/ m 5/ M 6/ C 7/ , 8/ <
7/ rpwg;g[ ,wf;Fkjp chpk';fs; ---------f;F tH';fg;gLfpd;wd/
9/ x 10/ v
8/ --------- vd;gJ gy;ntW bghUshjhu tsh;r;rp epiyfspYs;s
gy;ntW ehLfspy; ,a';ff; ToaJk;. gd;dhl;L ika nkyhz;ikia
bfhz;Ls;sJk; MFk;/ IV. rpWtpdhf;fs;
1/ may;ehl;L tzpfk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; njitia tpthp/
tpilfs;~ 1/ kW Vw;Wkjp tzpfk; 2/ ruf;Fj; njitf; Fwpg;gPL
2/ may;ehl;L tzpfj;jpd; ed;ik jPikfis tpsf;Ff/
3/ fld; fojk; 4/ fg;gy; urPJ 5/ fg;gy; jiythpd; cjtpahsuhy;
3/ cs;ehl;L tzpfj;jpw;Fk; may;ehl;Ltzpfj;jpw;Fk; cs;s ntw;Wikfs;
ahit?
4/ Vw;Wkjp tzpfk; kw;Wk; ,wf;Fkjp tzpfj;jpd; ,ilepiyah;fs; ahh;?
5/ kWVw;Wkjp tzpfk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; njitia gw;wpf;Fwpg;g pLf/
6/ cyfkakhf;fypd; bghUis tpsf;fpLf/
7/ cyfkakhf;fypd; tpist[fis RUf;fkhf TWf/
8/ gd;dhl;L epWk';fs; vd;why; vd;d?
9/ gd;dhl;L epWk';fspd; ed;ik kw;Wk; jPikfis TWf/
104 105
V. beL tpdhf;fs;
1/ gd;dhl;L tzpfj;jpd; ed;ik jPikfis tpsf;fpLf/
2/ Vw;wkjp tzpfj;jpy; bjhlh;g[s;s ,ilepiyah;fis gw;wp tpthp/
3/ gd;dhl;L tzpfj;jpy; gy;ntW tifahd gzk; brYj;Jif Kiw
ahit?
4/ kWVw;Wkjp tzpfj;ij tpthp? mjDila njitia Fwpg;g pLf/
5/ cyfkakhf;Fjypd; ed;ik jPikfis tpsf;Ff/

VI. fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;

1/ ,wf;Fkjp tzpf Kiwfis tpthp/
2/ Vw;Wkjp tzpf Kiwfis tpthp/
3/ cyf th;jj
; f mikg;g[ vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gzpfisa[k; ed;ikfisa[k;
tpsf;fpLf/

106
 ghlk; - 5
nghf; F tuj; J
Kd; D iu
etPd cyfj;jpd; Kf;fpa nehf;fkhtJ kdpjdpd; bghUshjhu
njitfis epiwntw;WtjhFk;/ ,jw;F ek;kplk; Fiwthf cs;s tsj;ij
rpf;fdkhft[k;. jpwikahft[k; gad;gLj;jntz;Lk;/ nghf;Ftuj;J. gy
ehLfs; kw;Wk; gFjpfSf;F ,ilna cs;s jilia ePf;FfpwJ/
nghf;Ftuj;J ekJ md;whl thH;fi ; fapy; jtpu;ff
; Koahj xd;whfptpl;lJ/
,d;W gy ehLfspilna bjhHpy; bjhlu;g[fSk;. jfty; bjhlu;g[fSk;
nghf;Ftuj;jpdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ/ ,d;W thzpg nghl;o mjpfkhfptpl;lJ/
,e;neuj;jpy; thzpgj;jpy; btw;wpbgw ntz;Lbkdpy; nghf;Ftuj;jpd;
g';F kpft[k; mtrpakhfpwJ/
nghf;Ftuj;jpd; bghUs; (Meaning of Transport)
nghf; F tuj; J vd; w ,r; b rhy; Y f; F wpa M'; f pyr; b rhy;
@TRANSPORT@ ,yj;jPd; bkhHpapy; ,Ue;J jUtpf;fg;gl;lJ/ ,J
@Transportare@ vd;wiHf;fg;gLk;/ ,it ,uz;L tpjkhd bghUisf;
bfhz; L s; s J/ mit @Trans@ vd; g J mijr; R w; w p my; y J
@mLj;jg;gf;fk;@ vdg;gLk;/ @Portare@ vd;gJ @vLj;Jf;bfhs;Sjy;@
vdg;gLk;/ RUf;fkhfr; brhy;yg;nghdhy; Transport vd;gJ xUbghUis
xhplj;jpypUe;J gpw ,l';fSf;F vLj;J bry;tjhFk;/
jkf;Fj; njitg;gLk; bghUs;fspy;. vijahtJ cw;gj;jp bra;J
bfhs;gtu;fs; xUrpynu/ bgUk;ghnyhu; mtw;iwg; gzk;bfhLj;J
tpiyf;Fth';fpf; bfhs;gtu;fshfj;jhd; ,Ug;gu;/ Mdhy;. ,jpy;
bghjpe;Js;s bgUk; rpf;fy; ahbjdpd;. njitg;gLk; bghUs;fs; rhpahd
,l';fspYk; rhpahd fhy';fspYk; bfhz;Lr;bry;y ntz;Lnk vd;gJjhd;/
,k;khbgUk; bghWg;ig Vw;gJk; epiwntw;WtJk; nghf;Ftuj;Jjhd;/
mjd; tpupthd tpsf;fj;ij Ma;e;jhy; nghf;Ftuj;J vd;gJ rhiy.
,uapy;. fhy;tha;. fly;. tpkhdk; Mfpa gytifg; nghf;Ftuj;Jk;.
brk;ikahf ,a';Ftjw;F cWJizahf mike;Js;s vGj;ju;. cly;-
ciHg;g.[ kd ciHg;g[ rhu;ej
; midj;Jg; gzpfisa[k; xUnruj; jGtpa[ss
;
brhy;yhFk;/ FWfpa nehf;fpy; bghUs; bfhz;lhy; mJ gytifg;gl;l
nghf; F tuj; J rhjd'; f spd; nritfisf; Fwpf; F k; brhy; y hf

107
tps';FfpwJ/ bghUs;fis mit cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gLk; ,l';fs; my;yJ nghf;Ftuj;jpd; gzpfs; (Functions of Transport)
mit njhd;wpa[s;s ,l';fspypUe;J Efu;t[f;fhf mit njitg;gLk; fle;j ,UE}W Mz;LfSf;F nkyhfg; nghf;Ftuj;jpy;
vz;zpwe;j ,l';fSf;Fj; jf;f fhyj;jpy; bfhz;L nru;g;gjw;Fg; Vw;gl;Ls;s khbgUk; Kd;ndw;w';fs; gy Kf;fpakhd bghUshjhu
nghf;Ftuj;J thzpfj;jpw;F cWJizahf mike;Js;sJ. jf;f tpist[fis cz;lhf;fpapUg;gnjhL. nghf;Ftuj;jpd; gzpfs; vt;tst[
fhyj;jpYk;. jf;f ,l';fspYk; fpilf;fg;bgwhj bghUs;fshy; gad;
Kf; f pakhdit vd; g ijg; g[ y g; g Lj; J tjhft[ k ; mike; J s; s d/
VJkpy;i
; y/ jf;f ,l';fspy; fpilf;Fk; bghUs;fs; ,lg; gad;ghl;ila[k.;
nghf;Ftuj;jpd; gzpfshtd/
fhyg; gad;ghl;i
; la[k; bgWfpd;wd/ ,t;thW nghf;Ftuj;J. thzpgj;jpd;
Kf;fpag; gFjpahf tps';FfpwJ/ m/ cw;gj;jpj; jpwid tsu;f;fpwJ
tiutpyf; f zk; cw;gj;jp bra;tjd; nehf;fnk Efu;tjw;Fj;jhd;/ cw;gj;jp
KGikailahtpl;lhy; mJ Efu;nthiu brd;wilahJ/ nkYk;. jw;nghJs;s
nf/nf/brf; n rdhtpd; Tw; W g; g o.
nghf;Ftuj;J Kiw kf;fspilna bghUl;fSf;fhd fhy kw;Wk;
@Xh; ,Ul;l iwapy; bkGFth; j; jpapd; xspgut[ t J nghy. ,lgad;ghl;il tsu;j;Js;sJ/ ,jdhy; bghUl;fSf;fhd njit
nghf;Ftuj;J me;je;j gFjpfspy; jdJ nritia Mw;WfpwJ@ vdf; mjpfupf;fpwJ/ ve;neuj;jpYk; Efu;nthUf;F njitg;gLk; bghUl;fis
TWfpwhh;/ nghf;Ftuj;J vd;gJ cw;gj;jpahsiua[k; Efh;nthiua[k; mspg;gjd: |yk; fhyg;gad;ghL g{u;j;jp bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ cjhuzkhf
,izf;Fk; xU ghykhf tps';FfpwJ/ kf;fs; md;whlk; cgnahfg;gLj;Jk; mj;jpahtrpag;bghUl;fshd muprp.
nghf;Ftuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (Importance of Transport) nfhJik. fha;fwpfs;. gH';fs;. kw;Wk; rpytifahd jhdpa';fs; ,itfs;
rpy Fwpg;g pl;l khj';fs; kl;Lnk cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ Mdhy;
nghf;Ftuj;jpd; Kf;fpank bghUis xhplj;jpy; cw;gj;jp bra;J
,tw;wpw;fhd njit Mz;LKGtJk; cs;sJ/ ,k;khjpupahd NH;epiyia
mjw;fhd njit ,d;bdhU ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; bghGJ jhd; Vw;gLfpwJ/
jpwikahd nghf;Ftuj;Jk; mwptpay; bjhHpy;El;gk; rhu;e;j gz;lf
kdpjd; xhplj;jpypUe;J kw;bwhU ,lj;jpw;F bry;tjw;F cjtp g[hpfpwJ/
fhg;gK
[ iwa[k; rpy Fwpg;g pl;l khj';fs; gaph;bra;j jhdpa';fis Mz;L
nkYk; nghf;Ftuj;J thzpgk;. rKjhak;. gz;ghL nghd;wtw;iwg; gyjug;gl;l
KGtJk; ghJfhj;J njitg;gLk; ,lj;jpw;F njitg;gLk;neuj;jpy;
kf;fsplk; xd;whf;FfpwJ/
nghf;Ftuj;J Jiza[ld; vLj;J bry;yg;gLfpwJ/ Xuplj;jpy; njitf;F
cs;ehl;L tsu;rr ; p bgUk;ghYk; nghf;Ftuj;ijna ek;g pa[ss
; J/ mjpfkhd bghUl;fis njit mjpfKs;s ,lj;jpw;F vLj;Jbrd;W
rpy ehLfspy; ts';fs; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. me;ehLfspy; cw;gj;jpa[k; m'; F s; n shu; f spd; njitia g{u; j ; j p bra; t jhy; ,lg; g ad; g hL
mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. njitiatpl mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjdhy; mit Vw;Wkjp epiwtilfpwJ/ Mfnt. nghf;Ftuj;J cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; jpwid kl;Lk;
bra;ag;gLk;/ Vw;Wkjp nghf;Ftuj;J bjhlu;g[ ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lnk bra;a mjpfupf;fhky; mjDila nehf;fj;ija[k; epiwntw;WfpwJ/
Koa[k/; cjhuzkhf mbkhpf;fh. fdlh. mu;b$d;odh nghd;w ehLfspy;
M) ,J gytpjkhd Efu;nthu; bghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp
nfhJik cw;gj;jp mjpfk;. me;ehLfspy; Vw;Wkjp bjhlu;g[ ,Ug;gjdhy;.
bra; t jw; F k; kw; W k; mjd; msit mjpfupg; g jw; F k;
Vw;Wkjp bra;fpwJ/ nghf;Ftuj;J nkYk; gy tsUk; ehLfSf;Fg; bgUk;
Cf; f k; mspf; f pwJ
cjtp bra;fpwJ/ nghf;Ftuj;J M*;jpnuypah. rt[j; Mg;g phpf;fh. fdlh
kw;Wk; mbkhpf;fh nghd;w ehLfSf;F. Inuhg;gh fz;lj;jpy; cs;s ,aw;if rPw;w';fshy; rpy gFjpfspy; Fwpg;g pl;l bghUs;fs;
gyjug;gl;l kf;fs; brd;W FonaWtjw;Fk; mtu;fs; m';Fr; Rfkhf cw;gj;jp bra;a ,ayhJ/ Mdhy; mg;bghUl;fSf;fhd njit mg;gFjpapy;
thH;tjw;Fk; cjtp g[hpfpwJ/ ,Uf;Fk;/ mnj khjpup rpyehLfspy; FSik mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
ntWrpy ehLfspy; btg;gk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;/ ,jdhy; NH;epiyf;F
jFe;jhw;nghy; bghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ rpy gFjpfspy;

108 109
fpilf;fhj bghUl;fs; ntWrpy gFjpfspypUe;J nghf;Ftuj;jpd; |yk; ,Uf;fpwnjh mjpy; rpwg;ghf <Lgl;oUf;fpwJ/ rpwg;gPLghL Miy
bfhz;Ltug;gl;L njit g{uj
; j
; pbra;ag;gLfpwJ/ Kiwapyhd cw;gj;jpf;Fk; bghpa mstpyhd (ngust[) cw;gj;jpf;Fk;
tHptFj;Jtpl;lJ/ rpwg;gPLghL. MiyKiw. ngust[ cw;gj;jp Mfpa
mnj khjpup O kw;Wk; fhgp cyfk; KGtJk; bgUk;ghyhd |d;Wk; ,izgphpahJ xd;nwhblhd;W ifnfhu;jJ ; r; bry;git/ ,it
kf;fshy; Efug;gLfpwJ/ Mdhy;. ,it xU rpy Fwpg;g pl;l ehLfspy; |d;Wk; tsu;r;rp bgWtjw;Fg; nghf;Ftuj;Jg; bghpJk; cjt[fpwJ/
kl;Lnk mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ jpwikahd nghf;Ftuj;J rpwg;gPLghL brk;ik bgWjw;Fk; gy bghUs;fspd; cw;gj;jp gutyhf
Kiw ,y;iybadpy; bghUl;fs; Xuplj;jpypUe;J ntbwhU ,lj;jpw;F epfH; t jw; F k; nghf; F tuj; j py; Vw; g l; ; l Kd; n dw; w k; Mjhukhf
bfhz;Lbry;yKoahJ/ tps';fpapUf;fpwJ/ tpiue;J bry;tJk;. cyf ehLfis ,izf;Fk;
,/ re;ijia tsu;f; f pwJ kw; Wk; tpupthf; F fpwJ (It mstpw;F tsu;r;rp bgw;wpuhtpl;lhy; kf;fs; cs;Ahpy; fpilf;Fk;
develops and expands the market) bghUs;fis kl;Lk; Efu;eJ ; bfhz;oUf;f ntz;oa epiy Vw;gl;oUf;Fk;/
ngust[ cw;gj;jpf;F tHptFg;gjd; |yk; nghf;Ftuj;J bghUl;fspd;
nghf;Ftuj;jpd; Kjd;ikahd gzp. cyfstpy; bghUs;fis
@cw;gj;jp mlf;fk;@ (Cost of Production) Fiwtjw;Fk; cjtpahf ,Ue;J
tpepnahfpg;gjw;F cWJizahf ,Ug;gnjahk;/ bghUs;fspd; tpepnahfk;
tUfpwJ/
vspjhf. tpiuthf. rpf;fdkhdjhfj; jpfHntz;Lk;/ nghf;Ftuj;Jr;
rhjd';fspy; Vw;gl;;Ls;s Kd;ndw;w';fs; ,k;khbgUk; bghWg;g pw;F c/ ciHg;gk [ ; KjYk; ,lk;tpl;L ,lk; bry;y cjt[fpwJ
<LbfhLg; g jw; F j; jkf; F s; s typikia bka; g ; g pj; J tpl; l d/ (Transport increases the mobility of labour and capital)
nghf; F tuj; J k; . bjhlu; g [ trjpfSk; ,e; j mstpw; F tsu; ; r ; r p kf;fs;. ,lk; tpl;L ,lKk;. ehL tpl;L ehLk;. bry;tjw;Fg;
bgw;wpUf;fhtpl;lhy;. bghUs;fspd; re;ij rpwpajhft[k; cs;Ah; mstpy; nghf;Ftuj;J trjpaspf;fpwJ/ jkpHh;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; gpw gFjpfspYk;.
kl;Lk; ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;/ ,d;W ,Ug;gJnghyr; re;ijfs; gue;J gy ,y'; i f. gh; k h. knyrpah kw; W k; nkw; f j; j pa ehLfs; nghd; w
tl;lhu';fisa[k; gy ehLfisa[k; jGtpditahf vGr;rp bgw;wpUf;f may;ehLfspYk; Fonawpa[s;sij ,jw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; Twyhk;/
KoahJ/ mJnghynt. KjYk; (capital) bjhHpy;El;gKk; ,lk; tpl;L ,lk; bry;tjw;Fg;
</ ngust[ cw;gj;jpf;Fk;. rpwg;gPLghl;ow;Fk; cjt[fpwJ nghf;Ftuj;J cjtpg[hpfpwJ/ u=;ah. b$h;kdp. ,';fpyhe;J nghd;w
(It helps specialisation and mass production ) ehLfspypUe;J KjyPLk;. bjhHpy; El;gKk;. ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jjw;F ek;
ehl;oYs;s v\F Miyfs; rhd;whf tps';Ffpd;wd/ tsh;rr ; pa[wW
; s;s
xt;bthUtUk; jdf;F ntz;Ltd vy;yhtw;iwa[k; jhnk ehLfspypUe;J tsh;e;JtUk; ehLfSf;F mwpt[j; bjhlh;g[fs; brd;W
bra;Jbfhs;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf ntshz;ik. jr;Rntiy nghd;w VjhtbjhU milfpwJ vd;why; mijg; nghf;Ftuj;Jg; gilj;j g[ul;rp vd;W Twhky;
Fwpg;g pl;l ntiyapy; rpwg;ghf <LgLk; epiyapy; kf;fspilna ciHg;g[ ntW vt;thW rpwg;g pj;Jf; Tw ,aYk;? ciHg;gk [ .; KjYk; ,yhgfukhfg;
gfpu;t[ (Division of Labour) Vw;gLfpwJ/ ,ijna @rpwg;gPLghL@ vd;W gad; g Lj; J tjw; F g; nghf; F tuj; J cUthf; f pj; jUk; tha; g ; g [ f s;
Kd;bgy;yhk; brhy;yg;gl;lJ/ Mdhy;. ,g;bghGJ rpwg;gPLghL vDk; vz;zpyl';fhjitahFk;/
brhy; rw;Wg; gz;gl;l bghUspy; gad;gLfpwJ/ rpf;fy; tha;e;j
bra;Kiwfisf; bfhz;l cw;gj;jpiag; gFj;J mjpy; ml';fpa[s;s C/ bghUshjhu tsh;rr
; pf;F cjt[fpwJ(Transport Aids
xt;bthU bra;KiwapYk; xUtnuh. xU gpuptpdnu rpwg;ghf <Lgl;L Economic Growth)
ciHj;J mjpy; ty;yik bgWtijr; @rpwg;gPLghL@ vd ,g;bghGJ nghf;Ftuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Kd;ndw;wk; bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F
miHf;fpnwhk;/ @rpwg;gPLghL@ vDk; mk;rk; ,g;bghGJ gd;dhl;lstpy; epuk;g cjtp bra;fpwJ/ fr;rhg; bghUl;fs;. vhpbghUs;. ciHg;g.[ Kot[ww
;
ePo
; f;fg;gl;l epiyapy;. xt;bthU ehLk; ve;jg; bghUis cw;gj;jp bra;tjpy; bghUl;fs; Kjy; bjhHpy;El;gk; tiu njitahd ,l';fSf;Ff; bfhz;L
mjw;Fg; gpw ehLfisf; fhl;oYk; kpFjpahd. rhjfkhd tha;g;g[ bry; Y k; rhjdk; vd; w Kiwa py; . nghf; F tuj; J midj; J j;

110 111
bjhHpy;fspypUe;J ntshz;ik tiu etPd bjhHpy; El;g';fis (ii) ePh; nghf;Ftuj;J (Water Transport)
gad;gLj;jp bra;ag;gLk; bghUl;fs; midj;Jk; - tsh;tjw;F mUk;nrit
m) ejp kw;Wk; fhy;tha; nghf;Ftuj;J
g[hpfpwJ/ mwptpay; mog;gilapYk;. thzpf mog;gilapYk; ntshz;ik
M) fly; nghf;Ftuj;J
tsh;e;jpUf;fpwJ vd;why; mJ nghf;Ftuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf;
fhl;LfpwJ/ jhJg;bghUs; ts';fSk;. vhp vz;bza; ts';fSk; (iii) thd;tHpg; nghf;Ftuj;J (Air Transport)
bghpamstpy; njhz;obaLf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;why;. mjw;Fhpa ghuhl;L 1 epyg; nghf;Ftuj;J
nghf;Ftuj;ijna bgUkst[ rhUk;/
m/ bghjp tpy';Ffs; (Pack Animals)
v/ tpiythrp epiyahf ,Ug; g jw; F cjt[ f pwJ
kiy. fhL. ghiytdk; nghd;w gFjpfspYk; gpd;j';fpa[s;s
(Transport helps Price Stability)
gFjpfspYk; Fjpiu. nfhntW fGij. fGij. ahid. xl;lfk; nghd;w
bghUl;fis mit Vuhskhff; fpilf;Fk; ,l';fspypUe;J mit bghjp tpy';Ffs; rpWrpW Rikfis Vw;wpr; bry;yg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd/
fpilg;gjw;F mhpjhft[s;s ,l';fSf;F tpiuthft[k; mjpf mstpYk; ghiy epy';fspy; xl;lf';fSk;. fhLfspy; bgUk; bgUk; kuj;Jz;Lfis
bfhz;L bry;tJ nghf;Ftuj;J/ ,jd; gadhf cs;ehl;oy; kl;Lky;yhJ Vw;wpr; bry;y ahidfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd/ bghJthf etPdg;
ehl;Lf;F ehLk; tpiythrpfs; ntWgLtJ Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,t;thW nghf;Ftuj;ijg; gad;gLj;j ,ayhj gFjpfspYk;. rpW rpW Rikfisf;
midj;Jg; bghUl;fSf;F ,lg; gad;ghl;ila[k;. fhyg; gad;ghl;ila[k; bfhz;L bry;tjw;F etPdg; nghf;Ftuj;J njitaw;wJ vd;w epiyapYk;
mspf;fpwJ/ bghjp tpy';Ffs; Vw;witahf cs;sd/
gy; n tW nghf; F tuj; j pd; tiffs; (Different Kinds of bghjp tpy'; F fis gad; g Lj; J tjpdhy; vw; g Lk;
Transport) ed; i kfs;
nghf;Ftuj;ij |d;W Kf;fpa tiffshfg; gFf;fyhk; bghjp tpy';Ffisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; rpy ed;ikfs; cs;sd/
FWfyhd tHpj;jl';fspYk;. kiyg; gFjpfspYk; rpw;wst[r; Rikfisf;
(i) epyg; nghf; F tuj; J
bfhz;L bry;y mit Vw;wit/ kiHf; fhy';fspy; rhiyfs; etPdg;
(ii) eP h ; nghf; F tuj; J nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Fg; gad;glhj nghJ rfjpahf ,Ug;g pDk;. mt;tplj;jpy;
,e;j tpy';Ffisg; gad;gLj;j ,aYk;/ bghjp tpy';Ffis th';Ftjw;Fk;.
(iii) thd; t Hpg; nghf; F tuj; J
guhkhpg;gjw;Fk; njitahd bjhif Fiwthdjhifahy; mit kypthd
xt;bthU tifapYk; gy khjphpahd nghf;Ftuj;J rhjd';fs; nghf;Fuj;Jr; rhjdkhfj; jpfH;fpd;wd/
cs;sd/ mtw;wpy; rpy gHikahdit/ rpy g[Jikahdit/ ,it
midj; i jg; gw; w pa[ n k mwptJ njitaw; w jhifahy; mtw; w py;
bghjp tpy'; F fis gad; g Lj; J tjdhy; Vw; g Lk;
Kf;fpakhdtw;iw kl;Lk; fhz;nghk;/ mitfshtd/.
FiwghLfs;
(m) bghjp tpy';Ffs; bkJthfr; bry;git/ mit tpiut[g;
(i) epyg; nghf;Ftuj;J (Land Transport)
nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F Vw;wit my;y/
m) bghjp tpy';Ffs;
(M) rpw;wst[r; RikfSf;nf mit Vw;wit/ bgUk; Rikfis
M) khl;L tz;ofs; mit Vw;wpr; bry;y ,ayhJ/
,) nkhl;lhh; yhhpfSk;. ngUe;JfSk;
M/ khl;L tz;ofs; (Bullock Carts )
<) ouhk;
,e; j pahtpy; bghUs; f isa[ k ; . Xust[ kf; f isa[ k ; Vw; w pr;
c) ,uapy; bry;tjw;Ff; fpuhkg; gFjpfspy; bgUthhpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhiyg;
112 113
nghf; F tuj; J khl; L tz; o fnsahFk; / fpuhk'; f s; ek; ehl; o d; fLikahfg; nghl;onghl;Lf;bfhz;L ,a';fp tUfpd;wd/ ouhk;
KJbfYk;ghFk;/ ekJ ehl;od; bghUs; nghf;Ftuj;jpy; 70 tpGf;fhL tz;ofspd; bry;thf;Ff; Fd;wpajw;Fk; mit gy ,l';fspy; mwnt
fpuhk';fspy; bghjpe;Jf; fplf;fpwJ/ vdnt. ekJ fpuhk';fspy; khl;L kiwe;J nghdjpw;Fk; nkhl;lhh; ngUe;Jfns fhuzkhFk;/
tz;o jiyaha nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjdkhff; jpfH;fpwJ/ ,J fpuhk';fis.
mz;ikapYs;s re;ijfnshLk;. ,uapy; epiya';fnshLk; ,izf;fpwJ/
nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;jpd; ed;ikfs; (Merits of Motor
fpuhk';fspy; cw;gj;jpahFk; tpisbghUl;fis tpw;gjw;Fr; re;ijfSf;Fk;.
Transport)
Efh;nthh; mg;bghUs;fisr; re;ijapYUe;J fpuhk';fSf;Fk; bfhz;L rhiyfns thzpfj;jpd; caph;ehoahFk;/ vy;yhg; nghf;Ftuj;Jk;
bry;tjw;F ,J gad;gLfpwJ/ bjhl';FtJk;. Kot[WtJk; rhiyapny/ nkYk;. ,it ehl;od; btt;ntW
gFjpfis ,uapy; epiya';fnshLk;. re;ijfnshLk; ,izf;fpwJ/
ed;ikfs; (Advantages )
bjhHpy;fSf;Fj; njitg;gLk; fr;rhg; bghUl;fis tpistpj;Jj;jUtJ
1/ xg;g[ nehf;fpd;. ,J xU kypthd nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjdkhFk;/ fpuhk';fs;/ mj;bjhHpy;fs; cw;gj;jpbra;ak
[ ; bghUl;fSf;Fr; re;ijahf
cs;Ahpy; fpilf;Fk; bghUs;fisf; bfhz;L tz;o bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ miktJk; fpuhk';fns/ ,j;jifa gad;kpf;f fpuhk';fisj; jf;fthW
khLfs;. tz;o ,tw;wpy; ,Lk; KjyPLk;. mtw;iwg; guhkhpg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;s cjt[tJ rhiyfs;/ rhiyg; nghf;Ftuj;jpy;
MFk; bryt[k; FiwthdJ/ Kd;dzpapy; epw;gJ nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;J/ mJ ey;Fk; gy;ntW
2/ nkLgs;s';fs; epiwe;jJk;. kiHf;fhy';fspy; rfjpahff; ed;ikfis ,g;bghGJ fhz;nghk;/
fhl;rp jUtJkhd fpuhkr; rhiyfSf;F ,J bkj;jg; bghUj;jkhdJ 1/ befpH;t[j; jpwd; (Flexibility)
vd;gij typa[Wj;jj; njitapy;iy/
befpH;t[j;jpwnd nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;jpd; khbgUk; rpwg;ghFk;/
FiwghLfs; (Disadvantages) gl;objhl;ofSf;bfy;yhk; bry;Yk; jpwd; mjw;F ,Uf;fpwJ/ ,uapiyg;
1/ ,J tpiuthd nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F Vw;w rhjdky;y ,J nghd;W Fwpg;g pl;l ghijapdpd;W tpyfpr; bry;ynt ,ayhj befpH;rr ; paw;w
bkJthfnt bry;yf; ToaJ/ jd;ik nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F ,y;iy/ nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;J mJ
bry;Yk; jlj;ijnah. neuj;ijnah. ,a';Fk; gFjpianah vg;bghGJ
2/ ,J bghUs;fisg; bgUkst[ Vw;wpr; bry;tjw;F cfe;jjy;y/ ntz;LkhapDk; khw;wpf;bfhz;L ,a';fyhk;/ bghUs;fs; v';fpUg;g pDk;
,/ nkhl;lhh; yhhpfSk; ngUe;JfSk; (Motor Trucks m';Fr;brd;W Vw;wpf; bfhs;Sk; jpwDk;. v';F ntz;LkhapDk; brd;W
and Buses) Vw;wpf;bfhs;Sk; jpwDk; v';F ntz;LkhapDk; M';fh';F ,wf;fpr; bry;Yk;
typika[k; mJ bgw;wpUf;fpwJ/
epidtpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;J rhiyg; nghf;Ftuj;J
,a';fp tUfpwJ/ ehfhPfj;jpd; bjhlf;ff; fhyk; bjhl;L rhiyfs; 2/ KGikahd trjp(Complete Service)
mikf;ft[k.; rf;fuk; g{lo; a tz;ofisg; gad;gLj;jpg; bghUs;fisa[k.; bjhHpypy; <Lgl;Ls;nshUf;F ,J KGikahd trjp ey;FfpwJ/
kf;fisa[k; Vw;wpr; bry;yt[k; Kaw;rpfs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd/ neuhf MiyfSf; n fh. fHdpfSf; n fh brd; W bghUs; f is
bjhlf;fj;jpy; kf;fs; bghjp tpy';Ffs;. khl;L tz;ofs; nghd;w Vw;wpf;bfhz;L mtw;iw th';Fnthhpd; ,Ug;g pl';fspnyna ,wf;fpr;
gHikahdita[k; gpd;j';fpaita[khd rhjd';fisg; gad;gLj;jp te;jdh;/ bry;Yk; trjpia ,J mspf;fpwJ/ Mfnt. ,ilapilna bghUs;fis
,g;bghGJ nkhl;lhh; yhhpfSk; ngUe;JfSk; vGr;rp bgw;Wg; tz;of;F tz;o khw;wntz;oa njitiaa[k; mjdhy; bghUs;fSf;F
nghf;Ftuj;jpy; g[ul;rpia cz;Lgz;zptpl;ld/ ,it tpiue;J bry;git/ Vw; g lj; j f; f nrjj; i ja[ k ; ,J jtph; f ; f pwJ/ ,ua pypy; epiyik
bghUs;fisg; bgUkstpy; Vw;wpr; bry;Yk; jpwk; bgw;wit/ bgl;nuhy; ,t;thwpy;iy/ ,uapy; epiya';fSf;F vLj;Jr; bry;yg;gLk; ruf;Ffs;
bghwpa[k; mijaLj;J Ory; bghwpa[k; njhd;wpa gpd;dh; mit uapy;fnshL m';F tz;ofspypUe;J ,wf;fg;gl;L ,uapy;bgl;ofspy; Vw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
114 115
nrUk; ,lk; te;J nrh;e;jJk; m';F ruf;Ffs; ,uapy; bgl;ofspypUe;J 5/ tpiut[(Speed)
,wf;fg;gl;L tz;ofspy; Vw;wg;gLk;/ mit chpathpd; ,y;y';fspy;
my;yJ fpl';Ffspy; ,wf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ ,t;thW ruf;Ffs; xnu rpW bjhiyt[fSf;F ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; bry;tjpy; nkhl;lhh;
gazj; j py; gyKiw Vw; w g; g LtJk; . ,wf; f g; g LtJk; bryit nghf;Ftuj;J ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;ijf; fhl;oYk; tpiuthdJ/ tpiue;j
mjpfg;gLj;JtnjhL. fhyjhkjj;ija[k;. ruf;FfSf;Fr; nrjj;ija[k; nghf;Ftuj;Jk;. th';Fgth;fsplk; ruf;Ffis chpa neuj;jpy; nrh;gg
; pj;jYk;.
mjpfg;gLj;JfpwJ/ tzpfh;fspd; tpw;gidiag; bgUf;Ffpd;wd/

3/ cfe;jJ (Suitability) 6/ gzp (Service)

bghUl;fisnah. kf;fisnah Fiwe;j bjhiyt[fSf;F Vw;wpr; fpuhkg;g[w';fis ,uapy; epiya';fSlDk;. re;ijfSlDk;.
bry;tjw;F nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;nj kpft[k; Vw;wJ/ tHp beLft[s;s mz;ikapYs;s efh;fSlDk;. ,izg;gjd;|yk; mg;gFjpfSf;F nkhl;lhh;
mDg;gPL bgWeh;fs; gyUf;F mtuth;fSf;Fhpa rpw;wst[r; ruf;Ffisf; nghf;Ftuj;J Mw;wpLk; gzp rpwg;ghdJ/ ,uapy;. tpkhdk;. ePht
; Hp nghd;w
bfhLj;Jf; bfhz;nl bry;tjw;Fk; ,J jf;f nghf;Ftuj;jhFk;/ ,uapy; gpwtifg; nghf;Ftuj;JfSf;F nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;J Jizg[hpfpwJ/
bgl;ofisf; fhl;oYk; yhhpapd; bfhs;jpwd; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy; ,J mz;ikapYs;s efu';fSf;Fk; khefu';fSf;Fk;. fdp tiffs;.
xust[ bghUs;fisna Vw;wpr; bry;ytpiHa[k; rpW tzpfh;fSf;F fha; fwpfs;. ghy;gz;izg; bghUs;fs; nghd;wtw;iwg; bkUF Fiyahky;
mtuth;fSf;bfd;W jdpj;jdpna yhhpfis mkh;jj ; pf; bfhs;s ,aYfpwJ/ bfhz;L brd;W mspf;fpwJ/ nkl;Lg;gFjpfisf; flg;gjpy; ,J ,uapy;
tpiue;J Vw;wpr; bry;yg;gl;Lr; rPf;fpuk; nrh;g;g pf;fg;gl ntz;oa nghf;Ftuj;ijf; fhl;oYk; typikkpf;fjhff; jpfH;tjhy;. kiyrhh;e;j
bghUs;fSf;Fk;. mGFk; jd;ik tha;ej; bghUs;fSf;Fk; kpft[k; Vw;wJ gFjpfspy; ,g;nghf;Ftuj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahik Fwpg;g plj;jf;fjhf
nkhl;lh; nghf;Ftuj;nj/ mJnghynt. jpObud vGk; njitia tps';FfpwJ/ ,J muRf;Fg; bgUtUtha; <l;oj; jUtnjhL. kf;fSf;Fk;
epiwntw;Wtjw;Fg; bghUl;fis tpiue;J bfhz;L bry;tjw;Fk; mjpf ntiy tha;g;g[fis cUthf;fpj; jUfpwJ/
,g;nghf;Ftuj;nj cfe;jJ/ nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;jpd; FiwghLfs; (Disadvanttages
4/ rpf;fdkhdJ(Economy) of Motor Transport)
1/ ek;gfkw;w jd;ik (Independability)
yhhpfspy; Vw;wpr; bry;yg;gLk; ruf;FfSf;F tphpthd fl;Lkk;
njitapy;iy/ yhhpfspy; ruf;F Vw;wpr;bry;nthh; bghUs;fSld; Tlnt nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;Jf;Ff; fhy ml;ltiz fpilahJ/ vdnt.
bry; t Jk; . mth; f sJ nkw; g hh; i tapy; ruf; F fs; Vw; w g; g LtJk; . ,J Fwpj;j neuj;jpy; Kiwg;go tUk; vd;W ek;g papUf;ftpayhJ/
,wf;fg;gLtJk; ehk; fz;Tlhfg; ghh;fF ; k; epfH;rr
; pna/ ,jdhy;. ruf;Ffs; kiHf;fhyj;jpy; bts;sKk; Fsph;fhyj;jpy; gdpf; fl;ofSk; FWf;fpl;L
fst[ nghtJk; nrjkiltJk; Fiwf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ rpW bjhiyt[fSf;Fk;. rhiyfisg; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F Vw;witahf ,y;yhky; jil bra;J
rpw;wst[r; RikfSf;Fk; th';fg;gLk; yhhp fl;lzk; ,uapy; fl;lzj;jpw;Ff; tpLtJk;. nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;jpd; ek;gfkw;w jd;ikia mjpfg;gLj;JfpwJ/
Fiwthfnt ,Uf;Fk;/ yhhpg;nghf;Ftuj;jpy; ,ilapilna ruf;Ffis 2/ bghUj;jkpd;ik (Unsuitability)
Vw;wpapwf;Fk; njit ,y;yhjpUg;gJk; bryitf; Fiwf;fpwJ/ ,uapy;
beLe;bjhiyt[fSf;Fg; bghUs;fis Vw;wpr;bry;tjw;F nkhl;lhh;
ghijiaf; fhl;oYk; rhiy mikg;gjw;Fr; bryt[ Fiwthf MFk;/
nghf;Ftuj;J cfe;jjy;y/ mnjnghd;W. fr;rhg; bghUl;fs;. ntshz;ik
rhiyiag; gad;gLj;Jnthh; mij mikg;gjw;Fk; guhkhpg;gjw;Fk; brYj;Jk;
tpisbghUl;fs; nghd;w juk; jhH;ej ; |yg;bghUl;fisa[k.; gUkd; kpf;f
fl;lzk; kpfkpff; FiwthdJ/
bghUl;fisa[k; Vw;wpr; bry;tjw;F nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;J bghUj;jkhdnjh
rpf;fdkhdnjh my;y/

116 117
3/ tpgj;Jf;fSk; gGjiltJk;; (Breakdowns and Accidents) 2/ ouhk; tz;ofs; ghJfhg;ghd nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjdkhFk;/ mjpf
kf;fis Vw;wpr; bry;tjw;F mjw;Fs;sjpwd;. mjd; Fiwthd
nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;J mof;fo gGJglf; ToaJ/ tpgj;jpw;F
nja;khdk;. mjd; Fiwthd KjyPL Mfpaitna ,e;j kypt[j;
cl;glj;jf;fJ/ Fsph;fhyj;jpy; gdptpGk;bghGJk;. kiHf; fhy';fspy;
jd;ikf;Ff; fhuz';fshFk;/
nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;J eilbgWtJ mhpJ/
ouhk; tz; o fspd; FiwghLfs; (Disadvantages of
4/ fl;lz';fs; rPuw;W ,Uj;jy; (Absence of Uniformity in
Tramways)
Rates)
1 ouhk; tz;ofs; ,Ug;g[g;ghij kPJ ,a';Ftjhy; mit Kd;ng
gy;ntWgl;l kf;fSk;. epWtd';fSk;. nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;ij
jPhk
; hdpj;J mikf;fg;gl;l ghijapypUe;J tpyfpr; bry;y ,ayhJ/
elj;Jfpd;wd/ xnu tifahd bghUs;fSf;F ,th;fs; btt;ntW
,uapy;fisg; nghynt mita[k; befpH;t[j; jpwd; mw;wit/
fl;lz';fis tpjpf;fpd;wdh;/ ,t;thW fl;lz';fspYs;s rPuw;w jd;ik
rpy rka';fspy; tzpfh;fs; Ruz;lg;gLtjw;F tHptFf;fpwJ/ 2/ ouhk; tz;ofs; bkJthf ,a';Fk; jd;ika[ilait mtrug;
gazj;jpw;Fk; tpiue;J bry;tjw;Fk; Vw;witay;y/
5/ tpiut[ tiuaiw (Speed Limit)
3/ ,uapy;fisg; nghynt ouhk; tz;ofSf;Fk; ,Ug;g[g;ghij
bghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;ig Kd;dpl;L nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;jpd;
mikf;f ntz;oajhf ,Ug;gjhy; bgUj;j KjyPL njitg;gLfpwJ
tpiut[fF
; muR tiuaiw tpjpf;fg;gLtJ tHf;fk;/ tpiut[fF ; tiuaiw
,Ug; g J ed; i kgaf; f j; j f; f njaha pDk; . ,J xU Fiwghlhf ,uapy; nghf; F tuj; J
btspg;gLfpwJ 1930-40 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;J bry;thf;Fg;
ouhk; tz;o(Tramways) bgWk;tiu. ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J Kd;Dhpik bgw;W jpfH;e;jJ/ ,J
jw;fhyj;jpd; ,ae;jpug; nghf;Ftuj;jpd; Kd;ndhoahFk;/ mbkhpf;fh. u=;ah
khefu;fSf;F Vw;w nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjdkhf ouhk; tz;ofs;
nghd;w ehLfs; Kd;ndw;wk; miltjw;F ,g;nghf;Ftuj;J kpft[k;
19-Mk; E}w;whz;oy; njhd;wpd/ bjhlf;fj;jpy; mit Fjpiufshy;
cjtpahf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ/ gSthd bghUs;fis beLe;bjhiyt[fSf;Ff;
,Gf;fg;gl;ld gpwF ePuhtpahy; ,af;fg;gLtdthf ,Ue;jd/ jw;nghGJ
bfhz;L bry;tjw;F ,uapy; n ; ghf;Ftuj;J kypthdJk; tpiuthdJkhFk;/
mit kpd;tpirahy; ,a';Ffpd;wd/ mit mjpf kf;fis Vw;wpr;bry;Yk;
epyg; nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwapy; ,uapy;fs; xU g[ul;rpiana tpistpj;jd
jpwKilait/ vdnt mit khefh;fspy; tpWtpWg;ghd neu';fspy;
vd;W brhd;dhy; mJ kpifahfhJ/
fhzg;gLk; bgUkst[ nghf;Ftuj;ijr; rkhspf;fty;yit/ nkhl;lhh;
ngUe; J fs; bry; t hf; F g; bgw; w Jk; . ouhk; tz; o fs; tsu; r ; r p ghij nghl. ghy';fs; mikf;f. ,ae;jpu';fs; th';f vdg;
Fd;wj;Jt';fpanjhL. gy ,l';fspy; mit mwnt kiwe;J tpl;ld/ gytHpfspy; ,ua py; nghf; F tuj; i j mikf; f g; bgUk; KjyP L
brd;id khefhpy;Tl 1953 Mk; Mz;L tiu ouhk; tz;ofs; ,a';fp njitg;gLfpwJ/ ,uapy;fs; ,d;wpaikahj bghJg;gzp g[hpfpd;wd/ ehl;od;
te;jd vDk; bra;jp ,d;iwa ,is"h;fSf;F tpag;gspf;fyhk;/ kpfg;bghpa bghJg;gzp mikg;g[fspy; uapy; nghf;Ftuj;Jk; xd;whFk;/
,jw;Fg; ghij mikj;Jj; jUtjw;Fg; gpwUila brhj;Jhpikfspy;
ouhk; tz;ofspd; ed;ikfs; (Advantages of Tramways)
jiyapl ntz;oajhf ,Uf;fpwJ/ nfhof;fzf;fhd kf;fspd; ghJfhg;g[
1/ kf;fs; elkhl;lKk; nghf;Ftuj;J Xl;lKk; mjpfkhf cs;s ,jd; ifapypUf;fpwJ/ vdnt. ,g;nghf;Ftuj;J muRf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F
rhiyfspYk;. beUf;fokpf;f tPjpfspYk; ouhk; tz;ofs; cl;gl;oUg;gnjhL gy ehLfspy; ehl;Llikahf;fg;gl;Lk; ,Uf;fpwJ/
,a';ff;Toait/ ,jd; Kd;Dhpik epiy. muRf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; ,Uf;f ntz;Ltij
typa[ W j; J fpwJ/ mg; b ghGJjhd; bghJkf; f s; Ruz; l g; g LtJ
jtph;ff
; g;gLk;/
118 119
,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;jpd; ed;ikfs; (Advantages of Rail ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;jpd; FiwghLfs; (Disadvantages of
Transport) Railway Transport)
1/ cfe;jit (Suitability) 1/FWe; b jhiyt[ f Sf; F Vw; w jy; y (Unfit for Short
Distance)
gSt[k;. gUkDk; kpf;f bghUl;fis beLe;
bjhiytpw;Ff; bfhz;L bry;tjw;F ,uapy;fs; kpft[k; Vw;wit/ Ory; gSFiwthd - bghUs;fis FWe;bjhiyt[fSf;F bfhz;L
,ae;jpu';fs; njhd;wpajw;Fg; gpwF nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;J kypthdjhf bry;tjw;F nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;ijf;fhl;oYk; ,uapypy; fl;lz';fs;
MfpaJk;. yhhpfs; kpf mjpfkhd bghUs;fis Vw;wpr; bry;Yk; jpwd; mjpfkhditna gSFiwe;j bghUs;fspd; FWk; gazj;jpw;F xg;g plw;Fhpa
bgw;wJk; cz;ikna/ ,Ug;g pDk; ,uapy;fs; ,e;j mk;rj;jpy; mtw;wpd; mst[ nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;J Vw;wjhft[k;. kypthdjhft[k; jpfH;fpwJ/
cah;it ,d;Dk; ,Hf;ftpy;iy/ ,Jnt FWk; gazg; bghUs;fis nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;J bgUkst[
fth;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;/
2/ bjhiyJ}ug; gazj; j pw; F kpfr; r pwe; j J (Best way
of transport for long distance) 2/befpH;t[j;jd;ik mw;wJ (Inflexibility)
beLe;bjhiyt[g; nghf;Ftuj;Jf;Fr; rhiyg; nghf;Ftuj;ijf; ,uapy;fs; ,Ug;g[g;ghijnahL fl;Lz;L fplg;gjhy;. mit
fhl;oYk; ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J kypthdJ/ Fwpj;j ghijapypUe;j tpyfpr; bry;y ,ayhJ/ vdnt ,uapy;
nghf;Ftuj;J befpH;tj
[ ; jpwd; mw;wJ/ Fwpg;g pl;l ,l';fSf;fpilnajhd;
3/ ghJfhg;g[ (Safety)
,uapy;fs; bry;y ,aYk; yhhpfisg;nghy ,uapy;fs; MiyfSf;nf
Vw;wpr; bry;yg;gLk; bghUs;fSf;F. nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;ijf; brd;W bghUs;fis Vw;wpf;bfhs;st[k/; ,wf;fntz;oa ,l';fSf;nf
fhl;oYk; ,uapy;fs; kpf;f ghJfhg;g[ mspf;fpd;wd/ btapy;. kiH. ,d;d brd;W bghUs;fis ,wf;f ,ayhky; ,Ug;gJ mtw;iwr; rhh;eJ ; s;s
gpwtw;why; ghjpf;fg;glhjthW ,uapypy; |oa bgl;ofspy; bghUs;fs; FiwghlhFk;/
bfhz;L bry;yg;gLtij ehk; mwpe;jnj/
3/fpuhk gFjpfspy; ,af;fpdhy; bghUshjhu rpf;fdk;
4/ Fiwe;j ,af;f bryt[fs; (Less operating expenses) Vw;gLtjpy;iy (Uneconomical for rural areas)
bjhlf;f Kjy; bgUkst[ ,jpy; KjyPL bra;ag;gl;lhYk;. Fiwe;j , u a p y ; n g h f ; F t u j ; i j m i k f ; f g ; b g U j ; j K j yP L
,af;f brytpd; |yk; vjph;fhyj;jpy; ,J xU kypthd nghf;Ftuj;J njitg;gLfpwJ/ mijg; guhkhpf;ft[k; jpUk;gj;. jpUk;gg; bgUk; bryt[
Kiwahfp tpLfpwJ/ bra;a ntz;oajhf ,Uf;fpwJ/ epiyahfg; nghJkhd nghf;Ftuitg;
bgWk; tha;g;g[ ,Ue;jhyd;wp ,uapy;fs; rpf;fdkhf ,a';f ,ayhJ/
5/ ek;gfkhd jd;ik (Dependability) fpuhkg;gFjpfs; ,e;j tha;g;ig ey;FtJ mhpjhifahy;. ,uapy;fis
,J xG'; f hf eilbgwf; ToaJk; . ek; g fkhdJkhd m';Fr; rpf;fdkhf ,a';f KoahjJ bjspt[/ vdnt ,uapy;fs; fpuhkg;gw [ g;
nghf;Ftuj;jhFk;/ ,J Kiwahd fhy ml;ltizg;go Mz;L KGtJk; nghf;Ftuj;ij nkhl;lhh; tz;ofSf;F tpl;Lf;bfhLf;f ntz;oa fl;lhak;
eilbgwty;yJ/ kiHnah. bta;apnyh. vJthapDk; ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J vw;gLfpwJ/
bjhlu;e;J eilbgw;Wf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk;/
4/ mjpf ,lh; (Greater risk)
6/ tpiut[ (Speed) ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;jpd; nghJ. ,ilapilna bghUs;fis Vw;wp
,uapy;fs; tpiut[kpf;fit/ vdnt. beLe;bjhiyt[fSf;Fg; ,wf;f ntz;oajhf ,Ug;gjhy;. bghUs;fs; fst[ nghtjw;Fk;.
bghUl;fis Vw;wpr; bry;y ,it nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;ijf; fhl;oYk; ciltjw;Fk; nrjKWtjw;Fkhd tha;g;g[fs; kpFjpahf ,Uf;fpd;wd/
Fiwe;j fhynk vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wd/ bghUs;fis ,uapy; epiya';fSf;Ff;bfhz;L bry;YjYk;. m';fpUe;J
120 121
vLj;J tUjYk; jtph;ff ; Koahj tifahy;. jhkjKk; TLjy; bryt[k; ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;jpd; njhw;wj;jpw;F gpd;dh; Mw;Wg; nghf;Ftuj;J
Vw;gl tHpapUf;fpwJ/ ,f; fhuz';fshy;jhd; fl;lzk; rw;W cah;thdjhf nghyf; fhy;tha;g; nghf;Ftuj;Jk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,Hf;fj; Jt';fpaJ/
,Ug;g pDk; kf;fs; nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;ij mjpfk; tpUk;gf
[ pd;wdh;/
I/ MW kw;Wk; fhy;tha;g; nghf;Ftuj;jpd; ed;ikfs;
5/Kw; w pYk; gad; g Lj; j hikahy; Vw; g Lk; ,Hg; g [ (Loss (Advantages of River and Canal Transport)
due to under utilisation)
1/ rpf;fdj;jd;ik(Economical)
Kw;wpYk; gad;gLj;jg;glhj epiyapy; ,uapy; bgl;ofs; ghjp
fhypahf Xodhy;. ehl;Lf;Fg; bghpa ,Hg;g[ Vw;gLk;/ nghJkhd Mw;Wg; nghf;Ftuj;J. fhy;tha;g; nghf;Ftuj;J Mfpa ,uz;Lnk
nghf;Ftuj;J ,y;iy vd;W ,uapy;fis epWj;JtJk; ehl;Lf;Fg; ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;ijf; fhl;oYk; kypthdit/ bghUs;fis mDg;gg;
nghpHg;ig cz;lhf;Fk;/ ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J mikg;g[k;. ,af;fKk; bgWk; ,l';fs; ePht; HpfSf;F mUfhikapy; ,Ug;g pd; ,jd; ed;ik kpf
,ila[whJ jpl;lkplt[k;. fzpf;ft[k; ntz;oa bra;jpfshFk;/ mtw;wpy; mjpfkhdjhfnt ,Uf; F k; / bjhiytpypUe; J . eP h ; t HpfSf; F g;
vjpy; FiwghL ,Ue;jhYk; mJ ehl;il khbgUk; ,Hg;g py; MH;j;Jk;/ bghUs;fisf; bfhz;Ltu ntz;oajhfnth. ePh;tHpfspy; ,Ue;J
bjhiythd ,l';fSf;Fr; ruf;Ffis vLj;Jr; bry;y ntz;oajhfnth
ePh; tHpg;nghf;Ftuj;J (Water Transport) ,Ug;g pd;. mjw;fhf Vw;gLk; TLjy; nghf;Ftuj;Jr; bryt[ ,e;j ed;ikapd;
,aw;ifapd; ghpR ePuhFk;/ mwptpay; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;El;g rpwg;igf; Fiwf;ff;TLk;/ gUkd;kpf;fJk;. kypthdJkhd ruf;FfSf;F
tsh;rr ; papdhy; kdpj ehfhpfj;jpd; |yk; bghUshjhuk;. murpay; kw;Wk; mtw;iw tpiuthf vLj;Jr;bry;Yk; njit ,y;yhjtiu. ,Jnt kpft[k;
,uhZt tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ/ fl;Lkhdg;gzpfs; ntfk; kw;Wk; fg;gy; kypthd nghf;Ftuj;jhFk;/
ghJfhg;g pd; |yk; ePht
; Hpg; nghf;Ftuj;jpy; Mr;rhpag;glf;Toa khw;w';fs;
2/ bgUkst[ Vw;wpr; bry;Yk; jpwd; (Greater capacity)
Vw;gl;ld/ ePh;tHpapy; cs;ehl;L ePh;tHp kw;Wk; fly; ePh;tHp vd ,U
tiffs; cs;sd/ br';fy;. kuk;. epyf;fhp. fspkz;. nghd;w gUkd; kpf;f. kypthd
bghUs; f isg; bgUkst[ Vw; w pr; bry; t jw; F Mw; W f; fhy; t ha;
cs;ehl;L ePh;tHpfs; (Inland waterways)
nghf;Ftuj;J Vidatw;iwf; fhl;oYk; kpft[k; Vw;wit/
cs;ehl;L ePh;tHpfs; vd;gJ ,aw;ifahd ePh;tHpfisa[k;.
3/ may;ehl;L nghf;Ftuj;ij tsu;f;fpwJ
braw;ifahd ePh;tHpfisa[k; Fwpg;gdthFk;/ ,aw;ifahfnt fg;gy;
(Development of Foreign trade)
bry;yj;jf;fthW mike;Js;s MWfs; ,aw;if ePh;tHpfs; vdg;gLk;/
fhy;tha;fSk;. fhy;thahf khw;wg;gl;l MWfSk; braw;ifahd ePht
; Hpfs; ePu; nghf;Ftuj;J kl;Lnk. fg;gy;fspd; Jizbfhz;L may;
vd;w tifiar; rhUk;/ ehLfSld; thzpgj;ij nkw;bfhs;s cjtpg[upfpwJ/ nkYk; ,J
ehl;oy; cgupahf cs;s bghUis Vw;Wkjp bra;tjw;Fk;. njitg;gLk;
xU fhyj; j py; MWfs; j hd; Kf; f pakhd cs; e hl; L g;
bghUis ,wf;Fkjp bra;tjw;Fk; cjtpg[upfpwJ/
nghf;Ftuj;jhfj; jpfH;ej
; d/ bghJthfr; rpW glFfSk; ePuhtpf; fg;gy;fSk;
MWfspy; ,a';Fk; nghf;Ftuj;J rhjd';fshFk;/ MWfs; nghJkhd 4/ may; e hLfSlhd cwit tsu; j ; J f; bfhs; s
mst[ MHkhf ,Ug;g pd; mtw;wpy; bgU';fg;gy;fSk; ,a';fyhk;/ MWfs; cjt[fpwJ (Development of International Trade)
,aw;ifapd; bfhil vd;gh;/ epyg; nghf;Ftuj;J nghyr; rhiynah. ePu; nghf;Ftuj;J gy may;ehLfSld; cwit nkk;gLj;jpf;
ghijnah mikf;Fk; njit ,y;yhjpUg;gJ Mw;Wg; nghf;Ftuj;jpd; bfhs;s cjt[fpwJ/ ,jd; |yk; fyhr;rhuk;. mwptpay; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;
rpwg;gk;rkhFk;/ El;gk; rhu;e;j cwit tsu;j;Jf; bfhs;s cjt[fpwJ/
fhy;tha;fs; kdpjd; mikj;j ePht
; HpfshFk;/ fg;gy; nghf;Ftuj;J
kw;Wk; rhFgo Mfpa ,U nehf;f';fnshL mit cUthf;fg;gl;ld/
122 123
MW kw; W k; fhy; t ha; nghf; F tuj; j pd; FiwghLfs; II/ fly; nghf; F tuj; J
(Disadvantages of River and Canal Transport) fly; nghf;Ftuj;J cyf ehLfspilna bghUshjhu. rKjha.
Mw;Wg; nghf;Ftuj;Jk; fhy;tha;g; nghf;Ftuj;Jk; gz;ghl;Lj; bjhlh;gf [ is tsh;gg
; jw;F mUe;bjhz;lhw;wp tUfpwJ/ gd;dhl;L
gyFiwghLfisf; bfhz;Ls;sd/ mitfspy; kpft[k; Kf;fpakhdit (may;ehl;L) thzpfk; ,e;j mst[fF ; Vw;wk; bgw;wpUg;gjw;Fg; ngUjtpahf
gpd;tUkhW~ ,Ug;gJ fly; nghf;Ftuj;nj/ cyf kf;fspd; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Fk;.
ey;thH;t[f;Fk; gd;dhl;L thzpfk; vt;tst[ ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;gJ
1/ tiuaWj; j gFjpfSf; F gad; j Ujy; (Limited ehk; mwpe;jnj/ gd;dhl;L thzpfj;jpw;F cjt[tjpy; fly;nghf;Ftuj;Jr;
coverage) rpwg; g plk; tfpf; f pwJ/ fly; n ghf; F tuj; j py; bgUk; rpwg; g [ mjd;
MWfisa[k.; fhy;tha;fisa[k.; bfhz;Ls;s gFjpfs; kl;Lnk kypt[j;jd;ikna/ jhH;e;j juKk;. kpf;f gUkDk; cs;s ruf;Ffis.
,g;nghf;F tuj;j hy; gad; bgWk; / MWfs; . fhy; t ha; fSf; F kpfj; ehLfspilna nghf;Ftuj;jpy; ,J Mw;Wk; gzp ghuhl;Ljw;FhpaJ/
bjhiytpYs;s gFjpfs; ,g;nghf;Ftuj;jhy; gad;bgWtJ mhpJ/
2/ bkJthfr; bry;Yjy; (Slowness)
nkhl;lhh; my;yJ ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;njhL xg;g pLk;bghGJ.
Mw;Wg; nghf;Ftuj;J bkJthf ,a';Fgit vd;gJ bjspt[/ mtrukhft[k;
tpiue; J k; bfhz; L bry; y ntz; o a bghUl; f Sf; F ,it Vw; w
nghf;Ftuj;jy;y/ nkhl;lhh; glFfspd; njhw;wj;jpw;Fg; gpwF ,f;FiwghL
rw;nw eP';fpa[s;sJ/
3/ cWjpaw;w jd;ik (Uncertainty) fly;nghf;Ftuj;jpd; tiffs; (Types of Ocean Transport)
Fsph;fhyj;jpy; ePhc
; iwe;J nghtjhYk;. nfhilf; fhyj;jpy; ePhk
; l;lk; fly; nghf;Ftuj;ij ,U bgUk; gphpt[fshfg; gpupf;fyhk;;/
jhH;e;J nghtjhYk;. nghf;Ftuj;Jj; jilg;glf; TLk;/ Mfnt mitfshtd.
Mz;L KGtJk; ,g;nghf;Ftuj;J cjt[k; vd vtUk; cWjpahfnth
ek;g pf;ifa[lndh ,Uf;f ,ayhJ/ 1/ flnyhu fg; g y; nghf; F tuj; J
4/ rpW tzpfh;fSf;F Vw;wjy;y (Unsuitability for Small 2/ MH; f ly; fg; g y; nghf; F tuj; J
Traders) flnyhu fg; g y; nghf; F tuj; J
rpW tzpfh;fs; Fiwthd ruf;Ffis ,Ug;ghff; bfhz;L ePzl ; flw;fiuiag; bgw;Ws;s ehLfspy; flw;fiunahuf; fg;gy;
tzpfk; bra;th;/ ,Ug;g[ Fiwaf; Fiwa ruf;Ffis tpiuthfg; nghf;Ftuj;J Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;J jpfH;tjpy; tpag;ngJkpy;iy/
bgw;W ,th;fs; mth;fsJ thof;ifahsupd; njitfis epiwt[ bra;th;/ cs;ehl;Lj; JiwKf';fSf;fpilna epyf;fhp. ,Uk;g[j; jhJ nghd;w
,th;fSf;F tpiue;J bry;Yk; nghf;Ftuj;nj Vw;wJ/ bkJthfr; bry;Yk; bgUkst[ s ; s ruf; F fisf; b fhz; L bry; t jw; F ,J kypthd
Mw;Wg; nghf;Ftuj;njh my;yJ fhy;tha;g; nghf;Ftuj;njh ,th;fSf;F nghf;Ftuj;jhf mikfpwJ/ bghJthf xU ehl;od; flw;fiunahuf;
Vw;wjy;y/ fg;gy;nghf;Ftuj;J thzpfk; me;j ehl;ilr; nru;ej ; fg;gy;fSf;bfd;W
xJf; f g; b gWtJ tHf; f k; / ek; ehl; o Yk; flw; f iunahuf; fg; g y;

124 125
nghf;Ftuj;J thzpfk; KGtJk; ,e;jpaf; fg;gy;fSf;fhf xJf;fg; ,it gazk; nkw;bfhs;Sk;/ ,it vg;bghGJk; g[wg;gLk; ve;jj;
bgw;wpUf;fpwJ/ JiwKfj;jpw;Fk; ruf;F Vw;wpr; bry;Yk; ,ay;g[ilait/
MH;fliyf; flf;Fk; fg;gy;fs; ,Utifahfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ 3/ bfhs;fyd; fg;gy;fs; (Container Ship)
mitfshtd ~
bfhs;fyd; nghd;w tz;og; bgl;ofspy; fl;Lkk; bra;ag;gl;l
1/ KiwtHpf; fg; g y; ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; bry;tjw;bfdj; jdpj;j totpy; mikf;fg;bgw;w
fg;gy;fSf;F ,g;bgah; Nl;lg;gl;Ls;sd/ bfhs;fyd; totpy; mikf;fg;bgw;w
2/ KiwtHpaw; w fg; g y;
tz;o bgl;ofspy; fl;Lkk; bra;ag;gl;l ruf;Ffs; bfhs;fyd; fg;gy;fspy;
1/ KiwtHpf; fg;gy; (Liners) Vw;wg;gl;L mnjthW mDg;gPL bgWehplk; nru;g;g pf;fg; gLfpd;wd/
,it gazpfisa[k;. m";ry; fl;Lfisa[nk bgUkst[ Vw;wpr; ,f;bfhs;fyd; fg;gy;fspd; bry;thf;F ,g;bghGJ bgUfptUfpwJ/
bry;fpd;wd/ ,it ruf;Ffis btF rpwpjsnt Vw;wpr;bry;fpd;wd/ 4/ bjhl;of; fg;gy;fs; (Tankers)
KGr;Rik ,Ue;jhYk; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; ,itfhy ml;ltizg;go gazk; J}a;ikg;gLj;jg;glhj vz;bza;. bgl;nuhy;. bgl;buhypag;
nkw;bfhs;fpd;wd/ ,it Fwpj;j jlj;jpYk; Fwpg;g pl;l JiwKf';fspy; bghUs;fs; nghd;wtw;iw MH;flypy; Vw;wpr;bry;tjw;bfdj; jdpj;j
Fwpj;j fhy mst[ epd;W. epd;W bry;Yk; fg;gy;fshFk;/ Fwpj;j fhyg;go
tifa py; mikf; f g; b gWk; fg; g y; f s; bjhl; o f; fg; g y; f s; vd
gazk;. ey;y tpiut[. brhFR epiwe;j trjpfs; Mfpait ,tw;wpd;
miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd/
rpwg;gf
[ ; TWfshFk;/
5/ bgU";Rikf; fg;gy;fs;(Bulk Carriers)
KiwtHpf; fg; g ypd; tiffs;
,Uk;gj
[ ; jhJ nghd;w Fwpg;g pl;l tifg; bghUs;fisg; bgUkstpy;
KiwtHpf; fg;gy;fs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk; mitfshtd Vw;wpr; bry;tjw;bfd;nw ,it cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ ,f;fg;gy;fisg;
(m) gazpfs; KiwtHpf; fg;gy; bghpa. bghpa mstpy; cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; jw;bghGJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
fhl;lg;gl;L tUfpwJ/ bghUs;fspd; nghf;Ftuj;Jr; bryt[ Fiwtnj
KiwtHpf; fg;gy;fs; vd;w jiyg;g py; nkw;Twpa bra;jpfs;
,tw;why; Vw;gLk; bgUk; ed;ikahFk;/
midj;Jk; gazpfs; KiwtHpf; fg;gy;fSf;Fg; bghUe;Jtd/
fly; nghf; F tuj; j pd; ed; i kfs; (Advantages of Ocean
(M) ruf;F Kiw tHpf;fg;gy;
Transport)
ruf;F KiwtHpf; fg;gy;fs; ruf;Ffisg; bgUkst[k.; gazpfis
xust[k; Vw;wpf; bfhz;L MH;fliy flg;gitahFk;/ Kd;djhfnt Vw;ghL 1/ fg;gy;fs; ,aw;ifapd; bfhil vdg; nghw;wg;gLk; MH;flypy;
bra;ag;gl;l fhy ml;ltizg;go mit Kiwahf ,a';Fgit/ ,it ,a';Fgit/ ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J my;yJ nkhl;lhh; nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F
Mz;L KGtJk; vGk; ,ay;ghd thzpf ruf;Fg; nghf;Ftuj;Jj; njitg; g LtJ nghyf; fg; g y; f Sf; b fd Fwpg; g pl; l ghijfis
njitfis <Lbra;fpd;wd/ rpy gUt';fspy; kl;Lnkh. mikf;fnth. mtw;iwg; guhkhpf;fnth njitapy;iy/
tHf;fj;jpw;fjpfkhfnth vGk; ruf;Fg; nghf;Ftuj;Jj; njitfisr; 2/ ntW ve;j tifg; nghf;Ftuj;J tz;ofs;; Vw;wpr;bry;yf;Toa
rkhspf;Fk; bghWg;g[ KiwtHpaw;w fg;gy;fsplk; tplg;gLfpd;wd/ msitf; fhl;oYk; mjpf mstpyhd bghUl;fis Vw;wpr; bry;Yk; jpwd;
2/ KiwtHpaw;w fg;gy;fs; (Tramps) fg;gy;fs; xt;bthd;wpw;Fk; cz;L/
ruf;Ffisr; Rke;J bry;tnj ,tw;wpd; mog;gilr; rpwg;g pay;ghFk; 3/ xg;g[nehf;fpd;. ePh;g; nghf;Ftuj;ij ,af;Ftjw;Ff; Fiwe;j
,tw;wpw;bfd epiyahd jlk; fpilahJ/ ,it fhy ml;ltiz vija[k; mst[ ,Gitr; rf;jpna njitg;gLfpwJ/ fg;gy;fis ,af;Ftjw;Fj;
gpd;gw;Wtjpy;iy/ nghJkhd mst[ Rik fpilf;Fk;bghGJ kl;Lnk njitg;gLk; kdpj rf;jpa[k; Fiwe;j mstpdnj/
126 127
 4/ bjhlf;ff;fhy KjyPLk; rhp. guhkhpg;g[r; bryt[k; rhp. fly; thd;tHpg; nghf;Ftuj;jpd; ed;ikfs;; (Advantages of Air
nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;ijf; fhl;oYk; Fiwe;j msnt Transport)
njitg;gLfpwJ/ thd;tHpg; nghf;Ftuj;J ey;Fk; ed;ikfs; gy/ mtw;wpy;
5/ Vida tifg; nghf;Ftuj;ijf; fhl;oYk; ,J kypthd Kf;fpakhditfshtd.
nghf;Ftuj;J KiwahFk;/ 1/ tpkhd';fs; Kiwahd. jpwikahd. tpiuthd nghf;Ftuj;J
6/ ehLfspilna Vw;wpr; bry;yntz;oa gUkDk; gSt[k; kpf;f trjpia ey;Ffpd;wd/
ruf;FfSf;F Vw;w xnu tifg; nghf;Ftuj;J ,Jnt/ 2/ tpkhdg;nghf;Ftuj;jpd; khbgUk; rpwg;g[. mjd; ntfnkahFk;.
bjhiyt[ mjpfupf;f. mjpfupf;f ,e;j ed;ik mjpfupf;fpwJ/
fly; nghf;Ftuj;jpd; FiwghLfs; (Disadvantages
XahJ RWRWg;ghf ciHf;Fk; tzpfUf;Fk;. cau; gjtp tfpf;Fk;
of Ocean Transport)
mYtyu; f Sf; F k; tpiue; J nru; g ; g pf; f g; g l ntz; o a
fly; nghf;Ftuj;jpYk; rpy FiwghLfs; cs;sd/ mtw;wpy; bghUs;fSf;Fk; tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;jpd; ,r;rpwg;g[ ew;gadhf
Kf;fpakhditfshtd/ kpspu;fpwJ/
1/ g[ay;. nghd;w gy nghpd;dy;fSf;F fly; nghf;Ftuj;J cl;gl;Ls;sJ/ 3/ ,uapy; my;yJ nkhl;lhu; nghf;Ftuj;J nghyd;wp. thd;tHpg;
nghf;Ftuj;Jf;Fg; bgUj;j KjyPL bra;J ghij mikf;Fk;
2/ thd; tHpg; nghf;Ftuj;njhL xg;g pLk;bghGJ ,J ntfk; Fiwe;j
njitnah. mijg; guhkupf;Fk; njitnah ,y;iy/
nghf;Ftuj;jhFk;/
4/ cah;ej
; kiyfnsh. MH;fly;fnsh tpkhdg;nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F xU
thd; t Hpg; nghf; F tuj; J
jilahf mika KoahJ/
thd;tHpg; nghf;Ftuj;J vd;gJ. mjptpiuthd kw;Wk; kpFe;j
5/ ntW ve;jg; nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjdj;jhYk; mila Koahj gFjpfl;F
bghUl;bryt[ila nghf;Ftuj;jhFk;/ Kjy; cyfg; nghUf;Fg; gpwF.
tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J kdpju;fisa[k.; ruf;Ffisa[k; vLj;Jr;
tpkhd';fs; gazpfisa[k;. m";rw; fl;Lfisa[k; jh';fpr; bry;Yk;
bry;Yk; jpwd; bgw;wJ/ epyr;rupt[. bts;sk; nghd;w ,lu;
nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjdkhfj; njhd;wpa[s;sJ/ ,Ug;g pDk; 1945-Mk;;
epfH;e;J Vida nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjd';fs; epiyFiye;J
Mz;Lf;Fg;g pd;dnu tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;jpy; khbgUk; tsh;rr; p Vw;gl;lJ/
brayw;Wg; nghFk; epiyapy;. kuzj;jpd; nfhug;g poapy; rpf;Fz;L
,d;W cyfpy; thzpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej ; midj;J efu';fspilnaa[k;
jtpf;Fk; kf;fisf; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;Fg; ngUjtpahf tUtJ tpkhdg;
tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J ,a';fptUfpwJ/ mbkhpf;fh nghd;w bghpa ehLfs;
nghf;Ftuj;nj/
tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;ij cs;ehl;oYk; ed;F tsh;j;Js;sd/ mz;ik
Mz;Lfspy; midj;J tifahd bghUl;fisa[k; Vw;wpr; bry;Yk;; mstpw;F 6/ kw;w thfdg; nghf;Ftuj;Jfs; ruf;nfw;w gad;gLj;j ,ayhj
ruf;F tpkhd';fSk; ehLfspilna ,a';fptUfpd;wd/ MH;flypy; ,a';Fk;. epiyapy; ,jid gad;gLj;jyhk;/ rz;il kw;Wk; epyr;rhpt[ Vw;gl;L
Kiw tHpf; fg;gy;fnshLk;. ,uapy;fnshLk; fLikahfg; nghl;oapLk; nghf;Ftuj;J ghjpf;fg;gLk; nghJ kdpjid Mgj;JfspypUe;J
mstpw;F ,d;W tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J tsh;rr ; p bgw;Ws;sJ/ ,Ugjhk; tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J fhg;ghw;WfpwJ/
E}w;whz;L cyFf;F mspj;j bfhilna thd;tHpg; nghf;Ftuj;J/ gp*;ld; 7/ Fiwe;j gUkDk; vila[k; epiwe;j kjpg;g[k; tha;e;j bghUs;fs;.
,af;fg; bghwpfSf;F khwhf. b$l;lhy; ce;jg;gLk; bghwp fz;Lgpof;fgl;L tpiue;J nru;g;g pf;fg;gl ntz;oa mGfpg; nghff; Toa
gad;gLj;jg;gLtjd; tpisthf ,d;W. tpiuthfr; bry;Yk; bghpa bghUs;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; bfhz;L bry;tjw;F ,g;nghf;Ftuj;J
tpkhd';fs; gadpy; cs;sd/ ,J kpft[k; trjpahd kw;Wk; brhFrhd kpft[k; Vw;wJ/ tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;jpy; Vw;wpr; bry;Yk; ruf;Ffs;
gazj;jpw;F cfe;jjhFk;/ gazj;ij ,ilbtspapy;yhky; kw;Wk; vt;tpj rpwpa mstpy; cs;sJ/ Mjypdhy;. R';f rl';Ffs; tpiutpy;
jltHp ,lh; ,y;yhky; nkw;bfhs;syhk;/ epiwntw;wg;gLfpd;wd/
128 129
thd;tHpg;nghf;F tuj; jpd; FiwghLfs; (Disadvantages bry; Y k; flik cs; s tu; / ,Ug; g pDk; g pd; t Uk; NH; e piyfspy;
of Air Transport) bghUl;fisf; bfhz;L bry;yg; bghJr;ruf;nfw;wp kWf;fyhk;/
1/ ,J Vw;wpr; bry;Yk; bkhj;jr; RiknahL xg;g pLk;bghGJ ,jd; m) ruf;nfw;Wk; thfdj;jpy; ,lkpy;yhj nghJ
,af;fr; bryt[fs; mjpfkhdit/
M) rl;lj;jpw;Fg; g[wk;ghfr; ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; bry;Yk; nghJ
2/ gUkdhd bghUs;fisnah. bto kUe;J nghd;w mghakhd
,) tHf;fkhd tHpapypUe;J bghUl;fs; ntW tHpapy; bfhz;L
bghUs;fisnah Vw;wpr; bry;tjw;F ,J cfe;jjd;W/
bry;yg;gl ntz;oa epiyapy;
3/ rhjfkw;w thdpiy nghd;w fhuz';fs; tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;ij
<) ve; j g; bghUl; f isf; bfhz; L bry; t ij tHf; f khff;
,a';f tplhky; bra;JtpLtjhy; ,J jpz;zkhf ek;g papUf;fj;
bfhz;oUf;fpwhnuh mg;bghUl;fs; jtpu kw;w bghUl;fisf;
jf;fbjhU nghf;Ftuj;jd;W/
bfhz;L bry;yntz;oapUe;jhy;/
4/ ,J ,lu; epiwe;jJk;. ghJfhg;g[ FiwthdJkhd
1/ ,tu; jhkjkpy;yhky; tHf;fkhd tHpapy; ruf;Ffisf; bfhz;L
nghf;Ftuj;jhFk;/ ,J mof;fo tpgj;Jf;F ,yf;fhtjw;F
bry;yf; flikg;gl;ltu;/ rpy NH;epiyfspy; ntW ghijapYk; bry;tjw;F
tha;gg
; pUf;fpwJ/
mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwhu;
5/ tpkhd epiyak; mikj;Jg; guhkupj;jplg; bgUj;j Kjypdr; bryt[
2/ bghUl; f s; nrUk; ,lj; j py; . mDg; g P L bgWeu; TWk;
njitahFk;/ vdnt. Kf;fpakhd thzpf ika';fSf;fpilna
mwpt[Wj;jYf;nfw;g bghUl;fisr; nru;g;gJ bghJr;ruf;nfw;wpapd;
kl;Lk; tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J ,a';fp tUfpwJ/
flikahFk;/ mDg;gL P bgWeUf;F ruf;Ffisr; nru;fF ; k; Kd;. mtw;iwg;
6/ xt; b thU ehLk; mjw; F nknya[ s ; s thd; b tspiaf; ghJfhj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; bghWg;igg; bghJr; ruf;nfw;wp Vw;Wf;
fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ/ vdnt xU ehl;ilr; nru;e;j tpkhd';fs; bfhs;fpwhu;/
ntW ehLfspd; kPJ gwg;gjw;F me;je;j ehl;od; Kd; mDkjpiag;
3/ bghJr;ruf;nfw;wp mDg;gPl;Lg; bghUl;fisj; jd; brhe;jg;
bgwntz;oajhf ,Uf;fpwJ/
bghUl;fSld; fye;Jtplhky; ghu;jJ
; f;bfhs;sf; flikg;gl;ltu;/
bghJr;ruf;nfw;wp (Common Carrier)
4/ mDg;gPL bra;ag;gl;l bghUl;fspy; TLjy; ed;ik Vw;gLk;nghJ
bghUs; (Meaning) ruf;nfw;wp mt;thW Vw;gl;l TLjy;; ed;ikiaa[k; mtw;nwhL nru;j;J
midj;J egu;fspd; ruf;Ffisa[k; vt;tpj ntWghLk; fhl;lhky; bgWeUf;F jUjy; mtuJ flikahFk;/ cjhuzkhf fhy;eilfspy;
thliff;fhfr; Rke;J bry;Yk; braiy nkw;bfhs;Sk; egu; my;yJ xd;whd gRit mDg;gPL bra;a[k;nghJ bry;Yk; tHpapy; mJ fd;W
thfdk; Tl bghJr;ruf;nfw;wp vd miHf;fg;gLfpwhu;/ ,uapy; kw;Wk; xd;W <d;bwLj;jhy; gRita[k;. fd;iwa[k; nru;j;J bgWeuplk; nru;f;Fk;
fly; nghf;Ftuj;J bghJr;ruf;nfw;wp vd;w brhy;ypy; ml';fhJ/ flik ruf;nfw;wpf;F cz;L/
Vbddpy;. mitfs; jdpr; rl;l';fs; |yk; bray;gLfpd;wd/ jdpr; r uf; n fw; w p
bghJr; ruf; n fw; w papd; flikfs; (Duties of Common jdpr;ruf;nfw;wp jhd; nju;e;bjLj;j Fwpg;g pl;l egu;fspd;
Carrier) bghUl; f isj; jdp xg; g e; j j; j pd; |yk; rpy neu'; f spy; kl; L k;
rj; j k; my; y J thlif brYj; j g; g l; l hnyh my; y J Xuplj; j pypUe; J kw; b whU ,lj; j pw; F thliff; f hnth my; y J
brYj; j g; g Ltjw; F xg; g [ f ; b fhs; s g; g l; l hnyh bghJr; ruf; n fw; w p ,ytrkhfnth Vw;wpr; bry;thu;/jdpr;ruf;nfw;wp Xuplj;jpypUe;J kw;bwhU
egu;fspilna ntWghLfhl;lhky; mtu;fspd; bghUs;fisf; bfhz;L
130 131
,lj;jpw;F bghUl;fisf; bfhz;L bry;tij tHf;fkhd gzpahff;
bfhs;tjpy;iy/
bghJr; r uf; n fw; w pf; F k; jdpr; r uf; n fw; w pf; F k; cs; s
ntWghLfs;
(Distinguish Between Commen carrier and Private carrier)
bghJr; ruf; n fw; w p jdpr; r uf; n fw; w p
1/bghJr;ruf;nfw;wp bghUl;fis Vw;wpr; 1/jdpr;ruf;nfw;wp rpy ntiyfspy;
bfhs;fydhf;fk; (CONTAINERISATION)
bry; t ij tHf; f khd bjhHpyhff; kl;Lnkh my;yJ jdp xg;ge;jj;jpd;
bfhz;oUf;fpwhu;/ |ynkh ruf;nfw;wpr; bry;fpwhu;/ bfhs;fydhf;fk; vd;gJ mz;ikf;fhyj;jpa tsu;r;rpahFk;/
ruf;Ffisg; nghf;Ftuj;Jr; bra;tjpy; mz;ik fhyj;jpy; bkr;rj;jf;f
2/,tu; midj;J egu;fspd; ruf;Ffisa[k; 2/,tu; jhd; nju;e;bjLj;j Fwpg;g pl;l khw;w';fSk; Kd;ndw;wKk; Vw;gl;Ls;sd/ ,e;j tpaj;jF tsu;r;rpia
vt;tpj ntWghLkpd;wp vLj;J bry;fpwhu;/ egu;fspd; bghUl;fis kl;Lk; Vw;wpr; xl;Lbkhj;jkhff; Fwpf;Fk; brhw;bwhlnu bfhs;fydhf;fk; vd;gjhFk;/
bry;fpwhu;/ Kd;bgy;yhk; ruf;Ffs; rpWrpW mst[fspy; fl;Lkk; bra;ag;gl;L
3/,jw;F jdpr; rl;lk; VJk; ,y;iy/ btt;ntW nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjd';fs; |ykhf mDg;gg;gl;ld/ mjdhy;
3/bghJr; ruf;nfw;wpapd; bghWg;g[ 1865-k; fl;Lkr; bryt[fSk;. Vw;Wk; ,wf;Fk; bryt[fSk; bgupa mstpy; Tod/
Mz;L ruf;nfw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd; |yk; ,tu; ruf;F xg;gilg;g[ bgWeuhff;
Mdhy; ,d; n wh. ,j; J iwa py; bgUk; khw; w k; epfH; e ; J s; s J/
eph;zapf;fg;g; LfpwJ/ fUjg;gLfpwhu;/ tz;og;bgl;ofs; nghd;W bgupa. bgupa mstpy; bfhs;fyd;fs;
4/,tu; thliff;fhfnth my;yJ bra;ag;gl;L. mtw;wpy; ruf;Ffs; ngustpy; fl;Lkk; bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/
4/,tu; thliff;fhfr; ruf;nfw;wpr;
,f;bfhs;fyd;fs; cs;sJ cs;sthnw yhupfspy; Vw;wpf;bfhz;L
bry;fpwhu;/ ,ytrkhfnth ruf;nfw;wpr; bry;thu;/
bry;yg;gLfpd;wd/ ,uapy; |ykhf mtw;iwg; nghf;Ftuj;J bra;a[k;
5/,tu; jhd; Vw;wpr; bry;Yk; bghUl;fSf;Ff; 5/jdpr; ruf;nfw;wp jd;Dila ftdf; njit ,Ug;g pd;. mjw;fhfnt rpwg;ghf mikf;fg;bgw;w ,uapy; tz;o
Fiwthy; ruf;FfSf;F Vw;gLk; ,Hg;g[ mog;gil rl;lj;jpd; kPJ bfhs;fyd;fs; neuoahfnt Vw;wg;gl;Lf; bfhz;L
fhg;gL
P jUeuhf bray;gLfpwhu;/ ,tuJ
my;yJ nrjj;jpwF
; kl;Lk; bghWg;ghfpwhu;/ bry;yg;gLfpd;wd/ bfhs;fyd;fisf; fly; |ykhf mDg;g ntz;oajhf
ftdf;Fiwthnyh my;yJ gpw tHpapnyh
,Ug;g pd;. bfhs;fyd; fg;gy; kPJ mit neuoahf itf;fg;gl;L bfhz;L
ruf;FfSf;F Vw;gLk; nrjk; my;yJ bry;yg;gLfpd;wd/ bfhs;fyd; fg;gy; vd;gJ bfhs;fyd;fspyplg;bgw;w
,Hg;g pw;F bghJr; ruf;nfw;wp ruf;Ffisf; bfhz;L bry;tjw;bfd;nw rpwg;ghf mikf;fg; bgw;wit/
bghWg;ghfpwhu;/ bfhs;fyd; fg;gy;fs; nghd;nw. kpfg;bghpa tpkhd';fspy; bfhs;fyd;fs;
bfhz;L bry;yg;gl;L cupa ,l';fspy; nru;f;fg;gLfpd;wd/ nrUk;
,lj;jpy; bfhs;fyd;fs; cs;sJ cs;sthnw mDg;gPL bgWeuplk;
nru;gg
; pf;fg;gLfpd;wd/
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (Importance)
bfhs;fyd;fisg; nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjd';fs; kPJ Vw;Wjy;.
,wf;Fjy;. yhupfspypUe;J ,uapy; my;yJ fg;gYf;F khw;Wjy; Mfpa
132 133
midj;Jr; bray;fSk; ,ae;jpu';fs; |ykhfnt bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/ 3/ ruf;nfw;Wkplk;
,ae; j pukaKk; . jd; d paf; f Kk; . nghf; F tuj; J j; Jiwa py; bgUk;
4/ fg;gypy; mDg;gg;gLk; ruf;F gw;wpa tpguk;
g';Fbfhs;sj; Jt';fpapUf;fpd;wd/ bfhs;fydhf;fk; clYiHg;ghy;
bra;ag;gLk; bray;fisg; nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapdpd;Wk; mwnt 5/ nrhplj; JiwKfk;
ePff
; ptpl;lJ vdr; brhy;yhk;/ may; ehl;L thzpfj;jpD}nl gy;ntW 6/ brYj;jg;bgw;w my;yJ brYj;j ntz;oa fg;gy; fl;lzk;
rl;l';fspy; ruf;Ffis btt;ntW nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjd';fs; |ykhff;
7/ ruf;Fg; bgWehpd; bgaUk; Kfthpa[k;
bfhz;L bry;yntz;oajhf ,Ug;gJ bjspthfpwJ/ bfhs;fydhf;fk;
,r;rpf;fyhd nghf;Ftuj;ij vspikahf;Ftjhy;. mJ may;ehl;L 8/ ehs; kw;Wk; fhg;gPL
thzpfj;jpw;F xU g[fHhf mikfpwJ/ rpg;g';fs; rhptu ,Ug;g pd; J}a fg;gy; urPJ (Clean Bill of Lading)
trjp. rpf;fdk;. jhkjkpd;ik Mfpait bfhs;fydhf;fj;jpdhy; tH';fg;gLfpwJ/ rpy rpg;g';fs; my;yJ fl;Lfs; nrjKw;wpUg;g pd; khRil
vGk; ed;ikfshFk;/ nkYk;. mJ ruf;Ffisf; fl;Lkk; bra;tJ. Vw;wp fg;gy; urPJ (Foul Bill of Lading) tH';fg;gLfpwJ/
,wf;FtJ rhu;e;j bryt[fis btFthff; Fiwf;fpwJ/ vdnt mJ 2/ fg;gy; thlif xg;ghtzk; (Charter Party)
nkd;nkYk; bry;thf;Fg; bgw;WtUtjpy; tpag;ngJkpy;iy/
gz;l';fs; bgUkstpy; mDg;gPL bra;a neUk; nghJ xU
nghf;Ftuj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mtz';fs; fg;giynah my;yJ xU fg;gy; jsj;jpd; fzprkhd gFjpianah
(Documents Used in Transport) thliff;F vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sjy; eyk; gaf;Fk;/;,t;thW thliff;F
1/ fg;gy; ,urPJ (Bill of Lading) vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; xg;ge;jk; jh';fpa gj;jpuk; @fg;gy; thlif xg;ghtzk;@
my;yJ @fhy xg;ge;jkhfnth@ ,Uf;fyhk;/ fg;giy thlif;F vLg;gtu;
ruf;nfw;wpr; bry;Yk; xg;ge;j epge;jidfis cs;slf;fpa ;@xg;ge;jjhuu;@/ ,J fg;giya[k; mjd; khYkpfisa[k; xg;ge;jjhuhpd;
Mtznk fg;gy; ,urPjhFk;/ fg;gy; jiytu; ifbahg;gkpl;l ,e;j fl;Lg;ghl;ow;Fs; bfhz;LtUfpwJ/ fg;gy; jiytu; kw;Wk; khYkpfspd;
,urPjpidf; fg;gy; epWkk; tH';FfpwJ/ mjpy; Fwpj;Js;s ruf;Ff; bray;fspdhy; |d;whk; egh; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy; xg;ge;jjhunu mjw;F
fg;gypy; Vw;wg;gl;Ltpl;ljw;fhd xg;g[ifr; rPl;nl mJ/ vdnt. ruf;F bghWg;ghthh;/
bgw;wikf;F tH';fg;gLk; mjpfhu g{ut ; khd urPjhf mJ gad;gLfpwJ/
mj;njhL. mjpy; bgau; Fwpg;g plg;gl;Ls;sth; ruf;fpidg; bgWk; chpik 3/tHpr;rPl;L(Way Bill)
gilj;jtUk; Mfpwhh;/ ,jid nkbyGjpg; (Endorsement) gpwUf;Ff; rhiyfs; tHpahf yhhpfspy; ruf;Ffisg; nghf;Ftuj;Jr; bra;ak
[ ;
bfhLg;gjd; |yk;. ,jd; cupik khw;wg;gLfpwJ/ ahh; bgaUf;F ,J bjhHpypy; gy epWtd';fs; <Lgl;Ls;sd/ mit Fwpj;j jl';fspy; fhy
nkbyGjpj; jug;gLfpwnjh mtnu nruntz;oa JiwKfj;jpy; (Port of ml;ltizg;go yhhpfis ,af;Ffpd;wd/ mit thliff;fhf vtUila
Destination) fg;gypypUe;J ruf;ifg; bgWk; chpikahsuhthh;/ ,t;thW ruf;Ffisa[k; Vw;wpr; bry;y Kd;tUk; bghJr; ruf;nfw;wpfshFk;;/
ruf;Fhpik Mtzkhft[k; (Document of title to goods) ,J bray;gLfpwJ/
uapy; epiya';fisg; nghynt. ,e;epWtd';fSk; ruf;Ffisg;
ruf;Fhpik Mtzk; vd;gJ ruf;fpd; brhe;jf;fhuh; ahh; vd;gij
bgw;Wf;bfhz;L mDg;gPLbra;eu; bgahpnyh tHpr;rPl;L tH';Ffpd;wd/
czh;j;jf;Toa gj;jpukhFk;/ Mdhy; ,J xU khw;W Kiwahtzk;
nrUkplj;jpYs;s me;epWtdf; fpisaplk; mDg;gPLbgWeu; tHpr;rPli
; lr;
(Negotiable Instrument) md;W/
rku;gg
; pj;Jr; ruf;Ffis vLj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;/
fg; g y; urP j py; fhzg; g Lk; bra; j pfshtd:
uapy; ,urPJ nghynt tHpr;rPlL
; k; nghf;Ftuj;J bra;tjw;fhfr;
1/ Vw;Wkjpahshpd; fg;gypLeupd; (Shipper) bgaUk; Kfthpa[k; ruf;Ffisg; bgw;Wf;bfhs;tjw;fhd mwptpf;Fk; xg;g[ifr; rPl;lhFk;/
2/ fg;gypd; bgah;
134 135
nghf;Ftuj;J Fwpj;j xg;ge;jr; rhd;whft[k; mJ bray;gLfpwJ/ ruf;Fhpik r h j f k h f n k b y G j p (Endorsing) m D g ; g n t z ; L k ; / , u a p y ;
Mtzkhft[k; mJ tps';FfpwJ/ tHpr;rPli ; l nknyGjpj; jUtjd;|yk;. epiyaj;jhuplkpUe;J bgWk;bghGnj mij mDg;gPLbgWehpd; bgahpy;
mjpy; Fwpg;g pl;Ls;s ruf;Ffs; kPjhd chpikiag; gpwUf;F khw;wpj; ju bgw;wpUj;jy; ntz;Lk;/ mDg;gPLbra;eh; bra;a ntz;Ltbjy;yhk; mij
,aYfpwJ/ ,Ug;g pDk;. mJ xU khw;WKiw Mtzk; md;W/ mDg;gPLbgWeUf;F mDg;g p itg;gnjahFk;/ nru ntz;oa ,lj;jpYs;s
,uapy; epiyaj;jhuplkpUe;J ruf;Ffisg; bgw ntz;Lkhapd; ,uapy;
mDg;gL P bgWenuh. tHpr;rl
P i
; l itj;jpUf;Fk; ntbwhUtnuh mij
urPij mth;fsplk; rkh;gg ; pf;f ntz;Lk;/
,Hf;f nehpl;lhy;. <l;LWjp Kwp xd;W vGjpf; bfhLj;J. nghf;Ftuj;J
epWtdj;jplkpUe;J chpa ruf;Ffis vLj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;/ ,uapy; urPJ xU ruf;Fhpik Mtzk;/ Mjypd;. mij nkbyGjpf;
bfhLg;gjd; |yk; ruf;Ffs; kPjhd chpikiag; gpwUf;F khw;wpj;juyhk;/
4/ thd;tHp mDg;gPlL
; urPJ (Air Consignment Note)
ruf; F fs; nghf; F tuj; J bra; a g; g Lk; b ghGnj. ,ua py; urP i j
thD}h;jpfs; |yk; bghUs;fis mDg;gPL bra;eh;. thd;tHp xUtUf;bfhUth; khw;wpj; jUtjd; tHpahf. ruf;Ffs; kPjhd chpik
mDg;gPl;L urPJ jahh; bra;J ruf;nfw;wpaplk; mijj;jUfpwhh;/ ,e;j khw;wk; bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ ,Ug;g pDk; mJ xU khw;WKiw Mtzk;
urPJ |d;W mry; gofspy; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ xU efypy; mDg;gPL (Negotiable Instrument) md;W/
bra;eh; ifbaGj;jpl;L mjd; kPJ @ruf;nfw;wpf;F@ vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ/
mDg;gPLbgWeh; ,uapy; urPij ,Hf;f nehpl;lhy;. mth; ,uapy;
,uz;lhk; efypy; mDg;gPl;L bra;eh;. ruf;nfw;wp Mfpa ,UtuhYk;
mjpfhhpfsplk; <l;LWjp Kwp (Indemnity Bond) xd;W vGjpf;bfhLj;J
ifbaGj;jplg;gl;L mDg;gPL bgWeUf;fhf vd mjpy; Fwpg;g plg;gLk;
ruf;Ffisg; bgw;Wf; bfhs;syhk;/ <l;LWjp Kwpapd; tHpahf mth;
(ruf;FfnshL ,J nrh;jJ ; mDg;gg;gLk;) |d;whk; efypy; ruf;nfw;wpahy;
ntW VjhtJ mr;ruf;Ffs; kPJ chpik ghuhl;of; nfl;lhy; mjdhy;
ifbaGj;jplg;gl;L mDg;gPL bra;eUf;F jpUk;g mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,J
,ua py; epiyaj; j hUf; F vGk; ,Hg; i g <L bra; t jhf ,e; j
thd;tHp ruf;nfw;wp bghUs;fisg; bgw;Wf; bfhz;likf;F Mjhukhf
cWjpaspf;fpd;whh;/
mikfpwJ/
5/ ,uapy; urPJ (Railway Receipt)
mDg;gL
P bra;eh; mth; mDg;g tpiHa[k; ruf;FfnshL mDg;gi [ fr;
rP l ; L xd; W epug; g pf; ifbahg; g kpl; L j; jUk; b ghGJ. mtw; i wg;
bgw;Wf;bfhs;Sk; ,uapy; epiya mYtyh; mthplk; ,uapy; urPJ jUthh;/
nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhf ,uapy; epiyaj;jhy; ruf;F bgw;Wf; bfhz;lij
mwptpf;Fk; xg;g[iff; rPl;lhFk; (Acknowledgement) mJ/ mjd; tHpahf
,uapy; epiyaj;jhh; mr;ruf;Ffisr; nrUkplj;jpw;Ff; bfhz;L bry;y
xg;gf [ b; fhs;Sfpd;wdh;/ mJ ruf;Fhpik Mtzkhft[k; gzpahw;WfpwJ/
mjpy; Twg;gl;Ls;s ruf;Ffspd; kPjhd chpik mij itj;jpUg;ghiur;
nrh;ej ; J vd;gij czh;jJ ; k; gj;jpukhf (Document of title to goods) mJ
bray;gLfpwJ/
,uapy; epiyaj;jhh; mDg;gPLbra;ehpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;nfw;g mth;
bgaupnyh mDg;gPLbgWehpd; bgahpnyh mijj; juyhk;/ mJ mDg;gPL
bra;ehpd; bgahpy; jug;gl;oUe;jhy; mth; mij mDg;gPL bgWeUf;Fr;

136 137
 tpdhf; f s; II/ nfhol;l ,l';fis epug;g[f
I. rupahdtw;iw nju;e;bjLj;J vGJf 1/ ahidfs; fhl;L gFjpapy; gSthd Vw;wpr; bry;y
cjt[fpwJ/
1/ fPH;tUk; ehd;fpy; vJ epy tHp nghf;Ftuj;ij rhh;e;jJ?
2/ nkhl;lhu; nghf;Ftuj;J nghf;Ftuj;J kiwtjw;F
m/ KiwtHpf;fg;gy; M/ bjhl;of;fg;gy;; ,/ bghjp fhuzkhf cs;sJ/
tpy';Ffs; </ Kiw tHpaw;w fg;gy;;
3/ cs; ehl;L nghf;Ftuj;J vd;w brhy; vd;Wk;
2/ fPH;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ nghf;Ftuj;jpd; tifapd; fPH; tuhJ miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/
m/ fhy;tha;fs; M/ Mw;Wg;nghf;Ftuj;J , / 4/ fg;gy; ,urPJ nkYk; nritia bra;fpwJ
khl;L tz;ofs; </ fg;gy; urPJ
5/ tHpr;rPl;L xU xg;g[ifr; rPl;lhFk;/ nkYk; ,it
3/ ePuhtp vd;$pid fz;Lgpoj;jtu; ahu;? nghf;Ftuj;jpy; gad;gLfpwJ/

m/ n$k;*t
; hl; M/ nfhghy; Mh;/ ghl; ,/ nkhfpdp 6/ thd;tHp mDg;g pl;L ,urPJ gFjpfshf jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ/
nrij </ gp/nf/ nfh*; rupahd gjpy; f s;
4/ irf;fps; upf;=h cyfj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L //////// 1/ kuj;Jz;Lfs;
m) 1850 M) 1847 ,) 1972 <) 1867 2/ ouhk;

5/ ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,uapy;nt bjhlh;g[ ve;j ,U efu';fSf;fpilna 3/ braw;ifahd

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ 4/ ruf;if bgw;wikf;fhd mjpfhug;g{ht
; khd urPjhf
m/ Kk;ig - brd;id M) brd;id-bfhy;fj;jh 5/ xg;ge;jr; rhd;whft[k;
,/ Kk;ig - njdh <) bly;yp - brd;id 6/ |d;W

rupahd gjpy; f s;

1/ , 2/ < 3/ m 4/ < 5/ ,

138 139
III. bghUj;Jf V/ xUgf; f mstpy; tpilasp
1/ fg;gy; ,urPJ - 1) FHha; tHpg; 1/ nghf;Ftuj;jpd; bghUshjhu gad;ghLfis vLj;Jiuf;f/
nghf;Ftuj;J
2/ thzpgk; bra;nthUf;F nghf;Ftuj;J vg;go cjtpbra;fpwJ?
2/ fg;gy; thlif xg;ghtzk; - 2)ruf;if bgw;Wf;
3/ epyg; nghf;Ftuj;J vd;why; vd;d? nkYk; mjd; tiffis
bfhz;ljw;fhd
TWf/
mjpfhug; g{ut
; ,urPJ
4/ ePh; nghf;Ftuj;J vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffis TWf/
3/ ghk;ngi& (Bombayhigh) - 3) khl;L tz;ofs;
5/ thd; tHpg;nghf;Ftuj;jpd; njhw;wk; kw;Wk; mjd; tiffis
4/ fly;nghf;Ftuj;J - 4) gaz xg;ge;jk;
vLj;Jiuf;f/
5/ epyg; nghf;Ftuj;J - 5) KiwtHpf;fg;gy;
6/ bghJr;ruf;nfw;w p kw;Wk; jdpr;ruf;nfw;w p ,tw; wpy; cs; s
rupahd gjpy; f s; ntWghLfis TWf/

1 (2) 2 (4) 3 (1) 4 (5) 5 (3) 7/ epyk;. ePh; kw;Wk; thd;tHpg;nghf;Ftuj;jpd; FiwghLfs; ahit?

IV rpW tpdhf; f s; VI/ fl; L iu tpdhf; f s ;

1/ nghf;Ftuj;J - tiutpyf;fzk; jUf/ 1/ bfhs;fydhf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?

2/ nghf;Ftuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahit? 2/ thfdg;nghf;Ftuj;J vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?

3/ nghf;Ftuj;jpy; VjhtJ ,U bghUshjhu gad;ghLfis TW/ 3/ epyk;. ePu;. thd;tHpg;nghf;Ftujpd; tiffis tptup/

4/ epyk;. ePh;. kw;Wk; thd;tHpg;nghf;Ftuj;J rpW Fwpg;g[ tiuf/

5/ epyg; nghf;Ftuj;jpd; ed;ikfs; TWf/

6/ ePu; nghf;Ftuj;J vd;why; vd;d? kw;Wk; mjd; tiffis

RUf;fkhf TWf/

7/ thd;tHpg;nghf;Ftuj;jpd; tiffs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpj;Jtj;ijf; TWf?

8/ bfhs;fydhf;fk; - tiutpyf;fzk; jUf/

9/ bghJ ruf;nfw;wp - tiutpyf;fzk; jUf/

10/ jdpr;ruf;nfw;wp - tiutpyf;fzk; jUf/

140 141
 ghlk; - 6 MfptpLk;/ nkYk; cw;gj;jp bra;tjw;fhd Cf;fKk; ,y;yhky; ngha;tpLk;/
fPHf
; hZk; fhuz';fs; gz;lff; fhg;gpLjypd; njitfisf; fhl;LfpwJ/
gz;lff; fhg;g[
1/ bgUkst[ cw;gj;jp~ cw;gj;jpahdJ vjph;fhy njitia
mwpKfk;~ gz;lff; fhg;g[ vd;gJ re;ijapay; gzpfspy; xd;whFk;/ bghWj;J mikfpwJ/ bgUkst[ cw;gj;jp bghpa bjhHpw; rhiya[k.;
fhg;gfk; vd;gJ bghUl;fis ghJfhf;Fk; Xh; ,lkhFk;/ gz;lk; ,ae;jpu';fisa[k; eph;khzpg;gjd; |yk; eilbgWfpwJ/
vd;why; bghUs; vd;W mh;jj ; k;/ rhiy vd;why; mij ghJfhg;ghf ,g;bghUs;fSf;fhd re;ijfs; njrbk';Fk; gutpa[ss ; d/ gy;ntW
itj;jpUf;Fk; ,lk;/ bghJthf fpl';Ffs;. |yg;bghUl;fs; kw;Wk; ika';fspd; njitfis cldoahf g{hj ; j
; p bra;tjw;fhf gz;lff;
Kot[g; bghUl;fis ghJfhg;gjw;F VJthf bjhHpw;rhiyf;F mUfpy; fhg;gf';fis gy;ntW ,l';fspy; mikf;f ntz;oa[ss ; J/
mikf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;/ itg;g plk; (Storage) vd;gJ bghUl;fis
2/ gz;l';fspd; jd;ik~ rpy gz;l';fs; tpiutpy; mGFk;
itj;jpUf;Fk; ,lk; kl;Lk; MFk;/ Mdhy; gz;lff; fhg;g plk; vd;gJ
jd;ika[ss
; jhy;. mt;tg;nghJ cldoahf Efug;gl ntz;oa[ss ; J/
re;ijf;F mUfpy; mikf;fg;gl;L jug;gLj;Jjy;. tifg;gLj;Jjy;.
,t;tifahd bghUl;fis Fsph;gjd itg;g plj;jpy; itj;jpUg;gjhy;
fyf;Fjy;. fl;Lkhdk; bra;jy; Mfpa re;ijapay; rk;ge;jkhd gzpfisf;
Xust[ Efh;t[ fhyj;ij ePlo
; f;f KofpwJ/ (c/k;) gH';fs;. fha;fwpfs;.
Fwpf;fpwJ/ Mjyhy;. gz;lfrhiyia bghUl;fis tH';Fk; ikak;
Kl;il. btz;bza;/
vd;W Twyhk;/ mwptpay; bjhHpy;El;g tsh;rr; pahdJ gy;ntW tifahd
tifapy; bghUl;fis ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwfis Kd;ndw bra;jpUf;fpwJ/ 3. gUtfhy cw;gj;jp Mdhy; bjhlh;Efh;t~[ bgUk;ghyhd
bghUl;fs; c/k;/ nfhJik. rh;ff; iu. jhdpa';fs; Mfpait rpy
Fwpg;g pl;l gUtfhy';fspy; kl;Lnk cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ Mdhy;
,tw;wpd; Efh;nth tUlk; KGtJk; bjhlh;eJ ; cs;sJ/ ,tw;wpw;F
fhg;gpl';fs; ,y;y
; htpl;lhy;. mitfs; bfl;Lg;ngha; tPzhfp tpLfpd;wd/
,jdhy; gUtfhykpy;yhj fhy';fspy; fpilg;gJ kpf mhpjhfp tpLfpwJ/
Mjdhy;. jFe;j ,l';fspy; ,tw;wpw;F gz;lff;fhg;g pl';fs;
mtrpakhfpd;wJ/
4/ bjhlh; cw; g j; j p Mdhy; gUtfhy Efh; t [ ~
gUtfhy';fspy; kpFe;j njitia vjph;ghh;jJ; rpy bghUl;fs; bjhlh;eJ
;
cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gLfpd;wJ/ (c/k;) Maj;j Milfs;. nghh;itfs;.
kpd;tprpwpfs;/ vdnt ,t;tifahd bghUl;fspd; kpFe;j njitia
g{hj
; j
; p bra;tjw;fhf itg;g pl';fs; njitg;gLfpd;wd/
5/cw;gj;jp ika';fSf;F mUfhik~ bghUl;fis jFe;j
neuj;jpYk;. jl';fs; ,y;yhkYk; tH';Ftjw;fhf gy;ntW ,l';fspy;
fhg;gf';fs; njitg;gLfpwJ/ ,jw;fhf bkhj;j tpahghhpfs; kw;Wk;
rpy;yiu tpahghhpfSf;F fpilf;Fk; tz;zk; gy;ntW ,l';fspy;
gz; l '; f s; gz; l fr; r hiyf; F vLj; J bry; y g; g Ljy; /
fhg;gf';fs; mike;Js;sd/ gz;lf fhg;g pl';fSf;F bghUl;fs;
gz; l ff; fhg; g pLjypd; njit~ bjhlh; e ; J tH'; f g; g Lfpd; w d/ g pwF,itfs; Efh; n thUf; F
tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd/
gz; l ff; fhg; g [ fhyj; j ilfis tpyf; F fpwJ/ gz; l ff; f hg; g [
,y;iybad;why; cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gl;l bghUl;fs; cgnahfkw;wjhf
142 143
 6/ bgUkst[ cw;gj;jpf;fhf |yg;bghUl;fis bflhky; ghJfhg;gJjhd;/ ,J fhyg;gad;ghl;il cUthf;FfpwJ/
itj;jpUj;jy;~ bjhlh;eJ
; bgUkst[ cw;gj;jpia elj;Jtjw;fhf. gz;lfrhiyapLjypd; gzpfs;~ gz;lfrhiyapLjy; kdpj
rpy |yg;bghUl;fis. jahh;epiyapy; itj;jpUf;f ntz;oa[ss ; J/ rKjhaj;jpw;F tpiykjpg;gw;w nritfis gpd;fz;l gzpfis bra;tjd;
vdnt. mt;tifahd |yg;bghUl;fs;. njitg;gLk;nghJ cw;gj;jp |yk; tH';FfpwJ/
ika';fSf;F tH';fg;gLtjw;fhf fhg;g pl';fspy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ/ 1/ bghUl;fis ghJfhj;jy;~ Nhpa btspr;rk;. Jhrp. kiH
7/ Fiwe;jgl;r bghUs;itg;g[~ cw;gj;jp jl';fy; ,d;wp nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J bghUl;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf jFjpahd mykhhp.
elg; g jw; f hft[ k ; bghUl; f s; fpilf; f hky; nghFk; mghaj; i j bfhs;fyd;. rhf;Fg;igfs; ,itfspy; nrkpg;gjd; |yk; mit bflhky;
jtph;gg; jw;fhft[k.; Fiwe;j gl;r msthtJ bghUl;fis fhg;g pl ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,t;thW kdpjh;fshYk;. ,aw;ifahYk; Vw;glf;Toa
ntz;oaJ mtrpak;/ vdnt. gz;lffhg;gf';fs; njitg;gLfpwJ/ mgha';fspypUe;J bghUl;fis ghJfhf;fpwJ/ jFe;j ghJfhg;g[ Vw;ghLfs;
8/ a{ftzpfj;jpw;fhf itg;g pLjy;~ mjpftpiy fpilf;f bra;ag;gLtjhy;. bghUl;fs; jpUl;Lg;nghtJ jLf;fg;gLfpwJ/ jP
ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf bghUl;fs; itg;g plj;jpy; itf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ tpgj;jpypUe;J bghUl;fis fhg;ghw;w jP jLg;g[ cgfuz';fs; cldo
tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; Vw;wj;jhH;tf[ is gad;gLj;jp ,yhgk; mila[k; epiyapy; jahuhf itf;fg;gLfpd;wd/
nehf;Fld;. ,itfs; fhg;g plj;jpy; itj;jpUf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ 2/ tpiyfis epiyg; g Lj; J jy; ~ njitg; g Lk; b ghGJ
gz;lfrhiy kw;Wk; gz;lf rhiyapLjy; - bghUs;~ bghUl;fspd; rPuhd tH';fy;fis gz;lf fhg;g pl';fs; cWjpbra;fpwJ/
,t;thwhf tpiyfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,J cjt[fpwJ/ ,g;gzp
1/ gz; lfrhiy~ rpy Fwpg;g pl;l bghUl;fis gpuj;nafkhf ,y;iybadpy; fLikahd tpiy Vw;wj;jhH;tf[ spdhy;. cw;gj;jpahsh;fSk;.
ghJfhf;Fk; ,lkhf gz;lfrhiy mikfpwJ/ *;Ogd;rd; vd;gthpd; tpahghhpfSk; ghjpf;fg;gLtJld;. rPuhd bghUs; tH';fy; ,y;yhky;
fUj;Jg;go. @gz;lfrhiy vd;gJ bghUl;fis itj;jpUf;Fk; my;yJ ngha;tpLk;/ re;ijapy; Vw;gLk; tpiy Vw;wj;jhH;tf
[ is fl;Lg;gLj;jp
njf;fp itf;FkplkhFk;@ vjph;fhy njitf;fhf bghUl;fis ghJfhg;ghf rkd; bra;ak[ ; xU fUtpahf bray;gLtJld;. Mz;L KGtJk; Vwj;jhH
itj;jpUf;Fkplnk gz;lfrhiy MFk;/ itj;jpUf;f ntz;oa bghUl;fspd; xnu tpiyapy; bghUl;fs; fpilf;FkhW bra;fpwJ/
jd;ikiag; bghUj;J gz;lfrhiyapd; mikg;gf [ s; jPhk
; hdpf;fg;gLfpwJ/
gH';fs;. mGFk; jd;ika[ss
; bghUl;fs; ,itfisg; ghJfhf;f Fsph;gjd 3/ bghUl;fis itg;g pLjy;~ cw;gj;jpahFk; fhyKk; mtw;wpd;
fhg;gf';fs; njitg;gLfpwJ/ rpy kUe;J bghUl;fis Fwpg;g pl;l Efh;tf
[ hyKk; ntWgLfpd;wd/ nkYk;. cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gl;l bghUl;fspd;
btg;gepiyapy; itj;jpUf;f fhg;gfk; njitg;gLfpwJ/ mst[k; ntWgLfpd;wd/ ,t;ntWghL fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; kpFjpahd
bghUl;fs; v';F. vg;nghJ njitnah. m';F mg;nghJ tH';fg;gLtjw;fhf.
bgl;nuhy;. Mapy;. fUk;g pd; fHpt[ bghUl;fs; nghd;w jputjfis ghJfhg;ghf itf;fg;gLfpwJ/
itj;jpUf;f bgUk; bjhl;ofs; njitg;gLfpwJ/ Mdhy; ghh;yp. gUg;g[
tiffs; nghd; w jhdpa'; f Sf; F fhw; n whl; l Ks; s mu'; F fs; 4/ njitiaa[k;. tH';fisa[k; rkd;gLj;Jjy;~ re;ijapy;
njitg;gLfpwJ/ rpyrka';fspy; tpw;gid elf;Fkplk; fpl';F my;yJ njitg;glhj bghUl;fs; re;ijapypUe;J jpUk;gg; bgwg;gl;L. re;ijapy;
itg;g plk; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ vg;nghJ njitg;gLfpwnjh. mg;nghJ tH';Ftjw;fhf ghJfhg;ghf
itf;fg;gLfpwJ/ gUtfhy';fs; mw;w fhy';fspYk; Efh;nthh; bjhlh;eJ
;
2/ gz;lfrhiyapLjy;~ cldoahf njitg;glhj bghUl;fis bghUl;fis bgw cjt[fpwJ/ g";rk; kw;Wk; gw;whf;Fiw fhy';fspy;
bflhky; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd braiyna gz;lfrhiyapLjy; vdyhk;/
Vw;gLk; mjpf njitia re;jpg;gjw;fhf muR. czt[ jhdpa';fis
vdnt. itg;g pLjYf;fhd trjpfis tH';Fk; xU ,lj;ijna Fwpf;fpwJ/
rpwe;j Kiwapy; gz;lfrhiyapy; nrkpj;J itf;fpwJ/
gz;lfrhiyapLjypd; nehf;fk; juj;jpYk; vz;zpf;ifapYk; bghUl;fis
5/ tpahghu epjp bgw tifbra; j y; ~ gz; l frhiya py;
itf;fg;gl;l bghUl;fspd; mog;gilapy;. mg;bghUl;fis itj;jpUg;gth;
144 145
gz;lfrhiy tH';fpa urPjpd; mog;gilapy; t';fpfspypUe;Jk;. gpw epjp gz; l frhiyapd; tiffs; ~
epWtd';fsplkpUe;Jk; epjpa[jtp bgw cjt[fpwJ/
gz;lf fhg;gf';fspd; chpikahsh;fs; mog;gilapy; gz;lf
6/ tpw;gidf;fhd Kd;ndw;ghL~ bghUl;fis re;ijapLtjw;F fhg;gf';fis fPHf
; f
; z;lthW gphpf;fyhk;/
Vw;g etPdfhy gz;lfrhiyfs; bghUl;fis tifg;gLj;Jjy;. fl;Lkhdk; 1/ jdpahh; gz;lfrhiy
bra;jy;. rpd;dkpLjy; Mfpa gzpfis bra;fpd;wd/ vdnt gz;lf 2/ bghJ gz;lfrhiy
rhiyfs; bghUl;fs; re;ijapy; ,Ltjw;F jFjpahditahf bra;ak [ ;
gzpia gz;lfrhiyfs; nkw;bfhs;fpd;wd/ 3/ Tl;Lwt[ gz;lfrhiy

7/ th'; F nthUf; F tH'; F jy; ~ tpw; f g; g l; l bghUl; f s; gz;lf fhg;gf';fs; tH';Fk; nritapd; mog;gilapy;
th'; F nthhpd; ,lj; j pw; n f bfhz; L bry; y g; g lj; njitapy; i y/ fP H ; f z; l tiffshfg; g phpf; f yhk; ~
tpw;gidahsh; th';Fgthpd; bgaiua[k.; ,lj;ija[k; Fwpg;g pl;L tH';fy; 1/ gpiza fhg;g[ gz;lfrhiy
Mizia gz;lfrhiy bghWg;ghsUf;F bfhLj;jhny nghJkhdJ/
2/ bghJg;bghUs;; gz;lfrhiy
8/ re;ij tuk;ig tphpthf;Fjy;~ ruf;Ffis gy;ntW re;ijfspy;
tpw;gjw;F. cw;gj;jpahsh; gz;lfrhiyfisa[k; njitg;gLk; ,l';fspy; 3/ rpwg;gg
[ b
; ghUs; gz;lfrhiy
thlif gz; l frhiyfisa[ k ; gad; g Lj; J fpwhh; / ,t; t hW. 4/ Fsph;gjd gz;lfrhiy
gz;lfrhiyapLjy; re;ij tphpthf;fj;jpw;F cjtpg[hpfpwJ/
5/ jpwe;jbtsp my;yJ tay;btsp fpl';F
9/ cw;gj;jpapy; ftdk;~ bghUl;fis fhg;gpLjy;; gpur;rpidapypUe;J
cw;gj;jpahsh; tpLjiy bgWfpwhh;/ mth; jdf;bfd;W brhe;jkhd fhg;g plk; 6/ tPlL
; cgnahfg;bghUs; gz;lfrhiy
itj;Jf;bfhs;sj; njitapy;iy/ gz;lfrhiy bghWg;ghsh;fs; 7/ jhdpa J}f;fpfs;
vy; y htpjkhd rpwg; g hd nritfisa[ k ; jUfpwhh; f s; / vdnt.
8/ Kw;w nrkpg;g[ fpl';F
cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; cw;gj;jpapy; kl;Lnk ftdk; brYj;j tif bra;fpwJ/
9/ epWtd Kiw gz;lfrhiy
10/ bghUl;fis jFjpahf;Fjy;~ ghyhilf;fl;o. g[ifapiy.
kuk; nghd;w bghUl;fspd; juk;. Urp. ePoj;j cgnahfk; ,tw;iw cah;jj
; chpikahsh; mog;gilapy; gz;lfrhiyfspd; tiffs;~
gz;lfrhiyfs; gy;ntW gzpfis nkw;bfhs;fpd;wd/
1/ jdpahh; gz; l frhiy~ j'; f s; brhe; j bghUl; f is
11/ gpw gzpfs;~ gz;lfrhiyapLjy; ntiytha;gg; f [ is jUtJld;. itj;jpUg;gjw;fhf jdpegh;fs; gz;lfrhiyfs; itj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;/
Efh;rr
; p kpf mjpfkhd fhy';fspy; mtru nghf;Ftuj;ij jtpw;fpwJ/ cjhuzkhf bghpast[ cw;gj;jpahsh;fs;. bkhj;j tpahghhpfs; kw;Wk; Vy
re;ijapLk; Kiwia vspjhf;fp kf;fspd; thH;fi
; fj; juj;ij cah;jJ
; tJld; tpw;gidahsh; Mfpnahh;. bjhlh;eJ; rPuhf bghUl;fis tH';Ftjw;fhf
th';Fgth;fSf;F nritfisa[k; bra;fpwJ/ j';fSila brhe;j gz;lfrhiyfis itj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;/ vy;yhtpjkhd
12/ ,lh;fis Vw;wy;~ bghUl;fs; gGjhtjhy; chpikahsh;fSf;F bryt[fisa[k; e=;l';fisa[k; mth;fns Vw;Wf; bfhs;fpd;wdh;/ bgUkst[
Vw;gLk; ,Hg;ig gz;lfrhiyg; bghWg;ghsh; <L bra;fpwhh;/ kw;Wk; epiyj;j. bjhlh;ej
; tpw;gidia bfhz;oUg;gth;fSf;F kl;Lnk
,k;khjphpahd gz;lfrhiyfs; itj;jpUg;gJ rhj;jpag;gLfpwJ/
2/bghJ gz;lfrhiy~ rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs;. bkhj;j tpahghhpfs;.
bghUs; ,Ug;g[ (Stockist) itj;jpUg;nghh; kw;Wk; bghJkf;fSf;F
itg;g pLjy; nrit bra;tjw;fhf bjhl';fg;gl;Ls;sd/ ,t;tif
146 147
gz;lfrhiyfspy; itg;g pl;l bghUl;fSf;F thlif bgWtJld; 4/ Fsph;gjd gz;lfrhiy~ rpytpjkhd bghUl;fs; vjph;fhy
ghh;itapLjy;. fl;Lkhdk; bra;jy;. fg;gypy; Vw;Wjy; kw;Wk; gl;oay; Efh;tf[ f
; hf FspQl;lj;jpy; itj;jpUf;f ntz;oa[ss
; J/
jahhpj;jy; nghd;w nritfSf;F nritf;fl;lzKk; bgWfpd;wd/ ,it c/k;/ gH';fs;. kPd.; ,iwr;rp. Kl;il/
,Ug;gg[ hij kw;Wk; beL";rhiyfs; cs;s Kf;fpakhd ,l';fspy; 5/ jpwe;jbtsp fpl';F (Field godowns): ,t;tif fpl';Ffs;
mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ mbkhpf;fhtpy; mjpf tuntw;g[ bgw;wpUf;fpwJ/ t';fpfsplkpUe;J epjp
3/ Tl; L wt[ gz; l frhiy~ ,t; t if gz; l frhiyfs; cjtp bgWtjw;fhf ,t;tif fhg;gf';fspy; bjhHpy; ty;Yeh;fs;. bkhj;j
cWg;gpdh;fs; kw;Wk; cWg;gpduy;yhnjhhpd; trjpf;fhf mikf;fg;gLfpwJ/ kw;Wk; rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs; bghUs;fis ,l;L itf;fpd;wdh;/ bghUl;fs;
Mh; t Ks; s th; f s; ,t; t pj Tl; L wt[ r'; f'; fis Vw; g Lj; j p mjw;bfd xJf;fg;gl;l miwapy; itf;fg;gl;L mjd; chpikia bghJ
cWg;gpdh;fshfpdw ; dh;/ cgnahfg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,lk;. jd;dpykw;w nkyhz;ik gz;lf fhg;ghshplk; xg;gilf;fg;gLfpwJ/ mth; bghUs; xg;gilt[
cWg;gpdh;fspd; bghWg;gl [ d; elf;Fk; jd;ik. gz;lfrhiyapd; epjpepiyik bra;jgpd; urPij tH';Ffpwhh;/ ,e;j urPij gad;gLj;jp t';fpapy; epjp
,itfis bghWj;nj jpwikfs; khWgLfpd;wd/ cjtp bgw Koa[k/;

nritapd; mog;gilapy; gz;lfrhiyfspd; tiffs;~ 6/ tPl;L cgnahf bghUl;fs; gz;lfrhiy[~ ,r;rpwpa

itg;gfj;jpy; xU rpwpa FLk;gj;jpd; njitf;F kpFjpahd bghUl;fs;
1/ gpiza fhg;g[ gz;lfrhiy~ ,t;tif gz;lfrhiyfs; ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUf;fg;gLfpwJ/ fpuhkg;gw [ ';fspy; tptrhapfs; j';fsJ
murplk; chpkk;bgw;W gz;l';fis gpizaj;jpd; mog;gilapy; fhg;gf';fspy;
vjph; f hyj; njitf; F g; ghJfhg; g hf tptrhag; bghUl; f is
itj;jpUe;J bfhLf;f. Vw;Wf; bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ/ ,wf;Fkjp bra;ag;gl;l
itj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;/ ,k;khjphpahd ghJfhg;gf
[ is tPlL ; cgnahfg; bghUs;
ruf;Ffs; R';fthp fl;Lk; tiu gz;lf fhg;gfj;jpy; itj;jpUf;fg;gLfpd;wd/
ghJfhg;g[ vd;fpnwhk;/
R';fthp fl;oa gpwFjhd; gz;lfrhiyapypUe;J ruf;Ffs; vLj;Jr;bry;y
mDkjpf;fg;gLk;/ ,t;tif gz;lfrhiyfs; JiwKfj;jpd; mUfpy; 7/ jhdpa J}f;fpfs; (Grain elevator): ,J xU etPdKiw
m
; ikf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;/ murh';f gpiza fhg;g[ gz;lfrhiyfshf ,Ug;gpd; gz;lf ghJfhg;ghFk;/ ,k;Kiw mbkhpf;fh kw;Wk; a[/nf/ ehLfspy;
R';f mjpfhhpfspd; neuo fl;Lg;ghl;od; fPH; ,g;gz;lfrhiyfs; te;JtpLk;/ mjpf tuntw;g[ bgw;Ws;sJ/ ,k;Kiwapy; kpf mjpf mst[ jhdpa';fs;.
bghUl;fspd; chpikahsh;fs; bghUl;fis Ma;t[ bra;at[k.; $hofspy; jhdpa J}f;fpfspy; ghJfhg;ghf itf;fg;gLfpwJ/
milj;jy;. bgah; kw;Wk; Kj;jpiu gjpj;jy;. bghUl;fis xd;Wld; xd;W 8/ Kw;w nrkpg;g[ fpl';F (Yard storage)~ ,Uk;g[. |';fpy;
fyf;Fjy; Mfpatw;iw bra;at[k; mDkjp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/ nghd;w rPnjh=;z epiyapy; mGfhky; ,Uf;ff; Toa bghUl;fs; ,t;tif
2/ bghJbghUs; gz;lfrhiy~ rpwg;ghf ghJfhf;fg;glntz;oa nrkpg;gf
[ f
; pl';Ffspy; ghJfhg;ghf itf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ ,f;fpl';Ffs;
bghUl;fisj; jtpu kw;w bghUl;fs; aht[k; ,g;gz;lfrhiyapy; ,l;L jpwe;jbtspapy; Rw;W Rth; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L fpl';Ffspy; cs;s bghUl;fs;
itf;fg;gLk;/ vdnt. ,g;gz;lfrhiyfis RUf;fkhf ,isg;ghWkplk; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd/
vdt[k; Twyhk;/ ,t;tif gz;lfrhiyfis cw;gj;jpahsh;fs;. bkhj;j 9/ epWtdKiw gz;lfrhiy~ xt;bthU epWtdKk; bra;a[k;
kw;Wk; rpy;yiu tpw;gidahsh;fs; gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;fpd;wdh;/ ntiyapd; jd;ikiag; bghWj;J me;epWtd';fs; gz;lfrhiyfis
itj; j pUf; f pwJ/ ,e; j pa czt[ fHfk; . t'; f pfs; . ,Ug; g [
3/ rpwg;g[ bghUs; gz;lfrhiy~ ,t;tif gz;lfrhiyfs; ghijnghf;Ftuj;Jfs;. ,d;Wk; gyh; ,t;tifahd gz;lfrhiyfis
g[ifapiy. gUj;jp. fk;gsp Mfpa rpwg;ghd bghUl;fs; ghJfhg;ghf
jdJ md;whl ntiyfis brt;tnd bra;a itj;Js;sdh;/ gpd;tUgit
itf;fg;gl ntz;o mjw;bfd;nw gpuj;nafkhf fl;lg;gl;L gad;gLj;jg;gLk;/
epWtdKiw gz;lfrhiyfshFk;~

148 149
m) ,e;jpa czt[ fHfk; gz;lfrhiy (Food corporation 5/ bghUl;fis itj;jpUe;J btt;ntW ,l';fSf;F khw;wk; bra;tjd;
of India)~ ,e;jpa murpd; fl;lhaf; bfhs;ifapd;go czt[ jhdpa';fs; |yk; gz;lfrhiyfs; tpiy Vw;wj; jhH;tf
[ is fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ/
tptrha pfsplkpUe; J Fwpj; j tpiyf; F vLj; J f; bfhs; s g; g l; L 6/ tH';fy; tHpfis (Channel distribution) jPhk
; hdpf;f gz;lfrhiyfs;
gz;lfrhiyapy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,jdhy; tptrhapfSf;F epahakhd cjtpfukhf ,Uf;fpwJ/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf. cw;gj;jpahsh; brhe;j
tpiyfs; fpilf;fpwJ/ ,J tptrhapfSf;F vjph;tUk; gUtj;jpw;F gz;lfrhiy itj;jpUf;Fk; bkhj;j my;yJ rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;F
tptrhabghUl;fis cw;gj;jp bra;a Cf;fkspf;fpwJ/ Fiwe;jgl;r mst[ Kd;Dhpik mspf;fpwhh;/ ,jdhy; tH';fy; tHp jPhk ; hdk; Vw;gLfpwJ/
ruf;Ffis gz;lfrhiyapy; ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUg;gjhy; Efh;nthUf;F
7/ jl';fy; ,y;yh tpw;gid elf;f gz;lfrhiyfs; cjt[fpwJ/ ,jd;
mjpf tpiyapdhy; ghjpg;g[ Vw;glhtz;zk; fhf;fpwJ/
|yk; @bghUs; ,y; i y@ (Out of Stock) vd; w epiy Vw; g lhky;
M) muR gz; l frhiy~ kj; j pa. khepy murpd; g puj; n af jtph;ff
; g;gLfpwJ/
cgnahfj;jpw;fhf ,t;tif gz;lfrhiyfs; cUthfpd;wd/ gz; l ffhg; g [ Mtz'; f s; ~
,) t';fp fpl';Ffs;~ t';fpapy; fld; bgWk;bghUl;L mlkhdk; fPHf
; z;l Mtz';fs; gz;lfrhiy rk;ge;jkhd gzpfspy;
itf;fg;gl;l bghUs;fs; ,t;tifg;gl;l fpl'; Ffspy; ghJfhg;ghf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd/
itf;fg;gLfpd;wd/
1) gz; l frhd; w hid (Warehouse warrant)~ ,t; t if
<) ,Ug;g[g;ghij nghf;Ftuj;J gz;lfrhiy~ Mtz';fs; gz;lfrhiy fhg;ghsuhy; gz;l';fspd; chpikahsh;fSf;F
,Ug;g[g;ghijfs; tHpahf nghf;Ftuj;ij nkw;bfhz;L bghUs;fis tH';fg;gLfpwJ/ ,J bghUspd; chpikia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Mtzk;/
btt;ntW ,l';fSf;F mDg;g VJthf uapy;nt gz;lfrhiyapy; bghUl;fs;. ,t;thtzj;ij nkbyGjp kw;wtUf;F bfhLg;gjd; |yk; Rygkhf chpik
ngha; nruntz; o a ,lj; j pw; F mDg; g [ k ; tiu gz; l frhiya py; khw;wk; bra;ayhk;/ vy;yh gz;l';fisa[k; chpik khw;wk; bra;tjw;F
itf;fg;gl;oUf;fpd;wd/mt;thW ,wf;fp itf;fg;gl;l bghUl;fs; mjw;Fhpa urPJ nghJkhdJ/ Mdhy;. xU gFjp gz;lk; kl;Lk; chpik khw;wk;
chpikahsh; te;J vLj;Jr; bry;Yk; tiu gz;lfrhiyapy; ghJfhg;ghf bra;a tH';Fk; Miz njitg;gLfpwJ/ tH';Fk; Miza[ld; gz;lf
itj;jpUf;fg;gLfpwJ/ urPJ ,izf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;/ gFjpast[ gz;l';fs; khw;wk; bra;ag;gl;lgpd;.
gz; l frhiyapd; gad; f s; ~ urPjpy; jFe;j gjpt[fs; bra;ag;gl;L gpd; chpikahsUf;F tH';fg;gLfpwJ/

1/ tpahghhp jdJ filapy; bghUl;fis ,l;L itf;Fk; ,lk; nghjhjjhy; 2) fg; g y; rhd; w hiz~ fg;gypy; ruf;Ffis Vw;Wtjw;fhf
,t;tif fpl';Ffs; mth;fspd; bghUs;fis ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUf;f JiwKfj;jpy; xJf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpw;F bganu @ruf;F Vw;Wk; Jiw@
cjt[fpwJ/ (Dock) vdg;gLk;/ JiwKf mjpfhhpfshy; ,J tH';fg;gLk;/ ,t;thtzk;
chpik khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jty;y MtzkhFk;/ JiwKf mjpfhhpfs;
2/ mjpf mst[ bghUl;fis ,wf;fp itj;J gz;lfrhiyapy; ghJfhg;ghf j';fsplj;jpy; xg;gilf;fg;gl;l bghUs;fSf;F bfhLf;fg;gLk; mj;jhl;rpna
itj;jpUg;gjhy;. gfph;ej
; spj;jy; bryit (Distribution cost) Fiwf;fpwJ/ ,t;thtzkhFk;/ ruf;Ffis bgw;Wf;bfhs;s ,t;thtzj;ij mth;fsplk;
nkYk;. tpahghhpfs; j';fsJ filfSf;F njitahd bghUl;fis rpWf bfhLf;f ntz;Lk;/ ruf;if bgUk; chpikia |d;whtJ egUf;F
rpWf vLj;Jf;bfhs;Sk; trjpiaa[k; mspf;fpwJ/ khw;wpf; bfhLf;fyhk;(Assignment)/
3/ tpw;gid ,lj;jpw;F mUfpnyna gz;lfrhiyfs; mikf;fg;gLtjhy; 3) fg; g y; urP J ~ JiwKf mjpfhhpfs; ruf;F fis bgw; W f;
thof;ifahsUf;F Fiwe;j brytpy; nritfs; bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/ bfhz;ljw;fhd mj;jhl;rpahf ,t;thtzk; ruf;fpd; chpikahsh;fSf;F
4/ rpytif gz; l frhiyfs; kiwKf epjp cjtp mspf; f pwJ/ tH';fg;gLfpwJ/ ,J chpik khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;Toa Mtzky;y/
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf. jh';fs; brYj;Jk; R'; fthp mst[f;F cz;lhd Mfnt. bghUl;fis bgWk; chpikia kw;wtUf;F khw;wk; bra;a ,ayhJ/
bghUs;fis gpiza fhg;gf';fs; xg;gilf;Fk; trjpiaj; jUfpd;wd/
150 151
4) tH';F Miz~ ruf;Fis ,;lL
; itj;jth; tH';F Mizapy; ,e; j pahtpy; gz; l f fhg; g f'; f s; ~
Fwpg;g pl;Ls;s egUf;nfh my;yJ tH';F Mizia bfhzh;gtUf;nfh ,e;jpah tptrhaj;ij ek;gpa[ss ; ehL/ Mdhy; 1950 tiu gz;lf
Fwpg;gpl;l ruf;Ffis tH';FkhW gz;lfrhiy fhg;ghsUf;F gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; fhg;gf';fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; czug;gltpy;iy/ nghJkhd mst[ gz;lf
Mizna tH';F MizahFk;/ gz;lf fhg;ghsh; tH';F Mizapy; fhg;g[ trjpfs; ,y;yhjjhy; mWtilf;Fg;g pd; Vw;gLk; ,Hg;g.[ bkhj;j
Fwpj;jgo ruf;Ffis tH';Ffpwhh;/ ,e;j Mtzj;jpd; |ykhf chpikkhw;wk; cw;gj;jpapy; 10 rjj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhf gh*; fkpl;o fzpj;Js;sJ/
epfH;fpwJ/ mfpy ,e;jpa fpuhkg;gw [ fld; fzf;fPlL; f; FGtpd; (All India Rural Credit
5) gz;lf fhg;ghshpd; urPJ~ ,J gz;lf fhg;ghsuhy; Surbey Comittee) ghpe;Jiuapd; mog;gilapy;. tptrha gz;lf (tsh;rr ; p
tH';fg;gLk; xU mj;jhl;rp gj;jpuk;/ ,g;gj;jpuk; gz;lf fhg;ghsUf;Fk;. kw;Wk; gz;lffhg;g)[ fHfr;rl;lk; 1956. njrpa Tl;Lwt[ tsh;rr ; p kw;Wk;
bghUspd; chpikahsUf;Fk; ,ilnaa[ss ; cld;ghl;ilf; Fwpf;fpwJ/ gz;lfrhiy thhpak; mikf;f muRf;F mjpfhuk; tH';fpaJ/ tptrha
,J chpik khw;wj;ij epfH;jJ ; k; Mtzk; my;y/ nkYk; ,t;thtzk; Tl;Lwt[ r';f';fs; kw;Wk; gz;lfrhiyfis cUthf;fp tsh;rr ; paila
khw;wj;jf;fjy;y/ gz;lf fhg;ghsh; ruf;if ,l;L itj;jthplkpUe;J bra;tn;j ,jd; nehf;fkhFk;/
tH';F Miz bgw;w gpd;ng ruf;if tH';Fthh;/ tH';F Miz ,l;L kj;jpa gz;lf fhg;gf fHfk; 1957-y; epWtg;gl;lJ/ ,r;rl;lk;
itj;j midj;J bghUl;fSf;Fnkh my;yJ xU gFjp bghUSf;nfh khepy gz;lf fhg;gf fHf';fis cUthf;f mDkjp mspj;jJ/
tH';fg;glyhk;/ bghJj;Jiwapy; ngust[ gz;lf fhg;gf trjpfis elj;jptUk; |d;W
bghpa Kfikfshtd/
gz; l f gw; W Kwpt[ gj; j puj; j pw; F k; gz; l f urPjpw; F k; 1/ ,e;jpa czt[f; fHfk;
cs; s ntWghLfs; ~ 2/ kj;jpa gz;lf fhg;gf fHfk;
3/ khepy gz;lf fhg;gf fHfk;
t/
vz;
gz;lf gw;W Kwpt[ gj;jpuk; gz;lf urPJ 1/ ,e;jpa czt[ fHfk; (Food Corporation of India) :
cztjhdpa';fis ghJfhf;Fk; trjpia bfhLf;fpwJ/ ,e;epWtdk;
1/ ruf;if bgw;W bfhz;ljw;fhd ruf;if bgw;W bfhz;ljw;fhd
xU mj;jhl;rp kl;Lnk mj;jhl;rp kl;Lky;yhJ ruf;if itg;g pl trjpfis khepy. kj;jpa gz;lf fhg;gf';fs;. khepy muRfs;
bgWtjw;fhd mjpfhuj;ij jUk; kw;Wk; jdpahh;fsplkpUe;J thliff;F vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ/ 7-tJ
xU MtzkhFk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; ,t;tif fHfj;jpd; fhg;gf bfhs;jpwd; 2/03 nfho
ld;dhFk;/
2/ chpik khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; chpik khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;
Mtzky;y MtzkhFk; 2/ kj;jpa gz;lf fhg;gf fHfk;~ ,J 1957-y; Muk;g pf;fg;gl;lJ/
3/ kw;wtUf;F ,ij khw;w KoahJ ,ij khw;wpj;ju ,aYk; t';fpfspy; 7-tJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy;; ,jd; bfhs;jpwd; 68 nfho ld;fs;/
t';fpfspy; epjp cjtp epjp cjtp bgWtjw;fhf fPHf
; hz;git ,jd; nehf;f';fshFk;/
bgWtjw;fhf
1) tptrha cw;gj;jp bghUs;fs;. tpijfs;. cu';fs;. tptrha
4/ ,ij g pizakhf itf; f ,ij gpizakhf itf;f Koa[k; fUtpfs; kw;Wk; rpy Fwpg;g pl;l gz;l';fSf;F tp";"hd mog;gilapy;
KoahJ
itg;g pl';fis tH';f Mtz bra;jy;/
5/ ,ija[k.; mjpfhu fojj;ija[k; g[wf;Fwpg;g[ bra;J ruz; bra;jhy;
ruz; bra;tjd; |yk; ruf;Ffis khw;wk; bra;ayhk;/ ,';F 2) bghUs;fspd; chpikahsh;fSf;F fld;bgw trjpahf khw;wj;jf;f
ruf;Ffis khw;wk; bra;J mjpfhu fojk; . khw; w j; j pw; F gz;lf urPJfs; tH';Fjy;/
bfhs;syhk; njitapy;iy
3) juk; kw;Wk; vz;zpf;if rhpghh;jj
; gpd; gz;lf fhg;g[ urPJ
tH';Fjy;/
152 153
4) jd;dplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;l bghUs;fis ftdkhf ghJfhj;J vypfs;.
g{rr
; pfs; kw;Wk; <uj;jd;ik. kiH ,tw;wpypUe;J ghJfhg;gJ/
5) bghUs;fis bfhs;Kjy; bra;jy;. tpw;gid bra;jy;. itg;g pl';fspy;
ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; gz;lf fhg;gf';fSf;Fk;. mjpypUe;Jk; bghUs;fis
kw;w ,l';fSf;F vLj;Jr; bry;yy;. Mfpa bray;fis bra;tjw;F
muRf;F Kftuhf bray;gLfpwJ/
6) jFjpahd ,l';fspy; tp";"hd hPjpapy; gz;l';fis fhg;gjw;fhf.
gz;lf fhg;gf';fis Vw;gLj;jy;/
7) itg;g pl bryt[fis Fiwj;J bghUs;fis jug;gLj;Jtjpy;
re;ijapLjiy Rygkhf;Fjy;/

3/ khepy gz; l f fhg; g f fHf'; f s; ~ xt;bthU khepy

muRk; kj;jpa gz;lf fhg;gf fHfj;jpd; mDkjp bgw;wgpd;. j';fSila
brhe;j gz;lf fhg;g[ fHf';fis eph;khzpf;f mjpfhuKz;L/ ,jw;fhf
KjyPlo ; y; 50 rjtPjk; fHfKk; kPjp 50 rjtPjj;ij me;je;j khepy muRfSk;
jUfpd;wd/ VHhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; khepy gz;lf fhg;gf';fspd;
fhg;g pl trjp Rkhh; 1 nfho ld;dhFk;/
khepy gz; l f fhg; g f fHfj; j pd; gzpfs; ~
S o u r c e : w w w .tn w a r e h o u s e
1/ kj;jpa gz;lf fhg;gf';fSf;bfd;W xJf;fg;glhj ,l';fspy; gz;lf
fhg;gf';fis Vw;gLj;jp elj;Jjy;/
2/ Fwpg;g pl;l ika';fspy; re;ijfis xG';FgLj;Jjy;/ bray; g hLfs; ~
1/ 6/3 yl;rk; ld; fhg;g pl trjpa[ss
; 65 gz;lf fhg;gf';fis khepybk';Fk;
3/ murh'; f k; kw; W k; kj; j pa gz; l f fhg; g f'; f Sf; F Kftuhf
mikj;J tptrha bghUs;fs; Kjy; kpf etPd bjhHpw;rhiy bghUs;fs;
bray;gLj;Jjy;/
tiu ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUf;Fk; gzpia bra;fpwJ/
4/ Tl;Lwt[ gz;lf fhg;gf';fspd; |yjd g';Ffis th';Fjy;/
jkpH; e hl; o y; gz; l f fhg; g f'; f s; ~ 2/ ,jd; czt[ jhdpa';fs; ghJfhg;g[ kw;Wk; R';f gpiza gz;lf
1957-y; xU Kjd;ikahd gz;lf fhg;gf Kfik Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ rhiyfs; (Bonded Warehouse) rk;ge;jg;gl;l gzpfspy; xd;whFk;/
tptrhaj;Jiwf;F tpiyfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; cjtp g[hpfpwJ/ ,J
gyjug;gl;l nrit bgWnthUf;F Kf;fpakhd nritfis bra;af;Toa 3/ gz;lfg; ghJfhg;g[ kw;Wk; vLj;jhSjy; gzpfs; jtpu ,f;fHfk; bghUs;
kpfg;bghpa bghJj;Jiw gz;lf fhg;gfkhf ,J cs;sJ/ nghf;Ftuj;J. g{rr
; pfspypUe;J ghJfhg;g[ kw;Wk; fpUkpfspypUe;J ghJfhg;g[
kw;Wk; ,ju nritfisa[k; ,f;fHfk; tH';FfpwJ/

4/ etPd Kiwapy; bghUl;fis ghJfhg;gJ bjhlh;ghd gapw;rpia gy;ntW

KfikfSf;F mspf;fpwJ/
154 155
5/ 200-f;Fk; nkw;gl;l tptrha cw;gj;jp bghUl;fs; bjhHpw;rhiy 2/ 6800 ld; bfhs;sst[ss ; bghUs; fhg;gf';fs;. jkpH;ehL gz;lffhg;g[
|yg;bghUl;fs;. KGikahf;fg;gl;l bghUl;fs; kw;Wk; <uj;jd;ik tha;ej
; fHfj;jhy; elj;jg;gLfpwJ/ ,it khepyj;jpd; gy;ntW ,l';fspYk;
bghUl;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;F fhg;g pl trjp kw;Wk; vLj;jhYk; trjpfis mikf;fg;gl;L. Jhj;Jf;Fo JiwKfj;Jld; ,izg;g[ bgw;witahf cs;sd/
jUfpwJ/ ,jdhy; gz;lf nghf;Ftuj;J vspjhfpwJ/

6/ etPd Kiw bghUs; ghJfhg;g[ trjpfs; 200-f;Fk; nkw;gl;l tptrha fpUkp kw;Wk; g{r;rpbfhy;yp nrit (Disinfection Services)~
bghUl;fSf;F mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,tw;wpy; <uk; cs;s bghUl;fSk; 1/ ,f;fHfk; fpUkp kw;Wk; g{rr
; pf;bfhy;y
; p nritfis bra;tjd; |yk;.
jkpH;ehl;oYs;s 65 gz;lfrhiyfspy; ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUf;Fk; trjp gz;l';fis ghJfhg;ghf itg;gjw;F cjt[fpwJ/
mspf;fpwJ/
2/ bghJ Mnuhf;fpak;. Rfhjhuk;. fiuahd; vjph;gg; [ gzpfs;. jhdpa
7/ jw;nghJ ,f;fHfk; jkpH;ehl;oy; 7 gpuhe;jpa ika';fisf; bfhz;L ghJfhg;g[ Mfpa Jiwfspy; nrit g[hptjd; |yk; ,f;fHfk; Kjd;ikahd
,a';FfpwJ/ mitfs;. 1/ fh";rPgu [ k; 2/ flYhh; 3/ jpUr;rp 4/ nryk; g{rr
; p fl;Lg;ghL Kfikahf jpfH;fpwJ/ ,t;thwhf khepyj;jpd; g{rr; p
5/ jpz;Lf;fy; 6/ nkl;Lg;ghisak; 7/ jpUbey;ntyp fl;Lg;ghL Kfikapd; xU gFjpahf ,f;fHfk; jpfH;fpwJ/
khepy gz; l f rhiyapd; gzpfs; ~ gz; l f fhg; g f gzpapy; FiwghLfs; ~
1/ gpuhe;jpa jiyik nkyhsh;fs;. 100 rjtPj bghUs; Ma;t[ gzpfis ,e;jpahtpYk; jkpH;ehl;oYk; gz;lf fhg;gg
[ g
; zp njitahd mst[
nkw;bfhs;fpd;wdh;/ jpwDs;sjhf ,y;iy/ Vbddpy;.
2/ ,e;j bghUs; rhpghh;g;g[ mwpf;iffspd; efy;fis j';fSila 1/ gz;lf fhg;gf';fs; J}ukhd ,l';fspy; mike;Js;sd/
Fwpg;g[fnshL gpuhe;jpa jiyikafj;jpw;F mDg;g[fpd;wdh;/ ,jd; 2/ 90 rjtPj tptrhapfs; vGjg;gof;fj; bjhpahjth;fshf ,Ug;gjhy;.
mog;gilapy; jiyikafk; nkw;bfhz;L eltof;if vLf;fpd;wJ/ itg;g pl';fs;; kw;Wk; fld;trjp gw;wp mwpahjth;fshf cs;sdh;/
3/ gpuhe;jpa nkyhsh;fs; jpOh; Ma;t[ gzpfisa[k; nkw;bfhs;fpd;wdh;/ 3/ tptrhapfs; re;ijapy; ,Lk; bghUs; kpff;Fiwthf cs;sJ/ mjdhy;.
,g;bghUl;fis J}uj;jpYs;s gz;lf fhg;g pl';fspy; itg;g pLtjpy;
4/ gpuhe;jpa nkyhsh;fs; xt;bthU khjKk; j';fs; gaz Fwpg;g[ VLfis gadpy;iy vd;W fUJfpd;wdh;/
Ma;t[ FGtpw;F rkh;gg ; pf;fpwhh;/
4/ cw;gj;jp bra;ak
[ ; ,l';fSf;Fk; gz;lf fhg;g pl';fSf;Fk; ,ilna
5/ Ma;t[ gphpt[ gzpahsh; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa nkyhsh; Tl;lj;ij mt;tg;nghJ nghJkhd mst[ nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; ,y;iy/
elj;jp tpahghu tp=a';fs;. tNy;fs;. gzpahsh;fspd; FiwghLfs; 5/ mGFk;; kw;Wk; mGfhj gyjug;gl;l bghUl;fspd; jd;ikiag; bghWj;J
nghd;witfis rhpbra;fpwJ/ fhg;g pl trjpfis gz;lf fhg;gf fHf';fs; jUtjpy;iy/
6/ gpuhe;jpa mYtyf';fspd; Ma;tg
[ ; gzp. Kjd;ik nkyhz;ik ,af;Feuhy; 6/ gz;lf fhg;g pl';fspy; kpf rpf;fy; epiwe;j eilKiwfs; mKypy;
nkw;bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ/ ,Ug;gjhy;. vGj;jwptw;w tptrhapfs; ,e;eilKiwfis rkhspf;f
R';f gpiza gz;lfrhiy (Custom Bonded Warehouse)~ rpukg;gLfpd;wdh;/
7/ fhg;g pl';fspy; itj;J ghJfhf;Fk; bryt[ mjpypUe;J fpilf;Fk;
1/ bjhHpy; KidnthUk; Vw;Wkjpapy; <Lgl;Ls;sth;fSk; kpf Fiwe;j
ed;ikfis tpl Fiwt[/
KjyPl;Lld; bray;g[hptjw;fhf R';f gpiza gz;lf fhg;gf';fs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd/ ,it jtiz Kiwapy; Rygkhf R';fthp
brYj;Jtij eilKiwg; gLj;JfpwJ/

156 157
nkk; g hl; o w; f hd Mnyhrid~ 5/ murh';f cjtpa[ld; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l gz;lfrhiy epWtd';fs;

1/ gy;ntW ,l';fspy; rpjwpa[ss ; kpifahd cw;gj;jpfis. Tl;Lwt[ m/ ,e;jpa czt[ tH';Fk; fHfk; M/ tPlL ; r; rhjd bghUs;fs;
re;ijfs; |yk; xd;W jpul;lyhk;/ itg;gfk; ,/ jdpahh; gz;lffhg;gfk; </ Tl;Lwt[ gz;lfrhiy
2/ itg;gpl';fspy; bghUs;fis itg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptrhapfSf;F tpilfs;~ 1/ m 2/ M 3/ m 4/ M 5/ m
nghjpg;gjd; |yk; njrpa bry;tk; kw;Wk; ts';fis ghJfhf;fyhk;/
3/ Tl;Lwt[ r';f';fs; kw;Wk; xj;JiHg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptrhapfSf;F II/ nfhol;l ,lj;ij epug;g[f~
vLj;J brhy;Yjy;/
1/ gz;lf fhg;gf';fs; itj;jpUe;J ----------- ikakhf jpfH;fpwJ/
4/ epWtd epjp trjpfs; fpilf;fhjijg; gw;wp tptrhapfSf;F nghjpj;jy;/
2/ --------- gz;lf rhiy murhjfj;jpd; chpkk; bgw;W bghUs;fis
gpizakhf itg;g pl mDkjpf;fpwJ/
tpdhf;fs;
I/ rhpahd gjpiyj; njh;e;bjL~ 3/ --------- JiwKf bghUs; itg;g pl mjpfhhpfshy; chpik khw;wk;
epfH;jJ
; tjw;F VJthf tH';fg;gLk; rhd;wpjyhFk;/
1/ gz;lf rhiyapLjy; gpd;tUk; jilia ePfF
; fpwJ/
4/ --------- I rhd;Wg;gj;jpukhff; bfhLj;J t';fpfspy; epjp cjtp bgw
m/ fhyk; M/ ,lk; ,/ epjp </ cUtk; Koa[k/;
2/ rpy;yiu tpahghhpfs;. bkhj;j tpahghhpfs;. bghUs; nrh;jJ; itg;nghh; 5/ --------- gz;lfrhiyahdJ. jtiz Kiwapy; R';f thpfis
kw;Wk; bghJkf;fSf;F bghUs; itg;g[ nrit bra;ak [ ; gz;lf fhg;gfj;ij brYj;Jtjw;F trjpia bfhLg;gJld; bjhHpy; KidnthUf;Fk;. Vw;Wkjp
fPHf
; z;lthW miHf;fyhk;/ epWtd';fSf;Fk; Fiwe;j KjyPlo ; y; j';fs; gzpfis brt;tnd bra;a
m/ jdpahh; gz;lfrhiy M/ bghJ gz;lfrhiy Cf;Ftpg;g[ mspf;Fk; tifapy; mikf;fg;gl;oUf;fpwJ/
tpilfs;~ 1/ tH';fy; 2/ gpiza fhg;g[ 3/ JiwKf rhd;whiz
,/ gpiza gz;lfrhiy </ tPlL
; rhjd gz;lfrhiy
4/ gz;lfrhiy rhd;whiz 5/ gpiza gz;lf ghJfhg;g[
3/ gz;lf fhg;gf gj;jpu';fspd; bgah;

m/ gz;lf bghWg;ghsh; urPJ M/ gz;lffhg;ghsh; gw;W tpLg;g[

,/ tH';fy; Miz </ JiwKf fhg;g pl urPJ

4/ KGikahf my;yJ Fwpg;g pl;l mst[ bghUs;fis tHjFk; mjpfhuj;ij

tH';Fk; Mtzj;jpd; bgah;/

m/ gz;lf fhg;ghsh; urPJ M/ gz;lffhg;ghsh; gw;W tpLg;g[

,/ tH';fy; Miz </ JiwKf fhg;g pl urPJ

158 159
III/ bghUj;Jf~ V/ beLtpdhf; f s; ~
1/ itg;g pL - m/ fpUkp kw;Wk; g{rr
; p bfhy;yp nrit 1/ gz;lf fhg;gfj;jpd; gzpfis tpsf;Ff/
2/ jkpH;ehL gz;lf fhg;gPlL
; f; 2/ gz;lf fhg;gfj;jpd; gad;ghl;il tpsf;Ff/
fHfk; - M/ fhyg; gad;ghL
3/ ,e;jpa czt[f; fHfk; - ,/ cWg;g pdh; trjp 3/ gy;ntW tifahd gz;lf fhg;g[ Mtz';fisg; gw;wp rpWFwpg;g[
tiuf/
4/ gz;lrrhiy urPJ - </ czt[ jhdpa nrkpg;g[
VI/ fl; L iu tiuf~
5/ Tl;Lwt[ gz;lfrhiy - c/ khw;wk; bra;aj;jf;fjy;y
1/ gy;ntW tifahd gz;lf fhg;gf';fis tpthp/
tpil : 1/M 2/m 3/, 4/c 5/<
2/ ,e;jpahtpy; gz;lf fhg;gfj;ijg; gw;wp tpthp/
IV/ rpW tpdhf;fs;~
1/ gz;lf fhg;g[ vd;why; vd;d?

2/ gz;lf fhg;gfj;jpd; njitia tpsf;Ff/

3/ gz;lf fhg;g pw;Fk;. gz;lf fhg;gfj;jpw;Fk; cs;s ntWghLfis TWf/

4/ gz;lf fhg;gf urPJf;Fk;. gz;lf fhg;gf gw;W Fwpg;g[ rhd;wpjGf;Fk;

cs;s ntWghl;il TWf/

5/ jkpHf gz;lf fhg;gf';fisg; gw;wp rpWFwpg;g[ tiuf/

160 161
 ghlk; - 7 t'; f pfspd; njit~
t'; f pa pay; 1/ nrkpg; g [ kw; W k; |yjd cUthf; f k; ~ xU ehl; o d;
bghUshjhu nkk;ghl;Lf;F njitahd |yjdj;ij cUthf;ft[k;
mwpKfk; ~ bghJkf;fspd; nrkpg;gf
[ is xd;W jpul;lt[k; t';fpfs; kpf Kf;fpa g';F
tfpf;fpd;wd/
xU ehl;od; th;jj
; fk;. tzpfk; kw;Wk; tpahghuj;jpd; kj;jpa euk;g[
kz;lyk; nghy; t';fpapay; tps';FfpwJ/ th;jj ; fk;. bjhHpw;rhiy kw;Wk; 2/ gzf; b fhs; i fia bray; g Lj; J jy; ~ ed; F tsh; e ; j
tzpf nkk;ghl;ow;F mj;jpahtrpakhf cs;s gzj;ij g';fpl;L tH';Ftjpy; t';fp mikg;gK [ iw vt;tpjkhd gzf;bfhs;ifiaa[k; bray;gLj;Jk;/
t';fpapay; Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpwJ/ ,jdhy;. etPd thzpgj;jpd; Vbddpy;. bghUshjhu Kd;ndw;wkhdJ. t';fpfs; bfhLf;Fk; fld;fis
thH;tpw;F mtrpakhd ,uj;j Xl;lkhf t';fpapay; tps';Ftjhff; Twyhk;/ fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiwiaa[k.; xG';FgLj;Jk; Kiwiaa[k; rhh;ej
; pUf;fpwJ/
t';fpapah; gzg[Hf;fj;jpy; kl;Lk; <LgLgth; kl;Lky;yhJ njrj;jpd; Mjyhy;. gzf;bfhs;ifia kpfj;jpwikahf bray;gLj;Jtjw;F t';fpfs;
bghUshjhu nkk;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jk; jiytuhft[k; tps';Ffpwhh;/ mtrpakhdjhfj; jpfH;fpwJ/
3/ bjhHpw; r hiyfis Cf; F tpj; j y; ~ fld; bfhLj;jy;.
fld; fojk; bfhLj;jy;. cz;oay;fis tl;lk; bra;jy; Mfpa gy;ntW
ikat'; f pa pd; gzpfs; tifahd epjprhh;e;j nritfis t';fpfs; bjhHpw;rhiyfSf;F
mspf;fpwJ/ ,t;tifahd nritfs; xU ehl;oYs;s gy;tifahd
Foreign bjhHpw;rhiyfspd; nkk;ghl;ow;F Cf;fkspf;fpwJ/
md;dpa
bryhtzpia
Exchange. 4/ gpuhe;jpa Kd;ndw;wk;~ t';fpfs; gpd;j';fpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpw;F
xG';F
Regulation
gLj;Jjy;/
njitahd epjpia. Kd;ndwpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpypUf;Fk; kpFjp epjpia khw;wk;
Control Publication bra; J bfhLf; f pwJ/ ,k; k hjphpahd epjp kWxJf; f PLfs;
g[s;sptptu';fis
fld; of data gpuhe;jpa';fSf;fpilna Vw;gLk; Vw;wj;jhH;tf
[ isf; Fiwf;fpwJ/
of fl;
credit gpuRuk; bra; jy;
Lg;ghL
5/ tptrha kw;Wk; jtph;ff
; g;gl;l gFjpfspd; Kd;ndw;wk;~
t';fpfs; tptrhapfSf;F kpft[k; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;fpwJ/ nkYk;. t';fpfs;
Control
t';fp mikg;g[ rpWbjhHpy; kw; W k; Foirj; bjhHpy; f s; fpuhkg; g[ w '; f spy;
Kiwia
Banking t'; fpfspd;
Bankers tsh;rr; pailtjw;Fj; njitahd Cf;fkspf;fpwJ/
fl; Lg;gLj; Jjy; t'; fp
bank
system t'; f pfs; - bghUs; ~
t';fpfshdJ gzk; kw;Wk; fld; rk;ge;jkhd eltof;iffis nkw;bfhs;Sk;
xU epWtdbkd;W RUf;fkhff; Twyhk;/
murpd; 1/ b&h;bgh;l; vy;/ &hh;l; vd;gthpd; fUj;Jg;go @t';fpah; vd;gth; mtUila
Qgha; nehl;L
Issue currency t';Banker
fp to
btspapLjy; rhjhuz thzpg eltof;ifapd; nghf;fpy; kf;fsplkpUe;J mth;fSf;fhf
notes the Govt.
gzf;bfhs;ifia elg;gf
[ ; fzf;Ffspy; gzj;ijg; bgw;W. mthpd; kPJ vGJk; fhnrhiyfSf;F
Execute the
mKy;gLj; J jy; gzkspf;fpwhh;@/
monetary policy 2/ t';fp epWtd rl;lj;jpd;go t';fpj; bjhHpy;. @bghJkf;fsplkpUe;J
itg;gf
[ is. fld; bfhLg;gjw;fhft[k; my;yJ KjyPL bra;tjw;fhft[k;
162 163
Vw;Wf; bfhs;SjYk;. fhnrhiy. cz;oay;. Miz my;yJ ntWtHp m/ gzpfspd; mog; g ilapy; ~
|ynkh vLf;ff; Toajhft[k.; nfl;lt[lndnah my;yJ ntW tHpapnyh
1/ tzpf t';fpfs;~
jpUg;g pj; juf;Toajhfnth ,Uj;jYkhFk;@/
tpahghuk; kw;Wk; tzpf nkk;ghl;ow;F cjtpfukhf ,Uf;ff;Toa
t'; f pfspd; Fz'; f s; ~ t';fpfis tzpf t';fpfs; vd;fpnwhk;/ ,t;tif t';fpfshdJ
murhnyh my;yJ jdpahuhnyh elj;jg;glyhk;/ cjhuzkhf fduh
nkw;Twpa tpsf;f';fspypUe;J t';fpfspd; Fz';fis fPHf
; f
; z;lthW
t';fp. g";rhg; ne=dy; t';fp. y=;kp tpyh*; t';fp. fQh; it*;ah
gl;oayplyhk;/
t';fp Mfpaitfs; tzpf t';fpfspd; fPH; tUtdthFk;/
1/ bghJkf;fsplkpUe;J itg;gf
[ is Vw;Wf;bfhs;sy;/
2/ bjhHpy; t'; f pfs; ~
2/ nfl;lt[lnd itg;gf
[ is jpUg;g pf; bfhLf;Fk; flik/ ,t;tif t';fpfs; bjhHpy; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;fhf kj;jpa kw;Wk;
3/ tpahghu Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Fk;. tsh;rr
; pf;Fk; KjyPL bra;jy; kw;Wk; fld; ePzl
; fhyf;; fld;fs; bfhLj;jy;. g';Ffs; kw;Wk; fld; gj;jpu';fspd;
tH';fy;/ btspaPlo; y; fye;Jbfhs;Sjy;(Underwritting). jpl;l mwpf;if jahhpf;f
cjtpg[hpjy;(Project report). bjhHpy;El;g Mnyhrid mspj;jy;.
4/ bghJkf;fsplkpUe;J bgwg;gl;l itg;gf
[ is ,yhgkPlL
; k; tHpapy;
nkyhz; i k nrit g[ h pjy; Mfpaitfs; bjhHpw; r hiyfspd;
bray;gLj;Jjy;/
Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;fhf bra;fpd;wd/ cjhuzk; ,e;jpa bjhHpy; tsh;rr ; p
5/ fhnrhiy my;yJ cz;oay; tHpahf gzj;ij jpUg;g pf; bfhLj;jy;/ t';fp(IDBI). ,e;jpa bjhHpw;fld; KjyPlL
; f; fHfk;(ICICI) Mfpaitfs;
t';fpfspd; tiffs;~ t';fpfspd; tiffis mjd; gzpfs;. bjhHpy; t';fpfshFk;/
chpik kw;Wk; kj;jpa t';fpapd; ml;ltiz (schedule) Mfpatw;wpd; 3/ tl;lhu fpuhkpa t';fpfs;~
mog;gilapy; gphpf;fyhk;/ fPHf
; f
; hZk; ml;ltiz t';fpfspd; tiffisf; ,t;tif t';fpfs; fpuhkg;g[w';fspy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/
fhl;LfpwJ/ fpuhkg;gw
[ bghUshjhuj;ij nkk;gLj;Jjny ,jd; Kf;fpa nehf;fkhFk;/
t';fpfspd; tiffs; ,t;t';fpfs; fld; bfhLj;jy; kw;Wk;; tptrhak;. tpahghuk;. tzpfk;.
bjhHpy; kw;Wk; ,ju cw;gj;jp rhh;ej
; ntiyfSf;F gy;ntW cjtpfis
m/ gzpfspd; mog;gilapy;~ bra;fpd;wd/
1/ tzpf t';fpfs; (Commecial Banks)
4/ md;dpa bryhtzp t';fpfs;~
2/ bjhHpy; t';fpfs; (Industrial Banks)
,t;tif t';fpfs; md;dpa bryhtzpfis khw;WjypYk;.
3/ tl;lhu fpuhkpa t';fpfs; (Regional Rural Banks)
may;ehl;L tzpfj;jpYk; rpwg;ghd g';F tfpf;fpwJ/ gd;dhl;L tzpf
4/ md;dpa bryhtzp t';fpfs; (Exchange Banks)
nkk;ghl;ow;F ,t;t';fpfs; Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpd;wd/ may;ehl;L
5/ ika t';fp (Central Bank)
KjyPLfis ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; bfhz;Ltu Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ/ nkYk;.
M/ t';fp chpik mog;gilapy;~
gd;dhl;L KjyPlL
; re;ijapy; g';F bfhs;st[k; cjtpfukhf ,Uf;fpwJ/
1/ bghJ clik t';fpfs; (Public Sector Banks)
5/ ikat';fp ~
2/ jdp clik t';fpfs; (Private Sector Banks)
xt;bthU ehl;ow;Fk; xU t';fpahdJ ika t';fpahf tps';Fk;/
3/ Tl;Lwt[ t';fpfs; (Co-operative Banks)
,Jjhd; cr;r t';fp (Apex) vdt[k; Twyhk;/ xU ehl;od; gzr;re;ij
,/ ikat';fpapd; ml;ltiz mog;gilapy;~ rk;ge;jkhd vy;yh rl;l';fisa[k; mKYf;F bfhz;L tUk; xU rl;lg{ht
;
1/ ml;ltiz gLj;jg;gl;l t';fpfs; (Scheduled Banks) epWtdk; vdt[k; Twyhk;/ ika t';fpahdJ gzf;bfhs;if kw;Wk;
2/ ml;ltizapypy;yhj t';fpfs; (Non-scheduled Banks) t';fp mikg;g[ Kiw tifapy; ika epiyia bgWk; epWtdkhft[k.;

164 165
cr;r epjp mjpfhuKila epWtdkhft[k; tps';FfpwJ/ ,e;jpahtpd; ika 1/ brYj;jg;gl;l g';F |yjdKk; (Paid-up Capital). xJf;fPlL
;
t';fpahf tps';FtJ ,e;jpa hprh;t; t';fpahFk;/ yhgKk; nrh;eJ
; Q/5 yl;rj;jpw;F Fiwahky; ,Ug;gJ/
ikat'; f papd; gzpfs; ~ 2/ ,jd; eotof;iffs; ,l;L itg;ghsh;fspd; eyDf;F vjpuhf
,y;yhkypUg;gJ/
m/ ehl;od; t';fp mikg;g[ KGtija[k; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; nkw;ghh;it
bra;fpwJ/ 3/ ,it xU Tl;lhz;ikahf ,y;yhky; xU epWkkhfnth
M/ ehl;od; flid fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ/ my;yJ xU Tl;Lwt[ mikg;ghfnth ,Ug;gJ/
,/ gz mr;rog;g pd; jdp chpikiag; bgw;Ws;sJ/ M/ ml;ltizgLj;jg;glhj t';fpfs; ~ ,e;jpa hprh;t; t';fpapd;
</ ,Wjpfld; <nthuhft[k.; me;epa bryhtzp ghJfhg;ghsuhft[k; ,uz;lhtJ gl;oaypy; ,lk; bgwhj t';fpfs; ml;ltizgLj;jg;glhj
tps';FfpwJ/ t';fpfs; vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

c/ murpd; t';fpahf bray;gLfpwJ/ tzpf t'; f pfspd; gzpfs; ~

C/ t';fpfspd; t';fpahft[k; bray;gLfpwJ/ xU njrj;jpd; bghUshjhu Kd;ndw;wj;jpy;. tzpf t';fpfs;
v/ t';fpfSf;F ,ilna fzf;Ffis rhp bra;J bfhs;s xU ika xU Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpd;wd/ tzpf t';fpfspd; gzpfis bghJthf
jPht
; fkhf tps';FfpwJ/ ,UbgUk; tiffshf gphpf;fyhk;/

t'; f p chpikapd; mog; g ilapy; ~ 1/ Kjd;ik gzpfs; my;yJ t';fp gzpfs;

1/ bghJclik t'; f pfs; ~ ,t; t if t'; f pfs; murpd; 2/ ,uz;lhk;ju gzpfs; my;yJ Jizg; gzpfs
clikahft[k.; murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;od;fPGk; cs;sd/ njrpakakhf;fg;gl;l
Kjd; i k gzpfs; ~
t';fpfs; kw;Wk; tl;lhu fpuhk t';fpfs; ,t;tifia nrh;ej
; it/
2/ jdpclik t';fpfs;~ ,t;tif t';fpfs; jdpegh;fs; kw;Wk; Kjd;ik gzpfs; t';fpg;gzpfs; vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd/
epWk';fspd; (Corporation) clikfshf cs;sd/ mit ,uz;L tifg;gLk;/

3/ Tl;Lwt[ t';fpfs;~ ,t;tif t';fpfs; Tl;Lwt[ bfhs;iffis 1/ itg;g[fis Vw;wy;~ bghJ kf;fsplkpUe;J t';fpfs; itg;ig
mog;gilahf bfhz;L ,a';Ffpd;wd/ ,it ,jd; m';fj;jpdh;fspd; bgWfpd;wd/ ,e;j itg;gf [ Sf;F tl;oa[zL
; / gzj;jpw;F ghJfhg;gk
[ ;
jd;dpr;irahd Tl;likg;ghf tps';fp j';fSf;F jh';fns cjtp bgw;Wf; fpilf;fpwJ/ gyjug;gl;l thof;ifahsh;fspd; njitfis g{h;j;jp
bfhs;sf; Toa tifapy;. m';fj;jpdh;fspd; gu*;gu epjpnjitfis bra; t jw; f hf t'; f pfs; gy; n tW tifahd itg; g [ f is Vw; W f;
g{hj
; j
; p bra;fpwJ/ ,t;tif t';fpfSk; ika t';fpapd; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; bfhs;fpd;wd/ itg;gf [ s; ehd;F tifg;gLk;~
Ma;tf [ F
; cl;gl;lit/
m/ epiy itg;g[ my;yJ fhyitg;g[ fzf;F~ xU Fwpg;g pl;l
ikat'; f papd; ml; l tizapd; mog; g ilapy; ~ fhyj;jpw;F gzk; epiy itg;g py; itf;fg;gl;lhy;. mtw;iw epiy itg;g[
m/ ml;ltizg;gLj;jg;gl;l t';fpfs;~ ,t;tif t';fpfs; vd;fpnwhk;/ fhyk; mjpfkhFk; nghJ tl;o tPjKk; mjpfkhfpwJ/ epiy
,e;jpa hprh;t; t';fp rl;lj;jpd; 1934. ,uz;lhtJ gl;oaypy; cs;sit/ itg;g pw;fhd gzk; bgw;wgpd; t';fp mjw;fhd ,l;L itg;g[ urPJ
fPHf
; f
; z;l epge;jidfis g{hj ; j
; p bra;ak
[ ; t';fpfs; ml;ltiz t';fpfshf tH';FfpwJ/ epiy itg;ghsh; ,jid gpizakhf itj;J fld; bgwyhk;/
tifg; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd/

166 167
 ,l;L itf;fnth. jpUk;g vLf;fnth Koa[k/; ,t;tif fzf;fpy; nfl;Fk;
tzpf t'; f pfspd; gzpfs; nghJ gzk; juntz;oa[ss; jhy;. t';fp tl;o vJt[k; jUtjpy;iy/ ,t;tif
fzf;Ffs; tpahghhpfs;. epWk';fs; kw;Wk; bghJ mikg;gf [ Sf;F kpft[k;
cgnahfkhf cs;sJ/
Kjd; i k gzpfs; Jizg;gzpfs;
</ bjhlh;itg;g[ (Recurring Deposit) fzf;F~ ,t;tif
1/ ,l; L itg; g [ Vw; w y; 1/ Kfik gzpfs; fzf;fpy; ,l;L itg;ghsh; xU Fwpg;g pl;l fhyj;jpw;F. xU Fwpg;g pl;l
2/ fld; kw; W k; Kd; g zk; m/ fhnrhiy. cz;oay; kw;Wk;
bjhifia xt;bthU khjKk; ,l;L itf;fpwhh;/ Fwpg;g pl;l fhybfL
bfhLj;jy; tl;o tNypj;jy;
m/ fld;fs; M/ epiyMizfid epiwntw;Wjy; Koe;jgpd; mth; jhd; ,l;L itj;j gzj;Jld;. mjd; kPjhd tl;oiaa[k;
M/ buhf;f fld;fs; ,/gpiza';fis th';Fjy; kw;Wk; tpw;wy; jpUk;g bgWfpwhh;/ kw;w fzf;Ffistpl ,f;fzf;fpy; tl;otPjk; mjpfkhf
,/ nky;tiug;g ; w;W </ epjp khw;wk; bra;jy; cs;sJ/ ,l;L itg;ghsUf;F fhyf;bfLtpw;F Kd; gzk; njitg;gl;lhy;.
</ cz;oay;fis
mth; ,l;L itj;j gzj;ij jpUk;g bgwyhk;. my;yJ ,e;j bjhlh; ,l;L
th';Fjy; kw;Wk; 2/ gad; g hl; L gzpfs;
fHpt[ bra;jy; m/ tpiy cah;ej ; bghUs;fis itg;g pd; kPJ fld; bgwyhk;/
ghJfhj;jy;
M/ ghJfhg;g[ bgl;lf trjp mspj;jy;
2/ fld; kw;Wk; Kd;gzk; tH';Fjy;~ njitg;gLnthUf;F
,/ cz;oay;fis Vw;g[ bra;jy; t';fpfs; fld; kw;Wk; Kd;gzk; tH';Ffpd;wd/ ,tw;wpd; kPJ tl;o
</ |yjd btspaPlo ; y; bghWg;gW
[ jp tNypf;fg;gLfpwJ/ bjhHpw;rhiyfSf;Fk; tpahghuj;jpw;Fk; ,t;tifapy;
Vw;wy; (Underwriting) cjt[tjd; |yk; xU ehl;od; bghUshjhuj;ij nkk;ghL mila bra;fpwJ/
c/ tpahghuk; kw;Wk; thof;ifahsh;fisg;
gw;wpa jfty;fis tH';Fjy;
,t;tif fld; kw;Wk; Kd;gzj;jpd; tiffshtd~
C/ may;ehl;L tpahghuj;jpy; cjtp
bra;jy; m/ fld;fs;~ t';fpfs; FWfpa. kj;jpa kw;Wk; ePzl; fhy fld;fis
v/ gazpfs; fhnrhiy btspapLjy; tH';FfpwJ/ ,f;fld;fs; gpiza';fspd; mog;gilapy; tH';fg;gLfpwJ/
V/ ghpR fhnrhiy btspapLjy; Fwfpa fhy fld;fs; Xuhz;ow;Fs; jpUg;g p brYj;jg;gl ntz;oait/
I/ g';F KjyPlL ; fhnrhiy btspapLjy; kj;jpa fhy fld;fs; Ie;jhz;LfSf;Fs; jpUg;g p brYj;jg;gl ntz;oait/
x/ fld; ml;il nrit tH';Fjy;
X/ ,ae;jpu jhdpa';fpapy; gz nrit ePzl; fhy fld;fs; Ie;J Mz;LfSf;F nky; jpUg;g p brYj;jg;gl
tH';Fjy; ntz;oait/

M/ buhf; f f; fld; f s; ~ ,t; t if Vw; g hl; o y; t'; f p jdJ

thof;ifahsUf;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l mst[ tiu gzk; fld; bgw mDkjpf;fpwJ/
M/ nrkpg; g [ itg; g [ fzf; F ~ ,f; f zf; f py; vj; j id Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fld; bjhiff;F kl;Lnk tl;o Rkj;jg;gLtnjad;wp. bkhj;j
ntz;LkhdhYk; gzj;ij brYj;jyhk;/ Mdhy; thuj;jpy; xU Kiwnah flDf;Fk; tl;o tNypf;fg;gLtjpy;iy/
my;yJ ,U Kiwnah jhd; gzj;ij jpUk;g vLf;f Koa[k/; ,t;tif ,/ nky;tiug;gw;W (Overdraft)~ elg;g[ fzf;F itj;jpUg;nghh;.
fl;Lg;ghLfs; mof;fo gzj;ij jpUk;g vLf;Fk; gHf;fj;ij Kwpaog;gjw;fhf j';fs; fzf;fpYs;s gzj;jpw;F nky; xU Fwpg;g pl;l mst[ tiu gzj;ij
cs;sd/ ve;j xU egUk; nrkpg;g[ itg;g[ fzf;if bjhl';fyhk;/ kpifg;gw;whf vLj;Jf; bfhs;tjw;fhd xU cld;ghlhFk;/ kpifg;gw;W
,/ elg; g [ itg; g [ fzf;F~ ,jid tuk;g[s;s fzf;F vd;Wk; bjhiff;F kl;Lnk tl;o Rkj;jg;gLfpwJ/ kpifg;gw;whdJ xU FWfpa
Twyhk;/ ,f;fzf;fpy; t';fp neuj;jpy; vg;nghJ ntz;LkhdhYk; gzj;ij fhyj;jpw;F kl;Lnk mDkjpf;fg;gLfpd;w xU jw;fhypf fldhFk;/

168 169
</ cz; o ay; f is th'; F jy; kw; W k; fHpt[ bra; j y; ~ kw;n
; whh; ,lj;jpw;F gztpil (Draft). je;jp kw;Wk; ,izak; (Internet)
t';fpfs; jdJ thof;ifahsh;fsplkpUe;J cz;oay;fis bfhs;Kjy; |ykhf khw;wk;; bra;fpwJ/
bra;J. cz;oay;fspd; bjhiffspypUe;J fHpt[fis fHpj;jgpd; tUk;
2/ gad;ghl;L gzpfs; kw;Wk; nritfs;~
epfuj;bjhif thof;ifahshpd; fzf;fpy; tuitf;fpwJ/ cz;oay;fis
thof;ifahshpd; rhh;ghf bgw;W tNYf;F mDg;gf [ pwJ/ cz;oay;fspd; gpd;tUtd bghJthd gad;ghl;Lg; gzpfs; vd fUjg;gLfpd;wd/
fhyepiwtpd; nghJ t';fp mt;tz [ o
; ay;fspd; kPJ gzk; bgWtjw;fhf m/ tpiya[ a h; e ; j bghUs; f is ghJfhj; j y; ~
mtw;iw. mtw;wpd; Vw;ghsh;fSf;F mDg;gf[ pwJ/ cz;oay; kWg;g[ Vw;gLk; t';fpfs; thof;ifahsUila Mguz';fs;. eiffs;.
nghJ t';fpahdJ cz;oay; bjhifa[ld; bryt[j; bjhifiaa[k; kw;Wk; Mtz';fs; Mfpatw;iw j';fs; ghJfhg;gpd; fPH; itf;fpwJ/
nrh;jJ
; thof;ifahshplkpUe;J tNypf;fpwJ/ t';fpfs; j';fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;l nkw;Twpa bghUl;fSf;F
mj;jhl;rp tH';FfpwJ/ ,r;nritf;fhf xU epahakhd fl;lzj;ij
Jizg; g zpfs; ~
t';fp tNypf;fpwJ/
Jizg; gzpfis Kfik gzpfs; vd;Wk;. gad;ghl;L gzpfs; M/ ghJfhg;g[ bgl;lf trjp ~
vd;Wk; ,U tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;/ gpd;tUtd t';fpapd; Kfik
gzpfshFk;/ ,t;tif nritapy; thof;ifahsUf;F xJf;fg;gl;l ghJfhg;g[
bgl;lfj;jpy; vy;yhtpjkhd tpiycah;ej; bghUl;fisa[k; itj;J
1/ Kfik gzpfs;~ ghJfhf;f mDkjpf;fpwJ/ thof;ifahsh; ,jw;fhf xU Fwpg;gpl;l
bjhif thlif juntz;oa[ss ; J/ thof;ifahsh; tpiya[ah;ej
;
m/ fhnrhiy. cz;oay; kw;Wk; tl;o tNypj;jy;~
Mguz';fs;. eiffs;. Mtz';fs; nghd;wtw;iw ghJfhg;g[
fhnrhiyfs;. cz;oay;fs;. fld; thf;FWjpg; gj;jpuk; (Promisory bgl;lfj;jpy; itj;Jf; bfhs;fpwhh;/
note). yhg <t[ rhd; w hid kw; W k; tl; o nghd; w tw; i w
thof;ifahsh;fs; rhh;ghf. t';fpfs; tNypf;Fk; nritfis ,/ cz; o ay; f is Vw; w y; ~
nkw;bfhs;fpd;wd/ ,r;nritf;F t';fp xU rpW bjhifia t';fpfs; thof;ifahsh;fs; rhh;ghf cz;oay;fis Vw;g[
nritf; fl;lzkhf tNypf;fpwJ/ bra;fpd;wd/ ,jd; |yk; tpahghuj; bjhlh;gf
[ is Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ/
,r;nritf;fhf xU rpWfl;lzk; tNypf;fg;gLfpwJ/
M/ epiy Mizfis epiwntw;Wjy;~
thof;ifahshplkpUe;J epiy Mizfis bgw;w gpd;g[ t';fp </ |yjd btspaPl;oy; bghWg;g[Wjp (Underwriting)
fhg;gPlL
; fl;lzj;bjhif. re;jh bjhif kw;Wk; bjhlh; fl;lzj; Vw; w y; ~
bjhiffisa[k; brYj;JfpwJ/ ,r;nritf;F xU rpwpa bjhifia bghWg;gW
[ jp Vw;wy; vd;gJ. t';fpfs; epWk';fSf;F tH';Fk; xU
nritf; fl;lzkhf tNypf;fpwJ/ nritahFk;/ epWk';fspd; g';Ffs; kw;Wk; fld;gj;jpu';fis
bghJkf;fSf;F tpw;gjw;F bghWg;g[ Vw;fpwJ/ ,r;nritf;fhf
,/ gpiza';fis th';Fjy; kw;Wk; tpw;wy;~
xU Fwpg;g pl;l juF tPjj;ij bgWfpwJ/
thof;ifahshplkpUe;J fl;lisfisg; bgw;w gpd;g.[ t';fpfs;
thof;ifahsh; rhh;ghf gj;jpu';fis th';ft[k; kw;Wk; tpw;ft[k; c/ tpahghuk; kw; W k; thof; i fahsh; f isg; gw; w p
bra;fpwJ/ ,jw;fhf t';fp rpwpa fl;lzj;ij jufhf bgWfpwJ/ jfty; f is tH'; F jy; ~
j';fs; thof;ifahsh;fspd; ehzaj;jd;ikiag; gw;wp njitg;gLk;
</ epjp khw;wk; bra;jy;~
egh;fSf;F mt;tg;nghJ jfty;fis jUfpwJ/ ,jdhy;
thof;ifahsh;fspd; rhh;ghf t';fpfs; gzj;ij Xh; ,lj;jpypUe;J thof;ifahsh;fs; gy;ntW egh;fsplkpUe;J fld; trjp bgw
170 171
 KofpwJ/ t';fpfs; thof;ifahsh;fSf;F cjt[tjw;fhf tpahghuk;. jLg;gjw;fhf t';fpfs; fld; ml;ilfis btspapLfpwJ/ ,t;tl;il
bjhHpw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk;; ehl;od; bghUshjhu epiy gw;wpa g[ss
; p fld; bgWtjw;fhd xU rhjdkhf gad;gLfpwJ/ fld; ml;il
tptu';fis mt;tg;nghJ gpuRuk; bra;fpwJ/ itj;jpUg;gth; jhdpa';fp ,ae;jpuj;jpy; (ATM) xU Fwpg;g pl;l mst[
tiu gzk; vLf;fyhk;/ nkYk;. ,t;tl;ilia bfhz;L bghUl;fs;
C/ may;ehl;L tpahghuj;jpy; cjtp bra;jy;~
kw;Wk; nritfis bgWtjw;F cgnahfpf;fyhk;/
ehzaf; f ojk; (Letter of Credit) tH'; F jy; |ykhft[ k ; .
cz;oay;fis tl;lk; bra;tjhYk; may;ehl;L tpahghu nkk;ghl;ow;F
xs/ jhdpa';fp gzk; tH';Fk; ,ae;jpuk; (ATM)~
Jiz g[hpfpwJ/ t';fpfspy; brythFk; neuj;ij Fiwg;gjw;fhf jhdpa';fp gzk;
tH';Fk; ,ae;jpu';fs; Muk;g pf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ ,jd; |yk; ve;j
v/ gazpfs; fhnrhiy btspapLjy;~
neuj;jpYk; gzk; bgwyhk;/
,f;fhnrhiy xU t';fpapd; gy;ntW ,l';fspy; cs;s fpisfspy;
gzk; bgWtjw;fhf tH';fg;gLk; fhnrhiyahFk;/ ,J gy;ntW
Tl; L wt[ t'; f pfs;
Kfkjpg;g py; btspaplg;gLfpwJ/ gzj;ij gy;ntW ,l';fSf;F Tl;Lwt[ nfhl;ghLfspd;go Tl;Lwt[ t';fpfs; ,a';Ffpd;wd/
vLj;Jr; bry;tjpy; cs;s ,liw Fiwf;fpwJ/ t';fpfs; tptrhapfis ehl;od; gzr;re;ijfSld; ,izg;gnj ,t;t';fpfspd;
thof;ifahshpd; khjphp ifbahg;gk; (Specimen Signature) Kf;fpa gzpahFk;/ fPHf
; f
; hZk; glk; Tl;Lwt[ t';fpfspd; mikg;ig
bgw;wgpd;. gazpfs; fhnrhiyia tH';FfpwJ/ ,f;fhnrhiy tpsf;FfpwJ/
t';fpauhy; nky;xg;gk;; ,lg;gLfpwJ/ Tl;Lwt[ t';fpfspd; mikg;g[
V/ ghpR fhnrhiy btspapLjy;~
khepy Tl;Lwt[ t';fpfs;
jpUkzk;. gpwe;jehs; kw;Wk; gz;oif ehl;fspy; xU thof;ifahsh;
jdJ brhe;jf;fhuh;fs; kw;Wk; ez;gh;fSf;F ghprhf tH';Fk;;
fhnrhiyahFk;/ gy;ntW Kfkjpg;g py; t';fpfs; ,k;khjphpahd kj;jpa Tl;Lwt[ t';fpfs;
ghpR fhnrhiyfis btspapLfpd;wd/ (khtl;lmstpy;)

x / g ' ; F g j ; j p u K j yP l ; L f ; f h d (Stock Invest)

fhnrhiy btspa pLjy; ~ kj;jpa Tl;Lwt[ t';fpfs;
kw;Wk; t';fpfspd; kj;jpa Tl;Lwt[ epyts
g';Ffs; kw;Wk; fld; gj;jpu';fis bgw tpz;zg;g pg;gjw;fhf xU t';fpfs;
xd;wpa';fs;
t';fp jdJ thof;ifahsUf;F btspapLk; xU fhnrhiyahFk;/
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPH; g';Ffs; thof;ifahsUf;F xJf;fL P bra;ag;gLk;
njjp tiu mtUf;F tl;o fpilf;fpwJ/ g';Ffnsh my;yJ fld;
gj;jpu';fnsh thof;ifahsUf;F xJf;fL P bra;ag;gl;lJ cWjpahd Kjd;ik Tl;Lwt[ r';f';fs;
gpd;ng thof;ifahshpd; fzf;fpypUe;J. epWkj;jpd; fzf;fpw;F (fpuhk mstpy;)
gzk; khw;wk; bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ njitahd mst[ ,l;L itg;g[
bgw;w gpd;ng t';fp ,t;tif fhnrhiyfis tH';FfpwJ/
X/ fld; ml;il nrit g[hpjy;~ tptrha fld; tptrhak; my;yhj
gy ,l';fSf;F gzj;ij vLj;J bry;tjpy; Vw;gLk; ,liw r';f';fs; fld; r';f';fs;

172 173
m/ Kjd;ik Tl;Lwt[ r';f';fs;~ ,J fld; mikg;g pd; gzpfs; ~
Mzpnth; MFk;/ ,ij fpuhkpa r';f';fs; vd;Wk; miHf;fyhk;/
1/ Kjd;ik kw;Wk; kj;jpa Tl;Lwt[ t';fpfspd; bray;ghLfis
,jd; m';fj;jpdh;fs; me;je;j fpuhk';fis rhh;e;jth;fs;/
xU';fpizf;fpwJ/
,r;r';f';fs; tptrha fld; r';f';fs; vd;Wk; tptrhak; my;yhj
fld; r';f';fs; vd;Wk; ,U tifg;gLk;/ 2/ Tl;Lwt[ mikg;gf
[ spd; ed;ikf;fhf ,l;L itg;gf
[ is xd;W
jpul;LfpwJ/
gzpfs; ~
1/ ,it FWfpa fhy kw;Wk; kj;jpa fhy fld;fis tptrhapfSf;F 3/ kj;jpa Tl;Lwt[ t';fpfSf;fpilna rkepiyia ngZfpwJ/
tH';FfpwJ/ 4/ ,J xU tzpf t';fpahft[k; bray;gLfpwJ/
2/ cuk; kw;Wk; tpijfis gfph;ej
; spffpwJ/
</ epyts t';;fp~ ,it Kd;g[ epy mlkhd t';fpfs; vd
3/ jdJ m';fj;jpdh;fSf;F Efh; bghUl;fis gfph;ej
; f;fpwJ/ miHf;fg;gl;ld/ ,jd; mikg;gK[ iw vy;yh khepy';fspYk; xnu
4/ fpuhk';fspy; ghy;. Kl;il. rh;ff
; iu Mfpatw;wpd; cw;gj;jpf;F khjphpapy;iy/ rpy khepy';fspy; jdpj;Jk; rpy khepy';fspy;
cjt[fpwJ/ xd;wpize;Jk; bray;gLfpwJ/ ,d;Dk; rpy khepy';fspy; ,J
M/ kj;jpa Tl;Lwt[ t';fpfs;~ khtl;l mstpy; cs;s fyitahf ,Ue;Jk; bray;gLfpwJ/
vy;yh Kjd;ik r';f';fSk; ,ize;j xU Tl;likg;ghFk;/ gzpfs; ~
Mjyhy; . ,J khtl; l kj; j pa Tl; L wt[ t'; f p vd; W k;
miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ Kjd;ik fld; r';f';fis ,t;t';fp 1/ ,J tptrhapfSf;F giHa fld;fis jpUg;g p brYj;Jtjw;fhft[k.;
nkw;ghh;itapl;L fl;Lg;gLj;JtJld; gz cjtpa[k; mspf;fpwJ/ epyj;ij nkk;gLj;jt[k; ePzl
; fhy fld; tH';FfpwJ/

gzpfs; ~ 2/ mlkhdk; itf;fg;gl;l epyj;ij kPlf

; t[k.; g[jpa epy';fis th';ft[k;
fld; cjtp mspf;fpwJ/
1/ ,it Kjd;ik fld; r';f';fSf;F gz cjtp mspf;fpwJ/
3/ nkYk;. fpuhkg;gw
[ ';fspy; rpW kl;Lk; Foir bjhHpy;fSf;F fld;
2/ gpizaj;jpd; mog;gilapy; jdpg;gl;l thof;ifahsUf;F fld; cjtp
cjtp bra;fpwJ/
jUfpwJ/
3/ epiy itg;gf[ is Vw;Wf; bfhz;L tzpf t';fpfis tpl mjpf c/jdpj;J ,a';Fk; cs;ehl;L t';fpah;fs;~ ,th;fis
tl;o tH';FfpwJ/ ehl;L t';fpah; vd;Wk; miHf;fyhk;/,th;fs; ,e;jpa ika t';fpapd;
fl;Lg;ghl;od; fPH; tuhjth;fs;/ vLj;Jf;fhl;L~ fld; tH';Fk;
4/ thof;ifahsh;fSf;F gzj;ij brYj;Jtjpy; cjt[fpwJ/
khh;thofs;. brl;oahh;fs;. eif mlF gpog;nghh;/ ,th;fs; ,l;L
5/ Kjd;ik Tl;Lwt[ r';f';fspd; gpur;ridfis jPhf
; f
; cjt[fpwJ/
itg;ig bgw;Wf; bfhs;tJld;. khw;WKiw Mtz';fspYk;
6/ Kjd;ik Tl;Lwt[ r';f';fspd; bray;ghLfis nkw;ghh;itapl;L thzpgk; bra;fpwhh;fs;/ ,t;tif t';fpah;fs; j';fspd; brhe;j
fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ/ KjyPLfs; kw;Wk; xUth; kw;wthplkpUe;J bgw;w fld; |yKk;
,/ khepy Tl;Lwt[ t';fpfs;~ ,J khtl;l mstpyhd thzpfk; bra;fpwhh;fs;/ gpd;tUtd ,th;fspd; gzpfshFk;~
kj;jpa Tl;Lwt[ t';fpfspd; Tl;L mikg;ghFk;/ xt;bthU 1/mjpf tl;of;F xU Fwpg;g pl;l fhyj;jpw;F ,l;L itg;ig bgWfpwhh;fs;/
khepyj;jpYk; xU khepy kj;jpa Tl;Lwt[ t';fp cs;sJ/ |d;wLf;F
mikg;g py; ,Jnt cr;repiy t';fp vdg;gLfpwJ/ 2/eiffs;. tpisbghUs;fs;. Vida bghUs;fspd; kPJ fld;
tH';Ffpwhh;fs;/

174 175
 3/cz;oay;fis vGJjy;. th';Fjy;. tpw;wy; Mfpa gzpfisa[k; 6/ njrj;jpd; gzf;bfhs;ifia epiwntw;Wjy;/
bra;fpwhh;fs;/
gzpfs; ~
4/rpy;yiw kw;Wk; bkhj;j tpahghhpfSf;F fld; cjtp bra;fpwhh;fs;/
1/ Qgha; nehl;L btspapLjy;~ ,e;jpa ika t';fp xU Qgha;
5/czt[g; bghUs; kw;Wk; czt[g; bghUs; my;yhj kw;w tpis nehl;L. xU Qgha; ehzak; kw;Wk; mjw;F Fiwe;j ehza';fisj;
bghUs;fspd; a{f tzpfj;jpYk; <LgLfpd;wdh;/ jtpu. midj;J Qgha; nehl;Lfisa[k; mr;rpl;L btspapLtjw;fhd
6/epWtd';fSf;F juF Kfth;fshft[k; bray;gLfpd;wdh;/ jdp mjpfhuk; cilaJ/ ,e;j Qgha; nehl;Lfs; ,t;t';fpapd; nehl;L
btspaPlL; Jiwapduhy; mr;rpl;L btspaplg;gLfpwJ/
7/t';fp bjhHpy; rhuhj rpyh; j';fspd; brhe;j cw;gj;jp my;yJ
nrit epWtd';fisa[k; elj;Jfpd;wdh;/
2/ murpd; t';fpah;~ ,e;jpa ika t';fp murpd; t';fpauhft[k.;
Kftuhft[k; bray;gLfpwJ/ ,J fPHf
; z;l nritfis tH';FfpwJ/
8/,d;Dk; rpyh; epWk';fspd; g';F Kjy; kw;Wk; fld; gj;jpu';fs; m/ murpd; buhf;ff; ifapUg;ig ifahSjy; kw;Wk; ngZjy;/
th';Ftjd; |yk; me;epWk';fSf;F ePzl
; fhy epjptrjpa[k; bra;fpd;wdh;/
M/ murpd; rhh;ghf gzj;ij bgWjy; kw;Wk; brYj;Jjy;/
gpd;fz;l fhuz';fshy; fld; bgWnthh; ,th;fsplkpUe;J fld; bgWtij
Rygkhdjhf fUJfpd;wdh;/ ,/ muR gj;jpu';fis th';Fjy; kw;Wk; tpw;wy;/

1/ Fiwe;jst[ rl;l rl';Ffs;/ </ murpd; rhh;ghf fUt{y cz;oay;fis tpw;gid bra;jy;/

2/ Fwpg;g pl;l tzpf neukpd;ik/ c/ Ie;jhz;L jpl;l';fSf;fhd epjp tH';Fjy;. ehl;od; me;epa brYj;Jepiy
(Balance of payment) bryhtzp rk;ge;jkhd tptfhu';fspy; muRf;F
3/ neuoahd kw;Wk; cldoahd mZFKiw/ Mnyhrid mspj;jy;/
4/ flid jpUg;g pr; brYj;Jtjpy; fz;og;g pd;ik/ C/ ,t;t';fpahdJ gd;dhl;L gz epjp (IMF). cyf t';fp (World Bank).
,e; j pa ikat'; f p gd;dhl;L epjp fHfk; (IFC) kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp-,wf;Fkjp t';fpfs;
Mfpatw;Wldhd tptfhu';fspy; murpd; Kftuhf bray;gLjy;/
1935-y; ,e;jpa ika t';fp njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ/ ,Jjhd; ,e;jpahtpd;
3/ t';fpah;fspd; t';fp~ t';fp xG';fhw;Wr; rl;lk; 1949-d; go.
kj;jpa t';fpahFk;/ gpd;tUtd ,e;jpa kj;jpa t';fpapd; Kf;fpa
xt;bthU t';fpa[k.; ,e;jpa ika t';fpaplk; xU Fwpg;g pl;l Fiwe;jgl;r
nehf;f';fshFk;/
buhf;f ifapUg;ig itj;jpUg;gJ fl;lhakhFk;/ ,ijj;jhd; buhf;f
1/ me;epar; bryhtzpia xG';FgLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; eph;tfpj;jy;/ ,Ug; g [ tP j k; vd; f pnwhk; / gl; o aypYs; s t'; f pfs; ,e; j pa
2/ typik tha;ej
; nghJkhd t';fp kw;Wk; fld; mikg;g[ Kiwia ikat';fpaplkpUe;J jFjpahd gpiza';fspd; mog;gilapYk; kw;Wk;
Vw;gLj;Jjy;/ cz;oay;fis kW tl;lk; bra;tjd; |yKk; fld; cjtp bgwyhk;/
,t;thwhf ,J t';fpah;fspd; t';fpahf bray;gLfpwJ/
3/ bjhHpw;rhiyfSf;F epjp trjpia mjpfhpg;gjw;fhf jdpg;gl;l rpwg;ghd
epWtd';fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;/ 4/ fld; fl; L g; g hl; l hsh; ~ ehl; o y; rP u hd tpiythrpfis
ngZtjw;fhf. ,e;jpa ikat';fp gzg;g[Hf;fj;ija[k;. flida[k;
4/ ehl;od; bghUshjhu Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;fhf muR kw;Wk; jpl;l fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ/ gpd;tUk; Kiwfis ifahz;L ,t;t';fp
mikg;gf[ Sf;F Mjut[ jUjy;/ tzpft';fpfs; tH';Fk; flid fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ/
5/ ,e;jpa t';fp mikg;ig eph;tfpj;jy; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;/
176 177
 m/ tuk;g[ Fwpj;jy;~ gpiza';fspd; kjpg;g pd; mog;gilapy;
fld; fl;Lg;ghL t';fp fld; tH';FfpwJ/ fld; bjhifahdJ t';fpaUila
Kiwfs; tuk;g[ njitiag; bghWj;jJ/ tuk;g[ vd;gJ gpizaj;jpd; re;ij
kjpg;g pw;Fk;. fld; bjhiff;Fk; cs;s tpj;jpahrj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ/
fld; mst[ fld; ika t';fpf;F ,t;tuk;gf [ is khw;Wk; mjpfhuKz;L/ ,jdhy;.
fl;Lg;ghL jd;ikfl;Lg;ghL tzpf t';fpfs; tH';Fk; fld; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/ gztPff ;
fhyj;jpy; mjpf tuk;gk [ .; gz thl;l fhyj;jpy; Fiwe;j tuk;gk [ ;
i) t';fptPjk; i) tuk;g[ Fwpj;jy; ika t';fpahy; eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ/
ii) btspm';fho ii) Efh;nthh; flid
eltof;iffs; bewpg;gLj;Jjy; M/ Efh;nthh; fld; bewpg;gLj;Jjy;~ thof;ifahsh;fs;
iii) rl;lg{ht
; buhf;f iii) neuo eltof;iffs; bghUs;fisa[k.; nritfisa[k; clnd bgw;W mjd; tpiyia
tPj khWjy; iv) fld;g';fPL gpd;dh; brYj;Jtjw;fhf. t';fpfsplkpUe;J fld; bgWfpd;wdh;/
v) mwpt[Wj;jy; Efh;n
; thhpd; ePzl
; fhy bghUs;fis th';Ftjw;fhf jug;gLk;
gy;tif fld; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs;~ xU FWfpa fhy fld; vd;Wk; Twg;gLfpwJ/ Efh;nthh; flid
1/ fldst[ fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs;~ ,k;Kiwapy; ika t';fp. bewpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf. Kd; fl;Lk; gzmstpYk; mjpfgl;r jtizf;
tzpf t';fpfshy; mspf;fg;gLk; fld; msit fPHf
; z;l fUtpfspd; fhyj;jpYk; khw;wk; bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ ,t;thwhf. Efh;nthh; fld;
kypthfnth my;yJ tpiy cah;thfnth Mf;fg;gLfpwJ/
|yk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ/
m/ t';fp tPjk;~ ,J cz;oay;fis. t';fpfs; kj;jpa t';fpaplk; ,/ neuo eltof;if~ t';fp fldpd; msit bewpg;gLj;j.
tl;lk; kw;Wk; kWtl;lk; bra;ak
[ ; fHpt[ tPjj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ/ gztPff
; f; ikat';fp. tzpf t';fpfSf;F mt;tg;nghJ tHpfhl;L Mizfis
btspa pLfpwJ/ ,t;thiz tha;bkhHpahfnth.
(Inflation) fhyj;jpy; ,t;tPjk; mjpfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ gzthl;lj;jpd;
ntz;Lnfhshfnth. vr;rhpf;ifahfnth ,Uf;fyhk;/ ,t;tif
(Deflation) nghJ ,t;tPjk; Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ/
Mizfspd; |yk; ika t';fp ehl;od; bkhj;j fld; msit
M/ btspm'; f ho eltof; i ffs; ~ kj; j pa t'; f pahdJ Fiwf;fnth my;yJ mjpfhpf;fnth bra;ayhk;/
neuoahf btspm';fhofspy; muR gj;jpu';fis th';FjYk;. tpw;wYk;
btspm';fho eltof;iffs; vdg;gLfpwJ/ gztPff ; j;jpd; nghJ </ fld; g';fPL (Rationing of Credit)~ tzpf t';fpfs;
ika t';fp gj;jpu';fis tpw;fpwJ/ gzthl;lj;jpd; nghJ ika tH';Fk; fld; ve;j nehf;fj;jpw;fhf tH';fg;gLfpwJ vd;gij
t';fp gj;jpu';fis th';fp. tzpf t';fpfSf;F buhf;fkspf;fpwJ/ bewpg;gLj;jp fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiwna ,JthFk;/ ,J ,uz;L
tifg;gLk;/
,/ rl;lg{h;t buhf;f tPj khWjy;~ xt;bthU tzpf t';fpa[k;
jd;dplKs;s bkhj;j ,l;L itg;gf [ spd; msit bghWj;J xU 1/ khWk; Jiw cr;rtuk;g~[ ,k;Kiwapy; ika t';fp xt;bthU
Fiwe;jgl;r buhf;f ifapUg;ig ,e;jpa ika t';fpaplk; ,;lL ; tzpf t';fpf;Fk; bkhj;j fld; kw;Wk; Kd; gzj;jpw;F xU cr;r
itj;jpUf;f ntz;oaJ mtrpak;/ gztPff ; fhyj;jpy; ,t;tPjk; tuk;ig eph;zapf;fpwJ/
cah;jj
; g;gLfpwJ/ gzthl;lj;jpd;nghJ ,t;tj P k; Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ/ 2/ khWk; |yjd brhj;Jf;fs; tpfpjk;~ ,k;Kiwapy;
2/ fld; j d; i k fl; L g; g hl; L Kiwfs; ~ ,k; K iwia ika t';fpahdJ. tzpf t';fpapd; |yjdj;jpw;Fk;. bkhj;j
brhj;Jf;fSf;Fk; ,ilna ,Uf;f ntz;oa tpfpjj;ij eph;zapf;fpwJ/
njh;eb
; jLj;j fld; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiw vd;Wk; Twyhk;/ gpd;tUk;
,e;j tPjj;ij khw;Wtjd; |yk; flid bewpg;gLj;jyhk;/
fUtpfs; ,k;Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd/
178 179
 c/ mwpt[Wj;jy;~ ,e;jpa ika t';fpapy; ifahsg;gLk;/ xU ,iza t';fp (Internet Banking) :
fUiz kpf;f KiwahFk;/ ,k;Kiwapy; tzpf t';fpfs; foj';fs; ,izak; |ykhf elj;jg;gLk; t';fp eltof;iffis ,iza
vGJtjd; |ykhft[k.; ,af;Feh; mit Tl;lk; elj;Jtjd; |yKk; t';fpapay; vd;fpnwhk;/ ,jid kpd;dZ t';fpapay; vd;Wk; Twyhk;/
jdJ Mizfis g pd; g w; w p bray; g l Mnyhridfisa[ k ; . gy t';fpfs; jh';fns chpa ,iza jsj;ij itj;Js;sd/ ,izak;
mwpt[iufisa[k; ikat';fp tH';FfpwJ/ |ykhf fzf;F gw;wpa jfty;fs;. ntz;Ljypd; nghpy; mwpf;iffs;
5/ me;epa bryhtzp ,Ug;g[fspd; ghJfhg;ghsh;~ Vida kw;Wk; fhnrhiy g[jj ; f';fs; tH';Fjy; Mfpa nritfis jUfpd;wd/
njr';fspd; gzj;jpd; kjpg;ig xl;o me;epa bryhtzp ,Ug;iga[k.; 1995-y; mbkhpf;fhtpy; bjhl';fg;gl;l gh;*l ; ; brf;a{hpl;o bel;xh;f;
,e; j pa ehl; L Qghapd; khw; w j; j f; f kjpg; i ga[ k ; ika t'; f p t';fpjhd; (First Security Network Bank) ,iza t';fpapaypd; Kjy;go/
fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ/ me;epa bryhtzpfs; kj;jpa t';fpaplnkh my;yJ ,t;tif t';fpfs; jhdpa';fp ml;il (ATM). tprh fhnrhiy kw;Wk;
mjd; mjpfhuk; bgw;w t';fpaplnkhjhd; khw;wk; bra;ag;glntz;Lk;/ kpd;dZ ,ae;jpuk; |yk; cz;oay; brYj;Jif trjpfisa[k;
tH';FfpwJ/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf. ehk; WWW.onlinesbi.com ,iza
6/ g[ s ; s p tpgu'; f is gpuRuk; ; bra; j y; ~ epjp. cw; g j; j p jsj;jpd; |yk; ghuj *;nll; t';fpapd; ,iza js t';fp nritia
brYj;Jepiy. tpiythrp nghd;w bghUshjhu tptfhu';fisg; gw;wpa bgwyhk;/ ,t;tif nritfs; ghuj *;nll; t';fpapd; rpy Fwpg;g pl;l
g[s;sp tpgu';fisr; nrfhpj;J ika t';fp mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; fpisfspy; kl;Lnk cs;sJ/ ekJ ,lj;jpypUe;J ekJ jdpg;gl;l
btspaPLfs; |ykhf gpuRuk; bra;fpwJ/ fzpg;bghwp |ykhf ekJ t';fp fpisa[ss ; ekJ fzf;Ffis mZfp
7/ t'; f pfspd; kj; j pa jP h ; t fk; ~ ,e;jpa ika t';fpahdJ. ghh;ff
; Koa[k/; ,iza
gy;ntW tzpf t';fpfSf;F ,ilnaahd fzf;Ffis jPht ; [ bra;tjpy; t';fp nritia gad;gLj;jp fPHf ; hZk; eltof;iffis bra;J
xU kj;jpa jPht
; fkhf bray;gLfpwJ/ ika t';fpapd; fpisfs; bfhs;syhk;/
,y;yhj ,l';fspy;. ghuj *;nll; t';fpahdJ ,t;ntiyia bra;fpwJ/ 1/ ekJ fzf;Ffis mZfp ghh;jJ ; ,Ug;ge [ piyia bjhpe;J
8/ nkk;ghl;L kw;Wk; tsh;rr
; p gzpfs;~ tptrhak;. bjhHpw;rhiy. bfhs;syhk;/
Vw;Wkjp Mfpa ,tw;wpd; tsh;rr ; pf;F ika t';fp epjp cjtp bra;fpwJ/ 2/ njjp thhpahft[k.; bjhif thhpahft[k.; eotof;if
ika t';fp. bghUshjhu hPjpahf gytPdkhf cs;s gFjpf;Fk;. Kd;Dhpik thhpahft[k; fzf;F epiyfisg; gw;wp tprhuiz bra;J bfhs;syhk;/
gFjpfSf;Fk; rYif tPjj;jpy; fld; cjtpaspf;fpwJ/ ika t';fp. 3/ ekJ t';fpapYs;s fzf;Ffspilna ekJ epjp khw;w';fis
tzpf t';fpfSk; kw;w epjp epWtd';fSk; kWtl;lk; bra;a trjpahf nfl;L bra;J bfhs;syhk;/
bewpKiwg;gLj;j ; g;gl;l cz;oay; re;ijia tsh;gg ; jpy; Kf;fpa gjF 4/ ekJ fzf;fpypUe;J |d;whtJ egUf;F epjp khw;w';fis
vLj;Jf;bfhs;fpwJ/ njrj;jpd; t';fp mikg;g[ Kiwapd; tsh;rr ; pf;Fk;. bra;J bfhs;syhk;/
bewpg;gLj;jg;gLjYf;Fk; ika t';fp cjt[fpwJ/ Kd;ddp t';fp (Lead 5/ fhnrhiy g[jj; f';fis nfl;Lg; bgwyhk;/
Bank) jpl;lj;jpd; |yk; t';fp trjpfis njrj;jpd; gy;ntW |iy 6/ fhnrhiy kPJ gzk; tH';fiy epWj;Jk;go nfl;fyhk;/
KLf;FfSf;Fk; brd;wila[khW ika t';fp bra;fpwJ/ ,k;ika 7/ ekJ fzf;fpypUe;J gztpil kw;Wk; t';fp tiunthiy
t';fp ,e;jpa bjhHpy; tsh;rr ; p t';fp (IDBI). ,e;jpa bjhHpy; epjp (Bank Cheque)-fis tH';FkhW nfl;fyhk;/
fHfk; (IFC). ,e;jpa bjhHpy; fld; kw;Wk; KjyPlL ; f; fHfk; (ICICI). 8/ gUtfhy itg;g[ (Term Deposit) kw;Wk; rpwg;g[ gUtfhy
rpW bjhHpy; tsh;rr ; p t';fp (SIDBI) Mfpatw;iw nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; itg;g[ ( Special Term Deposit) tH';Fk;go nfl;fyhk;/
ikat';fp cjtpa[ss ; J/ 9/ gUtfhy itg;g[ (TDR) kw;Wk; rpwg;gg
[ Utfhy itg;g[ (STDR)
Mfpatw;iw g[Jg;g pf;Fk;go nfl;fyhk;/
10/ ekJ fzf;F rk;ge;jkhf epiy Mizfis t';fpf;F
bfhLf;fyhk;/
180 181
kpd;dZ epjp khw;wk; (Electronic Fund Transfer)~ 3/ gzk; bgWnthh; (Payee)~ fhnrhiyapy; fz;Ls;s
gzk;. ahUf;Fj; jug;gl ntz;Lnkh mtnu gzk; bgWgth; Mthh;/
fhfpj mog;gilapyhd fhnrhiy. tiunthiy. yhg <t[ kw;Wk; vGJgtnu gzk; bgWgtuhft[k; ,Uf;fyhk;/
tl;o rhd;whizfis fzf;fpypl;L rhp bra;a ePzl ; neuk; MfpwJ/
jd;ikfs;~ gpd;tUgit xU fhnrhiyapd; Kf;fpa jd;ikfshFk;/
fzpzpia gad;gLj;Jtjd; |yk; kpd;dZ thapyhf jfty;fs; mjpf
ntfkhf mDg;gg;gLtjhy; fzf;Ffis kpf tpiutpy; rhpfl;l KofpwJ/ 1/ fhnrhiy vd;gJ xU vGjg;gl;l Mtzk;~ bgd;rpyhy; vGjg;gLtJ
g[s;sp tpgu jfty;fis gad;gLj;jp fzf;Ffspilna epjp khw;wk; mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy/
bra;tijna kpd;dZ epjp khw;wk; vd;fpnwhk;/ kpd;dZ epjp khw;wk; (EFT)
2/ ,J epge;jidaw;w xU cj;juitf; bfhz;Ls;sJ~ rpy
vd;gJ xU thof;ifahsh; jdJ t';fpf;nfh my;yJ xU t';fp
epge;jidfSf;F cl;gl;L gzk; jUkhW Mizapl;L vGjg;gLtJ
,d;bdhU trjpf;nfh kpd;dZ |ykhf mDg;gg;gl;l jfty;fs; |yk;
xU fhnrhiy MfhJ/
bra;ag;gLk; epjp khw;wkhFk;/
3/ ,J xU Fwpg;g pl;l t';fpahpd; nky; vGjg;gLtJ~ xU fhnrhiy
,e; j pahtpy; kpd; d Z epjp khw; w k; ~ xUFwpg;g pl;l t';fpahpd; kPJ vGjg;gl ntz;Lk;/ t';fpahpd; bgah;
1/ 1995-y; ,e;jpa ikat';fp Kk;ig. bly;yp. fy;fj;jh kw;Wk; bjspthf Fwpg;g plg;gl ntz;Lk;/ tHf;fkhf t';fp jdJ
brd;id Mfpa khefu';fspy; kpd;dZ jPht ; f Kiwia epjp thof; i fahsUf; F mr; r plg; g l; l fhnrhiy g[ j ; j f'; f is
khw;wk; bra;a mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ/ tH';FfpwJ/ fhnrhiyapy; t';fpahpd; bgaUk;. mjd; fpisa[ss ;
,lKk; Fwpg;g plg;gLfpwJ/
2/ bkd;jl;L |ykhf g[ss ; p tpgu';fis xd;W nrh;jJ; . fzf;F
jPhf
; F
; k; Kiwia t';fpfspy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ 4/ Fwpj;j mst[ gzk; kl;Lnk~ t';fpauhy; jug;gLkhW Mizaplg;gl;l
gzk; my;yJ bjhif. bjspthf Fwpg;g plg;gl;l bjhifahft[k.;
3/ 1997-y; ,e;jpa ika t';fp Kk;igapy; kpd;rhu fl;lzj;ij gzkhft[k; kl;Lnk ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;/
brYj;Jtjw;F kpd;dZ jPht; f nritia bjhl';fpaJ/
5/ vGJnthh; ifbaGj;J~ fhnrhiyia vGJgth; mjpy; jdJ
fhnrhiy ifbahg; g j; i j ,l ntz; L k; / nkYk; . ,f; i fbahg; g k;
t';fpahplKs;s khjphp ifbaGj;Jld; xj;J ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/
fhnrhiy gzk; mspj;jy; kw;Wk; t';fpapypUe;J gzk; bgWtjw;fhd
xU Rygkhd kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ghd xU tHpahFk;/ khw;WKiw Mtzr;rl;lk; 6/ nfl;Fk; nghJ jug;gl ntz;oaJ~ fhnrhiyapy; Fwpg;g pl;Ls;s
1881-d; go @fhnrhiy vd;gJ xU Fwpg;g pl;l t';fpah; kPJ tiuag;gl;l. bjhif. nfl;Fk; nghJ jug;gl ntz;oajhFk;/ nfl;fg;glhj
nfl;Fk; nghJ jug;gl ntz;oa xU khw;WKiw cz;oay; (Bills of Exchange) fhnrhiyf;F gzk; jug;gl ntz;oajpy;iy/
MFk;@/ fhnrhiyapy; |d;W egh;fs;; rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;sdh;/
7/ gzk; bgWk; egh; Fwpg;g plg;gl;ltuhf ,Uj;jy;; ntz;Lk;~ ahUf;F
1/ tiugth; my;yJ vGJgth; (Drawer)~ ,th; Fwpg;g plg;gl;l gzk; jug;gl ntz;Lnkh mtuJ bgah; bjspthf Fwpg;g plg;gl
egUf;F Fwpg;g pl;l mst[ gzj;ij jUkhW t';fpf;F Mizapl;L ntz;Lk;/ xU Fwpg;g pl;l egUf;nfh my;yJ fhnrhiyia
fhnrhiyia vGJgth; Mthh;/ bfhzh;gtUf;nfh. gzk; jUkhW fhnrhiy vGjg;glyhk;/

2/ vGjg; g Lnthh; (Drawee)~ fhnrhiya py; fz; L s; s

bjhifia jUkhW fhnrhiy ve;j t';fpaUf;F
Mizaplg;gLfpwnjh mt;t';fpna vGjg;gLgtuhthh;/
182 183
fhe; j ik vGj; J czh; t p fhnrhiy~ (Magnetic Inc neuoahf tH';f ntz;lhk; vd t';fpaUf;F ,Lk; cj;junt fPwypLjyhFk;/
Character Recognition) fPwypLjy; t';fpaUf;F fhnrhiyj; bjhifia VjhtJ xU t';fpaUf;F
kl;Lk; jUk;gonah my;yJ thof;ifahshpd; fzf;fpy; tut[ itf;Fk;gonah
fhe;j ik vGj;J czh;tp fhnrhiy kdpj ciHg;iga[k.; eltof;if gzpf;Fk; cj;juthFk;/
fhyj;ija[k; Fiwf;f xU etPd fhy fhnrhiyahFk;/ ,k;Kiwapy;
,Uk;g[ Mf;i*L fye;j ikia cgnahfpj;J fhnrhiyapy; vGj;Jf;fis fhnrhiy
mr;rof;Fk; xU etPd ,ae;jpuk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/ ,e;j vGj;Jf;fs;
kdpjh;fshYk;. fzpzpapd; czh;t[ fUtpfshYk; gof;fg;gl Koa[k/;
,f;fhnrhiyapd; kPJ Kd;djhfnt fhe;j ik vGj;Jf;fshy; t';fpapd;
milahs vz;. thof;ifahshpd; fzf;F vz; kw;Wk; fhnrhiy vz; jpwe;j fhnrhiy fPwypl;l fhnrhiy
Mfpait mr;rof;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;/ ,t;tif fhnrhiy t';fpf;F mDg;gg;gLk;
nghJ fzpzpapy; bray;Kiwf;F mDg;gg;gLKd;dnu fhnrhiyj;bjhif
Fwpaplg;gLfpwJ (encoded)/

fhe;j ik vGj;J czh;tp fhnrhiyapd; ed;ikfs;~ bfhzh;gth;

fhnrhiy cj;jut[ bghJ rpwg;g[
(m)itj;jpUg;gth; fhnrhiy fPwypLjy; fPwypLjy;
1/ fhnrhiyfSf;fhd fzf;F jPht
; f neuk; kpft[k; Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ/ fhnrhiy
2/ ,t;btGj;Jf;fs; Rygkhf gof;ff;Toajhf ,Ug;gjhy; jtWfs;
bgUkst[ Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ/ 1/ jpwe;j fhnrhiy~ xU jpwe;j fhnrhiyf;F. t';fpapd; gzk;
3/ t';fpfSf;fpilnaahd fzf;F jPht; f
[ s; kpf tpiuthf eilbgWtjhy;. bgWk; . jUk; ,lj; j pd; tHpahf neuoahf gzk; jug; g LfpwJ/
xt;bthU t';fpapd; epfu ,Wjpepiyia tpiutpy; bjhpe;J bfhs;s ,f;fhnrhiyia gzk; jUkplj;jpnyna gzkhf;fpf; bfhs;s Koa[k/;
KofpwJ/ ,Utif jpwe;j fhnrhiyfs; cs;sJ/

4/ kdpjh;fshy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLk; ntiya[k.; bkhj;j bjhif fzf;fpLk; m/ bfhzh;gth; fhnrhiy~ xU fhnrhiyahdJ. xU

ntiya[k; bgUkst[ Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ/ Fwpg;g pl;l egUf;nfh my;yJ fhnrhiyia bfhzh;gtUf;nfh gzk; jUkhW
fhe;j ik vGj;J czh;tp fhnrhiyapd; FiwghLfs;~ vGjg;gl;oUe;jhy; mjw;F bfhzh;gth; fhnrhiy vd;W bgah;/ cjhuzk;~
@j';fuhR my;yJ bfhzh;gtUf;F bfhL@
1/ ,t;tif fhnrhiyfs; cah;ju kw;Wk; rpwg;g[ ikapdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl
ntz;oa[ss ; jhy; bryt[ mjpfkhfpwJ/ M / f P w y p l ; l f h n r h i y ~ @ m d ; n f h @ (& Co).
2/ ,t;tif fhnrhiyfis ifahStjw;F thof;ifahsUf;F gapw;rp @khw;wj;jf;fjy;y@ (Not Negotiable) vd;w thh;ji
; jfs; cs;sl';fpa ,uz;L
mspf;fg;gl ntz;oa[ss; J/ FWf;Ff; nfhLfs; cs;s fhnrhiyia fPwypl;l fhnrhiy vd;fpnwhk;/
3/ ,t;tif fhnrhiyapy; mof;fl;il ,y;yhjjhy; fPwypLjiy ,uz;L tifahf gphpf;fyhk;/
thof;ifahsUf;F rpukk; Vw;gLfpwJ/
fhnrhiy fP w ypLjy; - tiffs; ~ 1/ bghJf; fPwypLjy; 2/ rpwg;g[ fPwypLjy;/

fhnrhiyapd; ,lJgf;f nky; |iyapy; ,U FWf;Ff; nfhLfs;

tiujiyna fPwypLjy; vd;fpnwhk;/ fhnrhiy bgWeUf;F bjhifia
184 185
 gy; n tW bghJf; f P w ypLjy; fP H ; fhl; l g; g l; L s; s d/ ,/ mtUf;F ntW xU t';fpapy; fzf;fpUe;jhy;. mf;fhnrhiyia
tNy; bra;J jd; fzf;fpy; tut[ itg;gjw;fhf jdJ t';fpaUf;F
mDg;gyhk;/
</ ,tUf;F ve;j t';fpapYk; fzf;fpy;yhj gl;rj;jpy;. mnj ghuj

F
; pw
;
y;y
p
*;nll; t';fpapnyh my;yJ ntW t';fpapnyh fzf;F itj;jpUg;gth;

g; d

ff
fh

;fj

z
|ykhf ,f;fhnrhiyf;F gzk; bgwyhk;/

fk

; n

;f
jf
md
L

th
w;w
md 2/ rpwg; g [ fP w ypLjy; ~
;

Wg
kh

bg
t';fpahpd; bgah; fhnrhiyapy; Fwpf;fg;gl;oUe;jhy; mJ rpwg;g[
fPwypLjyhFk;/ @xU t';fpahpd; bgah; fhnrhiyapy; @khw;wj;jf;fjy;y@
glk; 1. glk;. 2. glk;. 3. glk; / 4. glk; . 5. vd; w thh; j ; i jfSlndh my; y J ,e; j thh; j ; i j ,y; y hknyh
Fwpg;g plg;gl;oUe;jhy; mf;fhnrhiy rpwg;g[ fPwyplg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk;/
1/ bghJf;fPwypLjy;~ mz;L fk;bgdp (and Company) my;yJ fhnrhiyapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l me;j t';fpaUf;fhf kl;Lnk rpwg;ghf fPwypl;ljhf
mjd; FWf;fk; cs;sl';fpa ,uz;L FWf;Ff; nfhLfSld; my;yJ fUjg;gLk;@/ rpwg;g[ fPwypLjypy; ,uz;L FWf;Ff; nfhLfs; mtrpakpy;iy/
btWk; ,uz;L FWf;Ff; nfhLfSld; @khw;wj;jf;fjy;y@ vd;w gy;tifahd rpwg;g[ fPwypLjy; fPnH fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd/
thh;ji
; ja[lndh my;yJ ,t;thh;ji
; j ,y;yhknyh cs;s fhnrhiy
bghJf;fPwypl;l fhnrhiy vdg;gLfpwJ/

; p

; pw p
y;y f

z t'f
F
; p

; p
f

;fj t'

;
;
t'

t'
bghJf; f P w ypLjypd; Kf; f paj; J tk; ~

ff
w;w p/I

th p/I
I

I
rp/

rp/

kh /I/r

; f
Wg /r
jf
1/ xU fhnrhiy bghJf;fPwyplg;gl;ljhf ,Ue;jhy;. t';fpah; mjw;F

I/

I/

bg /rp/I
neuoahf gzk; juf;TlhJ/ ,d;bdhU t';fpaUf;F kl;Lnk gzk;

rp/

rp/

rp
I/
I/

I/
jUkhW gzk; jUk; t';fpah; (Paying Banker) gzpf;fg;gLfpwhh;/

I
2/ xUntis ,f;fhnrhiyahdJ bjhiye;j gpd;dnuh my;yJ jpUlg;gl;l glk; /1 glk; /2 glk; /3 glk;/ 4
gpd;dnuh gzkhf;fg;gl;oUe;jhy;. mg;gzj;ijg; bgw;wtiu Rygkhff; fz;L
gpof;f Koa[k/; mjdhy; fPwypLjy; ghJfhg;ig cWjp bra;fpwJ/ rpwg; g [ fP w ypLjypd; Kf; f paj; J t'; f s; ~
cjhuzkhf. j';fuhR vd;gth; nryj;jpYs;s ghuj *;nll; t';fp 1/ ,t;tif fhnrhiyf;F gzk; jUk; t';fpah; (Paying Banker) fhnrhiyapy;
kPJ tiuag;gl;l Q/500-f;fhd fhnrhiyia bgw;why;~ Fwpg;g plg;gl;Ls;s t';fpaUf;nfh my;yJ mtuJ tNypf;Fk; KftUf;nfh
m/ mth; nryj;jpYs;s ghuj *;nll; t';fpf;F brd;W gzk; gzk; juntz;Lk;/ ,t;tif fPwypLjy; kpft[k; ghJfhg;ghdJ/
nfl;lhy; mtUf;F gzk; jug;gl khl;lhJ/
2/ cjhuzkhf xUth;. j';fuhR vd;gtUf;F Q/5000-f;F nryk; ghuj
M/ mtUf;F nryj;jpYs;s ghuj *;nll; t';fpapy; fzf;fpUe;jhy;.
*;nll; t';fp fhnrhiy tH';Fk; bghGJ mf;fhnrhiyapy; ICICI Bank
mth; jdJ t';fpaiu ,f;fhnrhiyj;bjhifia jd; fzf;fpy; tut[
Ltd., vd;W Fwpgpl;oUe;jjhf itj;Jf;bfhs;nthk;/ ,jpy; gzk; jUk;
itf;FkhW gzpf;fyhk;/ mjd;g pwF. mth; vg;nghJ ntz;LkhdhYk;
t';fpahd nryk; ghuj *;nll; t';fp mf;fhnrhiy bjhifia ICICI
,g;gzj;ij vLj;Jf;bfhs;syhk;/
t';fpf;nfh my;yJ mjdJ tNypf;Fk; KftUf;nfh gzk; juntz;Lk;/
186 187
khw;wj;jf;fjy;y fPwy; (Not Negotiable Crossing): khw;WKiw Mtzr;rl;lk; 1881 gphpt[ 15. gpd;vGJtij gpd;tUkhW
tpsf;FfpwJ/ @xU khw;WKiw Mtzj;ij vGjpatnuh my;yJ
khw;wj;jf;fjy;y vd;w thh;ji
; jfs;; bghJf;fPwYlndh my;yJ itj;jpUg;gtnuh me;j Mtzj;ij khw;wk; bra;a[k; nehf;fj;njhL.
rpwg;g[ fPwYlndh xU fhnrhiyapy; ,lk; bgw;why;. mf;fhnrhiy khw;wg;gLk; mt;thtzj;jpd; Kd;g[wnkh my;yJ gpd;g [wnkh my;yJ mjDld;
jd;ikia ,He;J tpLfpwJ/ ,j;jifa fhnrhiyia jdf;F khw;wk; ,izf;fg;gl;l xU jhspnyh ifbahg;gkpl;lhy;. mth; mjid gpd;vGjp
(Transferee) bgw;wth;. mjid ey;y ek;g pf;ifa[lDk; jFe;j kWgad; (Con- bfhLj;jjhf fUjg;gLk;/ ,t;thW vGjpf;bfhLj;jtiu gpd;vGjpath;
sideration) bfhLj;J bgw;wpUe;j nghjpYk;. jdf;F khw;wk; bra;J je;jtiuf; (Endorser) vd;fpnwhk;/
(Transferor) fhl;oYk; mjpf chpikj;jd;ik bgw KoahJ/ ,t;thW
khw;wk; bra;J je;jtUf;F FiwghLs;s chpikj;jd;ik ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;. nkbyGJjypd; tiffs; ~
khw;wk; bgw;wtUk; FiwghLs;s chpikj; jd;ikiana bgWfpwhh;/ xU
jpUlg;gl;l vGJnfhiyg; bgw;wth;. jpUlid tpl rpwe;j chpikiag; 1/ bgah; Fwpg;g plhj nkbyGJjy; (Endorsement in blank):
bgwhjijg; nghd;wnj ,J/ gpd;vGJgth; ahUf;F ,k;khw;WKiw Mtzk; khw;wpj;jug;gLfpwJ vd;gij
Fwpg;g plhky;. jdJ ifbahg;gk; kl;Lnk gpd;gw[ k; ,l;lhy; mjid bgah;
gzk; bgWgth; fzf;F fPwy; (Account Payee Crossing) Fwpg;g plhj jpwe;j gpd; vGJjy; vd;fpnwhk;/ Mjyhy;. ,t;thtzj;ijf;
@gzk; bgWgth; fzf;F@ (A/C Payee)@ my;yJ @gzk; bgWgth; bfhzUk; egUf;nf. mt;thtzj;jpd; bjhif tH';fg;gLk;/
kl;Lk;@ (A/C Payee only) my;yJ @j';fuhR fzf;F (A/C Thangarasu)@
nghd;w thh;j; i
; jfs; bghJf; fPwYlndh my;yJ rpwg;g[ fPwYlndh xU 2/ KGikahd my;yJ rpwg;g[ nkbyGJjy; (Endorsement
fhnrhiyapy; fhzg;gl;lhy;. mij tNypf;Fk; t';fpah; (Collecting Banker) in full or special endorsement): gpd;vGJgth; Mtzj;jpy; fz;Ls;s
,f;fhnrhiyf;fhd gzj;ij tNypj;J mf;Fwpg;g pl;l fzf;fpy; kl;Lk; bjhifia xU Fwpg;gpl;l egUf;nfh my;yJ mtuJ cj;jut[ bgw;wtUf;nfh
tut[ itf;Fk;goahd xU cj;juthFk;/ ,f;fPwypLjy; tiuaiw fPwy; gzj;ij jUkhW gzpj;jhy; mjw;F KGikahd gpd;vGJjy; vd;fpnwhk;/
vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,t;tif fhnrhiy jpUlg;gl;lhnyh my;yJ ,ij rpwg;g[ gpd;vGJjy; vd;Wk; Twyhk;/
bjhiye;J nghdhnyh ,f;fhnrhiyapd; kPJ gzk; bgWtJ kpft[k;
fodk;/ Vbddpy;. xU t';fpah; jd;dplk; fzf;F itj;jpUf;fhj xUtUf;fhf cjhuzk;~ vy;/ uh$d; my;yJ cj;jut[ bgw;wtUf;F bfhL/
,r;fhnrhiyia tNypf;f khl;lhh;/ 3/ tiuaiw nkbyGJjy; (Restrictive Endorsement)~
nkbyGJjy; (Endorsement); gpd;vGJgth; khw;WKiw Mtzj;jpd; chpik khWjiy tiuaiw bra;jhy;
mt;tif gpd;vGJjiy tiuaiw gpd;vGJjy; vd;fpnwhk;/
tpsf; f k; ~ cjhuzk;~ vy;/ uh$Df;F kl;Lk; bfhL/
khw;wj;jf;f Mtz';fspd; gpd; gf;fj;jpy; gzk;bgWgthpd; bgaiu
4/ epge; j id nkbyGJjy; (Conditional Endorsement)~
vGJtijna gpd; vGJjy; (m) nkbyGJjy; vd;fpnwhk;/ fhnrhiy
gpd;vGJgth; ,e;j Mtzj;jpd; kPJ bgWk; chpikia xU epge;jidf;F
nghd;w khw;WKiw Mtz';fspd; kPJ gzk; bgWk; chpik bgw;w xUth;.
cl;gLj;jp ,d;bdhUtUf;F khw;wk; bra;jhy;. ,jid epge;jid gpd;vGJjy;
jdJ ,t;th[ pikia mt;thtzj;jpd; gpd;gw [ k; ifbahg;gk; ,Ltjd; |yk;
vd;fpnwhk;/ ,k;Kiwapy; gpd;vGjg;gl;lth; (Endorsee) mjpYs;s epge;jidia
gpwUf;F khw;wpj; juKoa[k/; gpd;vGjp ifbahg;gkpLnthiu @nkbyGJgth@;
g{hj
; j
; p bra;j gpd;dnu mjd;kPjhd gzk; bgWk; chpikia bgWfpwhh;/
(Endorser) vd;Wk; mjd; chpikia bgWk; egiu@nkbyGjg;gl;lth;@ (En-
cjhuzk;~ ,uz;L khj';fSf;Fs; mbkhpf;fhtpypUe;J jpUk;g p te;jhy;
dorsee) vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;/
vy;/ uh$Df;F bfhL/

188 189
5/ jd; b ghWg; g py; y h nkbyGJjy; (Sans Recourse 3/ thof;ifahsh; g[jj
; pRthjPdk; ,d;ik~ thof;ifahsh;
Endorsement)~ khw;WKiw Mtzk; kWf;fg;gLk; nghJ mjdhy; Vw;gLk; g[jj
; pRthjPdk; ,d;ik gw;wpa mwptpg;ignah my;y ; J jftiynah
bghWg;g pypUe;J jd;id tpLtpj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; tz;zk;. gpd;vGJgth; bgw;why;. mjd;g pd; t';fpah; mtuhy; bfhLf;fg;gl;l fhnrhiyfSf;F
gpd;vGjpf; bfhLj;jiyna jd;bghWg;g py;yh nkbyGJjy; vd;fpnwhk;/ gzk; juf;TlhJ/
@vd;dplk; jpUk;gtuhnj@ vd;gnj ,jd; mh;jj
; k;/ ,t;thh;ji
; j nkbyGjpa 4/ behog;g[epiy (Insolvency)~ t';fpah; jdJ thof;ifahsh;
gpd; nrh;ff
; g;gLk; thh;ji
; jahFk;/ gzkpd;wp behog;ge
[ piy mile;Jtpl;lhh; vd;gJ bjhpatUk;nghJ
cjhuzk;~ @uh$Df;F bfhL - vd;dplk; tuhnj@/ mtuJ fhnrhiyfSf;F gzk; juf;TlhJ/
5/ ePjpkd;w cj;jut[~ thof;ifahshpd; brhj;Jf;fs; gpizakhf
6/ flikjtph; nkbyGJjy; (Facultative Endorsement)~ ePjpkd;w Mizapy; ,izf;fg;gl;oUe;jhy; t';fpah; mtuJ
gpd;vGJgth; khw;WKiw Mtzk; kWf;fg;gLk;nghJ (dishonor) mjw;fhd fhnrhiyfSf;F gzk; juf;TlhJ/ ,t;tpj ePjpkd;w Mizia
mwptpg;g[ (notice) jdf;F njitapy;iy vd;W jdJ chpikia tpl;Lf;
@fhh;dp=; cj;jut[@ (Garnishee Order) vd;fpnwhk;/
bfhLj;J gpd;vGjpdhy;. mJntmtkwpahij mwpf;if njitapy;iy
vd;W nkbyGJjy; vdg;gLfpwJ/ 6/ xJf;fPl;L epakd mwptpg;g[ (Notice of Assignment)~
t';fpah; xU thof;ifahsh; jdJ fzf;fpYs;s gzj;jpid
cjhuzk;~ @uh$Df;F bfhL. kWg;g pw;fhd mwptpg;g[ chpik tpl;L ,d;bdhUtUf;F xJf;fPlL; epakdk; bra;j jfty; bgWk;n
; ghJ.
bfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ@/ mtuJ fhnrhiyfSf;F gzk; juf;TlhJ/

fhnrhiy kWg;g[ (Dishonour of Cheque)~ thof;ifahsh;fspd; 7/ mwf;fl;lis tpjpfis kPWjy;~ t';fpah; mwf;fl;lisapd;
fhnrhiyf;F gzkspj;jy; xU t';fpahpd; rl;lg{ht
; flikahFk;/ nghJkhd bghWg;g pYs;s jdJ thof;ifahsh; mwf;fl;lisapd; tpjpfis
fhuzkpy;yhky; xU t';fpah;. jdJ thof;ifahshpd; fhnrhiyf;F gzk; kPwp mjd; epjpfis jtwhd tHpfspy; gad;gLj;JtJ bjhpatUk;
ju kWj; j hnyh my; y J jtwpdhnyh. t'; f pah; jFjpahd ey; y nghJ. mtuJ fhnrhiyfSf;F gzk; juf;TlhJ/
fhuz';fspd;wp gzk; ju kWf;ff;TlhJ/ gpd;tUk; re;jh;gg
; ';fspy; t';fpah; 8/ fhnrhiy bfhzh;gthpd; chpik FiwghL
thof;ifahshpd; fhnrhiyf;F gzk; ju kWf;fyhk;/ bjhpatUk; n ghJ~ fhnrhiyia bfhzh; g th; . mjd;
cz;ikahd chpikahsh; my;y vd;W ek;gk
[ n
; ghJ mf;fhnrhiyf;F
1/ vGjpatu; jilbra; j hy; ~ thof;ifahsh; jd;dhy; gzk; juf;TlhJ/
bfhLf;fg;gl;l xU Fwpg;g pl;l fhnrhiyf;F gzk; ju ntz;lhk;
vd;W t';fpaiu gzpf;fyhk;/ ,ij ehk; gzk; jUjiy epWj;Jjy; 9/ nghjpa epjpapd;ik~ thof;ifahshpd; fzf;fpy; nghJkhd
(Countermanding of cheque) my;yJ jilbra;jy; vd;fpnwhk;/ mst[ gzk; ,y;yhj nghJ. t';fpah; gzk; ju kWf;fyhk;/
10/g pd; n jjpa pl; l fhnrhiy (Post-dated Cheque)~
2/ thof;ifahshpd; ,wg;g[ gw;wpa jfty;~ t';fpah;. fhnrhiyapy; vjph;tUk; njjp (Future date) Fwpg;g pl;L ,Ue;jhy;.
thof;ifahshpd; ,wg;g[ gw;wpa mwptpg;ignah my;yJ jftiynah
mjw;F t';fpah; gzk; juf;TlhJ/
bgw;why; mjd;g pd;. thof;ifahsh; ,wg;gjw;F Kd;bfhLj;j
fhnrhiyfSf;F gzk; juf;TlhJ/ @fhnrhiy vGjpath; 1 1 / f hyhtjp a hd f hnrhi y (Stale Cheque)~ xU
,we;Jtpl;lhh;@ vd;w Fwpg;gl
[ d; mf;fhnrhiyfis jpUg;gp mDg;gptpl fhnrhiyahdJ 6 khjj;jpw;Fk; nkyhf g[Hf;fj;jpypUe;j gpd;.
ntz;Lk;/ t';fpahplk; tUk;bghGJ gHikahd my;yJ fhyf;bfL Koe;j
fhnrhiy vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,jw;F t';fpah; gzk;
juf;TlhJ/
190 191
12/ifbahg;gk; khWjy;~ thof;ifahshpd; khjphp jhdpa'; f p gzk; tH'; F k; ,ae; j puk; (Automatic Teller
ifbahg;gj;jpw;Fk;.; fhnrhiyapYs;s mtuJ ifbahg;gj;jpw;Fkpilna Machine): jhdpa';fp gzk; tH';Fk; ,ae;jpuk;. t';fpapd; fl;olj;jpd;
khw;wk; fhzg;god;. t';fpah; mjw;F gzk; juf;TlhJ/ cl;gw
[ j;jpnsh my;y
; J btspapnyh. ehs; KGtJk; thof;ifahsh; gzj;ij
bgWtjw;nfh my;yJ brYj;Jtjw;nfh mikf;fg;gl;l xU fUtpahFk;/
13/Kiwnflhd nkbyGJjy;~ fhnrhiyapd; gpd;g[wKs;s t';fpapd; kj;jpa fzpdpa[ld; bghJbjhiyngrp tiygpd;dy; |ykhf
gpd;vGJjy; Kiwnflhf ,Ue;jhy;. t';fpah; mjw;F gzk;
,izf;fg;gl;l xU rpwg;g[ mikg;g[ (Specialized Terminal) KiwahFk;/
juf;TlhJ/ fzf;F tpgu';fs; ml';fpa fhe;jJz;L cs;sl';fpa gpsh*;of; ml;ilia
14/ v z ; Z k ; v G j ; J k ; k h W k ; n g h J ~ f h n r h i y a p y ; cl;brYj;jp jdp milahs vz;iz (Personal Identification Number)
Fwpg;g plg;gl;Ls;s bjhif vz;zhYk;. vGj;jhYk; khWgLk;bghGJ. bfhLg;gjd; |yk; gy;ntW tifahd t';fp eltof;iffis nkw;bfhs;s
t';fpah; mjw;F gzk; juf;TlhJ/ mDkjpf;fpwJ/
thof; i fahsUf; F ed; i kfs; ~
15/jpUj;j';fs;~ fhnrhiyfspy; jpUj;j';fs; ,Ue;J. mitfs;;
fhnrhiy vGjpatuhy; jdJ KG ifbahg;gj;Jld; cWjp 1/ ,J ehs; KGtJk; nrit g[hptjhy;. t';fp eltof;if neuk;
bra;ag;glhkypUe;jhy;. t';fpah; mjw;F gzk; juf;TlhJ/ (Banking time) btFthf kpr;rg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/
16/fhnrhiy cUtk;(Form of the Cheque)~ fhnrhiyahdJ 2/ Jhpjkhd. jpwikahd. jtWfsw;w nrit fpilf;fpwJ/

3/ tiyg;g pd;dy; |ykhf. ml;il itj;jpUg;gth; ve;j ,lj;jpypUe;Jk;

buhf;fk; kw;Wk; gy nritfis bgwyhk;/

4/ t';fpapd; ve;j fpisf;Fk; gzj;ij Rygkhf khw;wk; bra;ayhk;/

5/ ve;j neuj;jpYk; gzk; vLf;fyhk; vd;gjhy;. @v';Fk; fpilf;Fk;

t';fptrjp@ vd;Wk; Twyhk;/

t'; f paUf; F ed; i kfs; ~

1/ t';fpapy; thof;ifahsh; Tl;lk; btFthf Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ/

2/ t';fp ntiy neuj;ij mjpfg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; g[jpa fpisfs; jpwj;jYf;F

,J xU khw;W tHpahFk;/ ,jdhy; t';fpapd; eph;thfr; bryt[fs;
Kiwg;go vGjg;gltpy;iybadpy;. t';fpah; mjw;F gzk; juf;TlhJ/ F
; iwf;fg;LfpwJ/

17/ntW fpisa pd; kPJ vGjg; g l; o Ue; j hy; ~ xU 3/ gFj;jha;t[ kw;Wk; g[jj
; hf;f ntiyfis t';fp CHpah;fs; ftdk; brYj;j
fhnrhiyahdJ. thof;ifahsh; fzf;F itj;jpUf;Fk; t';fpf; cjt[fpwJ/
fpisapy; my;yhky;. ntW fpisf;F vGjg;gl;oUe;jhy;. t';fpah;
4/ jhdpa';fp gzk; tH';Fk; ,ae;jpu';fs; Kf;fpakhd ,l';fspy;
mjw;F gzk; juf;TlhJ/
epWtg;gLtjhy;. t';fp tpahghuj;jpd; mst[ mjpfhpf;fpwJ/

5/ buhf;fj;ij xU ,lj;jpypUe;J kw;bwhU ,lj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; bry;tija[k;

kw;Wk; buhf;fk; ifahSjiya[k; jtph;ff; pwJ/
192 193
 ml;il tH';Fk; rpy t';fpfs; buhf;fk; vLf;ft[k; mDkjpf;fpwJ/
fld; ml;il (Credit Card)~
,r;nritf;F ml;iljhuh; nrit fl;lzk; fl;l ntz;Lk;/ ,g;bghGJ.
,t;tl;il t';fpfshy; tH';fg;gLfpwJ/ ,J xU rpwpa gpsh*;of; I/rp/I/rp/I/ t';fp buhf;fk; vLj;jYf;F khjj;jpw;F 2/95 rjtPjk; tl;o
ml;il/ ,jpy; fld; ml;il bgw;wthpd; bgah;. mthpd; fzf;F vz;. tNypf;fpwJ/
bry;YgoahFk; fhyk; Mfpait ,jd; kPJ Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,t;tl;ilapd;
gpd;. mtuJ khjphp ifbahg;gKk; cs;sJ/ ,t;tl;il itj;jpUg;nghUf;F. tpdhf; f s;
,t;tl;ilia Vw;Wf; bfhs;Sk; epWtd';fs; kw;Wk; filfspd; bgah;fs;
I/ rhpahd tpiliaj; njh; e ; b jL~
ml';fpa gl;oay; jug;gLfpwJ/ xU khjj;jpy; mjpfgl;rkhf bfhs;Kjy;
bra;ak[ ; bjhif mt;tl;il itj;jpUg;nghUf;F bjhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,t;tl;il 1/ t';fpah; gzj;jpy; <LgLgth;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ gpd;tUgtw;wpy;
itj;jpUg;gth;. gl;oaypYs;s filfspy; bghUs; my;;yJ nritia jiyth;fshft[k; cs;sdh;/
bgWk;bghGJ. ,th;fs;; ,t;tl;il bry;YgoahFk; fhyk;. ml;il m/ bghUshjhu Kd; n dw; w k; M/ tpahghu Kd; n dw; w k;
itj;jpUg;nghhpd; milahsk; kw;Wk; fld; mst[ ,tw;iw rhpghh;ff ; pd;wdh;/ ,/ bjhHpy; Kd;ndw;wk; </ nrit Kd;ndw;wk;

2/ gz kw;Wk; t';fp mikg;g[ Kiwapy; ikaepiyapy; cs;sJk; cr;r epjp

mjpfhuk; bgw;w t';fpahft[k; tps';FtJ/
m/ kj;jpa t';fp M/tzpf t'; f p
,/me;epar; bryhtzp t';fp </ Tl;Lwt[ t';fp

3/ XU Fwpg;g pl;l fhyj;jpw;F gzj;ij itg;g[ bra;tJ/

m/ epiy itg;g[ M/ nrkpg;g[ itg;g[
,/ bjhlh; itg;g[ </ eilKiw itg;g[

4/ t';fpah; ,ij cw;gj;jpr;bra;gth; vdt[k; Twyhk;/

m/ gzk; M/ fld; ,/ itg;g[ </ nky;tiug; gw;W

5/ MW khjj;jpw;F nkyhf g[Hf;fj;jpYs;s fhnrhiy gpd;tUkhW

miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/
m/ fhyf;bfL Koe;j fhnrhiy M/ gpd;njjpapl;l fhnrhiy
bgwg;gl;l bghUs; kw;Wk; nritfs; gw;wpa tpgu';fis fld; ,/ rhjhuz fhnrhiy </ fPwypl;l fhnrhiy
ml;il urPjpy; (Credit Card Voucher) Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,t;thW jahhpf;fg;gl;l
rhpahd tpilfs;
urPjpy; fld; ml;ilapd; cUtk; mr;rpLk; fUtp tHpahf khw;wk; bra;ag;gl;L
ml;iljhuhpd; ifbahg;gk; bgwg;gLfpwJ/ ,e;j urPJfs;. t';fpahplk; 1/ m 2/ m 3/ m 4/ m
tH';fg;gLk;nghJ. t';fpah; mtw;iw rhpghh;jj ; gpd;. ml;iljhuhpd; fzf;fpy;
gw;W itf;fpwhh;/ ,jd;g pwF. t';fp ml;iljhuhplkpUe;J bghJthf 10-
ypUe;J 15 ehl;fSf;Fs; gzk; fl;LkhW ntz;LfpwJ/

194 195
II/ nfhol;l ,l';fis epug;g[f~ III/ bghUj;Jf~
1/ bjhHpy; t';fp - m/ ,e;jpa hprh;tt
; ';fp
1/ ----------- bfhs;ifia jpwikahd mKy;gLj;j t';fpfs; mtrpak;/
2/ ika t';fp - M/ I/rp/I/rp/I
2/ t';fpah; gzj;ij itg;ghf Vw;W bfhs;tjDld; gzj;ij---------k; 3/ btsp m';fho bray;ghLfs; - ,/ fld;jd;ik fl;Lg;ghL
tH';Ffpwhh;/
4/ Efh;nthh;fld; bewpg;gLj;Jjy; - </ fldst[ fl;Lg;ghL
3/ ----------- t';fpfs; me;epa bryhtzp kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L tzpfj;jpy;
5/ bgWnthh; fzf;fpy; kl;Lk; - c/ gzk; bfhLg;gij
rpwg;ghf bray;gLfpd;wd/
epWj;Jjy;
4/ ----------- t';fpfs; ,e;jpa kj;jpa t';fpapd; ,uz;lhtJ ml;ltizapy; 6/ jilahiz - C/ jilbra;ag;gl;l fPwy;
,lk; bgw;Ws;sd/
7/ jhdpa';fp gzk; tH';Fk; fUtp - v/ 24 kzpneu gz nrit
5/ xU Fwpg;g pl;lst[tiu thof;ifahsh; gzj;ij fldhf bgWtjw;F -
8/ ,iza t';fp - V/ ,izak; |yk; t';fp
----------- |yk; t';fpah; mDkjpf;fpwhh;/
eltof;iffs;
6/ xU fhnrhiyapy; Fwpg;g pl;l egUf;nfh my;yJ mtuJ cj;jut[ rhpahd tpilfs;~ 1/ M 2/ m 3/ < 4/ , 5/ C 6/ c
bgw;wtUf;nfh gzk; tH';f ntz;oa fhnrhiyf;F bgah;-----/ 7/ v 8/ V
7/ ----------- vd;W TLjyhf fhnrhiyapy; vGjg;gl;l thh;ji ; jfs;. IV/ rpW tpdhf;fs;~
t';fpah; mf;fhnrhiyapd; gzj;ij tNypj;J fhnrhiyapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
1/ t';fp vd;why; vd;d?
eghpd; fzf;fpy; kl;Lnk tut[ itf;f ntz;Lk; vd;w cj;jputhFk;/
2/ t';fpfshy; Vw;Wf; bfhs;sg;gLk; gy;tif itg;gf
[ is bjhptp/
8/ ----------- vd;gJ khw;WKiwrPlo
; d; gpd;gw
[ k; vGjg;gLtjhFk;/
3/ t';fpapd; tiffis gl;oaypLf/
rhpahd tpilfs; ~
4/ ehl;Lg;gw
[ t';fpah; vd;gth; ahh;?
1/ gz 2/ fldhf 3/ me;epa bryhtzp 4/ ml;ltiz 5/ ,e;jpa ika t';fpapd; fld; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfis gl;oaypLf/
5/ buhf;fg;gw;W 6/ Miz fhnrhiy 7/ bgWnthh; fzf;fpy; kl;Lk; 6/ @,iza t';fp@ tpsf;Ff/
(Account Payee Only) 8/ gpd;vGJjy;/ 7/ @kpd;dZ |yk; epjp khw;wk;@ vd;why; vd;d?
8/ @fhnrhiy@ - ,yf;fzk; jUf/
9/ fhe;j ik vGj;J czh;tp fhnrhiy vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gaid
bjhptp/
10/ gpd; vGJjy; vd;why; vd;d?

196 197
11/ jhdpa';fp gzk; tH';Fk; fUtp (ATM) vd;why; vd;d? mjd;
gad;fis bjhptp/
12/ fld; ml;il vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gad;fs; ahit?

V/bgUtpdhf; f s; ~
1/ t';fpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;ft[k/;
2/ tzpf t';fpapd; Kjd;ik gzpfis tpthpf;ft[k/;
3/ tzpf t';fpapd; Jizg; gzpfis tpthpf;ft[k/;
4/ Tl;Lwt[ t';fp mikg;g[ Kiwia tpsf;ft[k/;
5/ fhnrhiyapd; jd;ikfis TWf/
6/ tiuaW gpd;vGJjYf;Fk;. epge;jid gpd;vGJjYf;Fk; cs;s
ntWghl;il TWf/
7/ epiy itg;g.[ nrkpg;g[ itg;g[ kw;Wk; eilKiw itg;g[ fzf;FfSf;F
,ilnaa[ss; ntWghl;oidf; TWf/

VI/ fl; L iu tiuf~

1/ t';fpfspd; gy;ntW tiffis tpsf;Ff/
2/ tzpf t';fpapd; gzpfis tpsf;Ff/
3/ ika t';fpapd; gzpfis tpsf;Ff/
4/ gy;ntW tifahd fPwypLjiy tpsf;Ff/ mitfspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ija[k; tpsf;Ff/
5/ gy;ntW tifahd gpd;vGJjiy tpsf;Ff/
6/ thof;ifahsh; je;j fhnrhiyf;F ve;bje;j re;jh;gg
; ';fspy; xU
t';fpah; gzk; jukWf;fyhk;?

198
 ghlk; - 8
fhg; g P L
Kd; D iu
xt;bthU tpahghuKk; gytpjkhd ,lh;fis bfhz;Ls;sd/
mit jP. jpUl;L. bfhs;is kw;Wk; thfd tpgj;JfshFk;/ rpy
NH;epiyfspy;. ,t;tpjkhd ,lh;fis fhg;gPL epWtdk; Vw;Wf;bfhs;fpwJ/
fhg;gPL vd;gJ xUtUf;F Vw;gl;l ,liu gyh; kPJ gutyhf;fp ,liu
<Lbra;tjhFk;/

fhg;gPl;od; mtrpak; (Necessity of Insurance )

thzpfk;. brhj;J. kdpj thH;f;if ,tw;iwj; jGtpa[s;s
,lu;g;ghLfSf;F vjpuhfg; ghJfhg;g[ mspg;gnj fhg;gPL/ thzpgk; gy
,lu;ghLfisf; bfhz;Ls;sJ/ thzpfj;jpy; bghUl;fs; btt;ntW
,l';fSf;F mDg;gj [ ypd;nghnjh. fpl';Ffspy; nrkpj;jpUf;Fk; nghnjh jP
tpgj;J. jpUl;L nghd;wtw;why; mHpt[wyhk; my;yJ nrjkilayhk;/ ,t;tif
,lu;g;ghl;oidf; fhg;gPL bra;tjd; |yk; Fiwj;Jf; bfhs;s KofpwJ/
thzpfk; nghd;nw kdpj thH;t[k; ,lu;g;ghLilaJ/ xU FLk;gk;
bghJthf mf;FLk;g tUkhdjhuiu KGtJk; rhh;eJ ; s;sJ/ mtUila
kiwt[ mf;FLk;gj;ij nkYk; gyj;j ,d;dYf;F cs;shf;fp tpLfpwJ/
kuznkh kdpj thH;tpy; ve;neuj;jpYk; epfHyhk;/ fhg;gPL. kuzj;jpdhy;
Vw;gLk; ,d;dy;fis ,Hg;gPL tH';Ftjd; |yk; Fiwf;fpwJ/
bghUs;; (Meaning)
fhg;gL
P Tl;Lwt[ jj;Jtj;jpd; mog;gilapy; mike;jJ/ xU rpyupd;
el;lk; gyuhy; gfpu;eJ
; bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ/ ,f;Tl;L Kaw;rp fhg;gL
P jUeuhfpa
fhg;gPL epWkj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ/

fhg;gL
P bgWeUf;F. fhg;gL P jUeu; Fwpg;g pl;l ,lu;gg
; hl;lhy; Vw;gLk;
,Hg;g pid <L bra;tjhf xg;gj [ y; mspf;Fk; xu; xg;ge;jk; fhg;gL
P vdg;gLk;/
mjw;F ifkhwhff; fhg;gPL bgWeu; fhy Kiwg;go Kidkk; brYj;j
xg;g[f;bfhs;fpwhh;/ xUtUf;F ,lu;g;ghl;lhy; Vw;gLk; el;lj;ij gyu; kPJ
gutyhf;Ftnj fhg;gPlo ; d; jj;JtkhFk;/
vtu; xUtUila ,lu;gg ; hLfs; fhg;gPL bra;ag;gLfpwnjh mtu;
fhg;gPL bgWeu; my;yJ fhg;gPl;LWjp bgWeu; Mthu;/ mJnghy vtu;
199
xUtu; ,lu; neu;ej
; hy; mjdhy; vGk; ,Hg;ig <Lbra;a xg;gf
[ b
; fhs;fpwhnuh fhg;gPl;od; nfhl;ghLfs; (Principles of Insurance)
mtu; fhg;gPL jUeu; my;yJ fhg;gPl;LWjp jUeu; Mthu;/
fhg;gPlL; xg;ge;jk; xU tzpf xg;ge;jkhFk; tzpf xg;ge;jj;jpy;
fhg;gPl;LWjp (Assurance) cs;s nfhl;ghLfs; midj;Jk; fhg;gPlL ; xg;ge;jj;jpw;Fg; bghUe;JtJld;
gpd;tUk; rpwg;g[f; nfhl;ghLfs; fhg;gPl;oy; cs;sd/ mitfshtd ~
,lu; Vw;gLtJ cWjpahft[k;. mt;tplu; vf;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gLk;
vd;gJ cWjpaw;wjhft[k; cs;s xd;wpf;Ff; fhg;gPL bra;a[k; xg;ge;jk; 1/ fhg;gPL bgWeyd; (Insurable Interest)
fhg;gPl;LWjpahFk;/ kdpj thH;tpy; ##,wg;g[## cWjpahdJ/ Mdhy; mJ
vg;bghGJ epfGk; vd;gJ cWjpaw;wJ/ vdnt kdpj ,wg;g[ Fwpj;j fhg;gL
P xg;ge;jj;jpw;Ff; fhg;gL
P bgUeydpUj;jy; mtrpak;/ fhg;gL P
fhg;gPL xg;ge;jk; fhg;gPlL
; WjpahFk;/ ehk; Ma[sf
; hg;gPL jpl;llhtz';fis bgUeyd; vd;gJ Fwpg;g pl;l epjp rhu;e;j mf;fiw ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/
Ma[s; fhg;gPlL
; Wjp jpl;lhtz';fs; vd;wiHg;gnj rupahdjhFk;/ xUtUf;F Fwpg;g pl;l brhj;J ,Ug;gjdhy; gaDk;. mr;brhj;jpd; mHpthy;
ghjpg;g[k; milthuhapd; mtUf;F mr;brhj;jpy; fhg;gPL bgWeyd;
fhg;gPL-fhg;gPl;LWjp ntWghLfs; (Distinguish Between ,Ug;gjhfg; bghUs;/ nkYk; fhg;gPL bgWeyd; brhe;j ge;jj;jhy;
Insurance and Assurance) ,Uf;ff;Toa xd;wy;y/ epjprhu; mf;fiw epUgpf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;/ fly;rhu;
fhg;gPlo
; y; el;lk; Vw;gLk; neuj;jpy; fhg;gPL bgUeyd; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/
mog;gilf;fhg;gPL nfhl;ghLfshd fhg;gPL bgWeyd;. ek;g pf;if
Mdhy; jPff ; hg;g pl;oy; fhg;gPL bgWeyd; xg;ge;jk; Vw;gLk; nghJk; el;lk;
nghd;wit midj;J tif fhg;gl P o
; w;Fk; bghUe;Jk;. vd;whYk; fhg;gl
P L
; Wjp
Vw;gLk; nghJk; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/
,ju fhg;gPLfspypUe;J gpd;tUkhW ntWgLfpd;wJ/
fhg; g P L fhg; g P l ; L Wjp v/fh

1/ fhg;gL
P bra;ag;gLk; ,lu; epfGkh 1/ ve;j xUtUk; kuzj;ij bty;y 1/ xUtu; jd;kPnjh my;yJ mtu; kidtp -fztd; kPnjh
epfHhjh vd;w cWjpaw;w epiy KoahJ/ vdnt ,lu; cWjp fhg;gPL bgWeyd; cilatuhthu;/
vg;bghGJ vd;gnj cWjpaw;wJ/ 2/ xU tPl;od; cupikahsUf;F tPl;od; KG kjpg;gstpw;Ff;
2/ ,t;tifapyhd xg;ge;jk; FWfpa 2/ fhg;gPlL
; Wjp ePzl
; fhy xg;ge;jk; fhg;gPL bgWeyd; cz;L/
fhy xg;ge;jkhFk;/ (xuhz;ow;F (15 Mz;Lfs; kw;Wk; mjw;Fnky;) 3/ xU brhj;jpd; kPJ fld; bfhLj;jtu; mr;brhj;jpy; fld;
kpfhJ) bjhifastpw;Ff; fhg;gPL bgWeyd; cs;stu;/
3/ fhg;gPlo
; w;fhd brhj;J. bghUs; 3/ kdpj thH;tpd; kjpg;ig gzj;jhy;
4/ fldPen
; jhu; fldhspapd; kPJ fhg;gL
P bgWeyd; cilatuhfpwhu;/
nghd;witfspd; kjpg;gpid vspjhf kjpg;g pl KoahJ/
eph;zapf;f Koa[k/; vg;bghGJ fhg;gPL bgWeyd; ,Uf;f ntz;Lbkd;gJ fhg;gPlo ; d;
jd;ikiag; bghUj;J khWfpwJ/ Ma[s; fhg;gl P L
; Wjpapy; fhg;gL
P bgWeyd;
4/ ,J ,liur; rupbra;tjw;fhd 4/ kdpj ,Hg; i gr; rupbra; a
fhg;gPL xg;ge;jk; bra;ak
[ ; bghGnj ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;/
<l;LWjp xg;ge;jk; KoahJ vdnt ,J <l;LWjp
xg;ge;jky;y/ 2/ kpf;f ek;g pf;if (Utmost good faith)
5/ fhg;gl
P L
; jUeu; ,lupd; el;lj;ij 5/ mit ,jw;Fg; bghUe;jhJ/ fhg;gPL kpf;f ek;g pf;if mog;gilapyhd xg;ge;jkhFk;/ ,jpy;
rupfl;otpl;L ,luhy; bgWeUf;Fupa fhg;gPL bgWeu; kw;Wk; jUeu; ,UtUk; midj;J fUg;bghUs;
,jucupikfisa[k.; tha;gg
; f
[ isa[k; cz;ikfis xUtUf;bfhUtu; btspg;gLj;jpl ntz;Lk;/ ,jpy; fhg;gPL
mtuplkpUe;J bgw;WtpLfpwhu;/ bgw tpiHgtu; jd;dhy; fhg;gPL bra;at[s;s ,lu; Fwpj;j midj;J
200 201
tpgu';fSk; mwpe;jtu;/ mitaht[k; fhg;gL
P jUeu; mwpe;jpUf;f tha;gg
; py;iy/ 4/ mz;ikf; fhuzk; (Proximate cause)
vdnt. fhg;gPL bgWeu; fhg;gPL jUeUf;F midj;J jftiya[k; bjuptpf;f
Xu; ,Hg;g[ Vw;gl fhg;gPL bra;ag;gl;l ,lu; mz;ikf; fhuzkhf
ntz;Lk;/
,Ue;jhy; kl;Lnk xg;ge;jg;go fhg;gPL jUeu; bghWg;ghthu;/ Xu; ,Hg;g[
fhg;gL
P bgWeuhy; mspf;fg;gLk; jtwhd jftnyh. ntz;Lbkd;nw gyjug;gl;l fhuz';fshy; Vw;gl;oUf;fyhk; vd;w Iag;ghL vGk;nghJ
kiwf;fgLtdnth. nkhro bra;a[k; vz;zj;jpy; jtwhd vGj;Jg;g{u;t kl;Lnk mjw;fF; wpa mz;ikf;fhuzk; vJ vdf; fhz ntz;oajhfpwJ/
Mjhu';fnsh. ,lu;gg ; hl;ilf; fhg;gL
P bra;af; fhuzkhf ,Uf;Fnkahdhy;
5/ gfph;e;jspj;jy; (Contribution)
fhg;gPL jUeu; ,t;bthg;ge;jj;jhy; Md midj;Jg; bghWg;g[fspypUe;J
tpLgl;L tpLthu;/ Mdhy;. xg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;L ,uz;L Mz;Lfshfptpl;lhy; fhg;gPL bgWeu; jd; brhj;jpd; kPJ xd;wpw;F nkw;gl;l fhg;gPL
nkw;brhd;d fhuzj;jhy; fhg;gPL jUeu; jd; bghWg;g pypUe;J tpLgl jUeuplk; fhg;gPL bra;jpUe;jhy;. fhg;gPL bgWeUf;F Vw;gLk; ,Hg;gpidr;
KoahJ/ Mdhy; nkw;brhd;d mk;r';fisf; fhg;gPL bgWeu; bjupe;J rk;ge;jg;gl;l fhg;gL
P jUeu;fs; xg;ge;jg;goahd bjhiff;F Vw;g. tpfpjhr;rhu
ntz;Lbkd;nw jtwhd jfty; mspj;Js;shu; vd epUgpj;Jtpl;lhy; xg;ge;jg; mog;gilapy; mtutu;fSf;Fs;s g';fpidg; gfpu;eJ ; mspj;jy; ntz;Lk;/
bghWg;g pidf; fhg;gPL jUeu; kWj;Jtplyhk;/ mt;thnw fhg;gPL jUenuh Vbddpy;. mr;bray; <l;LWjp nfhl;ghl;il kPwpajhfptpLk;/
my;yJ Kftnuh fhg;gPl;Lg; bgWeUf;F bjuptpj;J kpf;f ek;g pf;iff;
6/ gfu cupik (Subrogation)
nfhl;ghl;ilf; filg;g pof;f ntz;Lk;/
gfu chpikapd; mog;gil jj;Jtk; xUthpd; ,liu kw;bwhUth;
3 <l;LWjp (Indemnity) <L bra;tjhFk;/ gfu chpik vd;gJ fhg;gPL bgWeh; jdf;F Vw;gl;l
xUtUf; F Vw; g Lk; cz; i kahd el; l j; i j <L bra; t nj ,liu fhg;gPL jUeh; <Lbra;jt[ld;. ,lh; bjhlh;ghd midj;J
<l;LWjpahFk;/ <l;LWjp nfhl;ghL brhj;Jf; fhg;gPlo
; w;F kl;Lk; bghUe;Jk;/ chpikfisa[k; fhg;gPL jUeUf;F khw;wpj; jUtjhFk;/ ,j;jj;Jtj;jpd;go
,jd;go. fhg;gPL bgWeUf;F el;lk; Vw;gl;lhy; me;el;lk; Vw;gLtjw;F Kd; ,lh; Vw;gl;l bghUspd; chpikahsuhft[k; fhg;gL P jUeh; fUjg;gLfpwhh;/
mtu; ,Ue;j epiyapy; itg;gJ fhg;gLP jUeupd; bghWg;g/[ ,f;nfhl;ghlhdJ. nkYk; ,lh; Vw;gLj;jpa |d;whk; egh;nky; rl;lg;go eltof;if vLf;ft[k.;
fhg;gPL bgWeu; fhg;gPl;od; |yk; ,yhgk; bgw;W tplf; TlhJ vd;gnj ,jd; |yk; ,Hg;gPL VnjDk; bgw;why; mJ fhg;gPL jUeiuna rhUk;/
MFk;/ xU el;lk; Vw;gLk; nghJ fhg;gPL jUeu; cz;ik el;lk; my;yJ (v/fh)
fhg;gPL bjhif ,tw;wpy; vJ Fiwnth mjidna mspg;ghu;/ vr;NHypYk;
fhg;gL
P bgWeu; cz;ik el;lj;jpw;Ff; TLjyhf vija[k; bgw;Wtpl KoahJ/ jpU/ r';fUf;F brhe;jkhd nkhl;lhh;thfdk;. ,uh$h vd;gthpd;
ftdf;Fiwthy; ,Hg;g[ Vw;gl;Ls;sJ/ r';fh; thfdfhg;gL P vLj;jpUe;jhy;
v/fh/
mjw;fhd KG ,Hg;gPL bjhifiaa[k; mth; fhg;gPL bgUehplk; ,Ue;J
xUtu; Qgha; ,uz;L yl;rk; kjpg;g[s;s tPl;il xU yl;rj;jpw;F bgWthh;/ gpwF fhg;gPL jUeh; jpU/ ,uh$htpd; kPJ rl;lg;go eltof;if
jPf;fhg;gPL bra;Js;shu;/ jP tpgj;jpdhy; tPl;ow;F Qgha; 65 Mapuj;jpw;F vLg;ghh;/ ,k;Kiwapy; jpU/r';fh; ,lh;bjhlh;ghf ,uh$htpd; kPJ rl;lg;go
,Hg;g[ Vw;gl;lhy; Qgha; 65 Mapuk; kl;Lnk bgw ,aYk; ,Hg;g[ Qgha; xU eltof;if vLf;fnth. ,Hg;gPL VJk; bgwnth KoahJ/
,yl;rj;jpw;F nkw;gLnkahdhy; mtu; Qgha; xU ,yl;rj;ij kl;Lnk
bgwKoa[k; (ruhrup ruj;Jf;F cl;gl;L)/ fhg; g P l ; o d; tiffs;
<l;LWjpf; nfhl;ghL Ma[s; fhg;gPLWjpf;Fk; Ms;rhh; tpgj;Jf; fhg;gPlL
; fs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk; mitfshtd/
fhg;gPlo
; w;Fk; bghUe;jhJ/ 1/ Ma[s; fhg;gPL
2/ bghJ fhg;gPL
nkw;Twpatw;iw ehk; tpupthff; fPH;tUk; gj;jpapy; fhzyhk;/
202 203
 1/ Ma[s; fhg;gPL 4/ egu;fspd; mog;gilapy;
bghUs; 5/ ,Hg;gPL bjhif nfhUk; mog;gilapy;

xUtu; jdJ Ma[isnah my;yJ jhd; fhg;gPL bgWeyd; ,tw;iw ehk; xt;bthd;whf fPH;tUk; gFjpfspy; tpupthff;
bfhz;l gpupbjhUtupd; Ma[isnah. fhg;gPL bra;tuhapd; mJnt fhzyhk;/
Ma[sf; hg;gPL vdg;gLfpwJ/ Ma[s; jpl;lhtzj;jpy; fhg;gPL bgWeu; jdJ 1/jpl; l htz fhyj; j pd; mog; g ilapy;
,wg;g[ vDk; ,lu; Fwpj;J fhg;gPL bra;J bfhs;fpwhu;/ kdpj Ma[isj;
jGtpa Fwpj;j epfH;r;rp epfGk;nghJ fhg;gPl;LWjp jUeu; jpl;lhtzj; (m) KG Ma[s; jpl;lhtzk; (Whole Life Policy)
bjhifiaf; bfhLf;fg; bghWg;ngw;Fk; xg;ge;jnk Ma[s; fhg;gPL/ fhg;gPL bgWeu; mtUila Ma[s; KGikf;Fkhf vLf;Fk; jpl;l
nkw;Tupa tpsf;fk;. fhg;gL
P rl;lk; 1938 cl;gpupt[ 2(11)y; tpupthff; Mtzk; KG Ma[s; jpl;lhtzkhFk;/ fhg;gPL bgWeu; ,we;j gpd;dnu.
bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ fhg;gl
P L
; j; bjhif mtuJ thupRjhuu;fSf;F tH';fg;gLk;/ ,j;jpl;lhtzk;;
mtUila FLk;gj;ijg; ghJfhf;ft[k; Jizg[upat[k; tif bra;fpwJ
Ma[ s ; fhg; g P l ; o d; rpwg; g k; r '; f s; ,t;tifapy; fhg;gPlL ; Kidkk; mtUila thH;ehs; KGtJnkh my;yJ
Ma[s; fhg;glP L
; f;Fk;. Ms; tpgj;J fhg;gl
P o
; w;Fk; <l;LWjpf;nfhl;ghL Fwpg;g pl;l tUl';fSf;nfh brYj;j ntz;Lk;/
bghUe;jhJ/ Vbddpy; kdpj thH;itg; gzj;jhy; fzf;fpl KoahJ/ (M) Fwpj;j taJ jpl;lhtzk; (Endowment Policy)
vdnt fhg;gPl;L epWtdk; kdpj thH;it <l;LWjpahy; rkd; bra;a
KoahJ/ Mifahy;. fhg;gL P Xu; <l;LWjp xg;ge;jkhfhJ/ fhg;gl P L
; Wjpapy; ,j;jpl;lhtzk; fhg;gPlL
; Wjp bgWeupd; ,wg;g[ my;yJ jpl;lhtz
cz;ik el;lk; vd;d vd;W mstpl KoahJ/ mJ nghynt cz;ik Kjph; t [ f ; f hyk; ,jpy; vJ Kd; d jhf epfH; f pd; w njh mg; n ghJ
el;lj;ij epQgpf;f ntz;oa mtrpakpy;iy/ fhg;gPl;LWjpapy; fhg;gPL Kjph;r;rpailtjhFk;/ ,jw;F Kidkj; bjhif jpl;lhtz Kjph;r;rpf;
bgWeu; epjprhh;e;j el;lj;ij milfpwhuh ,y;iyah vd;W ghuhky; fhyk;tiu brYj;jg;gl ntz;Lk;/ ,j;jpl;lhtzj;jpy; fhg;gl P L
; Wjpj; bjhif
jpl;lhtzk; Kjph;rr; p mila[kn ; ghJ jpl;lbjhif mspf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;/ Fwpg;g pl;l taJ tiu fhg;gPL bgWeu; capUld; ,Ue;jhy; mtuplKk;.
mtu; Kd;dnu ,we;jpUe;jhy; mtUila thupRjhuplk; mspf;fg;gLk;/
xU egu; vj;jid jpl;lhtz';fisa[k.; ve;jj; bjhiff;Fk;. jd; ve;jf; fhyk; tiu ,j;jpl;lhtzk; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;snjh me;jf; fhyk;
Ma[s; kPJ vLj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;/ rl;lj;jpy; ,jw;F tiuaiwapy;iy/ Fwpj;j taJ jpl;lhtz fhyk; vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ Xa;t{jpak;
Ma[s; fhg;gPl;L jpl;lhtzj;jpy; fhg;gPL jUeu;. fhg;gPL bgWnthUf;Fk;. fhg;gPl;lhsupd; FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; ,e;j gpugykile;j
bgWeUf;Fupa jpl;lhtzj; bjhifia vd;whtJ xU ehs; bfhLj;nj jpl;lhtzk; gaDilajhf ,Uf;fpwJ/
Mfntz;Lk;/ Vbddpy;. mtUila ,wg;ngh my;yJ Fwpj;j taij 2/ Kidkk; brYj;Jk; Kiwapd; mog;gilapy;
miltnjh epr;rakhf eilbgwf; Toa xd;whFk;/
Kidkk; brYj;Jk; Kiwapd; mog;gilapy; jpl;lhtzj;ij.
Ma[s; fhg;gPl;L jpl; l htz tiffs ; fPH;f;fz;l thW ,Utiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;/
Ma[s; fhg;gPl;L jpl;lhtzk; fPH; tUk; Ie;J tiffshfg; 1/ xnu jlit Kidkk; brYj;Jk; jpl;lhtzk;
gpupf;fyhk;/ mitfshtd.
2/ xd;Wf;F nkw;gl;l Kidkk; brYj;jk; jpl;lhtzk;
1/ jpl;lhtz fhyj;jpd; mog;gilapy;
2/ Kidkk; brYj;Jk; Kiwapd; mog;gilapy;
3/ ,yhgj;jpy; g';F bfhs;Sk; mog;gilapy;
204 205
3/ ,yhgj;jpy; g';F bgWk; jpl;lhtz';fs; ii/ FHe;ij eyf; fhg;gPl;LWjp jpl;lhtzk; (Childrens
Deferred Assurance)
,yhgj; j py; g'; F bgWtij mog; g ilahff; bfhz; L
jpl;lhtzj;ij fPHf
; f
; z;l ,Utiffshf gpupf;fyhk;/ ,j;jpl;lhtzj;jpy; ,isatupd; rhu;ghf mtUila bgw;nwhnuh
1/ ,yhgk; nruh jpl;lhtzk; my;yJ ghJfhtynuh Ma[s; jpl;lhtzj;ij vLf;fyhk;/ Vbddpy;.
2/ ,yhgk; nrh;ej
; jpl;lhtzk; ,stu; fhg;gPL xg;ge;jj;jpy; <Lgl KoahJ/ Kd;bkhHpgtuhy; Kidkk;
brYj;jg;gLfpwJ/ Kidkk; mst[ Fiwthdjhf ,Uf;Fk; ,j; jpl;lhtzk;
4/ jpl;lhtzj;jpy; g';FbgWk; egh;fspd; mog;gilapy; rpWtu;fsplk; nrkpg;g[ kdg;ghd;ikia tsu;ff
; pwJ/
jpl;lhtzj;jpy; g';FbgWk; egh;fspd; mog;gilapy; fPHf
; f
; z;lthW iii/ FG fhg;gPlL
; j; jpl;lhtzk; (Group Insurance Policy)
gpupf;fyhk;/
,j;jpl;lhtzj;jpy; gy egu;fSila Ma[s; xnu xg;ge;jj;jpd;
m/ jdpegh; jpl;lhtzk;
fPH; fhg;gPL bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ gpd;tUk; FGf;fSf;F ,it bghUe;Jk;/
M/ xU egUf;F nkw;gl;l jpl;lhtzk;
,/ Tl;L egh; jpl;lhtzk;/ (m) gzpaspg; g hsu; - gzpahsu; FG (Employer -
Employee Group)
</ Tl;Llikapy; v";rpapUg;gtUf;Fhpa jpl;lhtzk;/
,jpy; gzpahl;fspd; rhu;ghf mtu;fspd; gzpaspg;ghsu; gpujk
5/ jpl;lhtzk; brYj; J k; Kiwapd; mog; gilapy;
jpl;lhtzj;ij vLf;fpwhu;/ ,j;jpl;lhtzk; gzpaspg;ghsupd; bgaupnyh
1/ KG bkhj;jj; jpl;lhtzk;/ my;yJ ,j;jpl;lj;ij epu;tfpf;f Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mwf;fl;lis bgaupnyh
,Uf;Fk;/
2/ jtizfspy; brYj;jg;gLk; jpl;lhtzk;/
(M) bjhHpw; r';ff; FG
nkYk; gy jpl;lhtz';fs; cs;sd mitfshtd/.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPHg
; ; gpujk jpl;lhtzk; bjhHpw;r';fj;jpd; rhu;ghf
i/ gzk; - jpUg;gj; jpl;lhtzk; (Money -Back Policy) mjd; cWg;g pdu;fspd; ed;ikf;fhf vLf;fg;gLfpwJ/ bjhHpw;r';f
,j;jpl;lhtzk; bjhHpy;g[upnthUf;Fk;. gzpg[upnthu;f;Fk; Vw;w epjpapypUe;J ,jw;Fupa Kidkj; bjhif brYj;jg;gLk;/
xd;whFk;/ ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; fhg;gPlL
; Wjpj; bjhifapy; xU Fwpj;j tpGf;fhL (,) fldhsu; - fldhsp FG
bjhif. Fwpj; j fhy ,ilbtspa py; fhg; g PL bgWeUf; F
jpUg;g paspf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,j; j pl; l j; j pd; fPH; g ; g pujk jpl; l htzk; fldhsuhy;
fldhspfsplkpUe; J bgw ntz; o a fld; bjhif mstpw; F
v/fh/
vLf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,jpy; fldhsp ,we;J tpl;lhy; <l;LWjpbgWk; bjhif
15-k;Mz;L jpl;lhtzj;jpd; fPH; fhg;gl
P L
; j; bjhifapy; Ie;jhz;L mf; f ldhspa plkpUe; J tu ntz; o a fld; bjhiff; F rup
Kotpy; 20 rjtPjKk; 10-k; Mz;L Kotpy; mLj;j 20 rjtPjKk; 15Mk; bra;Jf;bfhs;sg;gLk;/
Mz;L Kotpy; kPjpj; bjhifa[k; jug;gLfpwJ/ ,j;jpl;lhtz fhyj;jpy;
fhg;glP L
; bgWeu; vg;bghGJ ,wf;f neupl;lhYk; mtUila thupRjhuUf;F bghJthf Ma[s; jpl;lhtzk; yhgk; ,ize;j my;yJ ,yhgk;
jpl;lhtz KGj; bjhifa[k; fpilf;Fk;/ ,izah jpl;lhtzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;/ ,yhgk; ,ize;j jpl;lhtzj;jpy;
mJ Kjpu;tila[k; nghJ fhg;gl
P L
; j; bjhifa[ld; fhg;gl
P L
; Wjp epWtdj;jpd;
,yhgj;jpy; Cf;fj;bjhif vd;w bgaupy; g';Fk; bfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ/

206 207
Mdhy; ,yhgk; ,izah jpl;lhtzj;jpy; jpl;lhtzk; itj;jpUg;gtu; ,we;J tpl;lhy; fhg;gPL bjhifia ahUf;F tH';FtJ vd;gij Kd;
mJ Kjpu;tila[k; fhyj;jpy; jpl;lhtzj; bjhifia kl;Lnk bgWthu;/ Tl;ona bjhpe;J bfhs;syhk;/
,yhgj;njhL ,ize;j jpl;lhtzj;jpw;Fr; brYj;j ntz;oa Kidkj;
epakd bgWeiu epakpf;Fk; chpik fhg;gPL bgWeiu jtpu ntW
bjhifiatpl ,yhgk; ,izah jpl;lhtzj;jpw;Fr; brYj;j ntz;oa
ve;j xU |d;whtJ egUf;Fk; chpik fpilahJ/ epakdg; bgWeh;
Kidkj; bjhif Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;/
fhg;gPLbjhif bgWtjw;F m';fPfhu fojk; (Authorisation Letter)
tpLkjpg;g[ (Surrender Value) bgwntz;oa mtrpak; ,y;iy/

tpLkjpg;g[ vd;gJ fhg;gPL bgWeh; jpl;lhtzj;ij bjhlUk; 2. bghJf; fhg; g P L

epiyapy; ,y;yhjnghJ mth; mj;jpl;lhtzj;ij Kot[fF ; bfhz;Ltuyhk;/
bghJf; fhg;gL P vd;gJ fly;. jP kw;Wk; ,ju fhg;gL
P tiffisf;
mg;bghGJ mth; xU Fwpg;g pl;l bjhifia fhg;gPl;L jUehplk; ,Ue;J
bfhz;lJ/ nkw;Twpaij ghh;f;Fk;bghGJ. bghJf; fhg;gPL vd;gJ
tpLkjpg;ghf bgWthh;/ ,j;bjhif xt;bthU jpl;lhtzj;jpw;fF ; k; mjd;
Ma[ s ; fhg; g P l ; L Wjp jtpu midj; J tifahd fhg; g P l ; i la[ k ;
fhyk; kw;Wk; jd;ikf;F Vw;whh; nghy; tpfpjhrhu mog;gilapy; ntWgLk;/
cs;slf;fpajhFk;/
bghJthf jpl;lhtzk; vLj;j ,uz;L Mz;Lf;Fs; xUth; jpl;lhtzj;ij
Koj;Jf;bfhz;lhy; mtUf;F tpLkjpg;g[ bjhif fpilf;fhJ/ fhg;gPL bghJf; fhg; g P l ; o d; tiffs;
bgWeh; jpl;lhtzk; vLj;J ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F nkyhfp jpl;lhtzj;ij
1/ jP fhg;gPL
Koj;Jf;bfhz;lhy; jhd; tpLkjpg;g[ fpilf;Fk; my;yJ bkhj;j jpl;lhtzj;
bjhifapd; xU gFjpia Fwpg;g pl;l Mz;LfSf;Fs; brYj;jptpl;lhy; 2/ fly;rhh; fhg;gPL
bkhj;j jpl;lhtzj;ij bgwyhk;/ Fwpg;g pl;l bjhif xU Kiw brYj;Jk; 3/ bfhs;isrhh; fhg;gPL
Kidkj; bjhifiatpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/
4/ kUj;Jtf; fhg;gPL/
bghJthf tpLkjpg;g[ fPHt
; Uk; epiyapy; tH';fg;glkhl;lhJ/
5/ gaph;f; fhg;gPL
jpl;lhtzk; vLj;J ,uz;L Mz;ow;Fs; Kotile;jhy;/ Mdhy;.
,e;jpahitg; bghWj;jkl;oy; bkhj;jj; jpl;lhtzj;jpy; xU gFjp (1/10) 6/ thfdf; fhg;gPL
Kidkkhf brYj;jpdhy; nghJk; KG jpl;lhtzj;ija[k; VjhtJ ,lh; 7/ |d;whtJegh; fhg;gPL
neh;e;jhy; (,uz;L Mz;ow;Fs; my;yJ nky;) bgw;Wf; bfhs;syhk;/
I jPf; fhg;gPL
epakdk; (Nomination)
,f;fhg;gPl;od; Kf;fpa nehf;fk; fhg;gPL bgWeUf;Fj; jPa pdhy;
fhg;gPL bgWeh; jpl;lhtzk; Kot[Wk; Kd;dnu ,lh; Vw;gl;L
Vw;gLk; ,Hg;ig <L bra;tnjahFk;/ jP vd;gJ xU rpwe;j nrtfd;
caph; ,Hf;Fk; jUthapy; jpl;lhtz bjhifia ntW ahhplk; bfhLg;gJ
Mdhy; nkhrkhd jiytd;/
vd;w NH;epiyg;gw;wp fhg;gPL rl;lk; 1938 gphpt[ (39) rpy tpjpKiwfis
bjhptpf;fpwJ/ fhg;gPL bgWeh; capUld; ,Uf;Fk; bghGnj. mthplk; 1/ jP f ; f hg; g P L Xu; Ms; r hu; xg; g e; j khFk;
c';fisj; jtpu ,j;bjhif ntWahhplk; bfhLf;fntz;Lk; vd;w
jPff
; hg;gPL xg;ge;jk; fhg;gPL bgWeUila brhj;Jf;Fg; ghJfhg;g[
cWjpbkhHpia vGj;J|ykhf bgw;W tplntz;Lk;/ mg;go fhg;gL P bgWeh;
mspg;gJ fpilahJ/ Mdhy;. fhg;gPlL ; r; brhj;Jf;Fj; jPa pdhy; Vw;gLk;
epakdk; bra;ak[ ; egh; (Nominee) mj;bjhifia bgw jFjpa[ilath; Mfpwhh;/
,Hg;ghy; fhg;gPL bgWeu; ghjpg;g[ milahtz;zk; ghhj;Jf;bfhs;fpwJ/
fhg;gPL jpl;lhtzk; Kjph;tila[k; nghJ. fhg;gPL bjhifapid fhg;gPL
fhg;gPL bra;ag;gl;l brhj;J ntW xU egUf;F cupik khWfpwbghGJ
bgWenu bgw;Wf;bfhs;thh;/ nkYk; fhg;gPL epWtdk;. fhg;gPL bgWeh;
208 209
,t;bthg;ge;jk; Kot[f;F te;JtpLfpwJ/ Vbddpy; fhg;gPL brhj;ijr; mtrpakpy;iy/ Vbddpy;. fhg;gPL bgWeu; tpHhf; fhyj;jpy; jd; filapy;
rhu;ej
; pUf;ftpy;iy/ cupikahsiur; rhu;eJ
; s;sJ. mjdhy;. ,f;fhg;gl
P o
; d; gl;lhRfis itj;jpUg;gJ Fwpj;J vj;jftYk; bjuptpf;fj; jtwptpl;lhu;
cupik g[jpa cupikahsUf;F khWtjpy;iy/ vdnt. jPff ; hg;gPL. fhg;gPL vd;gnj/
jUgtUf;Fk;. fhg;gL P bgWeUf;Fk; ,ilnaahd Xu; Ms;rhu; xg;ge;jkhFk;/
jPff
; hg;gL
P mira[k; kw;Wk; mirah brhj;Jf;fSf;F vLf;fg;glhyk;/
,j;jpl;lhtzj;jpy; jPa pdhy; el;lk; Vw;gLifapy; vf;fhuzj;jpdhy; Mdhy;. fhg;gPL bgWeUf;F me;jr; brhj;jpd;kPJ fhg;gPL xg;ge;jj;jpy;
##jP## Vw;gl;lJ vd;gJ mtrpakw;wJ/ ,jpy; fhg;gL P jUeu;. fhg;gL
P bgWeUf;F <Lgl;l fhyj;jpYk; el;lk; Vw;gLfpd;w fhyj;jpYk; fhg;gL
P bgUeyd; ,Uf;f
<L bra;a ntz;oaJ bghWg;ghFk;/ ntz;oaJ mtrpakhfpwJ/

,j;jpl;lhtzj;jpy; Va;gg
; j
[ j
; d;ik VJk; ,y;yhr; NHypy; el;lj;jpw;Fupa jP f ; f hg; g P L jpl; l htz tiffs;
mz;ikf; fhuzkhf ,jid kl;Lnk fzf;fpy; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/
m) kpjf;Fk; jpl;lhtzk; (Floating Policy)
2/fUepiy cz; i ka[ k ; Kd; b khHpifg; gotKk; xU egUf;F efupnyh. Cupnyh cs;s gw;gy ,l';fspYs;s
fhg;gPL bgw tpiHgtu;. mtUila bgau;. Kftup. bjhHpy; ruf;Ffspd; kPJ ,j;jpl;lhtzk; xnu Kidkj;jpd; ngupy; tH';fg;gLfpwJ/
vg;bghUisf; fhg;gPL bra;atpUf;fpwhu; vd;w jfty;fisj; bjuptpf;f ,jw;F fhg;gl
P L
; bgWeu; ve;j ,lj;jpy; mtUf;F mjpf kjpg;ghd bghUl;fs;
ntz;Lk;/ bghUs; gw;wp mspj;j tptuk; fhg;gl P o
; w;Fg; nghJkhd jfty;fshf cs;snjh. mk;kjpg;g[ Kidkj;Jld; TLjyhf 25 rjtpjk; Kidkkhfr;
,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/ Vbddpy;. el;l<L nfhUk;nghJ Kd;bkhHpifg; gotj;jpy; brYj;Jjy; ntz;Lk;/ ,k; kpjf;Fk; jpl;lhtzk; ve;jtpj mirah
Fwpg;g pl;oUe;j brhj;jpw;Fj;jhd; mHpt[ Vw;gl;lJ vd;W epQgpf;f ntz;oa brhj;Jf;Fk; bghUe;jhJ/
bghWg;g[ fhg;gPL bgUeiuna rhUk;/ (M) mwptpf;fg;gl;l jpl;lhtzk; (Declaration Policy)
Kd;bkhHpifg; gotj;jpy; nfl;fg;glhtpoDk; gpd;tUk; jfty;fisf; ,j;jpl;lhtzk; fhg;gLP bgWeupd; brhe;j ruf;F my;yJ mtUila
fhg;gPL bgw tpiHgtu; bjuptpf;f ntz;Lk;/ ghJfhg;g pYs;s ruf;fpw;F tH';fg;gLfpwd;wJ/
m/ rhjhuzkhfj; jPgg
; pof;f tha;gg
; s
[ s
; jfty;fs; bghJthf ruf;fpUg;g pd; mst[. bfhs;Kjy;. tpw;gidf;nfw;g
M/ bghJthd vjpu;ghu;g pw;Fk;nky; fhg;gL
P jUeUf;F Vw;glf;Toa mof;fo khWgLk;/ bghUs; cupikahsu; Fwpj;j bjhiff;F xU jpl;lhtzk;
bghWg;gf
[ s; vLj;J (vjph; ghu;fF
; k; mjpfgl;r mst[) mjw;fhd Kidkk; brYj;Jfpwhuh?
khjh khjk; bghUspd; cupikahsu;. fhg;gPL jUeUf;F ruf;F - ,Ug;g[
,/ epajpf;F vjpuhd (Moral Hazard) ,lu;fs; Vw;glyhk; vd mstpid bjupag;gLj;Jfpwhuh? jpl;lhtz fhyKotpy; Kidkj;bjhif
mwpaf;Toa jfty;fs; bjuptpf;fg;gl;l mstpw;nfw;g rupg;gLj;jg;gLfpwjh? vd;gij ftdpf;f
v/fh ntz;Lk;/
jd; filapy; bghJthfr; bra;jpj;jhs;fs;. kspifr; rhkhd;fs;. (,) kW mspg;g[j; jpl;lhtzk; (Re-Instatement Policy)
jpd;gz;l';fs; tpw;WtUk; tpahghup jP kw;Wk; btof;ff; Toatw;wpw;Fr;
rpW tpahghup jpl; l htzj; j pd; fP H ; f hg; g P L bra; f pwhu; / Mdhy; . ,j; j pl; l htzk; gHikf; F g; g[ j pad vdt[ k ; Twg; g LfpwJ/
tpHhf;fhy';fspy; xU jfug;bgl;oapy; gl;lhRfis milj;J itj;jpUf;fpwhu;/ ,j;jpl;lhtzk; fl;olk;. ,ae;jpuk;. ,ae;jpuj; jsthl';fs;. miwfyd;
mjpy; jPg;g pof;f Muk;g pj;J btoj;J filapYs;s bghUl;fSld; fil kw;Wk; bghUj;jy;fs; Kjypadtw;wpw;F kl;Lk; tH';fg;gLfpwJ/
mHpe;JtpLfpwJ/ ,jpy; fhg;gPL jUeUf;F el;lj;ij Vw;f ntz;oa

210 211
 ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPH.; nrjKw;w brhj;J xg;ge;jj;jpd; nghJ ,Ue;j ,/ fg;gy; rj;jk; fhg;gPL
jd;ikf;F epfuhff; fhg;gPL jUeuhy; khw;wp tH';fg;gLk;/
</ bghWg;g[ fhg;gPL
nrjKw; w brhj; J f; f s; g[ j pa brhj; J f; f shf khw; w pj;
m/ bghUs;rhu; fhg;gPL (Cargo Insurance)
jug;gLk;nghJ. nrjKw;w brhj;Jf;fisf; fhl;oYk; bjhHpy; El;gtifapy;
nkk;gl;oUe;jhy; (v/fh Fiwe;j kpd;jpwdpy; mjpf btspaPL bfhLf;Fk; ,t;tiff; fhg;gPl;oy; fg;gy; |ykhf mDg;g[k; bghUs;fSf;F
jpwd;) fhg;gPL bgWeu; g[jpa bghUs;fspd; kjpg;g py; xU gFjpia jP. jpUl;L. Nwhtspg;g[ay;. btog; bghUs;fspshy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;J.
Vw;fntz;Lk;/ Vbddpy;. mtu; ,k;khw;wj;jpdhy; (<l;LWjpahy;) gpwtw;nwhL nkhjy; nghd;w fhuz';fshy; Vw;gLk; el;lj;jpw;F <l;LWjp
Kd;g pUe;jijtpl mjpfg;goahd gaidg; bgwf;TlhJ vd;gnj/ bgw cjt[fpwJ/

II/ fly;rhu; fhg;gPL M/ fly;rhh; fhg;gPL ( Hull Insurance )

fly;rhu; fhg;gPL kpf Kf;fpakhdJk; mnj neuj;jpy; rthy; ,f;fhg;gPL flypy; gazkhFk; fg;gy;fs;. kPdg
; po glFfs;. nkYk;.
epiwe;jjhft[k; cs;sJ/ ,f;fhg;gPL gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;ng. fg;gy; fl;Lkhdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; fl;Lkhdg;gzp ,lu;fs; nghd;wtw;iw
cyf ehLfshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l xd;whFk;/ ,f;fhg;gPlo
; d; fPH; fhg;gPlL
; cs;slf;fpajhf cs;sJ/ ,j;jpl;lhtzk;. vupe;J tpLjy;. gpwtw;nwhL
jUeu; fly; gazj;ij jGtp vGk; ,Hg;gf [ Sf;F <l;LWjp mspf;f xg;g[ nkhjy;. g[ay;. jpir khWjy; nghd;w ,lu;ghLfspshy; |d;whk; egUf;F
bfhs;fpwhu;/ Vw;gLk; el;lj;jpw;F <l;LWjp bgw cjtp bra;fpwJ/

fhg;gPlo
; d; nfhl;ghLfshd kpf;f ek;g pf;if. <l;LWjp. fhg;gPlL
; ,/ fg;gy; rj;jk; fhg;gP;L
eyd; kw;Wk; mz;ikf;fhuzk; nghd;wit fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;Lf;F bghUs;fisf; fg;gypy; Vw;wpr; bry;yr; rj;jk; jug;gLk;/ fg;gy;
bghUe;jpdhYk;. fhg;gPL nfhl;ghLfspy; xd;whd fhg;gPL - bgWeyd;. KGtJk; thliff;F vLj;Jf; bfhz;lhy; thlif juntz;Lk;/
,lu; Vw;gLk;nghJ ,Ue;jhny nghJkhdJ/ bghUl;fisr; nrh;ff
; ntz;oa ,lj;jpy; nrh;ff ; htpoy; rj;jj;ij fg;gy;
cupikahsu; ,Hf;f neupLk;/ ,t;tif re;ju;g;g';fspy; fhg;gPL jUeu;
fly; r hh; fhg; g P L jpl; l htz tiffs;
fhg;gPL bgWeUf;F rj;j ,Hg;ig <L bra;thu;/
fly; rhu; fhg;gL
P jpl;lhtzk;. fPHf
; hZk; |d;W bgUk; gpupt[fshf
</ bghWg; g [ f ; fhg; g P L
tifg; gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/ mitfshtd.
JiwKfj;jpw;Fr; nrjk;. nkhjy;. jiujl;Ljy; Kjypatw;why;
1/ jpl;lhtzj;jpd; fUg;bghUspd; mog;gilapy;
Vw;gLk; el;l';fis ,f;fhg;gPL <L bra;fpwJ/ Vkhw;Wk; vz;zkpy;yhJ.
2/ jpl;lhtzj;jpd; fhy mog;gilapy; kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfis gpd;gw;whjjpdhy; Vw;gLk; bryt[fSf;Fk; fhg;gPL vLf;f
Koa[k/;
3/ jpl;lhtzj;jpd; epge;jid mog;gilapy;
2/ jpl; l htzj; j pd; fhy mog; g ilapy;
1) jpl; l htzj; j pd; fUg; b ghUspd; mog; g ilapy;
m/ fhyj; j pl; l htz'; f s; ;
fUg;bghUspd; mog;gilapy; cs;s rpy tifahd fhg;gL
P fisg;
gw;wp ,';F fhz;nghk;. mitfshtd ,j;jpl;lhtz';fs; xU Fwpg;g pl;l fhyj;jpw;F vLf;fg;gLk;/
jpl;lhtzj;jpy; mf;fhy mst[ Fwpf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;/ fly;rhuh rl;lk; 1963.
m/ bghUs;rhh; fhg;gPL
gpupt[ 27 (22)d; go fhyj;jpl;lhtzk;. 12 khj';fSf;Fl;gl;ljhf ,Uf;f
M/ fly;rhu; fhg;gPL ntz;Lk;/ kPwpdhy; bry;yhjjhfptpLk;/

212 213
M/ flw; g az jpl; l htz'; f s; tptu';fisa[k; bjuptpj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;/ mJnghy. fhg;gPL jUeu;.
mg;bghUl;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; ghJfhg;g[ mspj;jpl ntz;Lk;/ ,j;jpwe;j
,j;jpl;lhtz xg;ge;jg;go. xU Fwpg;g pl;l flw;gazj;jpw;fhd
jpl;lhtzk;. ,U Fwpg;g pl;l JiwKf';fSf;fpilna my;yJ cyfk;
fhyj;jpw;F kl;Lnk fhg;gPL bra;ag;gLk;/
KGtJk; cs;s JiwKf';fSf;fpilna vd;w mog;gilapy; mikayhk;/
v/fh/
III/ bfhs;isrhh; fhg;gPL (Burglary Insurance)
brd;idapy; ,Ue;J rp';fg;g{h.; brd;idapypUe;J-yz;ld; ,it
Fwpj;j fhyj;jpw;Fs; eilbgWk; flw;gazkhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd ,t;tiff; fhg;gPL brhj;J fhg;gPL tifiar; rhh;e;jJ/
tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;/ Mdhy;. bgUk;ghyhd jpl;lhtz';fs; fhy mst[ ,j;jpl;lhtzj;jpy; rpW jpUl;L. bfhs;is. tPl;ilcilj;J jpULjy;
tiuaWf;fg;glhj flw;gaz jpl;lhtz';fshfnt ,Uf;Fk;/ |yk;. tPlL
; g; bghUs;fs; jdp clikfs; nghd;wtw;wpw;F Vw;gLk; ,Hg;g pw;F
<L bra;ag;gLfpwJ/
3) jpl; l htzj; j pd; epge; j id mog; g ilapy;
jpl;lhtzj;jpy; bfhs;is. tPli
; lcilj;J jpULjy;. rpW jpUl;L
m) fl;Lkhdk; - fl;Ldu; ,lu; jpl;lhtz';fs; nghd;wtw;wpy; ,yf;fzk; jug;gl;oUf;Fk;/ jw;bghGJ bfhs;isrhh;
fg;gy; fl;Lkhdk; bjhl';fpa ehs; Kjy;. bts;nshl;lk; elj;jp jpl;lhtzk; gpugykile;J tUfpwJ/
gazj;jpw;Fk; mspf;Fk; tiuapy; Vw;gLk; Vida ,lh;ghLfSf;fhd fhg;gL P . jpl; l htz tiffs;
,j;jpl;lhtzj;jpd; fPH; tUfpwJ/ ,j;jpl;lhtzk;. fg;gy; gGJ ghu;jj
; ypd;
nghjhd ,lu;fSf;Fk; bghUe;Jk;/
m/tpahghu tshff; - bfhs;isf; fhg;gPL jpl;lhtzk;
(Burglary - Premises - Insurance Policy)
M) JiwKf ,lu; jpl;lhtz';fs; tpahghu tshff; - bfhs;isf; fhg;gPL jpl;lk; bghJthff;;
Fwpg;g pl;l JiwKfj;jpy; fg;gy; epWj;jg;gl;oUf;Fk;nghJ. fg;gYf;nfh bfhs;is kw;Wk; filailg;ghy; Vw;gLk; el;lj;jpw;Fr; bra;ag;gLk;
my;yJ mjpYs;s bghUl;fSf;nfh Vw;gLk; ,Hg;ig ,j;jpl;lhtzk; <L fhg;gPlhFk;/ td;Kiwaw;w jpUl;odhy; Vw;gLk; el;lj;jpw;F ,j;jpl;lhtzk;
bra;fpwJ/ fg;gy;. JiwKfj;ij nru;e;j neuk; Kjy; kPz;Lk; gazk; bghUe;jhJ/ tpahghu ruf;F. ek;g pf;ifapd; ngupy; mspf;fg;gl;l ruf;F.
bjhl';Fk; tiu JiwKfg; gFjpapy; fg;gy; v';fpUe;jhYk; mjw;F Vw;gLk; miwfyd; nghd;wtw;wpw;F. bfhs;is kw;Wk; fila[ilg;g[ jpUl;odhy;
,Hg;g[ <L bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ tUk; ,lu;ghLfis ,j;jpl;lhtzk; fhg;gPL bra;fpwJ/

,) kpjf; F k; jpl; l htz'; f s; M/ jdpahh; ,Ug;g plf; bfhs;if fhg;gPL jpl;lhtzk;

(Private Dwelling Policy)
,j;jpl;lhtzj;jpy; fhg;gPL bgWeu; fg;gypy; cs;s bghUl;fs;
Fwpj;J Fwpg;g plj; njitapy;iy/ ,j;jpl;lhtzk; bfhs;is kw;Wk; tPli
; lcilj;jy; ,lu;ghLfSld;
rhjhuzj; jpUl;odhy; Vw;gLk; ,lu;fSf;Fk; bghUe;Jk;/ ,t;tifj;
ve;jf; fhyk; tiu fhg;gPL tH';fg;gl;Ls;snjh. mf;fhyk; tiu jpl;lhtzj;jpw;F tPlo
; Ys;s bghUl;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; mjd; KGkjpg;g pw;Ff;
epge;jidaw;w fhg;gPL ghJfhg;gj
[ ; jUfpwJ/ fhg;gPL bra;ag;gLjy; ntz;Lk;/ nkYk; ,j;jpl;lj;jpy;.
<) jpwe;j jpl;lhtz';fs; (Open Cover Policies) i/ miwfyd; . tP l ; L g; b ghUl; f s; kw; W k; jdpa[ i lik
,j;jpl;lhtzk; Fwpg;g pl;l fhyj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gLk; Mfpatw;wpw;F xU jpl;lhtzKk;/
bghUs;fSf;bfy;yhk;. epge;jidaw;w ghJfhg;g[ mspf;Fk; xU Vw;ghlhFk;/ ii/ mzpfyd;fs; kw;Wk; tpiya[au;ej
; bghUl;fSf;F kw;bwhU
,jpy; fhg;gPL bgWeu; fg;gypy; cs;s midj;Jg; bghUs;fisg; gw;wpa jpl;lhtzk; tH';fg;glyhk;/
214 215
, /m z pf y d ;f s ; kw; Wk; tp iya[ au ; e ; j b ghUl; f s ; midj; J ,e; j pa Fokf; f Sf; F k; ,f; f hg; g P L bghUe; J k; /
ghJfhg;g[j; jpl;lhtzk; (Jewellery and valuable Insurance ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd Kidkj; bjhiff;F tUkhd tupr; rYif mspf;fg;LfpwJ/
policy) ,f;fhg;gPL Fiwe;j kw;Wk; eLj;ju tUkhdk; cs;stu;fSf;Fk; Vw;w
xd;whFk;/ ,f;fhyj;jpy; kUj;Jt kw;Wk; mWit rpfpr;ir bryt[fs;
,j;jpl;lhtzk;. mzpfyd; kw;Wk; tpiya[au;e;j bghUs;fspd;
mjpfupj;Jf; bfhz;L bry;fpd;wd/ ,t;thwhd kUj;Jkidr; bryt[fis
,Hg;ghy; Vw;gLk; el;lj;jpw;Fg; bghUe;JfpwJ/ Mdhy;. mzpfyid xU
,j;jpl;lk; <L bra;a cjt[tjhy; ,J jw;bghGJ btFthfg; gpugykile;J
egu; mzpe;jpUf;Fk;nghnjh mzpfyd; bra;ag;gLk;nghnjh Vw;gLk; el;lj;jpw;F
tUfpwJ/
,J bghUe;jhJ/
</ midj;J ,lu; fhg;gPL jpl;lhtzk; (All Risks Insurance fhg;gPL jdpahu; kakhf;Fjy; (Privatisation of Insurance)
Policy) bghJthf xU ehl;oy; bghJj;Jiw epWtd';fs; ,yhgfukhft[k;
,j;jpl;lhtzk; jP. bfhs;is. jpUl;L. tpgj;J kw;Wk; vjpu;ghuh kw;Wk; jpwikkpf;fjhft[k; bray;gl tha;g;g[fs; Fiwt[/ mjw;F. epiwa
tpist[fshy; Vw;gLk; mHpt[ kw;Wk; ,Hg;g[ KjypaitfSf;Fg; bghUe;Jk;/ fhuz';fs; cs;sd/ Vd; rkju;kj;ij (Socialism) mog;gilahff; bfhz;l
,j;jpl;lhtzk; mzpfyd;. tpiya[au;e;j bghUs;fs;. Xtpak; kw;Wk; ehLfspy; Tl bghJj; Jiw epWtd';fs; jpwikahf kw;Wk; ,yhgfukhfr;
fiyg;bghUl;fs; nghd;wtw;wpw;F kpft[k; rpwg;ghfg; bghUe;Jk;/ bray;gl tha;gg
; f
[ s; Fiwthf cs;sd/ ,jw;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzk; Kw;Wupik
MFk;/ xUehl;oy; midj;Jj; Jiwfisa[k; muRlikahf;fpdhy;.
IV/ kUj;Jtf; fhg;gPL (Medical Insurance) moikjdj;jpw;Fk;. mlf;F Kiw Ml;rpf;Fk; monfhYtjhFk;/
,f;fhg;gPl;od; fPH; fhg;gPl;L epWk';fs; fhg;gPl;L bgWeUf;F ehk; thH;tJ nghl;ofs; epiwe;j cyfk;. ,e;neuj;jpy; midj;J
kUj;Jtkidr; bryt[fs;. tPl;Lil kUj;Jt bryt[fs;. mghag; gpupt[ bghJj;Jiw epWtd';fSk; kpFe;j jpwika[ld; bray;gl ntz;Lk;/ mnj
kUe;J bryt[fs;. mWit rpfpr;ir kw;Wk; mjd; bjhlu; kUe;J neuj;jpy; mit jdpahu; epWtd';fSld; nghl;o nghl;L thzpgk; bra;ak[ ;
bryt[fSf;F <lspf;Fk;/ xU rpW Kidkj; bjhifapd; ngupy; fhg;gPl;L jpwid tsu;j;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ mt;thW ,y;iybadpy; mit
bgWeu; ,t;tiff; fhg;gPl;lhy; Fwpg;g pl;l vy;iyf;Fl;gl;L vy;yhtif jdJ thzpgj;ij ,Hf;f neupLk;/
kUj;Jt gad;ghLfisa[k; bgw Koa[k/;
fhg;gPl;oy; jdpahh; Jiwia mDkjpg;gJ bjhlh;ghf ,e;jpa
,jw;Fwpa Kidkk; tPjk; fhg;gPL bgWeu; njh;e;bjLf;fpd;w murh';fk; 1993-Mk; Mz;L fhg;gL P rPhj
; pUj;j FGit mikj;jJ/ mf;FG
tifiaa[k; jpl;lj;ija[k; bghUj;J mikfpwJ/ rpykhj';fs; fHpj;J jdJ mwpf;ifia kj;jpa murh';fj;jplk; mspj;jJ/
kUj; J tf; f hg; g P l ; o d; tiffs; mjpy; fhg;gPLj;bjhHpypy; jdpahh; Jiwia. bghJj;Jiwa[ld; ,ize;J
bray;gl mDkjpf;fyhk; vd Fwpg;g pl;L ,Ue;jJ/ ,jd; |yk; eph;thf
1/ jdpegh; tpgj;J kUj;Jtf; fhg;gPL jpwika[k;. fhg;gPL bgWeh;fSf;F rpwg;ghd nritiaa[k; mspf;f Koa[k;
vd;W fUjpaJ/ ,jd; |yk; jpul;lg;gLk; epjp ehl;od; mog;gil fl;likg;g pw;F
2/ jdpegh; tpgj;jy;yhj kUj;Jtf; fhg;gPL
gad;gLj;j ,aYk;/
,f; fhg;gPlo ; d; fPHf
; ; fhg;gPlL
; jUeu; fhg;gPlL
; bgWeUf;F jpl;lk;
A-d; fPH; tpgj;Jf; fhg;gPl;Lldhd kUj;Jt fhg;gPLk;. jpl;lk; B-d; go
fhg; g P L jdpahu; kakhf; F jypd; mtrpak; (Need for
tpgj;Jf; fhg;gPlw;w kUj;Jt fhg;gPLk; mspf;fpwhu;/ jpl;lk; A/d; go mjpf
privatisation of Insurance)
gl;r gad; Q/1.50.000/- MFk; jpl;lk; B-d; go Q 96.000/- MFk;/ bghJthf bghJj;Jiw epWtd';fs; midj;Jk; mstpy;
bgupajhft[k.; eilKiwrpf;fy;fs; mjpfkhft[k; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ nkYk;.
bghJj;Jiw (fhg;gPL) epWtd';fs; murpd; mwpt[Wj;jypd;go kw;Wk;
216 217
cau; mjpfhupfspd; Mizg;goa[k; xU khWghlw;w (Fixed) tHpKiwia 3) rpwg;ghd nkyhz;ik jpwd;
mog;gilahff; bfhz;Lr; bray;gLfpwJ/ ,jdhy; epiwa mog;gil
gpur;ridfs; vH tha;gg ; s
[ s
; J/ bghJj;Jiw (fhg;gPL) epWtd';fsplk; fhg;gPL Jiw jdpahu; kakhf;Ftjhy;. epiwa cs;ehl;L kw;Wk;
jsu;t[j; jd;ik (Flexibility)kpf kpf Fiwt[/ mtu;fs; xU Fwpg;g pl;l may; ehl;L epWtd';fs; ,j;Jiwapy; <Lgl tha;gg; s
[ s
; J/ nkyhz;ikj;
tHpiag; gpd;gw;wpdhy; mjpy; ,Ue;J khwnt khl;lhu;fs;/ jpwd; mjpfupf;f tha;g;g[s;sJ/ nkyhz;ikj; jpwd; mjpfupg;gjdhy;.
mtu;fs; rpwg;ghd nritia fhg;gPL bgWeUf;F mspg;ghu;fs;/
fle;j E}w;whz;oy; fpilj;j mDgtj;jpd;go. bghJj;Jiw
epWtd';fs; Fwpg;ghfj; Jiw rhu;ej
; epWtd';fs; midj;Jk; el;lj;ij 4) Rje; j pukhd bray; g hL
nehf;fpna brd;Ws;sd/
fhg;gPL Jiw jdpahu;kakhf;fg;gLtjhy;. mtu;fs; ve;j xU
rpy bghJj;Jiw epWtd';fspd; bray;ghL ed;whft[k;. ey;y
Koita[k; tpiuthf vLf;f tha;gg
; s
[ s
; J/ Kot[fs; tpiuthf vLg;gjdhy;
,yhgk; <l;lf;Toajhft[k; cs;sJ/ Mdhy; mtw;iwj; jdpahu; Jiwaplk;
fhg;gPL bgWeu;fs; gad; milfpd;wdu;/ ,jdhy; fhg;gPL bgWeUf;F
,izj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk;bghGJ. bghJj;Jiwapd; bray;ghL Fiwthf
fpilf;fntz;oa nritfs; tpiuthff; fpilf;fg;bgWk;/
cs;sJ/

nkw;Twpa fhuzj;jpdhy; ,dptUk; fhy';fspy; ehl;oy; cs;s 5) Efu; n thu; njitfs; kw; W k; nritfs;
rpy ,yhg nehf;fkw;w Jiwfistpl (ghJfhg;g[ kw;Wk; mj;jpahtrpag;
bghUs;fs;) kw;w Jiwfisj; jdpahu; kakhf;Fjypd; |yk; kf;fspd; fhg;gPL Jiw jdpahu; kakhf;fg;gLtjhy; bgUk; nghl;o Vw;gl
r|f eyd; fUjp mtw;iwj; jpwikahfr; bray;gl itf;f ntz;Lk;/ tha;g ;g [s ;s J nghl;o mjpfupg;g jdhy;. Efu;nthUf;F g; gad; f s;
mjpfupf;fpd;wd/ fhg;gPL epWtd';fs; epiwa rYiffs; mspf;fpd;wdu;/
fhg;gPL jdpahh; kakhf;fg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs; Efu;nthu;fs; mtu;fSf;F mjpfkhfj; njitg; gLfpd;wdu;/ ,jdhy;.
mtu;fspd; nrit kdg;ghd;ika[k; mjpfupf;fpwJ/
1) ntiytha; g ; g [ mjpfupf; f pwJ
6) fhg; g P L re; i j tpupthf; f g; g Ljy;
gy epWtd';fs; fhg;gPL Jiwapy; EiHtjhy; mjpfkhd nghl;o
Vw;gLfpwJ/ epWtd';fs; mjpfupg;gjhy; ntiy tha;g;g[fs; mjpfupf;f fle;j rpy Mz;Lfshf fhg;gPL epWtd';fs; xU Fwpg;g pl;l
tha;gg
; s
[ s
; J/ ehl;od; ntiyapy;yh jpz;lhl;lKk; xHpa[k/; nritfis kl;Lnk fhg;gPL bgWeu;fSf;F mspj;J te;jJ/ ,g;bghGJ
jdpahu; kakhf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy;. ,jDila re;ij tpupthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/
2) g[Jikiag; g[Fj;Jjy;; mjhtJ. midj;J JiwfspYk; epjp. nkyhz;ik. fzpg;bghwp.
bkd;bghUs;. fodbghUs; nghd;wtw;wpYk; fhg;gL P epWtd';fspd; nrit
fhg;gl
P o
; y; jdpahu; Jiwia mDkjpg;gjd; |yk; mjd; bray;ghL
mjpfupj;Js;sJ/ ,jdhy; mjpfkhd epjp jpul;lg;gLfpwJ/ nkYk; ,e;epjp
mjpfupf;fpwJ/ nkYk;. gy g[jpa jpl;lhtz';fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;/
ehl;od; mog;gil fl;likg;gf[ F
; g; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/
fhg;gPL bgUeu;fs; mjpfupg;ghu;fs;/ gHikahd fhg;gPL eltof;iffs;
g[Jikg;gLj;jg;gLk;/ gy may;ehl;L epWk';fSk; ,j;Jiwapy; <Lgl
7) r|f ghJfhg;g[
tha;g;g[s;sJ/ ,jdhy; ,j;Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp mjpfupf;Fk; Mifahy;.
fhg;gPL bgUeu;fs; epiwa gad; milfpd;wdu;/ ,e;j etPd fhyj;jpy; fhg;gPl;L Jiwia jdpahh;kakhf;Ftjd;
|yk; gy jdpahh; epWtd';fs; ,j;Jiwapy; <LgLk;/ ,jd; |yk;

218 219
fhg;gL
P Jiw midj;J ju kf;fisa[k; brd;wila tha;gg
; s
[ s
; J/ Mifahy; 4/ fhg;gPlo
; d; jj;Jtk; ahJ?
bghJkf;fspd; r|f ghJfhg;g[ mjpfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ/
m/ Tl;Lwt[ M) gu*;gu Mu;tk;
fhg;gPlL
; Jiwapy; jdpahh; epWtd';fis mDkjpg;gjd; ,/ <l;LWjp </ nkw;Twpa vJt[kpy;iy
bjhlh;ghf bjhHpw;r';f';fs; fPH; fz;l rpy fUj;Jfis bjhptpj;Js;sd/
5/ Ma[s; fhg;gPlL
; jpl;lhtzk; vLf;f Fiwe;jgl;r Mz;L
1/ bghJthf jdpahh; epWtd';fs; ,yhgj;ij nehf;fkhf bfhz;L m/ 1 tUlj;jpw;F nky; M/ Ie;J Mz;Lf;Fs;
bray;gLtjhy;. mitfs; efu;gw [ ';fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bfhLf;fpd;wd/
,/ gj;J Mz;Lf;Fs; </ 15 tUlk; kw;Wk; mjw;F nky;
2/ jFe;j fhuz';fs; ,y;iybadpy;. me;epjp bgJkf;fSf;F 6/ fPH;tUtdtw;wpy; vit jP fhg;gPl;od; fPH; tUfpd;wd?
gad;glhky; ngha;tpLk;/
m/ flw;gaz jpl;lhtzk; M/ Fwpj;j taJ jpl;lhtzk;
bghJthf nkw; T wpa fhuzj; i j itj; J g; ghh; j ; j hy; . ,/ kpjf;Fk; jpl;lhtzk; </ Tl;L egh; jpl;lhtzk;
bjhHpw;r';f';fs; bjhptpf;Fk; fUj;J Xust[f;F cz;ik nghynt
7/ fPnH cs;sitfspy; vit bfhs;isrhu; fhg;gPl;od; fPH;
njhd;WfpwJ/ nkYk;. jdpahh; epWtd'; fs; bjhHpw; r'; f'; fis
tUfpd;wd?
fiyg;gjw;Fk; tha;gg
; s
[ s
; J/ ,jdhy; bjhHpyhsh;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLthh;fs;
vd;w mr;r czh;t[ cs;sJ/ jw;bghGJ ,Uf;Fk; NH;epiyapy; ,e;jpa m/ fg;gy; rj;jf; fhg;gPL m) jpwe;j jpl;lhtz';fs;
murh';fk; rpy Fwpg;g pl;l bghJj; Jiwfis jdpahh;kakhf;Fjy; rhpna/ ,/ bghWg;g[ fhg;gPL <) mzpfyd; kw; W k; tpiya[ a h;
nkYk; mJ ehl; o d; tsh; r ; r pia Cf; F tpf; F k; / mnj neuj; j py; jpl;lhtzk;
bjhHpyhsh;fspd; eyida[k; fUj;jpy; bfhz;L Kot[ vLf;f ntz;Lk;/
Vd; vd;why; Ma[s; kw;Wk; bghJf;fhg;gPL epWtd';fs; xU bghJj;Jiw 8/ kUj;Jtf; fhg;gP;L jpl;lk; A-d; go. mjpfgl;r gad; vt;tst[?
epWtd';fspy; xd;whFk;/ m/ 10.000 M) 1.50.000 ,) 1.00.000 <) 3.00.000

tpdhf; f s; rupahd gjpy; f s;

1/ < 2/ < 3/ , 4/m 5/m 6/ m 7/ , 8/ M
I rupahdtw;iw njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf
1/ fPP;H;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ Ma[s; fhg;gPl;L jpl;lhtzj;jpd; fPH;tUk;
m/ rl;lj;jpw;F kl;oYkhd jpl;lhtzk; M/ bghUs;rhu; fhg;gPL
,/mwptpf;fg;gl;l jpl;lhtzk; </ gzk; jpUg;g jpl;lhtzk;
2/ ve;j Mz;L FHe;ijfs; gzk;-jpUk;gj; jpl;lhtzk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?
m/ 1986 M/ 1988 ,/ 1989 </ 1995
3/ ve;j Mz;L fhg;gPL rl;lk; ,e;jpahtpy; mKyhf;fg;l;lJ/
m/ 1940 M/ 1928 ,/ 1938 </ 1945

220 221
II nfhol; l ,l'; f is epug; g [ f III bghUj;Jf
1/ fhg;gPL vij mog;gilahf bfhz;L mike;Js;sJ 1/ Fwpj;j taJ jpl;lhtzk; - 1) thfd fhg;gPL

2/ fhg;gPL vd;gJ ,UtUf;fpilna . Vw;gLk; 2/ bghWg;g[ fhg;gPL - 2) bfhs;isrhh;

xg;ge;jkhFk;/ fhg;gPL

3/ ehk; Ma[ s ; j pl; l Mtz'; f is vd; w iHg; g nj 3/ kW mspg;gj

[ ; jpl;lhtzk; - 3) jP fhg;gPL
rupahdjhFk;/ 4/ mzpfyd; kw;Wk; kjpg;g[kpf;f - 4) fly;rhu;
4/ bfhs;isr;rhu; fhg;gPL brhj;J fhg;gPL tifiar; jpl;lhtzk; fhg;gPLjpl;lhtzk;
rhu;ej
; J/ 5/ rl;lj;jpw;F kl;oYkhd - 5) Ma[s; fhg;gPL
5/ fly; rhu; fhg;gPl;oy;. fhg;gPL bgWeyd; Vw;gLk; nghJ jpl;lhtzk;
,Ue;jhy; kl;Lk; nghJk;/ rupahd tpilfs;

6/ kUj;Jt fhg;gPL jpl;lk; A kw;Wk; B-apd; fPH; mjpfgl;r gad; 1 5 2 4 3 3 4 2 5 1

. /
7/ jPf;fhg;gPL kw;Wk; nghd;w ,uz;L
tifahd brhj;Jf;Fk; vLf;fg;gLfpwJ/ IV rpW tpdhf;fs;
8/ bghJthf Ma[s; fhg;gPL kw;Wk; ,Uf;Fk;/
1/ fhg;gPL vd;gjd; bghUs; ahJ?
rupahd tpilfs;
2/ fhg;gPL vLg;gjw;fhd njitfs; vd;d?
1) Tl;Lwt[
3/ fhg;gPL jdpahh; kakhf;Fjy; rpW Fwpg;g[ jUf/
2) fhg;gPlL
; bgWeh;. fhg;gPlL
; jUeh;
4/ fhg;gPl;LWjp - tiutpyf;fzk; jUf/
3) Ma[s; fhg;gPlL
; Wjp
5/ Ma[sf
; hg;gPL - tiutpyf;fzk; jUf/ kw;Wk; mjd; rpwg;g pay;gf
[ is
4) brhj;J fhg;gPL TWf/
5) el;lk; 6/ fly;rhh; fhg;gPL vd;why; vd;d?
6) Q1.50.000. Q96.000 7/ kUj;Jtf; fhg;gPL vd;why; vd;d?
7) mira[k.; mirah 8/ jP fhg;gPL vd;why; vd;d?
8) ,yhgk; nrh;ej
; . ,yhgk; nruhj

222 223
V/ bgUtpdhf; f s;

1/ fhg;gPL kw;Wk; fhg;gPlL

; Wjp ntWgLj;Jf

2/ fhg;gPlo
; d; jj;Jt';fs; ahit?

3/ Ma[s; fhg;gPl;od; jpl;lMtz';fspd; tiffs; ahit ?

4/ fly; rhu; fhg;gPlo

; d; jpl;lMtz';fspd; tiffs; ahit?

5/ jP fhg;gPl;L jpl;lMtz';fspd; tiffs; ahit? tpupthf;Ff

6/ bfhs;isrhu; fhg;gL
P vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffis Fwpg;g pLf/

7/ fhg;gPl;oid jdpahh; kakhf;Fjypdhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ik kw;Wk;

jPikfis TWf/

VI fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;

1/ fhg;gl
P o
; id jdpahh; kakhf;Fjy;. kw;Wk; mjd; gad;fis tpsf;Ff/

2/ fhg;gPlo
; d; jj;Jt';fis tphpthf TWf/

224
 ghlk; - 9
tpsk; g uk;
Kd; D iu
xU bghUis re;ijapLifapy; mjd; tpw;gidia nkk;gLj;Jk;
xU eltof;ifna tpsk;guk; MFk;/ ngust[ cw;gj;jpa[k.; gfph;tk
[ .; eilbgw;Wf;
bfhz;oUf;Fk; ,d;iwa NH;epiyapy;. tpsk;guk; re;ijapLjypy; kpft[k;
rf;jp tha;ej
; fUtpahfj; jpfH;fpwJ/ gy;ntW jahhpg;ghsh;fs; xnu khjphahd
gz;l';fis cw;gj;jp bra;fpd;wdh;/ re;ijapy; mth;fSf;fpilna fLk;
nghl;o epyt[fpwJ/ xt;bthU cw;gj;jpahsUk; jdJ gz;lj;jpw;F njitfis
cUthf;Ftj;F Kidfpd;whh;/ cw;gj;jpahsUf;F j';fs; tpw;gidia
mjpfhpg;gjw;Fk; re;ijiaj; jf;f itj;Jf;bfhs;tjw;Fk; tpsk;guk; cjt[fpwJ/
xU g[jpa gz;lj;ij re;ijapy; mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F ; bghUj;jkhd tpsk;guk;
njitg;gLfpwJ/
@tpsk; g uk; @ (Advertising) vd; w brhy; ,uz; L ,yj; j P d ;
brhw;fspypUe;J te;jJ/ (Ad and Vert) ml;-Fwpg;g pl;l nehf;fpw;F. bth;l-
;
jpUg;gj
[ y; (Ad -towards and Vert to turn) vd;gJ bghUs;/ Fwpg;g pl;l
nehf;fpw;Fj; jpUg;gj [ y; vd ,J bghUs;gLk;/ tpsk;gukhdJ Fwpj;j
nehf;Fld; bra;ag;gl;L kf;fspd; vz;zj;ija[k; ftdj;ija[k; Fwpg;g pl;l
bghUspd;ghy; jpir jpUg;gp Fwpg;g pl;l mg;bghUis th';fj; J}z;LfpwJ/
tiutpyf; f z'; f s;
&hy; vd;gth; mr;R |ykhfnth my;yJ gl';fis btspapLtjd;
|ykhfnth vGj;J |yk; jfty;fis gug;gk [ ; tpw;ghz;ikna tpsk;guk;
vd;W tiutpyf;fzk; jUfpwhh;/
W.J.*;lhz;ld; mth;fspd; Tw;Wg;go tha;bkhHpahfnth my;yJ
fhl;rpf;F itg;gjd; |ykhfnth xU gz;lk;. nrit my;yJ fUj;J
gw;wpa bra;jpfis btspapl;L gug;gk[ ; Ms;rhuh eltof;iffns tpsk;guk;
vd mwpag;gLfpwJ/
tpsk; g uj; j pd; bghUs;
xU gz;lj;jpw;Fj; njitia cUthf;fj; J}z;Lk; Ms;rhuh
eltof; i fna tpsk; g uk; vdg; g Lk; / tpsk; g uk; tha; b khHpahfnt
bghJkf; f Sf; F j; jfty; f isj; bjhptpf; f pwJ/ gz; l '; f isnah
nritfisnah bghJkf;fis th';FkhW J}z;Ltnj tpsk;guj;jpd;
nehf;fkhFk;/
225
INTERNET AND WEB ADVERTISING Efh;nthh;fisg; bghUl;fis th';Ftjw;F <h;g;gnj
tpsk;guj;jpd; nehf;fkhFk;/ xU bghUspd; ,Ug;gj
[ j
; d;ik. gad;ghL.
mjd; rpwg;g[ gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpUg;jp jUk;tifapy; tpsk;guk;
tH';FfpwJ/
tpsk; g uj; j pd; nehf; f '; f s;
1/xU bghUis cldoahf tpw;f/
2/Kjd;ikj; njitia cUthf;f/
3/tpw;gid tpiy Kiwiar; braYf;Ff; bfhz;L tu/
4/xU bghUspd; ,Ug;gj
[ ; jd;ik gw;wp jfty; fpilf;f/
5/Fwpg;g pl;l epWtdg; gz;lj;ijna bghJkf;fs; th';FkhW bra;tJ/
6/rpy;yiw tpw;gidahsh;fspilna bghUs; gw;wpa tptuj;ij mwpar;
bra;J. tpw;ghd;ikaUf;F cjtp bra;tJ/
7/ew;bgaiu cUthf;f. ek;gfj;jd;ikia cUthf;f. kf;fSf;Fg; bgUk;
gad; mspf;Fk; gy fz;Lgpog;gf
[ is Ma;t[ bra;ak
[ ; mwptpay; Ma;t[
Jiwf;F cjtp bra;tJ/
8/ re;ijapy; g';F tpw;gidia mjpfhpf;f/
9/Vw; f dnt cs; s re; i japd; bghUis ed; F vLj; J f; f hl; o
thof;ifahsiu th';fr; bra;a/
10/g[jpa bghUl;fspd; ,Ug;gj
[ j
; d;ikiaa[k.; mtw;wpd; rpwg;gf
[ ; TWfs;.
tpiyfs; gw;wp bjhptpg;gJ/
11/xU bghUis mof;fo cgnahfpg;gij mjpfhpj;jy;/
12/rpy;yiw tpw;gidapd; vz;zpf;ifiaa[k.; mg;bghUl;fspd; juj;ija[k;
mjpfhpj;jy;/
13/epWkj;jpd; juj;ij midtUk; ey;yKiwapy; mwpar; bra;jy;/
14/th';Fk; braiy clnd Jhpjg;gLj;Jjy;/
15/re;ijapy; g[J ,l';fis mikj;Jf;bfhs;s/
16/bghUl;fSf;F cyfstpy; re;ijia tphpthf;fk; bra;tJ tpsk;guj;jpd;
nehf;fkhFk;/
tpsk;guk; vd;gJ njitia Vw;gLj;Jk; xU fiyahf
tps';FfpwJ/bghUs;fs; re;ijapy; tpiynghf ,J cjtp bra;fpwJ/
tpw;gidia mjpfhpf;fg; gad;gLk; gytpj KiwfSf;F ,Jt[k; Xh;
Cd;Wnfhyhf cs;sJ/
226 227
tpsk;guk; jdJ Kf;fpakhd bfhs;iffs; |yKk;. g[Jtpj bray;ghLfs; M)gz;l';fs; vg;bghGJ. v';F fpilf;Fk; vd;gij Efh;nthh;fSf;F
|yKk; jahhpg;ghsh;fSf;F. bkhj;j tpahghhpfSf;F. rpy;yiw tpsk;guk; bjhptpf;fpwJ/ ,jd; |yk;. Efh;nthh;fspd; bghd;dhd neuk;
tpahghhpfSf; F . Efh; n thh; f Sf; F kw; W k; rKjhaj; j pw; F g; gy tPzhtjpy;iy/
ed;ikfisa[k.; gad;fisa[k; bgw;W jUfpd;wJ/
,)gy;ntW tifahd khw;Wg; bghUl;fspd; gad;fisa[k.; Fiwfisa[k;
tpsk; g uj; j pd; ed; i kfs; xg;g pl;Lg; ghh;ff
; Efh;nthh;fSf;F tha;gg
; [ mspf;fpwJ/
1/cw; g j; j pahsh; f Sf; F
<) gy kf;fSf;F bghUl;fspd; gad;ghl;il mjpfhpf;fr; bra;fpwJ/
m)tpsk;guk; bghUspd; tpw;gid msit mjpfhpf;fpwJ/ cw;gj;jpr;
bryitf; Fiwg;gjw;Fg; ngust[ cw;gj;jp tHp tif bra;fpwJ/ c)rkPg fhy etPd tpsk;gu';fs; kpfr;rpwe;j jfty; jUk; rhjdkhf
,jd;|yk; yhgk; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ/ tps';Ffpd;wd/

M)re;ijf;Fs; g[jpa bghUl;fs; vspjhf mwpKfk; bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/ 4/tpw; g hz; i kaUf; F

,)tpsk;guk;. ruf;FfSf;Fg; g[fiHa[k.; ew;bgaiua[k; cUthf;fpj; m)tpsk;guk;. gz;l';fisg; gw;wpa jfty;fis Efh;nthh;fSf;F
jUfpwJ/ Kd; T l; o na bjhptpf; f pwJ/ ,jdhy; tpw; g hz; i kahpd; gzp
<)rpy;yiw tpw;gid tpiyiar; rPuhf;FfpwJ/ vspjhf;fg;gLfpwJ/

c)jahhpg;ghsh;fSf;Fk;. Efh;nthh;fSf;Fk; ,ilna neuoj; bjhlh;ig M)xU gz;lj;ijg; gw;wpa jfty;fis tpsk;guk; Efh;nthh;fSf;F
mikj;Jj; jUfpwJ/ Vw; f dnt bjhptpj; J tpLtjhy; tpw; g hz; i kahpd; fhyneuk;
2/bkhj;j tpahghhpfSf;Fk;. rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;Fk; nrkpf;fg;glfpwJ/ Mjyhy; tpw;ghz;ikah; mjpf thof;ifahsh;fSld;
bjhlh;g[ bfhs;s KofpwJ/
m)tpsk;guk; gz;lj;jpd; juj;ij Efh;nthh;fs; mwpar; bra;fpwJ/ Mjyhy;
bkhj;j tpahghhpfSf;Fk;. rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;Fk; tpw;gidg; gzp ,)tpsk;guk; tpw;ghz;ikahhpd; ntiyia vspjhf;Ftjld; mtUf;F
vspjhfpwJ/ Cf;fj;ija[k.; ek;g pf;ifiaa[k; Cl;LfpwJ/

M)tpw;gid tpiuthf eilbgWtjw;Fk; mjpfhpg;gjw;Fk; tpsk;guk; 5/rKjhaj; j pw; F

cjt[fpwJ/ vdnt giHabghUl;fs; iftrk; ,Ug;gjpy;iy/ Mjyhy;
eph;thfr; bryt[ FiwfpwJ/ m),jd;|yk; ngust[ cw;gj;jpf;F tHptFj;J. gy kf;fSf;F
neh;Kfkhft[k.; kiwKfkhft[k; mjpf ntiy tha;gg
; f
[ isf; bfhLj;J
,)tpw;gid eltof;iffis vspjhf;FfpwJ/ cjt[fpwJ/
<)bghUSf;Fhpa tpgu';fis ed;F bjhpag;gLj;JfpwJ/
M)re;ijapy; gy;ntW tifahd g[jpa bghUl;fis Efh;nthh;fs;
c) kpft[k; rpf;fd Kiwapy; tpw;gid bra;a cjt[fpwJ/ th';f tpsk;guk; Jiz bra;fpwJ/

3/Efh; n thh; f Sf; F ,)bra;jpj;Jiwf;F mjpf tUkhdk; ,jd;|yk; fpilf;fpwJ/ ,jdhy;

m)tpsk;guk; xU gz;lj;jpd; tpiy. juk; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jUfpwJ/ Fiwe;j tpiyapy; bra;jpj;jhs;fs; kf;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wd/
Efh;nthh;. gz;lj;ijj; njh;t[ bra;tjw;F ,e;j jfty;fs; bghpJk;
cjt[fpd;wd/

228 229
 tpsk; g uj; j pd; FiwghLfs ;
1/bghUshjhuk; rhh; e ; j FiwghLfs;

(m) ,iza
,iza js
tpsk;guk;

tpsk;guk;
m)tpsk;guk; Xh; Mf;fg{ht
; khd bray; md;W/ fz;Zf;Fg; g[ydhFk;
bghUl;fis ,J jahhpg;gJ fpilahJ/ vdnt ,ij tPzb ; ryt[ vd;W
Twyhk;/

M)kf;fs; cz;ikapnyna th';f epidj;jpuhj gz;l';fisa[k; j';fs;

(,) bghUl;fhl;rp
nkk;gLj;Jjy;

(M) tpw;gidf;
tpsk;guk; rf;jpf;F kPwp th';f ntz;oa eph;gg
; e;jj;ij tpsk;guk; cz;lhf;FfpwJ/

(m) rhsuf;
,)tpsk;guk; gz;l';fspd; tpiyia mjpfg;gLj;JfpwJ/ tpsk;gur;
bryt[fSk; bghUs;fps;d tpiyapy; nrUk;nghJ Efh;nthnu mij

fhl;rp

fhl;rp
Vw;fntz;oa[ss
; J/

<)tpsk;guk; Kw;Whpikf;F tHp bra;fpwJ/ Efh;nthh; xU Fwpg;g pl;l epWtdg;

(,) ifnaLfs;
(M) Rw;wwpf;if bghUSf;F moikahFk; epiyia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ/
(m) tpw;gid
tpsk;guk;
neuo

2/rKjhajk; rhh; e ; j FiwghLfs;

fojk;
tpsk;gur; rhjd

m)bgUk;ghyhd tpsk;gu';fs; kpifg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf ,Ug;gjhy;. tpsk;guj;jpy;

Twg;gl;l ed;ikfs; Efh;nthUf;F KGikahfg; ngha; nrUtjpy;iy/
tHpfs;

(m) tpw;gidf; fojk;

g[wkiz tpsk;guk;

M)tpsk;guj;jpd; |yk; gj;jphpiffSf;F mjpf tUkhdk; fpilg;gjhy;

bra;jpj;jjhs;fs; ghugl;rj;Jld; ele;Jbfhs;s tha;gg
; s
[ s
; J/
(,) ifnaLfs;
(M) Rw;wwpf;if

3/xGf; f k; rhh; e ; j FiwghLfs;

m) kf;fSila cly;epiyiag; ghjpf;Fk; gz;l';fisa[k; th';fp cgnahfpf;f
tpsk;guk; J}z;Ljyhf cs;ssJ/ (v/fh/) kJ. g[ifapiy/

M)Fiwe;j th';Fk; jpwd;gilj;j kf;fs; tpsk;gug;gLj;jg;gLk; bghUs;fis

(,) bjhiyf;fhl;rp

th';f ntz;Lk; vdw jPtpu Mh;tk; bfhz;oUe;jhYk; mtw;iw th';fpg;

mf tpsk;guk;

(m) bra;jpj;jhs;

gad;bgw Kotjpy;iy/ Mjyhy; rKjhaj;jpy; xU gFjp kf;fs; j';fs;

(M) thbdhyp

(<) jpiug;gl

vz;zj;ij epiwntw;w Koahky; Vkhw;wk; milfpwhh;fs;/

tpsk;guk;

tpsk;guk;

tpsk;guk;

tpsk;guk;

tpsk;gu rhjd';fs; (Media of Advertising)

tpsk;gu rhjdk; vd;gJ tpsk;gur; bra;jpia Efh;nthUf;Fj;
bjhptpf;Fk; xU fUtpahFk;/ vjph;ghh;ff
; g;gLk; nehf;f';fs; epiwntw

230 231
ntz;Lkhdhy; rpwe;j tpsk;gu rhjdj;ij njh;eb
; jLg;gJ mtrpak;/ jtwhd mftpsk; g uk;
my;yJ Muhahky; njh;eb ; jLf;fg;gl;l rhjdk; ciHg;iga[k; gzj;ija[k;
tpsk; g u jfty; f is kf; f splj; j py; mth; f spd;
tPzhf;Fk; tha;gg
; [ cz;L/
,Ug;g plj;jpw;nf bfhz;L bry;tJ ,t;tif mftpsk;gukhFk;/
rhpahd tpsk;gu rhjdj;ijj; njh;eb
; jLg;gjw;F gpd;tUk; vLj; J f; f hl; L fs; bra; j pj; j hs; . gUt ,jH; f s; . thbdhyp.
fhuzpfisf; fUj;jpy; bfhs;sntz;Lk;/ bjhiyf;fhl;rp. jpiug;gl tpsk;guk; nghd;witfs; MFk;/
1/ tpsk;gug;gLj;jg;gLk; bghUspd; jd;ikfs; 1/mr; R tpsk; g uk;
2/ tpsk;guj;jpw;F xJf;fg;gLk; epjp bra;jpj;jhs;fs;. gUt ,jH;fs;. tpahghuk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;
3/ re;ijapd; jd;ik. mjd; gy gphpt[fs; El;gk; rhh;ej
; Jiw gUt ,jH;fs; nghd;wtw;wpd; |yk; btspaplg;gLk;
4/ nghl;oapd; mst[ tpsk;gur; bra;jpfs; mr;R tpsk;guk; MFk;/ mr;R tpsk;guk; bry;thf;F
5/ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpsk;gur; rhjdk; epiwe;j tpsk;gu rhjdkhfj; jpfH;fpwJ/ mr;R tpsk;guj;ij ,uz;L
6/ tpsk;gur; rhjdk; brd;wila[k; kf;fs; bjhif gphpt[fshf tifg;gLj;jyhk;/ mit
7/ tpsk;guj;jpd; mst[ m)bra; j pj; j hs; f s;
8/ tpsk;guj;jpw;F MFk; bryt[ tpsk;guj;jpw;fhfr; bra;ag;gLk; bkhj;jr; brytpy; Vwj;jhH
9/ bghUspd; jd;ik kw;Wk; re;ijapy; mjd; epiy/ mr;R tpsk;guj;jpw;F mjpfkhfr; brytHpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,e;jpahtpy;
tpsk; g u rhjd'; f spd; gphpt[ M'; fpy bkhHpapYk;. tl;lhu bkhHpfspYk; gy bra;jpj;jhs;fs;
mr;rplg;gLfpd;wd/
tpsk;gu rhjd';fis Ie;J bgUk; gphpt[fshf tifg;gLj;jyhk;/
v/fh/ ,e;J. ilk;*; Mg; ,e;jpah. jp epa{ ,e;jpad; vf;*
; g
; pu*;. nghd;w
mit
M';fpy ehspjH;fs; jpdkzp. jpdkyh;. jpdj;je;jp. khiyKuR. khiykyh;
mf tpsk;guk; - Indoor Advertising
nghd;w jkpH; ehspjH;fs; btspaplg;gLfpd;wd/
g[wkid tpsk;guk; - Outdoor Advertising
neuo tpsk;guk; - Direct Advertisting bgUk;ghyhd Kf;fpa bra;jpfis btspapLtjhy; mjpfstpy;
nkk;gLj;Jk; tpsk;guk; - Promotional Advertising kf;fs; bra;jpj;jhs;fis jpde;njhWk; th';Ffpwhh;fs/ kf;fspilna
,izajs tpsk;guk; - Web Advertising/ ngustpy; tpsk;gug;gLj;jg;gl ntz;oa ruf;FfSf;Fr; bra;jpj;jhs;fs;
Internet Advertising kpft[k; bghUj;jkhd tpsk;gu rhjdkhFk;/ bra;jpj;jhs; tpsk;guk;
fth;rr; pfukhft[k.; <h;gg
; jhft[k; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;/ tpsk;gur; bra;jp
mf tpsk; g uk; RUf;fkhft[k.; Fwpg;ghf czh;jJ ; k; Mw;wy; bgw;Wk; ,Uf;fntz;Lk;/
1/mr;R tpsk;guk; (Press Media) ftdj;ij <h;fF ; k; jiyg;gf [ s;. fth;rr; pkpf;fg; gl';fs;. czh;rr
; pfukhd
thrf';fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp kf;fis trg;gLj;jyhk;/
m)bra;jpj; jhs;fs; (News papers)
bra; j pj; j hs; tpsk; g uj; j pd; ed; i kfs;
M)gUt ,jH;fs; (Magazines)
bra;jpj;jhs;fs; bgUk;ghYk; ehl;oYs;s vy;yhg; gFjpfSf;Fk;
2/thbdhyp tpsk;guk; (Radio Advertising) bry;fpwJ/ vdnt ,jd;|yk; tpsk;gug;gLj;jg;gLk; bra;jpfs; gy;ntW
3/bjhiyf;fhl;rp tpsk;guk; (Television Advertising) kf;fisr; brd;wilfpwJ/
4/jpiug;gl tpsk;guk;(Film Advertising) ,ju tpsk;gu rhjdj;ijtpl. bra;jpj;jhs; tpsk;guk; Fiwe;j brytpy;;
bghJkf;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fpwJ/

232 233
 gprpd*; ,e;jpah (Business India). gprpd*; nth;yL ; (Business World).
jpde;njhWk; bra;jpj;jjhs;fs; tpiuthf mr;rplg;gl;L. mjd; gpujpfs; b$d;oy;bkd; brhi*l;o (Jentlemen Society). jp ,y;y*;ln ; ul;ll; tPfy
; p
vy;yh ,l';fSf;Fk; tpdpnahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ Mg; ,e;jpah (Illustrated Weekly of India). hPlh;*; il$*;l; (Readers
,jd; tpsk;guk; befpH;tj
[ ; jd;ik (Flexibility) bfhz;lJ/ tpsk;gujhuhpd; Digest) nghd;witahFk;/ nkYk; tl;lhu bkhHpfspy; ntWgy gUt
trjpf;nfw;wgo. ,jd; mikg;iga[k.; msita[k; khw;wpf;bfhs;s Koa[k/; ,jH; f Sk; btspaplg; g Lfpd; w d/ ,jd; | yk; bghUl; f Sf; F k; .
nritfSf;Fk; gytifahd tpsk;guk; bra;ag;gLfpwJ/
tpsk;guj;jpd; bra;jpfisg; gl';fspd; |ykhft[k; tpsk;gug;gLj;jyhk;/
,jpy; jpde;njhWk; g[Jg;g[J tpsk;gu bra;jpfis clDf;Fld;
gUt,jH; tpsk; g uj; j pd; ed; i kfs;
bfhLj;Jf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;fyhk;/ ,jdhy; clnd mjw;Fhpa gyd; 1/gUt,jH;fspd; Ma[sf ; hyk; mjpfk;/ mg;gUtj;jpy; mjpy; cs;s
fpilf;f tha;gg
; [ ,Uf;fpwJ/ tpsk;guj;ijg; gyKiw ghh;ff
; KofpwJ/
FiwghLfs; 2/bra; j pj; j hs; f istpl ,J kpft[ k ; jukhf jahhpf; f g; g l; L
btspaplg;gLfpwJ/
juk; Fiwe;j jhs;fspy; mr;rof;fg;gLk; bra;jpj;jhs;fspd; tpsk;gur;
bra;jpfs; bghJthf bjspthft[k.; ey;yKiwapYk; ,Ug;gjpy;iy/ 3/gytifg;gl;l kf;fSf;nfw;g tpjk; tpjkhd gUt ,jH;fis njh;t[
bra;J ruf;fpd; ,ay;gf [ F
; cfe;jthW jf;f gUt ,jH; |ykhf
bra;jpj;jhs; tpsk;guk; kpft[k; FWfpa gyd; bfhz;lJ/ ,d;iwf;Fr;
tpsk;guk; bra;ag;gLfpwJ/
bra;jpj;jhs;. ehisf;Ff; fHpt[jj ; hs; vdr; brhy;tJz;L/
4/mjpfg; gpujpfs; mr;rplg;gl;L gy;ntW tifahd kf;fSf;F ,e;j
tpsk;gur; bra;jpfspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy;. bra;jpj;jhspd;
,jH;fs; tH';fg;gLfpd;wd/ vdnt tpsk;gur; bryt[ kpft[k; FiwfpwJ/
tpsk;guk; gadw;witahfnt mika[k/;
5/,ij btspapLtjd; |yk; me;j epWtdj;jpd; ed;kjpg;gk
[ .; bghUl;fspd;
nknyhl;lkhfr; bra;jpfis thrpf;Fk; egh;fs; bghJthf tpsk;guj;ij
juKk; mjpfhpf;fpd;wd/
thrpg;gJ fpilahJ/
bra;jpj;jhs;fspy; tz;z tpsk;gu';fs;jhd; kpft[k; gaDs;sitahf
FiwghLfs;
cs;sd/ Mdhy; ,t;tif tpsk;gu';fs; kpff;Fiwthd mstpnyna 1/gUt ,jH;fspd; rpy khw;w';fs; tpiuthd gaidj; jUtjpy;iy/
fhzg;gLfpd;wd/
2/bghJthf ,e;j ,jH;fisj; jahhpg;gjw;fhd bryt[ kpf mjpfkhf
M/gUt ,jH;fs;(Magazines)
,Uf;fpwJ/ vdnt mtw;wpd; tpiya[k; mjpfk;/
gUt ,jH;fs;. thzpf VLfs;. bjhHpy; El;g VLfs;
Mfpait thu btspaPLfshfnth. ,U thu. khj. fhyhz;L 3/gUt ,jH;fspd; tpsk;guKk;. mtw;wpw;fhd ruf;Ffspd; tpdpnahfKk;
btspaPLfshfnth ,Uf;fyhk;/ btt;ntwhf cs;sd/
jzpf;ifahsh;fs; (Auditors). epWkr; brayh;fs; (Company 4/tpsk;gujhuh;fs; chpa neuj;jpy; tpsk;guk; bra;a ,ayhJ/
Secrataries) .kUj;Jth;fs; (Doctors) t';fpah;fs; (Bankers) . Mrphpah;fs;
(Teachers). tHf; f wp"h; f s; (Lawyers) nghd; w mYtyh; f spd; 2/thbdhyp tpsk;guk;(Radio Advertising)
bjhHpy;Kiwg; gaDf;fhf thzpf kw;Wk; bjhHpy;El;g VLfs;
thbdhyp tpsk;guk; fhw;wiyfs; |yk; kpf ntfkhf
btspaplg;gLfpd;wd/ ,e;jpahtpy; btspaplg;gLk; gUt ,jH;fspy;
tpsk;guj;ij vLj;Jr; bry;Yk; rhjdkhfj; jpfH;fpwJ/ midj;J
kpft[k; gpugykhd (Popular) ,jH;fshtd ,e;jpah Lnl(India Today).
ehLfspYk; th;jj
; f tpsk;gu';fs; thbdhyp tHpahfr; bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/

234 235
goj;jtUk;. ghkuUk; bgUkstpy; thbdhyp tpsk;guj;ijf; nfl;fpwhh;fs;/ 6) mof;fo tpsk;gug;gLj;Jtjhy; kf;fspd; Mh;tk; Fiwjy;/
kf;fs; bghGJnghf;fpw;fhf thbdhyp epfH;r;rpfisf; nfl;L 7) vy;yhtifg; bghUl;fspd; tpsk;guj;jpw;Fk; thbdhyp bghUj;jkhdjhf
kfpH;fpd;wdh;/ ehlf';fs;. ,ir. ghly;fs;. ciuahly;fs;. ngl;o mikahjpUj;jy;/
nghd;w epfH;rpfspilna bra;ag;gLk; thbdhyp tpsk;guk; kf;fisg;
8) thof;ifahsh;fspd; jd;ikiaf; fzpf;f Koahik/
bghpJk; fth;fpwJ/ mz;ikapy; bgUefh; kw;Wk; g[wefh; gFjpthH;
kf;fspilna gz;giy (FM) xypgug;g py; bra;ag;gLk; th;j;jf 9) neuor; bray; tpsf;f KiwfSf;F tHp ,y;iy/
tpsk;gu';fs; bry;thf;Fg; bgw;W jpfH;fpd;wd/ bly;yp. bfhy;fj;jh. 10) Muha;rr
; p gw;wpaf; fUj;Jf;fSf;F tHp ,y;iy/
brd;id. Kk;ig. bg';fSh; nghd;w efu';fspYs;s mfpy ,e;jpa bjhiyf;fhl;rp tpsk;guk; (Television Advertising)
thbdhyp epiya';fspd; |yk; (All India Radio Stations). th;jj ; f bjhiyf;fhl;rp etPd fhyj;jpa mf tpsk;gur; bra;jpj;
tpsk;gu';fs; xypgug;gg;gLfpd;wd/ bjhlh;g[ rhjdkhFk;/ ,J xU xyp. xspr;rhjdk; kf;fs; tPlo ; y;
thbdhyp tpsk; g uj; j pd; ed; i kfs; Xa;thf ,Uf;Fk;nghJ bjhiyf;fhl;rp |yk; tpsk;guk; mth;fisr;
brd;W milfpwJ/ xU gz;lj;jpw;fhd tpsk;guj;ij ,d;W cyfk;
1) ,J capnuhl;lkpf;fJ/ czh;rr; pfukhdJ kw;Wk; ,dpikahdJ/
KGtJk; vLj;Jr; bry;Yk; rhjdkhfj; bjhiyfhl;rp bray;gLfpwJ/
,J kf;fsplk; nehpilahfg; ngha;r; nrUfpd;wJ/ ntW ve;j
KiwfspYk; ,j;jifa rpwg;gj
[ j
; d;ik ,;yi; y/ ed; i kfs;
1/bjhiyf; f hl; r p tpsk; g uk; fhJf; F k; fz; Z f; F k; xU'; n f
2) ,J kpFe;j mstpy; thof;ifahsh;fis <h;ff ; pd;wJ/ tPlo
; Ys;s
tpUe;jspf;fpwJ/ ,J xU xyp. xsp tpsk;gu rhjdkhFk;/
kf;fisa[k; thbdhyp tpsk;gu';fs; ngha;r; nrh;fpd;wd/
2/thbdhyp tpsk;guj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; midj;Jg; gad;fisa[k; ,J
3) ,J kf;fspd; ftdj;ijj; jd;ghy; <h;fF
; k; rf;jp cilaJ/ bgw;wpUf;fpwJ/
4) gog;gwptw;w ghku kf;fshy; thbdhypapd; |yk; xyp gug;gg;gLk; 3/thbdhyp tpsk;guj;jpd; Kf;fpaf; Fiwghlhd gl';fs; |yk;
th;jj
; f tpsk;gu';fisg; g[hpe;J bfhs;s KofpwJ/ tpsk;gug;gLj;j ,ayhikia ,e;j tpsk;guk; ePfF
; fpwJ/
4/tz;z tpsk;guf; fhl;rpfs;(Colour Advertisements) |yk; kf;fspd;
FiwghLfs; ftdj;ijj; jd;ghy; <h;fF
; k; rf;jp cilaJ ,J/
1) tphpthd tpsk;gu';fSf;F tHp ,y;iy/ 5/,jd; tpsk;guf; fhl;rpfspd; |yk;. bghUl;fisf; fhl;o mtw;wpw;fhd
neuor; bray; tpsf;fKiwfisa[k; tHpfisa[k; fhl;l KofpwJ/
2) t U ' ; f h y j ; j p y ; t h b d h y p f ; F f ; f p i l f ; F k ; t p s k ; g u k ;
FiwghLfs;
gw;whf;Fiwahfnt ,Uf;Fk;/
1/bjhiyf;fhl;rpapy; tpsk;guk; bra;a mjpf brythFk;/ rpy neu';fspy;
3) gl';fs; |yk; tpsk;gug;gLj;j ,ayhik/ tpsk;guk; kpifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/

4) neuj;jpw;Fk;. jpwikf;Fk; mjpf Cjpak; mspf;f ntz;oa epiyik 2/bjhiyf;fhl;rp Xh; Mlk;gug; bghUshff; fUjg;gLk; ehLfspy;.
cUthFjy;/ gztrjp gilj;jth;fs; kl;Lnk bjhiyf;fhl;rp tpsk;guj;ijf;
fhzKoa[k/;
5) thbdhyp tpsk;gu';fs; Fiwe;j neunk xypgug;gg;gLtjhy; kf;fs; 3/xU rpy rka';fspy; tpsk;guk; bjhiyf;fhl;rpapy; fth;rr ; pahft[k.;
mtw;iw vspjpy; kwe;J nghFk; epiyik/ cw;rhf |l;Ltjhft[k; mika[kn
; ghJ. tpsk;gug;gLj;jg;gLk; bghUisg;

236 237
gw;wpa rpe;jid kf;fs; kdjpy; MHkhfg; gjpahky; mth;fspd; ftdk; mth;fSf;F tpsk;guj; jfty;fs; jUk; rhjd';fisg; g[wkid tpsk;gu
mjd; fth;rr ; papnyna fiue;J ngha;tpLfpwJ/ rhjdk; vd;fpnwhk;/ gpd;tUtd g[wkid tpsk;gu rhjd';fspd;
tiffshFk;/
4/jpiug;gl tpsk;guk; (Film Advertising)
,Jt[k; Xh; xyp. xsp tpsk;gur; rhjdkhFk;/ jpiu
m)Rtbuhl;o tpsk;guk; (Poster Advertising)
mu';Ffspy; ,t;tif tpsk;gu';fs; fhz;g pf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ mjpf ,J bghJthf vy;nyhUk; gad;gLj;Jk; xU tpsk;gur;
kf;fs; TLk; jpiuau';Ffspy; tpsk;guj; jfty; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ/ rhjdk; MFk;/ Rtbuhl;o vd;gJ tpsk;guj; jfty;fs; jUk; fhfpjj;jhs;
th;jj
; f hPjpahd tpsk;gu';fis. jpiug;glk; Muk;g pf;Fk; Kd;dUk;. MFk;/ Rtbuhl;ofs; gy tz;z fspy; RUf;fkhf mr;rplg;gLfpd;wd/
,ilntis neuj;jpYk; fhl;Lfpwhh;fs;/ jpiug;glk; fhl;Lgth;fSk;. murpay; fl;rpfSk; Rtbuhl;ofis tpsk;gur;
rhjdkhd mjpfk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;/ tpsk;gujhuh;fs; Kf;fpa
ed; i kfs;
,l';fspy; Rtbuhl;oia xl;o. fhz;gth; ftdj;ij <h;jJ ; tpsk;guj;
1/,t;tif tpsk;guk; ViH. eLj;ju th;ff; j;jpdh;. gzf;fhuh;Mfpa jftiyj; jUfpwhh;fs;/
midj;J tif kf;fSf;Fk; tpsk;gu jfty;fisj; jUfpwJ/
2/,J ruf;fpd; njhw;wj;ija[k.; jd;ikia[k; vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ/ M)thfd tpsk;guk; (Vehicle Advertising)
nkYk; ruf;fpd; neuo bray; tpsf;f KiwfSf;fhd tHpfisa[k; ,t;tifahd tpsk;guk;. ngUe;J kw;Wk; ,aupy; nghd;w
bjspthf vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ/ ,ijf; fhz;nghh; jk; cs;s';fspy; thfd';fspd; cs;Sk;. g[wKk; btspaplg;gLfpd;wd/ ,t;tifahd
,Jgw;wpa bra;jpfis MHkhfg; gjpa itj;Jf;bfhs;s KofpwJ/ Ch; j pfspy; bra; a g; g Lk; tpsk; g unk thfd tpsk; g uk; vd
3/kf;fspd; ftdj;ij ntW v';Fk; rpjwtplhky;. jd;dfj;nj ,e;j miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/
tpsk;guk; <h;ff
; pwJ/
,)th;zk; jPl;oa tpsk;guk; (Painted Display)
FiwghLfs; fiy EZf;fj;njhL th;zk; jPll ; g;gl;L J}uj;jpy; ,Ue;nj
1/jpiug;gl rhjdk; xU bryt[kpf;f rhjidahFk;/ ,ijj; jahhpf;f fz;L bfhs;Sk;tz;zk; mikf;fg;gLk; tpsk;guk; th;zk; jPll ; oa
MFk; bryt[ kpft[k; mjpfk;/ tpsk;guk; vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ efhpd; Kf;fpa ,l';fspy; ,t;tifahd
tpsk;guf; fk;g';fs; epWj;jg;gLfpd;wd/ rhiyapy; ele;J bry;gth;fisf;
2/jpiug;gl';fisj; jil bra;ak [ ; jpiug;glj; jzpf;ifahsh;fs;
fth;eJ
; jpwk;gl tpsk;guj; jfty;fs; nrUtjw;F ,t;tif tpsk;gu';fs;
,Uf;fpwhh;/(Censoring of Films - Restrictions)
cjt[fpd;wd/
3/bgUk;ghyhd kf;fs; jpiug;gl';fis ghh;ff
; r; bry;tJ fpilahJ/ <)kpd;tpsf;F tpsk;guk; (Electric Display)
4/jpiug;gl';fisj; jpiuapl ntz;Lkhad;. jpiug;glj; jpiuau';F bghpa efu';fspy; kpd; tpsf;F tpsk;guk; my';fhpf;fg;gl;l
chpikahsh;fspd; xj;JiHg;g[ kpft[k; ,d;wpaikahjJ/ fth;r;rpfukhd rhjdkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/ bghwpahsh;fs;
5/mjpf tpsk;gu';fs; jpiug;glk; ghh;gg
; th;fis vhpr;ry; milar; kpd;rhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp tz;z tpsf;Ffs; |yk; kpd; FHy; Fwpfis
bra;fpwJ/ (Neon - Signs)mHfhf mikf;fpwhh;fs;/ ,t;tif tpsk;gu'; fs;
tpsk;guj;jpw;F Vw;wjhft[k.; neh;jj
; pahft[k; tps';Ffp;dw
; d/
6/tpsk;guj;jpy; bra;jpia jpUk;g jpUk;gg; ghh;gg
; J fodk;/
c)thd;btsp tpsk;guk; (Sky Advertising)
g[wkid tpsk;gu rhjdk;(Outdoor Advertising Media)
bghpa gl;l';fs;. gY}d;fs; (Kites and Balloons) Mfpatw;wpy;
kf;fs; j';fs; tPli
; l tp;lL
; btspna bry;Yk; neu';fspy; tpsk;guj; jfty;fis vGjpg; gwf;f tpLtJ thd;btsp tpsk;guk;
238 239
vdg;gLfpwJ/ ,t;tif tpsk;guj;ij btFJ}uj;jpypUe;nj ehk; 3) ve;j mstpw;F ,jd;|yk; tpsk;guk; gad; bgw;Ws;sJ vd;gijkjpg;gL
P
fhzKoa[k/; kf;fs; thd;btsp tpsk;guj; jfty;fis Mtyhfg; bra;tJ kpft[k; rpf;fyhd xd;whFk;/
goj;Jj; bjhpe;J bfhs;fpd;wdh;/
4) Vida tif tpsk;gu';fSf;F ,ij xU Jiz tpsk;gukhf
C)Jz;Lg; gpuRu';fs; tpsk;guk; (Hand Bills) kl;Lnk gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;syhk;/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf. xU g[jpa bghUis
my;yJ xU jpl;lj;ijr; re;ijapy; g[jpjhf mwpKfg;gLj;j ,e;j tpsk;guk;
Jz;Lg; gpuRu';fs; bghJthf rpW tpahghhpfSf;F
gad;glhJ/ Vw;fdnt re;ijapy; cs;s bghUl;fSf;F kl;Lnk ,t;tif
cfe;jbjhU tpsk;gu tHpahFk;/ tpsk;gj; jfty;fs; ml';fpa mr;rplg;gl;l
tpsk;guk; |yk; kf;fSf;F tpsk;gug;gLj;j Koa[k/;
J z ; L j ; j h s ; g p u R ' ; f s ; (Printed Leaflets) k f ; f s p i l n a
tpdpnahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ ,J xU kypthd tpsk;gur; rhjdkhFk;/ neuo tpsk;guk; (my;yJ) neuo foj tpsk;guk;(Direct
Advertising or Direct Mail)
g[ w kid tpsk; g uj; j pd; ed; i kfs; (Merits of outdoor
Advertising) thof; i fah; vdf; fUjg; g Lgth; f Sf; F tpsk; g uj;
jfty;fis neuoahf mth;fs; tPlo ; w;nf mDg;g p itg;gJ neuo
1) g[wkid tpsk;guk; XhpU epkpl';fspy; goj;J Kof;Fk; tz;zk; tpsk;guk; vdg;gLk;/ neuo tpsk;guj;jpd; |yk; thof;ifahsh;fnshL
RUf;fkhft[k;. tz;zk; jPl;loa tpsk;gukhft[k; ,Ug;gjhYk;
beU';fpa bjhlh;g[ bfhs;s Koa[k/; ,t;tif tpsk;guk; mr;rplg;gl;l
nghf;Ftuj;J behpry;kpf;f rhiyapy; bry;Yk; kf;fspd; ftdj;ijj;
fhfpj';fspy; |yk; tpsk;guj; jfty;fis neuoahf tH';FfpwJ/
bjhiytpypUe;J <h;fF ; k; jpwd;gilj;j rhjdkhd tps';Ffpd;wd/
,J vy;nyhuhYk; njh;t[ bra;ag;gl;Lg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w xU tpsk;gu tpsk;gu efy;fs; jahh; bra;ag;gl;L thof;ifahsh;fSf;F neuoahf
rhjdkhFk;/ cs;ShpYk;. khepy mstpYk;. njrpa mstpYk; ,t;tif mDg;gg;gLfpwJ (vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfs;)
tpsk;guk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/ ,t;tif tpsk;guk; befH;tj [ ; jd;ik m) tpw;gidf; fojk; - (c/k/)jl;lr;Rr; bra;ag;gl;l efy;fs;/
bfhz;lJ/ (Sales Letter) mr;rplg;gl;l efy;fs;
2) Tiu cr;rpfspYk;. rhiyr; re;jpg;gf [ spYk; ed;F ghh;itahf M) fojciwfs; bfhz;l - Rw;wwpf;if(Circulars)
,Uf; F k; t z; z k; caukhfg; bghUj; j g; g Lk; tz; z tpsk; g u Mtz';fs; kog;gf
[ s;(xU kog;g[
gyiffshd epiyj;jl;ofspd; tpsk;guk; ePzl ; ehl;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ/
(Envelope Enclosures) bfhz;l jhs; ciw)(Folders)
3) epWtdj;jpd; tpahghuf;Fwp (Brand) kw;Wk; fl;Lkf; FwpaPL gw;wpj; bkd;bghUs; ml';fpa ig
bjspthf vLj;Jf; TWk; xU rpwe;j ey;y tpsk;gu rhjdkhFk;/
(Stuffers)
4) , e ; j t p s k ; g u ' ; f s ; m j p f k h d k f ; f i s g ; b g U k s t [ ,) ifnaLfs;(Booklets) ghpR (Gifts). etPd g[Jikg; bghUs;fs;
trg;gLj;Jfpd;wd/ (Novelties), gl;oay;fs;(Catalogues) Kjypad/
5) ,it kypthd tpsk;gu rhjd';fshFk;/ neuo tpsk; g uj; j pd; ed; i kfs;
FiwghLfs; 1) Rw;wwpf;if |yk;. tpw;gidahsh; bghUs;fis th';ff;Toath;fis
1) ,jd; tpsk;guk; RUf;fkhf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;/ vdnt ,e;j neuoahfr; re;jpg;gjw;F Kd; foj tHp |yk; mwpKfk; bra;Jbfhs;s
tifahd tpsk;guk; |yk; tphpthd tpsf;f';fisg; bgwKoahJ/ tHp bra;ag;gLfpwJ/

2) Jz;Lg; gpuRu';fs; tpsk;guj;jpdhy; epWtdj;jpd; kjpg;g py; Fiwt[ 2) gy NH;epiyfSf;F Vw;wgo tpsk;gur; bra;jpfis khw;wpaikf;f
Vw;gLfpwJ/(Low Prestige) Koa[k/;
240 241
3) tpsk;gujhuhpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g. rhpahd neuj;jpy; tpsk;guk; ju tpsk;guk; bra;ag;gLtijr; rhsuf;fhl;rp vd;fpnwhk;/ filfspd; Kd;gw
[ k;
Koa[k/; my;yJ g[if tz;o epiyak;. jpiu mu';fk; nghd;w kf;fs; TLk;
Kf;fpa ika';fspy; rhsuf;fhl;rp mikf;fg;gl;L tpsk;guj; jfty;
4) Vida tpsk;guj;ij xg;g pLk;bghGJ. ,t;tif tpsk;guk; kpft[k; jug;gLfpwJ/ fz;fth; tz;zj;jpy; rhpahd tpjj;jpy; xsp{al;lg;gl;l
kypthdJ/ rhsuf;fhl;rp tpsk;guk;. kf;fisj; jd;gf;fk; fth;eJ ; ,Gf;fpwJ/
5) FWfpa fhyj;jpy; ,e;j Kfthpg;gl;oaiy jahhpj;jy; vd;gJ Koahj gUte;njhWk; rhsuf; fhl;rpapy; cs;s bghUs;fs; khw;wg;gLfpd;wd/
bray;/ g[jpa bghUs;fs; re;ijapy; mwpKfk; MFk;nghJ mit rhsuf; fhl;rpapy;
itf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ rpf;fdkhf mnj neuj;jpy; rpwg;ghd xU tpsk;gu
6) m"; r y; | yk; mDg; g g; g Lk; foj'; f s; mjpfkhf jpUg; g p
rhjdkhf rhsuf; fhl;rpapy; itf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ rpf;fdkhd mnj
mDg;gg;gLfpd;wd/
neuj;jpy; rpwg;ghd xU tpsk;gu rhjdkhf rhsuf; fhl;rp jpfH;fpwJ/
7) kw;w tpsk;gu';fistpl ,J jiyr;rpwe;jJ vd;W epQgpf;f Koa
M)tpw;gidf; fhl;rpafk; (Show Room)
tpy;iy/
Efh;nthh;fs; jh';fs; th';f epidf;Fk; gz;l';fis Ma;t[
8) ,jd;|yk; thof;ifahsh; bjhlh;igg; g[jpjhf nkYk; cUthf;ft[k.; bra;J njh;eb ; jLg;gjw;F tpw;gidf; fhl;rpafk; tHptif bra;fpwJ/
nkk;gLj;jt[k; Koa[k/; fhl;rpafj;jpy; gytifg; bghUs;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; je;J
FiwghLfs; tpw;ghz;ikah; m';F cjtp g[hpfpd;wdh;/ ed;whf totikf;fg;gl;l
fhl; r pafk; Efh; n thh; cs; s j; j py; Mh; t j; i jj; J}z; L fpwJ/
1) mr;Rf; fl;lzKk;. m";ry; fl;lzKk; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy;. ,J vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf. Mil cw;gj;jp Miyfs;. miwfyd;. bjhiyf;fhl;rp.
kypthd tpsk;guk; my;y/ fofhu';fs; Mfpatw;iw cw;gj;jp bra;ak [ ; epWtd';fs; j';fSf;bfd;W
2) ,jd;go Kfthpg; gl;oaiyj; jahhpg;gJ (Mailing List) vd;gJ tpw;gidf; fhl;rpafj;ijg; bghpa efu';fspy; Vw;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;/
vspjy;y/ ,)bghUl;fhl;rp(Exhibition)
3) jahhpg;g[g; bghUl;fSf;F (Industrial Goods) kl;Lnk ,t;tif jahhpg;ghsh;fs; j';fs; bghUl;fis tpsk;gug;gLj;j elj;Jk;
tpsk; g uk; bghUj; j khdJ/ Mdhy; ,e; j g; bghUl; f Sf; F th;jj
; ff; fz;fhl;rp bghUl;fhl;rp vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ jw;fhyj;jpy;
thof;ifahsh;fs; kpff;Fiwt[/ bghUl;fhl;rpfs; kpft[k; gpugykhfj; jpfH;fpd;wd/ th;jj
; ff; fz;fhl;rpapy;
gy;ntW cw;gj;jpahsh;fSk; j';fSf;bfd;W Kd;gjpt[ bra;J filfis
4) nkk;gLj;Jk; tpsk;guk; (Promotional Advertising) (my;yJ)bfhs;Kjy;
epWtp gz;l';fs; tpw;gjpy; nghl;oapl;L tpw;gidia nkk;gLj;Jk; gzpapy;
ika tpsk;guk; (Point of Purchase Advertising)
<LgLfpwhh;fs;/ cs;Sh; mstpYk;. njrpa mstpYk;. cyfstpYk;
5) ,J kw;bwhU rf;jp tha;ej
; tpsk;gu rhjdkhFk;/ ,J xU neuo bghUl;fhl;rpfs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd/
tpsk;guk; MFk;/ ,e;j tpsk;gu KiwahdJ jahhpg;ghsuhy;
neuoahfnth my;yJ tpw;gidahsh; |ykhfnth ifahsg;gLfpwJ/ ,iza js tpsk;guk; ( INTERNET ADVERTISING)
gy;ntW totj;jpy; ,t;tif tpsk;guk; bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ bghJthf 1994k; Mz;od; mf;nlhgh; khjj;jpa &hl;itah;l; ,iza
,ij my';fhpf;fg;gl;l fil (Store Display) vd;Wk; miHf;fpwhh;fs;/ jsj;jpd; (Hotwired Website) gjpg;g py; (Edition)Kjy; ,iza jsj;jpd;
fPHf
; f
; z;l Kiwfspy; ,J tpsk;guk; bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ tpsk;guk; btspahdJ/ ,izaj;ij cgnahfpf;Fk; kf;fshy;jhd;
(Internet users),iza js tpsk;guj;jpy; g';F bgwKoa[k/;
m)rhsuf; fhl;rp (Window Display)
,izakhdJ Efh;nthiu nehpilahf tpsk;gujhuh;fsplk;.
mHfhf my';fhpf;fg;gl;l rhsu';fspy; gz;l';fis itj;J gyKiw neuoj; bjhlh;g[ bfhz;L bray;gl itf;fpd;wJ(Interaction)/
242 243
,izajs tpsk;gukhdJ ,izaj;jpd; (Internet) |yk; bra;jpf; 7) bra;jpfs;. xyp.tiugl';fs;.gl';fs; ,tw;iw tpsk;gu';fs;
Fwpg;gf
[ isg; gutr;bra;J. th';Fgth; tpw;gth;fspd; eltof;ifia jpwika[ld; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd/
typyikg;gLj;j Kaw;rp bra;fpwJ/
8) mit g[jpa bghUl;fisa[k; my;yJ jw;nghJ cgnahfg;gLj;Jk;
,iza jsj;jpd; |yk; vtUk; tpsk;guk; bra;ayhk;/
bghUl;fSf;F khw;Wg; bghUl;fisa[k; mwpKfk; bra;fpd;wd/
Xh;,izg;g pd; |yk; tpiut[ gadhsh; (User) fzpdpapYs;s tpirg;
gyifapd; (Key Board) bghj;jhid (Mouse) mGj;jpdhy; (Click) 9) bghUl;fspd; Fwpg;g pl;l tiffisg; gw;wpa tpHpg;gz
[ h;it mit
mtUf;Fj; njitahd tphpthd jfty;fis (Detailed information) Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd/
mth; clnd bgw;Wf; bfhs;syhk;/ ,J mth;fSf;F clnd
FiwghLfs;
tpsk;gujhuhpd; ,iza jsj;jpw;nfh my;yJ mtuth; tPlo ; Ys;s
,izajsj;jpd; bjhlf;f gf;fj;jpw;nfh (Home page of Website) 1) gyjug; g l; l kf; f Sk; tpsk; g u '; fis vspjhfg; g[ h pe; J
,izg;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhLf;Fk;/ ,jd; |yk; bghUis th';fnth bfhs;sKotjpy;iy/
my;yJ mijg; gw;wpa tptu';fis mwpe;J bfhs;snth Koa[k; 2) ,iza jsj;jij cgnahfpg;gth;fs; kpfr; rpynu Mth;/
ntfkhf tsh;eJ ; tUk; th;jj ; f tpsk;gu';fSf;F ,izajsk;
3) bgUk;ghYk; tpsk;gur; bryt[ kpft[k; mjpfkhfnt cs;sJ/
,d;wpaikahj xd;whfptpl;lJ/ ,jw;F ,uz;L fhuz';fs; cs;sd/
1) tpsk;guj;jpd; |yk; njitahd tpgu';fs; mwpag;gLfpd;wd/ tpdhf; f s;
2) tpsk;gu';fs; ey;y tUthia <l;l cjt[fpd;wd/ I. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjL
,izajs tpsk; g uj; j pdhy; Vw; g Lk; ed; i kfs; 1/cly;eyj;jpw;F nfL tpistpf;Fk; bghUs;fisa[k; th';Ftjw;F
tpsk;guk; kf;fisj; J}z;LfpwJ/
1) cyfk; KGtjpYk; cs;s bghUl;fis th';Fk; trjp gilj;j
Vuhskhdth;fis tpsk;gu';fs; brd;W milfpd;wd/ m) rKjhak; rhh;ej
; FiwghL M) xGf;fk; rhh;ej
; FiwghL
2) ,iza js';fs; |yk; bra;ag;gLk; tpsk;gu';fs; xUehspd; 24 ,) tuyhW rhh;ej
; FiwghL <)bghUshjhuk; rhh;ej
; FiwghL
kzp neuKk; tUlj;jpd; 365 ehl;fSk; bray;gLfpd;wd/ th';Fgth;fs; 2/kpd;tpsf;F tpsk;guk; vd;gJ
ve;j ,lj;jpy; trpj;jhYk; midtUf;Fk; xnu tpiyjhd; eph;zak;
m)g[wkid tpsk;guk; M),izajs tpsk;guk;
bra;ag;gLfpwJ/
,)muR tpsk;guk; <)neuo tpsk;guk;
3) xUtUf;F xUth; neuoahf re;ijapy; bfhs;Kjy; bra;ak
[ ; trjp
cz;L/ 3/cyfk; KGtjpYk; cs; s . th'; F tjw; F trjp gilj; j
Vuhskhdth;fis ,t;tif tpsk;gu';fs; brd;W milfpd;wd/
4) ,izajs';fs; |yk; bra;ag;gLk; tpsk;gu';fs; jkf;Fs; cs;
m)tpw;gid fhl;rpaf tpsk;guk; M)thd;btsp tpsk;guk;
bray;ghLfs; (Internet) bfhz;L. jdpg;gl;lf;FGtpd; my;yJ jdpeghpd;
Fwpf;nfhis (Target) mila tHp tFf;fpwJ/ ,),izajs tpsk;guk; <)th;zk; jPlo
; a tpsk;guk;

5) tpsk;gu';fis md;whl epytug;go. Fiwj;njh Tl;onah ve;j 4),J xU xyp.xsp tpsk;gur; rhjdkhFk;/
neuKk; Fiwe;j brytpy; khw;wyhk;/ m)thbdhyp M)jpiug;glk;
6) gytifg;gl;l rhjd';fs; |yk; fth;rr
; pfukhd tpsk;gu';fs; ,)Rtbuhl;o (<)kpd;tpsf;F tpsk;guk;
bra;ayhk;/
244 245
5)goj;jtUk;. ghkuUk; bgUkstpy; ,e;j tpsk;guj;ij nfl;fpwhh;fs; 13)thbdhyp tpsk;guk; fhw;wiyfs; |yk;///////////////tpsk;guj;ij vLj;Jr;
m),izajs tpsk;guk; M)bra;jpj;jhs; tpsk;guk; bry;Yk;/
,)thd;btsp tpsk;guk; <)thbdhyp tpsk;guk; 14)bjhiyf;fhl;rp etPd fhyj;jpa///////////////////tpsk;gur; bra;jpj; bjhlh;g[
rhjdkhFk;/
tpilfs; 1) M 2) m 3) , 4) M 5) <
15)bjhiyf;fhl;rp tpsk;guk;///////////////. fz;Zf;Fk; xU nf
II. nfhol;l ,l';fis epug;g[f tpUe;jspf;fpwJ/
1) xU /////////////////////re;ijapLifapy; mjd; tpw;gidia nkk;gLj;Jk; 16)tpsk;gujhuh;fs; Kf;fpa ,l';fspy;////////////////xl;o. fhz;gth;
xU eltof;ifna tpsk;guk; MFk;/ ftdj;ij <h;jJ; tpsk;guj; jftiyj; jUfpwhh;fs;/
2)tpsk;guk; vd;w brhy; ,uz;L///////////////////brhw;fspypUe;J te;jJ/ 17),t;tifahd Ch;eJ; bry;Yk; tpsk;gunk///////////////////tpsk;guk;
vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/
3)xU gz; l j; j pw; F /////////////cUthf; f j; J}z; L k; Ms; r huh
eltof;ifna tpsk;guk; vdg;gLk;/ 18),iza tpsk; g uj; j pw; F ////////////////bray; g Lj; J k; egh; f s;
njitg;gLfpwJ/
4)/////////////////bghUl;fspd; tpUg;gj;ij cz;lhf;FtJ tpsk;guj;jpd;
nehf;fkhFk;/ 19)tpsk;gu';fs; ey;y
; /////////<l;l cjt[fpd;wd/
5)cw;gj;jpr; bryit//////////ngust[ cw;gj;jp tHptif bra;fpwJ/ 20)jahhpg;ghsh;fs; j';fs; bghUl;fis tpsk;gug;gLj;j elj;Jk; th;jj
; ff;
,jd;|yk; yhgk; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ/ fz;fhl;rpia /////////////////// vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/
6)rkPgfhy etPd tpsk;gu';fs; cah;ej
; ///////////////rhjdkhf tps';FfpwJ/
tpilfs;
7)tpsk;gu rhjdk; vd;gJ tpsk;gur; bra;jpia Efh;nthUf;Fj;
1) bghUis 11) VLfs;
bjhptpf;Fk; xU//////////////////MFk;/
2) ,yj;jPd; 12) bgz;fSf;fhft[k;
8)////////////////bry;thf;F epwie;j tpsk;gu rhjdkhfj; jpfH;fpwJ/ 3) njitia 13) ntfkhf
9)bra;jpj;jhs; tpsk;guk; fth;rr
; pahft[k.; /////////////,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;/ 4) Efh;nthh;fSf;F 14) mf
10)bra; j pj; j hs; f spy; / //////////////////tpsk; g u'; f s; j hd; kpft[ k ; 5) Fiwg;gjw;F 15) brtpf;Fk;
gaDs;sitahf cs;sJ/ 6) jfty;jUk; 16) Rtbuhl;oia
11)jzpf;ifahsh; mYty;fspyd; bjhHpy;Kiwg; gaDf;fhf thzpf 7) fUtp 17) thfd
kw;Wk; bjhHpy;El;g/////////btspaplg;gLfpd;wd/ 8) mr;R tpsk;guk; 18) ,izak;
9) kaf;Ftjhft[k; 19) tUthia
12)nkYk; / ////////////////FHe; i jfSf; f hft[ k ; jdp ,jH; f s;
10) tz;z 20) bghUl;fhl;rp
btspaplg;gLfpd;wd/

246 247
III. bghUj;Jf 16)th;zk; jPlo
; a tpsk;guk; - tpsf;Ff/
1/ neuo tpsk;guk; - m) hPlh;*; il$*;l;
17)kpd;tpsf;F tpsk;guk; vd;why; vd;d?
2/ gUt ,jH;fs; - M) gl;l';fs;
3/ thfd tpsk;guk; - ,) mr;rplg;gl;l Jz;Lj;jhs; 18)thd;btsp tpsk;guk; vd;why; vd;d?
gpuRu';fs; 19)Jz;L gpuRu';fs; - bghUs; jUf/
4/ thd;btsp tpsk;guk; - ,) my';fhpf;fg;gl;l fil
5/ Jz;L gpuRu';fs; - c) ngUe;jpd; cs;Sk;. g[wKk; 20)neuo tpsk;guk; vd;why; vd;d?
C) Rw;wwpf;if 21)nkk;gLj;Jk; tpsk;guk; vd;why; vd;d?
22)rhsuf; fhl;rp vd;why; vd;d?
tpilfs;
1) C 2) m 3) c 4) M 5) , 23)tpw;gidf; fhl;rpafk; vd;why; vd;d?
24)bghUl;fhl;rp vd;why; vd;d?
IV. FW tpdhf;fs;
25),izajs tpsk;guk; vd;why; vd;d?
1) tpsk;guk; vd;why; vd;d?
2) tpsk;guj;jpw;F tiutpyf;fzk; jUf/ V. bgUtpdhf; f s;
3) tpsk;guj;jpdhy; Efh;nthh;fSf;F Vw;gLk; VjhtJ ,uz;L xUgf;f mstpy; tpilasp
ed;ikfis vGJf/
1/tpsk;guj;jpd; nehf;f';fs; ahit?
4) tpsk;guj;jpw;F rKjhak; rhh;ej
; vjph;gg
; f
[ s; ahit?
2/cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;Fk;. tpw;ghz;ikaUf;Fk;. Efh;nthh;fSf;Fk;
5) tpsk;guj;jpd; ehd;F bgUk; gphpt[fs; ahit? tpsk;guk; vt;thW cjt[fpwJ?
6) bra;jpj;jhs; tpsk;guj;jpd; ,uz;L FiwghLfisf; TWf/ 3/tpsk;guj;jpd; FiwghLfs; ahit?
7) mr;R tpsk;guk; vd;why; vd;d? 4/tpsk;gu rhjdk; vd;why; vd;d? tpsk;gu rhjdj;ijj; njh;eb
; jLf;f
vd;bdd;d fhuzpfisf; fUj;jpy; bfhs;sntz;Lk;?
8) bra;jpj; jhs; tpsk;guk; vd;why; vd;d?
5/gUt,jH; tpsk;guj;jpd; ed;ikfs;. FiwghLfs; ahit?
9) gUt ,jH; tpsk;guk; vd;why; vd;d?
6/thbdhyp tpsk;guk; vd;why; vd;d? mtw;wpd; ed;ikfs;. FiwghLfs;
10)thbdhyp tpsk;guk; vd;why; vd;d?
ahit?
11)thbdhyp tpsk;guk; vd;why; vd;d?
7/bjhiyf;fhl;rp tpsk;guk; vd;why; vd;d? mtw;wpd; ed;ikfs;.
12)bjhiyf;fhl;rp tpsk;guk; vd;why; vd;d? FiwghLfs; ahit?
13)jpiug;gl tpsk;guk; vd;why; vd;d?
14)g[wkid tpsk;guk; vd;why; vd;d?
15)Rtbuhl;o vd;why; vd;d?

248 249
8/jpiug;gl tpsk;guk; vd;why; vd;d? mtw;wpd; ed;ikfs;. FiwghLfs;
ahit?
9/neuo tpsk;guk; vd;why; vd;d? mtw;wpd; ed;ikfs;. FiwghLfs;
ahit?
10/nkk;gLj;Jk; tpsk;guk; - xU gf;f mstpy; tpsf;Ff/

VI. fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;

1/ tpsk;guj;jpd; ed;ikfs;. FiwghLfs; ahit?
2/ g[wkid tpsk;guj;jpd; tiffis tpsf;Ff/ mtw;wpd; ed;ikfs;.
FiwghLfs; ahit?
3),izajs tpsk;guk; tpsf;Ff/
4)gy;ntW tifahd tpsk;gur; rhjd';fis tpthp/

250
 ghlk; - 10
tpw;ghz;ik kw;Wk; Efh;nthhpay;
Kd; D iu
tpw;ghz;ik vd;gJ re;ijapLjypd; gzpfspy; xd;whFk;/ ,J
bghUl;fisg; gw;wp eakhf ngrp mjd; rpwg;g pay;g[fis vLj;Jf; Twp
th';Fgthpd; ftdj;ij <h;j;J mg;bghUl;fis Efu;nthuplk; tpw;gid
bra;ak
[ ; xU fiyahFk;/
Efh;nthhpay; vd;gJ Efh;nthh;fs; xU';fpize;J j';fSf;Fs;
xU mikg;ghf bray;gl;L jtwhd kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpw;Fg;g[wk;ghd tzpfk;
bra;gth;fsplk; vt;thW ,Hg;gL
P bgWtJ kw;Wk; mth;fs; kPJ rl;lg{ht
; khd
eltof;iffs; vLg;gJ vd;gd gw;wp fhz;gjhFk;/ nkYk;. ,J mth;fspd;
chpikfs; kw;Wk; mjpfhu';fis mjpfhpg;gjw;fhd r|f ,af;fkhFk;/
tpw;ghz;ik - bghUs; (Meaning)
tpw;gid mikg;g py; tpw;ghz;ikapd; g';F kfj;jhdjhFk;/
re;ijapLifg; gzpapy; <Lgl;Ls;s mjpfhhpfs; Kjy; JizmYtyh;fs;
tiu cs;s midthpYk; kpfKf;fpakhd g';F tfpg;gth; tpw;gidahsh;fns/
mth;fSila. gzpfs; cw;gj;jpahsUf;F kl;Lky;yhky;. Efh;gth;fSf;Fk;
,d;wpaikahjitahFk;/ Efh;gth;fs; cz;ikapy; tpw;gidahsiuna
epWtdj;jpd; cz;ikahd gpujpepjpahff; fUJfpd;wdh;/ epWtdk;
cw; g j; j pbra; j bghUl; f is Efh; g th; f spd; njitfis mwpe; J
mjw;nfw;wthW ngrpf; fth;eJ ; mth;fsplk; mtw;iw tpw;gid bra;gth;fns
tpw;gidahsh;fs; Mth;/ Efh;gth;fSf;F Mnyhrid Twpg; bghUl;fisj;
njh;e;bjLf;ft[k; mth;fs; cjtpg[hpfpd;wdh;/ ntW tpjkhfr; brhy;yg;
nghdhy;. tpw;gidahsu; jd;dplk; cs;s midj;Jj; jpwikfisa[k;
gad;gLj;jp tpw;gidahsh;fs; bghUl;fis. Efh;nthhplk; tpw;gid bra;tJ
tpw;gidahshpd; Kf;fpakhd nehf;fkhFk;/ re;ijapLjypy; tpw;gidia
nkk;gLj;Jk; eltof;iffisf; Fwpg;gnj tpw;ghz;ik vdg;gLk;/
I. tpw; g hz; i ka pd; tiutpyf; f zk; (Definition of
Salesmanship)
lg[sa
; /[ $p/ fhu;lu; Tw;Wg;go @tpw;ghz;ik vd;gJ tpw;gidf;Fhpa
bghUl;fspd; rpwg;g[ mk;r';fis vLj;Jf; Twp. Efu;nthiuf; ftu;e;J
bghUl;fis th';fr; bra;tjhFk;@/
251
 nguhrpupau; *;Ogd;rd; mtu;fspd; Tw;Wg;go. tpw;ghz;ik miHf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;/ mtu;fs;. Efu;nthupd; tpUg;gj;jpd;go. tpw;gidf;
vd;gJ. @tpw;gidahsupd; fodkhd ciHg;ghy;. Efu;nthiu th';fj; bfhs;iffis tFj;Jf;bfhz;L nkYk;. Mnyhridfs; kw;Wk; g[fhu;fs;
J}z;Ljy; kw;Wk; mtu;fs; bjhlu;eJ
; mg;bghUisna th';Ffpd;w khjpup Efu;nthuplk; bgw;Wf;bfhz;L tpw;gid bra;fpd;wdu;/
xU epiyia mtu;fs; kdjpy; cUthfr; bra;jy;@/ M/ Efu; n thUf; F
mbkhpf; f njrpa re; i ja pLif Mrpupau; f s; FGtpd; bgUk;ghYk; tpw;gidg; gzpahsu;fs; fy;tp fw;wtu;fshf
Tw;Wg;go @tpw;ghz;ik vd;gJ Efu;nthu; bghUs;fis th';fj; J}z;o. ,Ug;ghu;fs;. mjd; mog;gilapy; mtu;fs; Efu;nthiu mZfp. xU
cw;gj;jpahsUf;F ,yhgj;ija[k; kw;Wk; Efu;nthUf;Fg; gaida[k; rupahd tpsf;fj;ij mspj;J. jukhd kw;Wk; epahakhd tpiyiaf;
mspj;jyhFk;@/ bfhz;l bghUs;fis th';f fl;lhag;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;/ ,jd;|yk; tpw;gidg;
II. tpw;ghz;ik kw;Wk; jdpahs; tpw;gid - ntWghLfs; gzpahsu;fs;. tpw;gidia mjpfupf;fpwhu;fs;/ Mifahy;. bghUl;fs;
tpiuthf tpw;gid bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ cw;gj;jpahsUf;Fg; bghUshjhu
jdpahs; tpw;gid kw;Wk; tpw;ghz;ik Mfpa ,uz;Lk; xnu
gpur;rpid Vw;gLtjw;Fk; tha;gn
; g ,y;iy/
khjpupahf brhy;yg;gl;lhYk;. ,uz;ow;Fk; ,ilna epiwa ntWghLfs;
cz;L/ jdpahs; tpw;gid vd;gJ kpfg;bgupa bjhFg;g[/ mtw;wpd; xU tpw; g hz; i ka pd; tiffs;
gFjpna tpw;ghz;ik jtpu KGtJk; my;y/ tpw;ghz;ikg; gzpahsu;fisf; fPHf
; f
; z;lthW ghFghL bra;ayhk;
III. tpw; g hz; i kapd; Kf; f paj; J tk; I/ cw;gj;jpahsupd; tpw;gidg; gzpahsu;fs;
elg;gf
[ ; fhyj;jpy;. tpw;ghz;ikapd; gzp kpf Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;/ II / bkhj;j tpw;gidahsupd; tpw;gidg; gzpahsu;fs;
cw;gj;jpahsu; kw;Wk; Efu;nthu; ,tu;fs; ,UtUf;fpilna ,izg;g[
ghykhf ,Ue;J cw;gj;jpahsUf;F ,yhgj;ija[k.; Efu;nthUf;Fg; gyida[k; III / rpy;yiw tpw;gidahsu;fspd; tpw;gidg; gzpahsu;fs;
mspg;gJ tpw;ghz;ikaupd; Kf;fpag;gzp/ nkYk;. gy gzpfSf;F tpw;gidg; IV / rpwg;gg
[ ; bghUs; tpw;gidg; gzpahsu;fs;
gzpahsUila gzp njitg;gLfpwJ/ mit re;ijia tpuptila
bra;tJ. tpw;gidia mjpfupf;fr; bra;tJ nghd;w gy gzpfSf;F
I / cw;gj;jpahsupd; tpw;gidg; gzpahsu;fs;
tpw;gid gzpahsupd; gzp kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;/ ,th;fis fPHf
; z;lthW tifgLj;jyhk;/

m/ cw;gj;jpahsUf;F m) re; i jia cUthf; F k; tpw; g idg; gzpahsh; f s;

(Missionary Salesmen)
M/ Efu;nthUf;F
g[ j p a b g h U s ; f i s r ; r e ; i j a p y ; m w p K f g ; g L j ; J k ;
m/ cw; g j; j pahsUf; F tpw;gidahsh;fs; ,t;tifaps; ml';Fth;/ bkhj;j tpw;gidahsh;fs;.
cw;gj;jpahsu; kw;Wk; bjhHpy; Kidnthh; Mfpa ,UtUf;Fk; tpepnahf*;jh;fs; MfpnahUf;F ,J tiuapy; mwpKfkhfhj g[jpa
tpw;gidg; gzpahsu;fspd; nrit epiwaj; njit/ Vd; vd;why;. bghUl;fis tpw;gid bra;a[k; tpw;gidg; gzpahsh;fis ,t;tifapy;
jw;nghJs;s nghl;ofs; epiwe;j cyfj;jpy;. re;ijapy; bghUl;fis brhy;yyhk;/ bghUs; gw;wpa rpwg;ghd mwpt[k.; mDgtKk; bgw;wtu;fshf
tpw;gid bra;tjw;F nkYk; re;ijia tpuptilar; bra;tjw;Fk; g[jpa ,t; t ifapdh; ,Uf; f ntz; L k; / ,th; f s; bghUs; tpw; g idf; F
re;ijfisf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;Fk; tpw;gidg; gzpahsupd; nrit kpf Kd;ndhoahf ,Ug;gth;fshth;/ kw;w tpw;gidg; gzpahsh;fspd; gzpia
Kf;fpakhdJ/ ,jdhy;. cw;gj;jpahsUf;F tpw;gid bgUfp. ,yhgk; tpl ,th;fsJ gzp kpff;fLikahd ciHg;g[k;. jpwika[k; bfhz;l
mjpfupf;Fk;/ nkw;Twpa fhuzj;jhy;jhd; xt;bthU epWtdj;jpYk; xd;whFk;/
tpw;gidg; gzpahsu;fs; me;epWtdj;jpd; @fz;@ kw;Wk; @fhJ@ vd;W
252 253
M) thzpf ruf;F tpw;gidahsh; (Merchandising Sales II/ bkhj;j tpw;gidahshpd; tpw;gidg; gzpahsh;fs;
Men) bkhj;j tpw;gidahsu;fSk;. tpw;gidg; gzpahsh;fis epakpj;Jr;
,th;fs; bghUl;fis nehpilahf cw;gj;jpahsh;fsplkpUe;J rpy;yiu tpw;gidahsu;fsplkpUe;J Miz bgWk; tHf;fk; ,f;fhyj;jpy;
bgw;W. epiwa tpw;gidg; gzpahsh;fis itj;Jf;bfhz;L mth;fSf;Fj; bgUfp tUfpd;wJ/ bkhj;j tpw;gidahshplk; bfhs;Kjy; bra;tjpy; gy
njitahd jFe;j Mnyhridfs; tH';fp tpw;gidia mjpfhpg;gjhFk;/ ed;ikfs; cs;sd/ gyjug;gl;l bghUl;fisa[k; rpW mstpy; bfhs;Kjy;
nkYk;. tpw;gidia mjpfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gytpjkhd tpsk;gu a[jj
; pfis bra;tjw;F ,th;fsplk; Miz jUtnj ey;yJ/ nkYk;. bkhj;j
gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;/ tpw;gidahsh; xU Fwpg;g pl;l tl;lhuj;jpw;Fs; bray;gLtjhy; mth;fsplk;
,) rpy; y iw epiy tpw; g idahsh; (Dealer-Servicing bfhs;Kjy; bra;jtu;fs; ,th;fisj; bjhlu;g[ bfhs;tJ vspJ/ mtu;fs;
Salesman) rpy;yiu tpw;gidahsh;fsplk; gzk; tNypj;J mDg;g p itg;gJk; cz;L/

,th;fs; nkny cs;sth;fSf;F mLj;jgoahf tUgth;fs;/ III/ rpy;yiw tpw;gidahshpd; tpw;gidg; gzpahsh;fs;
rpy Fwpg;g pl;l gFjpfis kl;Lk; njh;e;bjLj;Jf; bfhz;L mg;gFjpapy; rpy;yiw tpw;gidahsu;fs; tpw;gidg; gzpahsh;fis epakpf;f
kl;Lk; tpahghuk; bra;J bfhz;L tUgth;fs;/ ,th;fSk; tpw;gid ntz;oaJ mtrpak;/ ,th;fns Efh;gth;fSf;Fg; bghUis ,Wjpahf
mjpfhpg;gjw;fhf rhsu fhl;rpfs; nghd;w gy a[f;jpfis gad;gLj;jp tpw;gid bra;gtu;fshtu;/ ,th;fisa[k; ,U tifapduhfg; gphpf;fyhk;/
tpahghuk; bra;fpwhh;fs;/
1/ filf;F cs;ns gzpahw;Wk; tpw;gidg; gzpahsh;fs;
</ tpw;gidia mjpfupf;Fk; tpw;gidahsu;fs; (Sales
Promotion Salesmen) 2/ filf;F btspna gzpahw;Wk; tpw;gidg; gzpahsh;fs;
,th;fSila Kf;fpakhd ntiy tpw;gidia mjpfhpg;gjhFk;/ 1/ filf;F cs;ns gzpahw;Wk; tpw;gidg;gzpahsh;fs;
,th;fis bgUk;ghYk; ehk; epWtdk; jahhpf;Fk; bghUspd; gpujpepjp ,th;fs; filapd; cs;ns ,Ue;J bfhz;L filf;F tUk;
vd;W Twyhk;/ re;ijf;F g[jpajhf tUk; bghUis ahUk; tpUk;gkhl;lhu;fs;/ thof;ifahsh;fSld; ngrp mth;fisj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;jpg; bghUl;fis
mg;bghGJ. mtu;fspd; cjtp njitg;gLfpwJ/ ,tu;fs; bghUl;fis tpw;gid bra;gtu;fs;;/ eilKiwapy; ehk; tpw;gidg; gzpahsh;fs;
ifapy; vLj;Jf; bfhz;L nehpilahf Efu;nthiu re;jpj;J mjDila (salesmen) vd;W Fwpg;g pLtJk; ,th;fisnaahFk;/ eph;thfj;jpd; neuof;
rpwg;g pay;g[fis vLj;Jf;Twp tpw;gid bra;thu;fs;/ bghJthf. fz;fhzpg;g pd; fPH; ,th;fs; ,a';Ffpd;wdu;/ ,tu;fs; jtWfs; g[hpa
,tu;fis xU bghUSf;fhd njitia cUthf;Fgtu; vd;W Twyhk;/ tha;g;g[ ,y;iy/ nkYk;. tpw;gidiaa[k; eGt tplhky; ghu;j;Jf;
c/ bjhHpy; El;g tpw;ghidahsh;fs; (Technical Salesmen) bfhs;Sfpd;wdh;/ mt;thW. Efh;gth;fs; jpUg;jpailahky; nghdhy; kw;w
tpw;gidg; gzpahsh;fSk; mth;fsJ cjtpf;F te;J vg;goahtJ
bghJthf ,th;fs; xU bghUis vg;go tpw;gid bra;ayhk;
bghU';fis tpw;gid bra;a Kaw;rp bra;tu;/
vd;gjidg; gw;wp tphpthf gapw;rp vLj;Jf; bfhz;ltu;fs; vd;W Twyhk;/
,th; f s; bghJthf epWtdj; j pw; F Mnyhrid TWgth; f shf 2/ filf;F btspna gzpahw;Wk; tpw;gidg;
,Ug;ghh;fs;/ Efh;nthhpd; tpUg;gk;. kw;Wk; bghUspd; jd;ik totikg;g[ gzpahsh; f s;
,tw;iw tphpthf epWtdj;jpw;F vLj;Jiug;ghh;fs;/ bghJthf ,th;fs; ,th; f s; . rpy; y iw tpw; g id epWtdj; j pd; btspna
epWtdj; j pw; F s; ,Ug; g hh; f s; / nkYk; Efh; n thhplk; bjhlh; g [ gzpahw;Wgtu;fs; Mth;;/ ,th;fs; bghUis th';f tpUk;g[k; epiyapy;
itj;jpUf;fkhl;lhh;fs;/ jtpu ,tu;fspd; bjhlu;g[ fPHf; z;ltw;wpy; kl;Lk; cs;s thof;ifahsh;fis th';Fk;goj; J}z;og; bghUis th';f
,Uf;Fk;/ mjhtJ fzpg;bghwp. ,ae;jpu';fs;. ntjpapay; bjhlh;ghd ntz;Lk; vd;w czh;it mth;fsplk; cUthf;Fgth;fs; Mtu;/ ,th;fisg;
bghUs;fs; kw;Wk; gy/ gaz tpw;gidahsh;fs; (Travelling Salesmen) vd;Wk; Fwpg;g pLtJz;L/
254 255
,th; f sJ gzp epWtdj; j pw; F cs; n s gzpahw; W k; tpw; g idg; Efu;nthupay;-tpsf;fk; (Concept of Consumerism)
gzpahsh;fspd; gzpia tplf; fodkhdJ/ vdnt. ,th;fSf;Ff;
cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;. tpw;gidahsu;fs; kw;Wk; nrit mspg;gtu;fs;
TLjyhd rk;gsKk;. tpw;gid mog;gilapy; fkp=Dk; tH';fg;gLfpd;wJ/
Efu;nthUf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bfhLf;fpd;wdu;/ ek;kpy; xt;bthUtUk;
,t;tif tpw;gidg; gzpahsh;fisa[k; ,uz;L tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;/ xU tpjj;jpy; Efu;nthnu/ jdp egu;fs;. FLk;g';fs;. epWtd';fs;.
1/ bghUl;fs; my;yJ gzpfis tpw;gid bra;;a[k; tpw;gidg; mikg;g[fs; jpde;njhWk; gy;ntW bghUl;fis Efu;fpd;wd/ gy;ntW
gzpahsu;fs;/ nritfisg; bgWfpd;wd/ eh';fs; c';fs; gog;g pw;fhf vGJnfhy;.
nehl;Lg; g[j;jf';fs;. ghlE}y;fs; nghd;w gytifg; bghUl;fis
2 tPL tPlhfr; brd;W typa tpw;gid bra;a[k; tpw;gidg;
th';Ffpd;wPu;fs;/ eP';fs; th';fpa xU Fau; nehl;Lg;g[j;jfj;jpy; 96
gzpahsh;fs;/
gf;f';fs; ,y;iy vd;gija[k; kw;Wk; vGJnfhy; ey;y juk; ,y;iy
IV. rpwg;g[g; bghUs; tpw;gidg; gzpahsh;fs; vd;gjida[k; mwpe;jpUf;fyhk;/ rpy gf;f';fs; tpLgl;oUf;fyhk; epahakhd
tpiy bfhLj;J th';fpa gpwF eP';fs; Vkhw;wg;gl;L mjdhy; mjpUg;jp
mjpf tpiya[s;s. mof;fo th';fg;glhj bghUl;fs;. tpiy
milatpy;iyah? ,aw;ifahy; (fhw;W. ePu;. kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsk;)
kjpg;gs
[ s; brhFR rhjdg; bghUl;fs; Mfpatw;iw tpw;gid bra;gth;fs;
njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;L gpwuhy; tpw;fg;gLk; my;yJ cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gl;L
rpwg;g[g; bghUs; tpw;gidg; gzpahsh;fs; vdg;gLth;/ bjhiyf;fhl;rp.
gpwuhy; tpw;fg;gLk; bghUl;fis gad;gLj;Jgtnu Efu;nthu; Mthu;/
thbdhyp. ,Urf;fu thfd';fs;. ehd;Frf;fu thfd';fs; nghd;wtw;iw
t';fp. nghf;Ftuj;J. fhg;gPL. gGJghu;j;jy; Mfpa nritfisg;
tpw;gid bra;tnj ,th;fsJ gzpahFk;/ ,g;bghUs;fisg; bgUk;ghYk;
bgWgtUk; Efu;nthu; Mthu;/ vGj;jstpy;. Efu;nthupd; jpUg;jpna
Efu;gtu;fs; thH;f;ifapy; xUKiw kl;Lnk th';Fth;/ mjdhy;.
j';fsJ Fwpf;nfhs; vdt[k; tpahghu epWtd';fs;. Efu;nthiu kd;du;
th';Fgth;fSk; jPu tprhhpj;J gyKiw nrhjid bra;J bghUis
vd;Wk;. tzpfu;fs; mtu;fSf;F nrit bra;J jpUg;jpaspf;f ntz;Lk;
th'; F th; / mjdhy; . ,j; j ifa bghUs; f is tpw; g id bra; a [ k ;
vdt[k; fUjg;gLfpwJ/ Mdhy;. eilKiwapy; gy tHpfspy; Efu;nthu;
tpw;gidahsh;fs; kpft[k; ftdkhft[k;. Kd;bdr;rhpf;ifa[lDk; ele;Jf;
Vkhw; w g; g l; L . bfhs; i saof; f g; g l; L Ruz; l g; g l; L tUfpwhu; f s; /
bfhs;tnjhL jpwikahf th';Fgth;fsplk; ngrp mth;fisf; fth;e;J.
,r;Ruz;lg;gLjy; jw;brayhfnth my;yJ ntz;Lbkd;nw eilbgWtjhf
mg;bghUis th';f ; ntz;Lk; vd;w Mtiy J}z;og; bghUis th';fr;
,Uf;fyhk;/
bra;a ntz;Lk;/ ,jw;F mrhj;jpakhd jpwik mtrpak;/
Efu; n thupay; -tiutpyf; f zk;
Efu;nthupay; (Consumerism)
gpypg;*; nfhl;yupd; Tw;Wg;go @Efu;nthupay; vd;gJ xU';fpize;j
njhw;wk; (Origin) Kaw;rpfs; kl;Lky;y. Mdhy; tpw;gidahsu; kPJ Efu;nthu; bfhz;Ls;s
cupikfisa[k.; mjpfhu';fisa[k; nkk;gLj;Jk; xU r|f ,af;fkhFk;@/
Efu;nthupay; vd;gJ rkPgfhyj;jpy; njhd;wpa tzpftpay;
nfhl;ghLfspy; xd;whFk;/ ,it Kjypy; nkw;fj;jpa ehLfspy;. Fwpg;ghf Efu;nthu; Ruz;lg;gLjy; (Consumer Exploitation)
mbkupf; f htpy; tzpfk; bra; g tu; f shy; 1960-y; eilKiwf; F f; fPH;f;fz;l gy tHpfspy; Efu;nthu; Ruz;lg;gLfpd;whu;fs;/
bfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ/ ,jDila Kf;fpa nehf;fk; Efu;nthu; bghUl;fs; mitfshtd ~
th';Fk;bghGJ gy tHpfspy; Ruz;lg;gLtij jLg;gjw;fhft[k.; nkYk;.
m/ mjpftpiyf; F tpw; w y;
Efu;nthupd; cupik kw;Wk; flikfisa[k; vLj;Jiug;gjw;fhft[k; ,J
bfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ/ bghUs; my;yJ nritapd; juk; kw;Wk; mstpw;F Vw;whw;nghy;
,y;yhJ tpw;gidahsu;fs; mjpf tpiyf;F tpw;fpwhu;fs;/ epahakhd
tpiyf;Fnky; bghUl;fs; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd/ re;ijapy; kpFjpahfg;

256 257
bghUl;fs; ,Uf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; Tl tpiynaw;wj;ij cz;lhf;Fk; c/ juf; F iwt[
nehf; f j; n jhL tpepnahfpg; g hsu; braw; i fg; gw; w hf; F iwia
Vw;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;/ ,jdhy;. Efu;nthu; jpwe;jbtspr; re;ijapy; bghUl;fs; fl;Lkk; bra;J Kj;jpiuaplg;gl;l bfhs;fyd;fisj; jpwe;jhy;
fpilf;fhkYk;. tpiynaw;wj;jhYk; Jd;gW [ fpd;whu;fs;/ mjpYs;s bghUl;fs; juk; Fiwe;jjhft[k.; bfl;Lg; nghdjhft[k; nkYk;
mjd; epfuvil bfhs;fydpy; Fwpg;g pl;l viliatplf; Fiwthf
M/ bghUs; ,lu;ghL
,Ug;gija[k; fhzyhk;/
nfL tpistpf;Fk; kw;Wk; jilbra;ag;gl;l kUe;Jfs;. nghJkhd
v/fh/
mst[ ghJfhg;gw;w kpd; rhjd';fs; re;ijapy; tpw;f
; g;gLfpd;wd/ ,itfs;
ghy;gt[lu;. bghl;ly';fs;. I*;fpuPk;. bea;. btz;bza; kw;Wk;
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Efu;nthUf;Ff; nfL kw;Wk; CW tpistpf;Fk;/
gw;gir nghd;witfs;/
v/fh/
nghJkhd mst[ ghJfhg;gw;w kpd; rhjd';fs; kpd; mjpu;rr
; pia C/ braw; i fg; gw; w hf; F iw
cUthf;Fk;/
ghy; tH';Fk; epiya';fs; Mfpatw;wpy; Kiwna ruf;F ,y;iy.
,/ fyg; g lk; kw;Wk; jpiumu';fk; epiwe;Js;sJ vDk; mwptpg;g[g; gyiffis ehk;
bghJthf czt[ bghUl; f spy; fyg; g lk; mjpfkhff; btspna fhz;fpd;nwhk;/ Mdhy; ghy; kw;Wk; jpiuau';F EiHt[r; rPlL
;
fhzg;gLfpwJ/ ,JbthU kd;dpf;f ,ayhj Fw;wkhFk;/ Efh;nthhpd; Mfpait btspna mjpf tpiyapy; fpilf;fpd;wd/
cly;epiyia ghjpf;fpwJ/ v/ bgha; tpsk; g u'; f s;
v/fh/
Efu;nthiu Vkhw;Wk; bghUl;L gy;ntW tpsk;gu';fspy; j';fs;
1/ 500fp/ bea;fydpy; 300fp/ td*;gjpia fye;J Rj;jkhdbea; bghUl;fisg; gw;wp cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; jpupj;Jk;. jtwhft[k; TWfpd;whu;fs;/
vdf;Fwpg;g pLtJ/
2/ 1 fpnyh rh;ff
; iu fl;Lkj;jpy; 970fp rh;fiuia epug;g p ,jd; epfuvil
xUfpnyh vdf;Fwpg;g pLtJ/ V/ cj;jputhjf; fhyj;jpy; nrit kWj;jy;
3/ 500fp/ vil cs;s kpsfha;j;J}s; fl;Lkj;jpy; 150fp/ vila[s;s ePoj;JiHf;Fk; bghUl;fshd bjhiyf;fhl;rpg; bgl;o. ryit
br';fy; bgho my;yJ kuj;J}is fyg;glk; bra;J Rj;jkhdJ vd ,ae;jpu';fs;. Fspu;rhjdg;bgl;ofs;. ,uz;L kw;Wk; ehd;F rf;fu
Fwpg;g pLjy;/ thfd';fs;. fhu;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;Ff; bfhs;Kjy; bra;j jpdj;jpy; ,Ue;J
4/ ghYld; ,urhadg; bghUl;fis fye;J nkYk; bts;is epwj;ijf; rpy Mz;LfSf;F ,ytr nrit cj;jputhjk; mspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ/
Tl;LtJ/ Mdhy; eilKiwapy; mw;g fhuz';fshy; ,ytr nrit kWf;fg;gLfpwJ/
cj;jputhjf; fhyj;jpy; mspf;fg;gl;l nritfSf;Fk; Efu;nthu;fsplkpUe;J
</ nghypfs;
fl;lzk; tNypf;fg;gl;Lr; Ruz;lg;gLfpwJ/
g pugykile; j bghUl; f Sf; F nghypfs; jahupf; f g; g l; L
tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd/ xt;bthU mry; cw;gj;jpg; bghUl;fSf;F nghyp I/ jFjpaw; w bghUl; f s;
cjpupghf';fs; kw;Wk; nghypj; Jizg;bghUl;fs; re;ijapy; fpilf;fpd;wd/
Efuj; jFjpaw;w bghUl;fs; re;ijapy; tpw;fg;gLtJ kl;Lkpd;wp
Efu;nthu; mrypy; ,Ue;J nghypia ntWgLj;j Koahj epiyapy;
cilahg; bghUl;fs; vd;W rhd;wspf;fg;gl;l bghUl;fs; cgnahfg;gLj;Jk;
cs;sdu;/ ,t;thW mtu;fs; Ruz;lg;gLfpwhu;fs;/
fhyj;jpy; cile;Jnghfpd;wd/
v/fh/
iff;fofhu';fs;. thfd cjpup ghf';fs;. mHF rhjdg;
bghUl;fs; kw;Wk; j';feif Mguz';fs;/
258 259
x/ kw; w itfs; vjpu;jJ
; Jtf;f fhyj;jpy; ,tu; nghuhodhu;/ ,jdhy;. midj;J nkiy
frpahJ vd;W rhd;wspf;fg;gl;l ghl;lupfs; frpfpd;wd/ ,uapy; ehLfspYk; Efu;nthu; ,af;fk; ed;F tsu;e;jJ/ gpupl;ld;. *;tPld;.
my;yJ tpkhd gazpapd; cWjp bra;ag;gl;l Kd; gjpt[ ,Uf;if filrp beju;yhe;J. bld;khu;f; kw;Wk; bfd;ah nghd;w ehLfspy; ,jw;fhff;
epkplg; gazneuj;jpy; kWf;fg;gLtjhy;. Efu;nthu; cly; uPjpahf kl;Lkpd;wp. fLikahd rl;l';fs; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sd/ I/eh (If;fpa ehLfs;)
kduPjpahft[k; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;/ t';fp CHpaupd; ftdf;Fiwt[ kw;Wk; bghJr;rig Efu;nthu; ghJfhg;g[ Fwpj;Jg; bghJ tHpKiwfis
myl;rpag; nghf;fpdhy; thof;ifahsupd; fzf;fpy; nghJkhd mst[ tFj;Js;sJ/
buhf;f ,Ug;g[ ,Ue;Jk; vt;tpjj; jFe;j fhuzkpd;wp mtUila ,e;jpahtpy; Efunthupaf;fk; (Consumerism in India)
fhnrhiyia kWj;jy;. mLf;Fkho tPlo ; y; FoapUg;nghu; Fwpg;g pl;l ehspy; ek; ehl;od; je;ij kfhj;khfhe;jp Efu;nthu; ghJfhg;ig
tPli; l mjDila cupikahsuplk; xg;gilf;fhky; ,Uj;jy;. fhyhtjpahd typa[Wj;jpdhu;/ mtu; Efu;nthiu mg;ghtp vdf;Fwpg;g pl;lhu;/ mtupd;
kUe;Jg; bghUl;fs; kUe;jf';fspy; tpw;wy;. m";ry; tHp thzpfj;jpy; rpwe;j Tw;W ,d;W epidt{l;lj; jFe;jJ/ @ek; tpahghu epiyaj;jpw;F
bghUl;fis khw;wp khjpup bghUl;fs; md;wp ntW bghUl;fis mDg;gj [ y;/ tUk; thof;ifahsu; xU kpf Kf;fpakhd tpUe;jhsp/ mtu; ek;ikr;
,t;thW ,tw;iwg; gw;wp mjpfkhd mstpy; ml;ltizg; rhu;e;jpUf;ftpy;iy/ ehk; jhd; mtiur; rhu;e;Js;nshk;/ ek;Kila
gLj; j pf; b fhz; n l nghfyhk; / Efu; n thu; rhu; g [ i lad vdf; tpahghuj;jpw;F mtu; btspahs; my;y. mtu; ek; tpahghuj;jpd; xU
Twg;gLtbjy;yhk; xU khia vd nkw;Twpait vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd/ gFjp/ ehk; mtUf;F nrit bra;tJ xU rYifahfhJ/ mtUf;F ehk;
mg;ghtp Efu;nthu;fshfpa ehk; Vkhw;Wk; tpahghupfsplkpUe;Jk;. nrit bra;a mtu; ekf;F xU tha;g;g pid mspf;fpd;whu;@/
cw;gj;jpahsu;fsplkpUe;Jk; ghJfhf;fg;glntz;Lk;/ tHf;Ffis tHf;fkhd
ek; ehl;oy; Efu;nthupaf;fk; jw;nghJ bkJthf tsu;e;J tUk;
eP j pkd; w j; j py; jhf; f y; bra; t J fhyjhkjk; MtJk; . mjpfr;
xU ,af;fkhFk;/ fhg;gPL. t';fpapay;. nghf;Ftuj;J. bjhiyj; bjhlu;g[
brytPdkhdjhft[k;. mjpf eilKiwr; rpf;fiy cUthf;Ftjhft[k;
nghd;w gzpfspy; murpd; Kd;Dupik kw;Wk; tpw;gidahsupd; re;ijahf
cs;sJ/ Efu;nthu;fshfpa ehk; xt;bthUtUk; VnjDk; xU ehs;.
,Uj;jny ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;/ kf;fspd; mwpahik. Mu;tkpd;ikna
VnjDk; xU tHpapy; ghjpf;fg;gLtjhy; ,r;Ruz;liy vjpu;j;J ehk;
Efu;nthu; tpHpg;g[zu;r;rpf; Fiwtpw;Ff; fhuzk;/ 1979-k; Mz;oy;
midtUk; xd;Wgl;L Xu; ,af;fj;ij cUthf;f ntz;Lk;/ mt;tpaf;fnk.
,e;jpahtpy; Efh;nthhpaf;fj;jpd; xU gFjpahf mfkjhghj;jpy; Efh;nthh;
Efu;nthu; ,af;fk; vd;wiHf;fg;Lfpd;wJ/
fy;tp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp r';fk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ/ Efh;nthh; j';fspd;
Efu; n thu; ,af; f k; njhw; w Kk; tsu; r ; r pa[ k ; bghWg;gf[ isa[k; chpikfisa[k; mwpatpy;iy/
Efu;nthupd; Ruz;lg;gLjy; kw;Wk; ,d;dy;fspd; tpisnt Efh;nthhpd; chpikfs; (Consumer Rights)
Efu;nthu; ,af;fk; njhd;wf; fhuzkhFk;/ Ruz;lypypUe;Jk; tzpff;
1/ bghUs;fspd; tpiy. juk;. Rj;jk;. Mf;fj;jd;ik. mst[jj
; d;ik
bfhLikfspypUe;Jk; ghJfhg;gg[ ; bgWjny Efu;nthupd; Fwpf;nfhshFk;/
,tw;iwg; gw;wpa tpgu';fisj; bjhpe;Jf; bfhs;sy;/
bghUl;fs; kw;Wk; tpw;gidahsu; kPjhd Efu;nthupd; cupikfisa[k;
2/ capUf;Fk;. clikf;Fk; CWtpistpf;Fk; bghUl;fis tpw;gid
mjpfhu';fisa[k; Efu;nthupd; eyd; fUjp ghJfhj;J epiyepWj;jny
bra;tij vjph;jJ
; ghJfhg;g[ bgWjy;/
,jd; Fwpf;nfhshFk;/
3/ epahakhd tpiyapy; gyjug;gl;l bghUl;fisg; bgWjy;/
bgupa epWtd';fspd; Kw;Wupik kw;Wk; epahakw;w tzpf
KiwnfLfis vjpu;j;Jg; nghuhLtjw;F mbkupf;fhtpy; @uhy;g; nelu;@ 4/ bghUl;fisf; ifahSjy;. gad;gLj;Jjy; Fwpj;J tptu';fis
(Ralph Nader) vd;gtu; Kd;ndhoahf ,Ue;jhu;/ mtu; Efu;nthu; mwpjy;/
,af;fj;jpd; je;ij vd fUjg;gLfpwhu;/ khRf;fl;Lg;ghL tpjpfisa[k;. 5/ epahakw;w kw;Wk; Vkhw;W th;j;jf KiwfspypUe;J ghJfhg;g[g;
ghJfhg;g[j; juj;jpida[k; kPwp bray;gl;l nkhl;lhu; thfdj; bjhHpiy bgWjy;/
260 261
6/ Efh;nthh; jk; fUj;jpidf; TWk; chpika[k; kw;Wk; Efh;nthhpd; tpw;gid Fwpj;Jg; gy rl;l';fis ,aw;wpa[s;sd/ ,r; rl;l';fs; fPnH
eyd; Kiwahf fUj;jpy; bfhs;sg;gLk; vd;W cWjp bgWk; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/
chpik/ m) 1930 - bghUl;fs; tpw;gidr; rl;lk;
7/ neh;ikaw;w tpahghhpfspd; Ruz;Ljy; kw;Wk; epahakw;w tzpf M) 1930 - Mgj;J tpistpf;Fk; kUe;Jr; rl;lk;
Kiwfis vjph;j;Jj; jPh;t[ fhZjy;/ ,) 1927 - tptrhag; bghUs; (juk;. tpw;gidr; rl;lk;)/
Kd;dhs; mbkhpf;f $dhjpgjp jpU/ $hd; vg;/ bfd;do Tw;Wg;go <) 1940 - kUe;J kw;Wk; mHF rhjdg; bghUl;fs; rl;lk;/
Efh;nthhpd; mog;gil chpikfshtd. mit ghJfhg;g[ chpik - c) 1950 - kUe;Jfs; fl;Lg;ghL rl;lk;
mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; chpik-njh;e;bjLf;Fk; chpik - fUj;Jf; TWk;
C) 1952 - ,e;jpaj; ju epWtdk; (milahsr; rhd;wpjH; rl;lk;
kw;Wk; nfl;Fk; chpik Mfpad/
jw;nghJ ,e;jpa juj; Jiw vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ)/
Efh;nthhpd; bghWg;g[fs; ( Responsibilities of Consumer)
v) 1954 - czt[f; fyg;glj; jLg;g[r; rl;lk;
1/ xg;ge;jg;go bghUSf;Fhpa tpiyia Efh;nthh; bfhLf;f ntz;Lk;/
V) 1955 - mj;jpahtrpa bghUl;fs; rl;lk;
2/ Efh;nthh; jhk; th';Fk; bghUl;fisj; jd;dplk; xg;gilf;FkhW
tpw;gidahsUf;Fj; bjhptpf;f ntz;Lk;/ Fwpj;j ehspy; Efh;nthh; I) 1958 - vil mst[ jur; rl;lk;
bghUl;fisg; bgw;Wf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ x) 1969 - Kw;Whpik fl;Lg;ghl;L tzpfKiwr; rl;lk;/
3/ xg;ge;jg;go Efh;nthh; bghUl;fis Vw;fhtpoDk; fhyk;jhH;jj
; pg; X) 1972 - thliff; bfhs;Kjy; rl;lk;
bghUl;fis Vw;Wf; bfhz;lhYk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; el;l';fSf;F Xs) 1975 - fl;Lkhdg; bghUl;fs; Miz/
Efh;nthnu bghWg;ghthh;/
,e;jr; rl;l';fs; VnjDk; xU tHpapy; FiwghL bfhz;lit/
4/ tpw;gidahsUf;Fg; gzk; brYj;jypy; fhyjhkjk; Vw;god;
Kd;dh; Fwpg;g pl;lthW gy tHpfspy; Efh;nthh; bjhlh;e;J Ruz;lg;gl;L
mjw;Fhpa rpwg;g[ el;l<Lk; tl;oa[k; bfhLf;f ntz;Lk;/
te;jdh;/ Efh;nthhpd; FiwfSk;. mjpUg;jpa[k; tsh;e;jd/ mth;fspd;
5/ Efh;nthh; cj;juthj ml;il. th';fpa bghUs; kPJ urPJ. bghUs; Fiwfs; tpiuthf epth;jj ; p bra;ag;gLtjw;F tYthd Vw;ghLk; epWtd
xg;gilg;g[ Mtzk; gzurPJ. ruf;F bfhz;Lbry;y rhd;wpjH; mikg;g[k; bgw;wpUf;ftpy;iy/ tYthd rpwe;j ,af;fk; ,y;yhikahy;
Kjypatw;iw nfl;Lg; bgwntz;Lk;/ Efh;nthh; jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;L mth;fspd; Fiwfs; tsh;ej ; d/
6/ bghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;nghJ mijg; gw;wpa Efh;nthh; kw;Wk; gy;ntW Efh;nthh; ghJfhg;g[ ,af;ff;
Kd;bdr;rhpf;iffisa[k.; gad;gLj;Jk; tHpKiwfisa[k; Efh;nthh; FGf;fspd; fl;lhaj;jpdhy; kj;jpa muR 1986-y; Efh;nthh; ghJfhg;gr
[ ;
gpd;gw;w ntz;Lk;/ rl;lk; vd;w tphpthd rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ/ 15/4/1987 Kjy; ,r;rl;lk;
7/ kUj;Jth; kw;Wk; bjhHpy; ty;Ydh;fspd; mwpt[Wj;jy;fis mkYf;F te;jJ/ ,r;rl;lk; 1993-y; nkYk; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ/ ,r;rl;lk;
Efh;nthh; Kiwahfg; gpd;gw;w ntz;Lk;/ ,d; W RUf; f khff; @nfhg; u h@ (COPRA-Consumer Protection Act)
,e; j pahtpy; Efh; n thh; rhh; e ; j rl; l '; f s; (Consumer vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/
Rights related Law in India) Efh;nthh; ghJfhg;g[ rl;lk; 1986 (rl;lk; vz; 68-1986)
1986-k; Mz;Lf;F Kd;dh; ,e;jpahtpy; kj;jpa. khepy muRfs; Efh;nthh; rr;rut[ kw;Wk; mJ Fwpj;j gpur;ridfisj; jPhg ; g
; jw;fhf
Kw;Whpik kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L tzpf Kiwfs;. mj;jpahtrpa bghUl;fs; Efh;nthh; ePjpkd;w';fs; kw;Wk; Efh;nthh; FGf;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd/
tpw;gid. fyg;glk;. rhpahd vilast[. kUe;J kw;Wk; ,ju bghUl;fs; Efh;nthhpd; eyd; nkYk; rpwe;j Kiwapy; ghJfhf;fg;glntz;Lk; vd;gJ
262 263
,r;rl;lj;jpd; Fwpf;nfhshFk;/ Efh;nthh; ghJfhg;g[r; rl;lk; kpft[k; njrpa mstpyhd ikaf; FG
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej
; J/ ,J g[jpjhf ,aw;wg;gl;L Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ/ ikaf; FG vd;wiHf;fg;gLk; kj;jpa Efu;nthu; ghJfhg;gf
[ ; FG
,J bghJj;Jiw. epjpj;Jiw. kw;Wk; Tl;Lwt[j; JiwfSf;Fk; bghUe;Jk;/ njrpa mstpy; bray;gLfpwJ/ Efu;nthupd; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;J
mz; i kapy; kUj; J tr; nritfSk; ,r; r l; l j; j pd; fP H ; f ; b fhz; L nkk;gLj;jny ikaf; FGtpd; Fwpf;nfhs;fshFk;/ mitahtd ~
tug;gl;Ls;sd/ Kd;dh; Fwpg;gpl;l rl;l';fspd; ruj;Jf;fnshL ,r;rl;lj;jpd; m) capUf;Fk; clikf;Fk; CW tpistpf;Fk; bghUl;fis tpw;gid
ruj;Jfs; midj;J bghUl;fSf;Fk;. nritfSf;Fk; bghUe;Jk;/ bra;tij vjpu;jJ
; g; ghJfhg;gg
[ ; bgWjy;/
1986-Efh;nthh; ghJfhg;g[r; rl;lk; Efh;nthUf;Fg; g[jpa M) epahakw;w tzpf KiwfspypUe;J Efu;nthiug; ghJfhf;Fk;
chpikfisnah. bghWg;gf [ f; isnah cUthf;ftpy;iy/ Mdhy;. kWgad; bghUl;L bghUspd; tpiy. juk;. Rj;jk;. Mf;fj;jd;ik.
bgw;W bghUl;fs; tpw;gid kw;Wk; nrit Vw;g[ fhuzkhf vGk; mst[jd;ik ,tw;iwg; gw;wpa tptu';fisj; bjupe;Jbfhs;Sk;
gpur; r pidfSf; F j; jP h ; t [ fhz xU g[ j pa mikg; i g mr; r l; l k; cupik/
Vw;gLj;jpa[s;sJ/ Efh;nthh; nfhUk; el;lbkd;gJ bghUl;fspy; cs;s ,) epahakhd tpiyapy; gyjug;gl;l bghUl;fisg; bgWk; cupik/
FiwghLfs; my;yJ nritfspy; Fiwt[ Mfpatw;wpd; mog;gilapy;
<) Efu;nthu; jk; fUj;jpidf; TWk; cupika[k.; Efu;nthupd; eyd;
Vw;gl;ljhf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;/
Kiwahff; fUj;jpy; bfhs;sg;gLk; vd;Wk; cWjpbgWk; cupika[k/;
Efh; n thh; - tiutpyf; f zk; c) neu;ikaw;w tpahghupfspd; Ruz;Ljy; kw;Wk; epahakw;w tzpf
1986 ,e;jpa Efh;nthh; ghJfhg;gr [ ; rl;lk; gphpt[ 2(I) (o)- d; go Kiwfis vjpu;j;J jPu;t[ fhZk; cupik/
@vtbuhUth; brhe;jg; gaDf;fhf kWgad; mspj;J ve;j bghUl;fisa[k;
C) Efu;nthu; tpHpg;g[zu;t[ bgWk; cupik/
th';Ffpwhnuh my;yJ ve;j nritiaa[k; Vw;fpwhnuh mtnu Efh;nthh;
Mthh;@/ brhe;j gaDf;fhf vt;tpjkhd gpd; brYj;Jk; Kiwapy; njrpaf; FGkk;
bghUl;fis th';fpdhnyh my;yJ nritfis Vw;Wf; bfhz;lhnyh.
,j;njrpa FGkk; Ie;J cWg;gpdu;fisf; bfhz;lJ (xU jiytu;
mtUk; Efh; n thuhf fUjg; g Lfpwhh; / Mdhy; bghUl; f is
kw;Wk; ehd;F cWg;g pdu;fs;)/ ,r;rl;lj;jpd;fPH; njrpa Efu;nthu; rr;rut[j;
kWtpw;gidf;fhfnth my;yJ ntW tzpf nehf;fj;jpw;fhfnth bgw;why;
jPut
; f
[ ; FGkk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ ,J nghy; ePjp ,ae;jpukhFk; njrpa
me;jegh; Efh;nthuhff; fUjg;glkhl;lhh;/ ,r;rl;lk; fPHf; f
; z;l brhw;fSf;F
mstpy; ,J cr;r mikg;ghFk;/
,yf;fzk; je;Js;sJ ~ g[fhh; bjhLg;gth;. bghUl;fs;. nrit. Efh;nthh;
rr;rut[ bghUspy; FiwghL. nritapy; Fiwt[. cw;gj;jpahsh;. tpahghhp. ika murhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; jiytu; cr;r ePjpkd;w jw;nghija
epahakw;w tzpf Kiw. khepyf; FGkk;. njrpaf; FGkk; nghd;witfs;/ my;yJ Xa;t[ bgw;w ePjpgjpahf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;/ kw;w ehd;F
v/fh/ cWg;g pdu;fSk; jpwik. ehzak;. kw;Wk; r|f kjpg;g[g; bgw;wtu;fshf
nrit vDk; brhy; t';fp. epjp epWtdk;. fhg;gPL. nghf;Ftuj;J. ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;/ ,tu;fs; epu;thfk;. bghJj;Jiw. bjhHpy; Jiw.
gjg;gLj;Jjy;. kpd; kw;Wk; gpw rf;jp mspg;g[ cztfk; kw;Wk; j';Fk; fzpjtpay;. rl;lk;. tzpftpay;. bghUspay; nghd;w Jiwfspy; nghjpa
tpLjp. nfspf;if kw;Wk; nrit Mfpaitfis cs;slf;fpaJ/ Mdhy; mwpt[ kw;Wk; mDgtk; bgw;wtu;fshf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;/ ,e;ehd;F
ve;j xU ,ytr nrita[k; ,jw;Fg; bghUe;jhJ/ cWg;g pdu;fspy; xUtuhtJ bgz; cWg;g pduhf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;/
bghUs; my;yJ nritapd; kjpg;g[ kw;Wk; nfhug;gLk; el;l <l;Lj;bjhifa[k;
Efu; n thu; ghJfhg; g [ FGf; f Sk; kd; w '; f Sk; Qgha; ,UgJ ,yl;rj;jpw;F nkw;gl;ljhf ,Ug;g pd; ,f;FGkj;jplk;
1986 Efu;nthu; ghJfhg;gr [ ; rl;lr; ruj;Jg;go Efu;nthu; FGf;fSk; Kiwaplyhk;/ khepyf; FGkj;jpd; Mizapd; kPjhd nky; KiwaPLfis
kw;Wk; njrpa. khepy kw;Wk; khtl;l mstpy; |d;wLf;F jPut ; [ kd;w';fshff; ,f;FGkk; Vw;f Koa[k;/ ,J gjpntLfis khepy FGkj;jplkpUe;J
bray;gLfpd;wd/ nfl;Lj; jFe;j Miziag; gpwg;g pf;Fk;/
264 265
khepy mstpy; khepy Efh;nthh; FG khepyf; FGkk; - khtl;l kd;wj;jpd; Kd; g[fhu; jhf;fy;
ika murpd; Fwpf;nfhs;fisg; gpd;gw;wp khepy muRfs; khepy bra; a f; filg; g pof; f ntz; o a eilKiwfs; ~
mstpy; khepy Efu;nthu; ghJfhg;g[f; FGf;fisa[k; khepy Efu;nthu; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Efu;nthu; my;yJ mtuJ mDkjp bgw;w Kftu;
gpur;ridj; jPu;t[f; FGk';fisa[k; epWtpa[s;sd/ khepyf; FGf;fs; g[fhu; kDit neupnyh my;yJ gjpt[j; jghypd; |ykhfnth jhf;fy;
Mnyhridf; FGf;fshfr; bray;gLfpd;wd/ bra;ayhk;/ rhjhuz btw;Wj;jhspy; Tl g[fhu; kDf;fs; vGjg;glyhk;/
khepy FGkk; bghUl;fs; my;yJ nritfspd; kjpg;g[ kw;Wk; el;l ePjpkd;wf; fl;lzk; brYj;jnth. Kj;;jpiuj; jhs; gad;gLj;jnth
<l;Lj; bjhif Qgha; Ie;J ,yl;rj;jpw;F nky; Qgha; 20 ,yl;rk; njitapy;iy/
tiua[s;s g[fhu; kDf;fis khepy FGkk; Vw;Fk;/ khepyj;jpYs;s ve;j Efu;nthu; fz;nzhl;lj;jpy; Efu;nthu; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tHf;F
khtl;l kd;wj;jpd; Mizapd; kPjhd nky; KiwaPLfis Vw;Fk;/ njitg;gLk; Fwpj;j gy;ntW epiyfs; gpd;tUkhW ~
gjpntLfisf; nfhup jFe;j Mizfisg; gpwg;g pf;Fk;/ khepyk; FG 1/ midj;Jj; njitahd rhd;Wfisa[k; nrfupj;Jj; jahuhf
|d;W cWg;g pdu;fisf; bfhz;lJ/ khepy murhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; ,jd; itj;jpUj;jy; ntz;Lk;/ Fw;w";rhl;LtJ kl;Lk; epQgzkhfhJ/ rpy
jiytu; cau;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahfnth my;yJ Xa;t[ bgw;w ePjpgjpahfnth Mtzr; rhd;Wfs; my;yJ rhl;rpfs; njit/
,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;/ kw;w ,U cWg;g pdu;fs; jpwik. ehzak;. r|fj;jpy;
2/ Fwpg;g pl;l tpgu';fs; ml';fpa. vGjg;gl;l g[fhu; kD nghJkhd
kjpg;g[ cilatuhf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;/ epu;thfk;. bghJj;Jiw[. bjhHpy;
efy;fSld; jhf;fy; bra;a ntz;Lk;/ Efu;nthu; g[fhu; kD jhf;fy;
Jiw. fzf;Fg;gjptpay;. rl;lk;. tzpftpay;. bghUspay; Mfpatw;wpy;
bra;tjw;F Kd;du; Efu;nthu; tpw;gidahsiu (vjpuhspia) mZfp
nghJkhd mwpt[ my;yJ mDgtk; bgw;wtuhf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;/
g[fhu; gw;wp mtUila fUj;jpid mwpayhk;/ Vbddpy;. khtl;l kd;wj;jpy;
cWg;g pdu;fspy; xUtu; bgz; cWg;g pduhf ,Uj;;jy; ntz;Lk;/
g[fhu; bra;tjw;F Kd;dnu gy neu';fspy; gpur;ridfs; jPuf ; f
; g;gLfpd;wd/
khtl; l kd; w k;
3/ xU egu; kw;wtUf;fhfr; bray;gLk;bghGJ me;eguplkpUe;J
khtl;l kd;wk; vd;w bgaupy; xt;bthU khtl;l mstpy; khepy Kftuhf gzpahw;w mDkjp bgw;wpUf;f ntz;Lk;/
muR Efu;nthu; rr;rut[j; jPu;t[ kd;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;JfpwJ/ khtl;l
4/ khtl;l kd;wj;jpypUe;J mwptpg;gg
[ ; bgw;W tprhuizf;F nehpy;
kd;wk; xU jiytiua[k; ,U cWg;g pdu;fia[k; bfhz;lJ/ mjd; jiytu;
tuntz;Lk;/
khtl;l ePjpgjpahfnth my;yJ Xa;t[ bgw;w khtl;l ePjpgjpahfnth. khtl;l
ePjpgjpf;fhd jFjp bgw;wtuhfnth ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/ cWg;g pdu;fs; 5/ vjpuhsp mwptpg;g[ bgw;w ehspypUe;J Kg;gJ ehl;fSf;Fs;
tzpftpay;. tu;j;jfk;. fy;tp nghd;w Jiwfspy; rpwe;;jtuhf ,Uj;jy; jd; vjpu; kDitj; jUthu;/ tha;jh xj;jpitf;ff; nfhupdhy; mJ
ntz;Lk;/ cWg;g pdu;fspy; xUtu; r|f nrtfpahf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/ Efu;nthuhy; vjpu;ff
; g;gl ntz;Lk;/ njitahdy; vjpu;kDtpw;Fg; gjpy;
khtl;l mstpyhd g[fhu; kDf;fis khtl;l kd;wk; Vw;Fk;/ bghUl;fspd; mspf;fntz;Lk;/
kjpg;g[ my;yJ nritfspd; kjpg;g[ kw;Wk; nfhUk; el;l <l;Lj;bjhif 6/ kW tha;jh jpdj;jpy; tHf;fhLjiyj; bjhlu;eJ
; (njitg;god;
Ie;J ,yl;rj;jpw;Fl;gl;L khtl;l mstpy; vGk; gpur;idfis khtl;l rhl;rpfs; bfhz;L tug;gLk;) FWf;F tprhuiza[k; elj;jyhk;/ ,Wjpahf
kd;wk; Vw;Fk;/ khtl;l kd;wk; khtl;lj; jiyefupy; mikf;fg;gLk;/ khtl;l kd;wk; jPu;g;ghiz gpwg;g pf;Fk;/ njitahdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;
khtl;l kd;wj;jpy; jug;gl;l g[fhu; kD kPJ vjpuhspf;F mwptpg;g[ khepyf; FGkj;jpw;F Fwpj;j fhyj;jpw;Fs; nky; KiwaPL bra;ayhk;/
fpilj;j ehspypUe;J 90 ehl;fSf;Fs; jPu;t[ fhzntz;Lk;/ bghUl;fs; g[fhu; kD fPHf
; z;l tpgu';fisg; bgw;wpUf;f ntz;Lk;/
nrhjid kw;Wk; gFg;gha;tf [ F
; l;gl;ljhapd; ,f;fhyf; bfL 150 ehl;fSf;F 1) g[fhupd; jd;ik[. tpguk; kw;Wk; tHf;Fj;bjhLg;gthpd; Kftup
ePl;of;fg;gLk; ,f;fhyf; bfL khepy kw;Wk; njrpaf; FGk';fSf;Fk;
2) mwpe;jtiuf;Fk; vjpuhspapd; my;yJ vjpuhspfspd; g[fhh; jd;ik
bghUe;Jk;/
tpguk; kw;Wk; Kftup
266 267
3) g[[fhu; v';F? vg;bghGJ? njhd;wpaJ vd;w tpgu';fs; khtl;l kd;wj;jpd; Mizf;Ff; fPH;g;glhtpoy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
4) g[fhiu epQgpf;ff;Toa Mtz';fs; jug;g pdUf;F mguhjk; my;yJ rpiwj;jz;lid my;yJ ,uz;Lnk
tpjpf;fg;gLk;/ fl;lzkpd;wp khtl;l kd;wj;jpd; jPu;g;ghiz kDjhuUf;F
5) kDjhuu; nfhUk; epthuzk;/
bjuptpf;fg;gLk;/ ,U jug;g pdupy; jpUg;jpailahj egu; khepyf; FGkj;jpw;F
6) kd;wj;jpy; rhd;whtz';fshf ,lhg;g[. gzurPJ. bghUs; nky;KiwaPL bra;a tHp cs;sJ/ mnjnghd;W khepyf; FGkj;jpd;
tpepnahfr; rP l ; L . cj; j puthj ml; i l kw; W k; midj; J Mizf;bfjpuhft[k; njrpaf;FGkj;jpy; nky; KiwaPL bra;a Koa[k;/
Mtz';fisa[k; ghu;itf;Fr; rku;gg ; pf;f ntz;Lk;/
1986-Efu; n thu; ghJfhg; g [ r ; rl; l j; j pd; ed; i kfs;
7) nkw;fz;litfnshL ifbahg;gkpl;l csg;g{ut
; cWjpr;rhd;wpjH;
Efu;nthu; ghJfhg;g[r; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l gpd;du; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
,izf;fg;glntz;Lk;/
Efu;nthu; fPH;f;fz;l tHpfspy; gad; milfpd;whu;/
gFg;gha;t[ kw;Wk; nrhjidf;Fl;gl ntz;oa bghUl;fshapd;
1) tHf;fkhd ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tHf;Fj; bjhluhky; Efu;nthu;
(vz;bza;. jhdpa';fs; nghd;w bghUl;fspy; fyg;glk; Fwpj;J) khtl;l
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tHf;Fj; bjhluyhk;/ gy;yhz;L epYitapy; cs;s
kd;wk; kDjhuiu ,U khjpupfisf; bfhLf;f cj;jutpLk;/ tpjpfspd;go
tHf;Ffspdhy; tHf;fkhd ePjpkd;w';fspd; Rik mjpfkhf cs;sJ/
khjpup bghUl;fspd; fl;Lkhd Kiwapid khtl;l kd;wj;jpw;F bjspth
tHf;fkhd ePjp kd;w';fspy; bghJthf tHf;fwp"upd; gzpapid xUtu;
bjhptpf;f ntz;Lk;/ khtl;l kd;wk; ,k;khjpupfspy; xd;iwj; jFe;j
Vw;f ntz;oa[s;sJ/ Mdhy; Efu;nthu; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; kDjhuu;fns
nrhjidf; Tlj;jpw;F mDg;g p itf;Fk;/
tHf;fhlyhk;/
kDjhunuh my;yJ mtupd; Kftnuh Fwpj;j tha;jh ehspy; 2) Efu;nthu; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tHf;Ffs; jd;ikf;Fj; jFe;jthW
khtl;l kd;wj;jpy; M$uhf ntz;Lk;/ Fwpj;j tha;jh ehspy; kDjhuUk; 90 my;yJ 150 ehl;fSf;Fs; jPuf ; f
; g;gLfpd;wd/ tHf;fkhd ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
vjpuhspa[k; M$uhf ntz;oaJ mtu;fsJ flik/ ,U jug;g pdupy; fhyk; jhH;jJ ; k; tHp Kiwfspdhy; tHf;FfSf;Fg; gy;yhz;Lfs; fHpj;Jj;
xUtu; M$uhfj; jtwpdhYk; kDj; js;Sgor; bra;ag;glnth. my;yJ jPug
; g
; spf;fg;gLfpd;wd/
jFjp mog;gilapy; jPug
; g
; spf;fg;glnth ,aYk;/
3) Efu;nthu; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;a Kj;jpiuf;
,U jug;g pdiua[k; tprhuiz bra;J khtl;l kd;wk; jFe;j fl;lzk; brYj;j ntz;oajpy;iy/ rhjhuzf; fhfpjj;jpYk; tHf;ifj;
Miziag; gpwg;g pf;Fk;/ Miz fPH;f;fz;ltw;wpy; VnjDk; xd;whf jhf;fy; bra;ayhk;/
,Uf;fhyk;/
4) Efu;nthu; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; kDjhuu; rpf;fyhd tHpKiwfisg;
m) bghUl;fspy; cs;s Fiwfis eptu;j;jp bra;jy; gpd;gw;w ntz;oajpy;iy/ RU';ff;Twpd;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l Efu;nthu;
M) bghUis khw;wpf; bfhLf;f cj;jutply; tpiuthft[k; kpff; Fiwe;j brytpYk; vspjhd eilKiwapYk; ePjp
,) bgw;w bjhifiaj; jpUg;g pf; bfhLf;f cj;jutply; bgWfpwhu;/

<) ve;j el;lj;ija[k; <L bra;a gy tHf;Ffspy; njrpaf;FGkk;. khepyf; FGk';fs; kw;Wk; khtl;l
kd;w';fspd; jPu;g;g[fis mog;gilahff; bfhz;L moj;js Efu;nthu;
c) epahakw;w tzpf Kiwfis epWj;j
ePjpkd;w';fs; (khtl;l kd;wk;. khepy FGkk;) tHf;Ffisj; jPuk
; hdpf;fpd;wd/
C) nfL tpistpf;Fk; bghUl;fis tpw;gija[k; nritfisa[k; ,jdhy; jPug ; g; f
[ s; tpiuthf tH';fg;gLfpd;wd/
jLj;jy;
jkpH; e hl; o y; Efu; n thu; ,af; f k;
v) kDjhuu; my;yJ mtupd; vjpuhspf;F tHf;F rhu;e;j kw;Wk;
,ju bryt[fisf; bfhLf;f/ kj;jpa murpdhy; 1986-Efu;nthu; ghJfhg;gr
[ ; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lgpd;
ekJ jkpHf muR 1988-y; ,r;rl;lj;ij mkyhf;fp ,jd; fPH; njitahd
268 269
tpjpfisa[k; Vw;gLj;jpaJ/ khepyf; FGkj;ija[k.; khtl;l kd;w';fisa[k; g';fhw;Wfpd;wd/ cyf. njrpa. khepy kw;Wk; khtl;l epiyfspy; gy
Vw;gLj;jpaJ/ Efu;nthu; ,af;fk; ed;F tsu;r;rp bgw midj;J jd;dpr;ir mikg;gf
[ s; cs;sd/
cjtpfisa[ k ; bra; J tUfpwJ/ ,d; W midj; J khtl; l j; cyf mstpy; @gd;dhl;L Efh;nthh; mikg;g[f;FG@ (The
jiyikapl';fspYk; khtl;l Efu;nthu; kd;w';fs; ,a';fp tUfpd;wd/ International organization of Consumers Union) gd;dhl;L Efh;nthh;
Efhu; n thu; ghJfhg; g py; murpd; g'; F (Consumer International) cs;sJ/ @fd;Na[ku; ,z;lu;nerdy;@ vd;w muR
1) Efu;nthu; ePjpkd;w';fspd; gzpfisr; rpwg;g[wr; bra;af; rhuh mikg;g[ xd;W tsh;e;J cyf mstpy; cs;s midj;J muR
FGkk; kw;Wk; kd;w';fspd; ePjpj;Jiw rhuh cWg;g pdu;fSf;F muR rhuh mikg;gf [ spd; ika mikg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpwJ/
gapw;rp tFg;g[fis elj;jp tUfpwJ/ ,e; j pahtpy; rpy jd; d pr; i r mikg; g [ f shtd
2) Efu;nthu; eyepjp xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ Efu;nthu; 1) @,e;jpa Efh;nthh; tHpfhl;or;r';fk;@ vd;w ,yhg nehf;fkw;w
czu;tpid Vw;gLj;Jk; gy;ntW Efu;nthu; mikg;g[fSf;F epjpcjtp kw;Wk; murpay; rhuh mikg;g[ 1966-y; epWtg;gl;lJ/ ,t;tikg;g[
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/ xU rpy r|f nrtfu;fshYk; xd;gJ ,y;yj;jurpfshYk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ/ ,t;tikg;g[ ,e;jpahtpy; Efu;nthupaf;fj;jpd;
3) fpuhkg;g[w Efu;nthu;f; Tl;Lwt[r; r';f';fisa[k; bghJ
Kd;ndhoahf tps';FfpwJ/ ,d;W ehbl';fpYk; ,t;tikg;g[
tpepnahf Kiwfisa[k; muR tYg;gLj;JfpwJ/
gutpa[ s ; s J/ ,t; t ikg; g [ gy fpisfisa[ k ; Ma[ l ; f hy
4) Efu;nthu; ePjpkd;w';fspd; Rikapidf; Fiwf;Fk; tifapy; cWg;gpdu;fisa[k.; rhjhuz cWg;g pdu;fisa[k; bfhz;Ls;sJ/
rr;rut[fisj; jPug
; g
; jw;fhfj; jd;dpr;ir Efu;nthu; mikg;gf
[ s; tsu;tij
2) Efh;nthh; fy;tp kw;Wk; Muha;rr ; p fHfk;. mfkhjhghj; (Consumer
muR Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ/
Education and Research Society, Ahmedabad)
5) xt;bthU Mz;Lk; khu;r; 15-k; ehs; Efu;nthu; ghJfhg;g[ 3) eltof;i
; ff;FG. brd;id
jpdkhf mDrupf;fg;gl;L bghJkf;fSf;Fupa cupikfSk;. bghWg;gf [ Sk;
4) jkpH;ehL Efh;nthh; mikg;gf
[ spd; Tl;Lf;FG. brd;id
g[fl;lg;gLfpd;wd/
5) jkpH;ehL Efh;nthh; ghJfhg;gf
[ F
; G. jpUr;rp
6) njrpa Efu;nthu; mYty; epWtdk; mikf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ/
6) bghJf; fhuz mikg;g[ (Common Cause). g[Jbly;yp
7) ,e;jpa Efu;nthu; Tl;likg;g[ xd;Wk; cs;sJ
7) jkpH;ehL thof;;ifahsh; kw;Wk; eyf;FG. nryk;
8) ika muR. Efu;nthu; mYty;fSf;fhfj; jdpahf mikr;rufk;
,j;jd;dpr;ir mikg;g[fspd; g';Fk; gzpfSk; Xustpw;F xnu
xd;iw Vw;gLj;j cs;sJ/
khjpupahdit/ mitahtd ~
Efu;nthupaf;fj;jpy; jd;dpr;ir mikg;g[f;fspd; g';F
1) Efu; n thu; tHpfhl; l y; ;
,JfhWk; Efu;nthu; ghJfhg;gr[ ; rl;lj;jpidg; gw;wpa[k; Efu;nthupd;
eyd;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; bghUl;L muR vLj;Js;s eltof;iffisg; bghUl; f hl; r pfs; . Tl; l '; f s; . bray; K iwg; ga pw; r pfs;
gw;wpa[k; tpupthf tpsf;fpndhk;/ murhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;l';fSk; tpjpfs; bjhiyf;fhl;rp kw;Wk; thbdhyp tHpahf Efu;nthupilna tpHpg;gz [ u;it
kw;Wk; eilKiwfSk; Xust[fF ; j;jhd; Efu;nthUf;F cjt Koa[k/; ehk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd/ r|f mikg;g[fs;. khju; kd;w';fs;. khztu;
midtUk; Efu;nthu;fs; vd;w fl;likg;g pw;Fs; jd;dpr;riahf ,ize;J Tl;l';fspilna Efu;nthu; ,af;fj;ijg; gw;wp tpsf;Ffpd;wd/
xU khbgUk; ,af;fkhfr; bray;gl ntz;Lk;/ mg;bghGJjhd; Efu;nthu; 2) Efu; n thu; fy; t p
,af;fKk; kw;Wk; Efu;nthu; ghJfhg;g[k; Xu; cz;ikr; NHiy mila[k;/ Efu;nthu;fSf;F mwpt{l;l gUt ,jH;fis btspapLfpd;wd/
,e;j ,Wjpf; Fwpf;nfhspid miljypy; jd;dpr;ir mikg;gf [ s; Kf;fpag;
gy jpl;l';fs; |ykhf Fiwe;j tUkhdKs;s kf;fSf;Fg; gapw;rp bgw;w
270 271
r|f nrtfu;fs; mwpt{lL; fpd;wdu;/ neu;ikaw;w tpahghupfspd; FWf;F Vw;wJ/ capu;fhf;Fk; kUe;JfSk;. kUj;Jtj; Jiwapd; Kd;ndw;wKk;
tHpKiwfs; btspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd/ Efu;nthupd; th';Fk; rf;jp. ehzak;. xUtupd; ,wg;g pidf; fhyk; jhH;j;jKoa[khjyhy;. ,wg;g pd; fhuznk
jpUg;jp Kjypait cau;jj; g;gLfpd;wd/ Kf;fpakhd mk;rk; vdt[k; ,wg;g pd; fhyf; bfLitf; fUj;jpy; bfhs;s
3) Efu; n thu; rhu; g hf vLj; J f; Twj; j f; f it ntz;oajpy;iy vdt[k; cr;rePjpkd;wk; TwpaJ/ ,t;tHf;fpy; btw;wpapd;
|yk; ,g;bghGJ eha;fo tpgj;J |yk; ,wf;Fk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd
,j; jd;dpr;ir r';f';fs; mwpt[Wj;Jk; mikg;g[fshd ikaf;
ghjpf;fg;gl;nlhupd; FLk;g';fs; fhg;gPl;Lg; gad;fisg; bgwKofpwJ/
FG. khepyf; FG nghd;wtw;wpy; Efu;nthu; rhu;ghfg; gzpahw;Wfpd;wd/
jhuhskakhf;fg;gl;l bghUshjhuf; bfhs;ifapd; fhuzkhfg; gd;dhl;L
ghuSkd;wk; kw;Wk; rl;lrigfspd; cWg;g pdu;fs; |yk; Efu;nthUf;F
tzpf epWtd';fs; ,e;jpahtpy; EiHe;Js;sd/ mtw;wpy; rpy Efu;nthiu
Mjuthf ,t;tikg;gf [ s; Fuy; bfhLf;fpd;wd/
Ruz;Lk; nehf;fj;njhL epahakw;w tzpfKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wf; TLk;/
Efu; n thu; ghJfhg; g [ FG vdnt ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Efu;nthuhfpa ehk; tpHpg;g[zu;t[ld; ,Uj;jy;
Efu;nthupd; Fiwfisf; ftdkhff; nfl;Fk; xU mikg;ghf ntz;Lk;/
cs;sd/ cw;gj;jpahsu;. tpepnahfpg;ghsu;. filf;fhuu; Mfpnahu; kPJ Efu;nthu; fy;tpapay; Kiwrhuh fy;tp Kiwapd; xU m';fkhf
jhf;fPJ bra;ag;gLk;. g[fhu; kDf;fis tprhupf;fpd;wd/ Efu;nthu;ff
; hd. tps';FfpwJ/ ,e;jpuhfhe;j ; p njrpa jpwe;jbtspg; gy;fiyf;fHfk; m";ry;
Efu;nthu; kw;Wk; tHf;fkhd ePjpkd;w';fspd; bghJey tHf;Ffisj; tHpf; fy;tp |ykhf rhd;wpjH; kw;Wk; gl;lg; gog;gf [ is elj;jp tUfpwJ/
bjhLf;fpd;wd/ eP';fs; Vd; ,k;khjpupg; gog;g[fspy; nruf; TlhJ? c';fis Vd; jFjp
Efu; n thu; jLg; g [ tha; e ; j Efu; n thuhf cUthf; f pf; bfhs; s f; T lhJ? c'; f s;
cupikfisa[k; bghWg;gf [ isa[k; czu;eJ ; rKjhaj;jpy; tpHpg;gz
[ u;rr
; pia
,e;jpa Rnjrp ,af;fj;jpd; mog;gilapy; xU tYthd Efu;nthu;
Vw; g Lj; j pf; bfhz; L bra; a f; T lhJ? cs; S u; bgupnahu; f is
jLg;g[ ,af;fj;ij cUthf;fp tUfpd;wd/ VnjDk;. xU fhuzj;jpdhy;
tHpfhl;oahff; bfhz;L c';fs; Cupy; jd;dpr;irahf Efu;nthu;
tpw;gidapypUe;J jLf;fg;gl ntz;oa bghUl;fisg; gl;oaypl;L
mikg;g[fis mikf;f Vd; Kaw;rp bra;af;TlhJ?
Rw;wwpf;if |yk; bghJ kf;fSf;Fj; bjuptpf;fpd;wd/ ,j;jd;dpr;ir
mikg;gf [ s; kpfr; rpwe;j gyd;fisg; bgw;Ws;sd/ Efu;nthupd; rhu;ghf
Efu; n thu; ePjpkd; w '; f spy; E}w; W f; f zf; f hd tHf; F fspy;
btw;wpaile;Js;sd/ nritapy; Fiwt[ vd;gJ Fwpj;J Ritahd tHf;F
xd;wpid vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; bfhs;nthk;/
rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; eha;foahy; Fwpj;j Ritahd tHf;F
xd;W mfkjhghj;jpYs;s Efu;nthu; fy;tp kw;Wk; Muha;rr ; p ikaj;jpdhy;
,e;jpa Ma[s; fhg;gPl;Lf; fHfj;jpw;F vjpuhf cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy;
bjhLf;fg;gl;lJ/ jpl;lhtzj;jpy; Fwpj;j fhyf;bfLthd 90 ehl;fSf;Fg;
gpd;du; tpgj;Jf;fspdhy; kuzkila[k; fhg;gPL bgWeUf;F tH';fg;gLk;
el;l<l;Lj;bjhif Fwpj;J. ,t;tHf;fpd; jPu;g;g[ xU iky;fy;yhf
tps';FfpwJ/ eha;ff ; oapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l xUtu; 92 ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd;du;
,we;jhu;/ ,e;jpa Ma[s; fhg;gPlL
; f; fHfk; (LIC) fhg;gPL bgWehpd; ,wg;g[
Fwpg;g pl;l fhyf; bfLtpw;Fg; gpd;du; vw;gl;lJ vd;gjidf; fhuzk;
fhl;o mtupd; nfhUupikia epuhfupj;jJ/ cr;rePjpkd;wk; ,f;nfhUupikia

272 273
 tpdhf; f s; 8/ 1986 Efu;nthh; ghJfhg;gr
[ ; rl;lk; mKyhf;fg;gl;l ehs;
I rupahd tpilia nju; e ; b jLf; f t[ k ; m/ 1/1/86 M/ 1/4/86
1/ Efu;nthupay; vd;w brhy; ve;j Mz;oy; ,Ue;J tHf;fj;jpy; ,/ 15/4/87 </ 15/4/90
cs;sJ/ rupahd tpilfs;
m/ 1958 M/ 1954 ,/ 1957 </ 1960 1/ < 2/ m 3/ , 4/ m
2/ Efu;nthupaypd; je;ij vd fUjg;gLgtu; ahu;? 5/ < 6/ m 7/ c 8/ ,
m/ uhy;g; nelu; M/ kfhj;kh fhe;jp
,/ jpU/$hd; vg;/bfd;do </ &$; - g*; f ph; f ; kw; W k; II/ nfhol;l ,l';fis epug;g[f
n$k;*;
1/ tpw;ghz;ik vd;gJ jpwikia mog;gilahff; bfhz;L
3/ Efu; n thu; ghJfhg; g [ j ; jpUj; j r; rl; l k; ,aw; w g; g l; l ,Ue;J Mf khw;WtJ/
Mz;L
2/ tpw;ghz;ik vd;gJ . ,UtUf;fpilna bjhlu;ig
m/ 1994 M/ 1990 ,/ 1993 </ 1988/ cz;lhf;FtJ/
4/ njrpaf; FGkk; - khepyf; FGkk; - khtl;l kd;wk; ,tw;wpy; 3/ ve;j xU bghUSk; brd;wiltjw;F Kd;dh; tHpfs; flf;f
cs;s cWg;g pdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if ntz;Lk;/
m/ 3/3/5 M/ 3/3/3/ ,/ 1/3/5 </ 3/2/4/ 4/ bghUl;fspd; tpw;gidr; rl;lk; mKyhf;fg;gl;l Mz;L /
5/ fPH;tUk; ehd;fpy; vJ Efu;nthu; bjhlu;ghd rl;lj;ijf; 5/ ehs; xt; b thU Mz; L k; Efu; n thh; ehshf
bfhz;lJ? bfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ/
m/ ,e;jpa epWk';fs; rl;lk; 1956 M/ Tl;lhz;ik rl;lk; 1932 6/ xt;bthU epkplKk; Efu;nthh; t[ld; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/
,/ ,e;jpa tUkhdtupr; rl;lk; 1961 </ thlif bfhs;Kjy;
7/ Efu;nthh; nfhUk; el;lk; nritapy; Vw;gl;ljdhy; tpisa[k;
rl;lk;-1972
el;lkhf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;/
6/ kd;wk; - FGkj;jpd; Mizia kPwpdhy; jz;lid
8/ njrpa FGkk; xU jiytiua[k; cWg;g pdh;fisa[k;
m/ mguhjk; (m) rpiw jz;lid my;yJ ,uz;Lk; bfhz;lJ/
M/ |d;W tUlk; tiu rpiw jz;lid 9/ bghJthf ehl;fspy; Efu;nthh; kd;w';fspy; tHf;Ffs;
,/ mguhjk; Qgha; 50.000 tiu jPh;t[ fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ nrhjid kw;Wk; bjupt[ nghd;w
</ Qgha; 15.000 tiu mguhjk; fhuz';fshy; ehl;fspy; jPh;t[ fhzg;gLk;/
7/ mbkupf;fhtpd; Kd;dhs; $dhjpgjp jpU/$hd; vg;/bfd;do rupahd tpilfs;
Tw;wpd;go Efh;nthupd; cupikfs; vd;gJ 1/ kdpjdpd; njitapy;. tpUg;gkhf 6/ tpHpg;g[ld;
m/ ghJfhg;g[ cupik M/ mwpe;Jbfhs;Sk; cupik 2/tpw;gidahsh;. th;Fgth; 7/ gw;whf;Fiw
,/ njh;eb
; jLf;Fk; cupik </ fUj;Jf;TWk; cupik 3/Efh;nthiu 8/ ehd;F
c/ nkny cs;s ehd;Fk; 4/1930 9/ 90. 150
5/ 15 khh;r;
274 275
bghUj; J f 3/ ,e;jpahtpy; Efu;nthupaypd; njhw;wk; kw;Wk; tsu;rr
; pia tptupj;J
vGJf/
1/ kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; Tw;W - 1) ,e;jpah Efu;nthh; tHpfhl;ly;
r';fk; 4/ Efu;nthh; rhu;ej
; rl;l';fs; ahit?
5/ Efu;nthh; ghJfhg;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; (1986) jdpj;jd;ikfis
2/ Efu;nthh; rl;lk; - 2) uhy;g; nelh; vLj;Jiuf;f/
3/ Efu;nthh; jd;dhu;t ,af;fk; - 3) khepy Efu;nthh; Fiw jPu;f;Fk; 6/ jkpH;ehl;oy; Efu;nthh; ,af;fk; - tpupthf vLj;Jiuf;f/
FGkk; 7/ vt;thW Efu;nthh; ghJfhg;g[r; rl;lk; Efu;nthUf;F cjtp
4/ Efu;nthupd; je;ij 1930 - 4) tpw;gid bghUl;fspd; rl;lk; bra;fpwJ ?
5/ rl;lKiw rhu;e;j Efu;nthu; - 5) Efu;nthu; vd;gth;
,af;fk; bghUl;fis th';Fgth; V fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;
rupahd gjpy; f s; 1/ Efh;nthupd; cupik kw;Wk; flikfis tptup/
1 (5) 2 (4) 3(1) 4(2) 5(3) 2/ Efu;nthh; ghJfhg;g[ rl;lj;jpd; mikg;ig tptup/
3/ khtl;l FGkk;-khepy FGkk; ,tw;wpy; Fiw bjuptpf;Fk; Kd;du;
III rpW tpdhf;fs; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; tHpKiwfis tpsf;Ff/
1/ Efu;nthu; ,af;;fk; vd;w brhy;iy tpsf;Ff? 4/ Efu;nthu; ,af;fj;jpy; jd;dhu;t[ bjhz;L epWtd';fspd; g';if
tptup/
2/ Efu;nthu; vd;w brhy;iy tpsf;Ff ?
5/ Efu;nthh; ghJfhg;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; jdpj;jd;ikfis tptukhf
3/ jpU/$hd; vg;/ bfd;doapd; Tw;Wg;go Efu;nthupd; cupikfs;
vLj;Jiu/
ahJ?
4/ njrpa FGkk; rpW Fwpg;g[ jUf/
5/ jkpH; ehl;oy; Efu;nthu; ,af;fk;-rpW Fwpg;g[ jUf/
6/ tpw;ghz;ik - tiutpyf;fzk; jUf/
7/ tpw;ghz;ikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff/
8/ rpy;yiw tpw;gidahsupd; tiffis tpsf;Ff/
9/ jdpahs; tpw;gid kw;Wk; tpw;ghz;ikia ntWgLj;Jf/
10/ khepy FGkk; rpW Fwpg;g[ jUf/

IV bgUtpdhf;fs;
1/ tpw;ghz;ikapd; tiffis TWf/
2/ Efu;nthupay; tiutpyf;fzk; jUf? kw;Wk; Efu;nthu; vt;thW
Ruz;lg;gLfpwhh;fs; vd;gij cjhuzj;Jld; tptup/

276 277
 BIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES
1. Essentials of Commerce
- Dr.O.R. Krishnaswamy
2. Principles and Practice of commerce 15. Business Organisation & Management
- R.K. Sharma, Shashi K.Gupta, Arunmehra - Prof.Sohrab R.Deva
3. Business and Society 16. A Text Book of Marketing
- K.V.Sundaram, Balagangadharan - Prof.M.S.Arockiasamy
4. Elements of Commerce 17. Electronic Commerce
- J.C. Sinha - Gary P.Schneider & James T. Perry.
5. Organisation of Commerce 18. International Business
- S.A.Sherleker & Dr. P.C. Shejwalkar - 2nd Edition - Francis Cherunilam Wheeler
6. Principles and practice of Commerce Plushing, New Delhi.
- J. Stephenson 19. Global Marketing Management
7. Elements of Commerce - S.A. Sherlekar & V.S. Sherlekar, Himalaya
- S.S.Gulshan & M.P.Gupta Publishing House - New Delhi
8. Salesmanship & Publicity 20. Business Organisation
- Dr.M.M. Varma & R.K.Aggarwal - Principles & Practice J.C. Katyal,
9. Modern Marketing R.K.Sharma, Shasi Gupta
- S.A.Sherlekar Kalyani Publications - New Delhi
10. Marketing Salesmanship & Advertising
- M.S.Ramaswamy
11. Principles of Marketing & Salesmanship
- J.C.Sinha
12. Fundamentals of Business Organisation & Management
- Y.K. Bhushan
13. Principles and Practice of Marketing in India
- C.B. Manoria & R.L.Joshi
14. Fundamentals of Selling
- R.G.Walters & John W.Wingate

278 279
21. Indian Economy
- S.Sankaran - margham Publicaitons - Chennai.
22. Money, Banking International Trade and Public Finance.
- T.T. Sethi
23. Marketing Management
- T.Subbi Reddy
24. Marketing
- Rajan Nair
25. Modern Marketing Principles and Practice
- R.S.N.PILLAI, Bagavathi.
26. Website - Tnwarehouse
27. Indian Financial System & Commerical Banking
- P.N.Varshney
28. Elements of Commerce - Surajit Sengupta M.A

280