Euromet Em-S11

NPL REPORT
TQE4
EUROMET Projects 473 and

612: Comparison of the
measurement of current
transformers (CTs)
EUROMET.EM-S11 Final report
Stuart Harmon
Lesley Henderson
NOT RESTRICTED
MARCH 2009
NPL Report TQE4
EUROMET Projects 473 and 612:

Comparison of the measurement of
current transformers (CTs)
Stuart Harmon and Lesley Henderson

Industry and Innovation Division
ABSTRACT
The Euromet comparison titled “Comparison of the measurement of current
transformers” was carried out over two projects with NPL as pilot laboratory and
thirteen other participating European National Measurement Institutes (NMI). Current
transformer measurements made by the participating NMIs support a large number of
measurements made in the electrical generation, supply and distribution industries in
their own countries. They also support many transformer manufacturers who rely on
national standards as a source of traceability.
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NPL Report TQE4
 Crown copyright 2009

Reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO
and Queen's Printer for Scotland
ISSN 1754-2995
National Physical Laboratory

Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW
Extracts from this report may be reproduced provided the source is acknowledged and
the extract is not taken out of context.
Approved on behalf of the Managing Director, NPL

by Dr J T Janssen, Knowledge Leader, Time, Quantum and Electromagnetics Team
Authorised by Director, Industry and Innovation Division
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NPL Report TQE4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction.......................................................................................................................4
Participants........................................................................................................................5
Transfer standard ..............................................................................................................6
Measurements ...................................................................................................................6
Symbols and definitions....................................................................................................6
Measurement conditions and methods..............................................................................7
Traceability .......................................................................................................................8
Transfer standard behaviour .............................................................................................8
Sample uncertainty budget................................................................................................9
Comparison reference value ...........................................................................................11
Results.............................................................................................................................13
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................47
References.......................................................................................................................49
APPENDIX 1: Types of standard used in comparison...................................................50
APPENDIX 2: Measurement methods ...........................................................................51
APPENDIX 3: BNM-LCIE Results ...............................................................................53
APPENDIX 4: Amended uncertainty values from VMT/VMC.....................................54
APPENDIX 5: Sample uncertainty budgets ...................................................................55
Introduction
The Euromet comparison titled “Comparison of the measurement of current

transformers” was carried out over two projects with NPL as pilot laboratory. Project
473 started in April 1999, with ten other participating European National Measurement
Institutes (NMI) and project 612 started in January 2001 with a further three European
NMIs.
Current transformer measurements made by the participating NMIs support a large

number of measurements made in the electrical generation, supply and distribution
industries in their own countries. They also support many transformer manufacturers
who rely on national standards as a source of traceability. The current (ratio) errors and
phase displacement of each ratio of the uncompensated current transformer transfer
standard were determined at a defined frequency, burden and power factor, using each
participant’s standard measuring method and equipment.
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NPL Report TQE4
Participants
Pilot laboratory:
L Henderson, S Harmon, A Wheaton, NPL, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington,
United Kingdom
Project 473 participants and affiliation in order of transfer standard circulation:
A Bergmann, E Joons, SP, Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, Borås,
Sweden
A Deffrennes, W Vancoetsem, G Vandermeersch, LBE, Laborelec, Linkebeek,

Belgium
H Latzel, G Roeissle, PTB, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig,

Germany
B Pączek, GUM, Central Office of Measures, Warsaw, Poland
A Boros, J Gellén, I Szunyogh, OMH, National Office of Measures, Budapest, Hungary
G Crotti, IEN, Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale “Galileo Farraris”, Turin, Italy

Affiliation at time of publishing: I.N.RI.M., Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica
R Kämpfer, B Jeckelmann, METAS, Swiss Federal Office of Metrology and

Accreditation, Bern-Wabern, Switzerland
W Waldmann, BEV, Bundesamt für Eich-und Vermessungswesen, Vienna, Austria
E Suomalainen, HUT, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland
A Rautiainen, P Helistö, MIKES, Centre for Metrology and Accreditation, Helsinki,

Finland
Project 612 Participants and affiliation in order of transfer standard circulation:
R Styblíková, CMI, Czech Metrological Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
V Gegevicius, Z Balachoviciené, VMT/VMC, Vilnius Metrology Centre, Vilnius,

Lithuania
I Blanc, BNM-LCIE, Laboratoire Central des Industries Électriques, Fontenay-aux-

Roses, France
Affiliation at time of publishing: LNE, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d’essais
H Çayci, UME, Ulusal Metroloji Enstitüsü, Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey
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NPL Report TQE4
Transfer standard
Manufacturer: Smith Hobson Ltd, United Kingdom

Serial number: J802857
Transformation ratios: 1000, 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 1 / 5 A
Class and rating: Class 0.01 at 5 VA, 50 Hz
Measurements
Each participating laboratory was asked to make measurements under their normal
laboratory conditions using the following guidelines:
Transformation ratios: All

Burden: 5 VA, cos β = 1
Test frequency; 50 or 60 Hz
Temperature: 20 or 23 ± 1 °C
Rated current: 120, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5 & 2% (1% optional)
Symbols and definitions
The symbols and definitions stated are in accordance with IEC 60044-1:2002 [1].
εX Current (ratio) error: The error which a transformer introduces into the
measurement of a current and which arises from the fact that the actual
transformation ratio is not equal to the rated transformation ratio. The current
error expressed in ppm is given by the formula:
εX (ppm) = 106 ×( Kn Is – Ip ) / Ip
Kn Rated transformation ratio.

Ip Actual primary current.
Is Actual secondary current when Ip is flowing under the conditions of
measurement.
ZB Burden: The impedance of the secondary circuit in ohms and power factor. The
burden is expressed as the apparent power in volt-amperes absorbed at a
specified power factor and at the rated secondary current.
cos β Power factor for sinusoidal waveforms.
I/In Excitation current, expressed in percent of rated current.
δX Phase displacement: The difference in phase, expressed in µrad, between the
primary and secondary current vectors, the direction of the vectors being so
chosen that the angle is zero for a perfect transformer. The phase displacement
is said to be positive when the secondary current vector leads the primary
current vector.
εref εX comparison reference values.
δref δX comparison reference values.
χε εX deviation from comparison reference values εref.
χδ δX deviation from comparison reference values δref.
U The expanded uncertainty of measurement supplied by each participant, stated
as the standard uncertainty multiplied by a coverage factor k.
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NPL Report TQE4
Measurement conditions and methods
From each participant’s report, each laboratory’s measuring conditions and method of
calibration are summarised in the following table. Uncertainty values given in the table
are those quoted in the participant’s report.
Table 1: Measurement conditions
Date Temperature Burden Frequency

Laboratory Method
measured Note 3
Note 1 ºC VA Cos β Hz
NPL Note 2 1 20 ± 1 5 ± 2% 1 50 & 60
SP 6/99 1 22 ± 1 5 ± 5% - 50 ± 0.1
LBE 8/99 1 23 ± 1.5 5 1 50
PTB 9/99 1 23 ± 1 4.9 1 50 & 60
GUM 10/99 1 24 5 ± 3% 1 49.8 ± 0.1
OMH 11/99 1 23 ± 2 5 ± 1% 1 50
IEN 1/00 1 19-21 4.99 ± 0.03 1.00 ± 0.02 50
METAS 2/00 1 23 ± 1 5 ± 1% 1 50.5
BEV 4/00 1 18 ± 1 5 ± 1% 1 50
HUT 4/00 2 22 ± 1 5.2 ± 3% 1 55
MIKES 5/00 2 22.3 ± 1 ≈ 6.25 - 49.4-53.8
CMI 2/01 1 23 ± 0.5 5 ± 0.5% 1 50
VMT/VMC 2/01 1 20.2 ± 0.1 5 ± 0.04 1 50
BNM-LCIE 4/01 1 20.0 ± 1 5 1 50
UME 12/01 1 23 ± 1 5 1 50
Note 1: The ‘Date measured’ is the month in which the last measurements were carried
out.
Note 2: Measurements were made by NPL six times during both comparisons.
Measurements were made at the start of project 473 in April 1999, two more sets were
made during circulation in August 1999 and February 2000, and a final set at the end of
the project in August 2000. Measurements were made at the start of project 612 in
January 2001 and at the end of the project in May 2002.
Note 3: Two distinct ‘Methods’ were used by the participants to calculate the current
error and phase displacement of each transfer standard ratio. Descriptions of each
method are given in Appendix 2.
Method 1: Comparison against compensated current comparators and/or standard

current transformers with errors measured on homemade or commercial test sets.
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NPL Report TQE4
Method 2: Calibrated using Rogowski coil and/or current shunts with outputs measured
using digital multimeters.
Traceability
Each participant supplied a statement of traceability to the SI. The following table
shows if traceability is to their own national standards or if their traceability is to
another national laboratory.
Table 2: Traceability
Laboratory Traceable to own Traceable to other

National Standards National Standards
NPL
SP
LBE PTB
PTB
GUM PTB
OMH PTB
IEN
METAS
BEV PTB
HUT
MIKES
CMI
VMT/VMC PTB
BNM-LCIE
UME
Transfer standard behaviour
NPL measured the transfer standard six times during both projects, at the start and end
of both projects and twice during circulation of project 473, so that any change of the
transfer standard would be detected. The standard deviation of these measurements
shows that there was no significant change throughout the period of the comparison.
Figure 1 shows the current error deviation from the reference value for the
measurements made by NPL for ratio 50 / 5 at I/In = 100%, at a burden of 5 VA, unity
power factor, at a frequency of 50 Hz and at an ambient temperature of 20 ˚C.
Typically the standard deviation of the mean of all NPL’s measurements can be shown
to be less than 1 ppm.
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Figure 1: Ratio 50 / 5, I/In = 100%, Transfer standard behaviour
Current error /ppm 2
-1
-2
00
01
02
9
2
9
1
99
00
01
-9
-0
-0
-0
-9
-9
-0
-0
-0
-0
-9
-0
-0
b-
b-
b-
n-
n-
n-
pr
pr
pr
pr
ug
ug
ug
ec
ec
ec
ct
ct
ct
Fe
Fe
Fe
Ju
Ju
Ju
O
O
A
A
D
D
A
A
Date of measurement
Figure 2 shows the phase displacement as a deviation from the reference value for the
measurements made by NPL for ratio 50 / 5 at I/In = 100%, at a burden of 5 VA, unity
power factor, at a frequency of 50 Hz and at an ambient temperature of 20 ˚C.
Typically the standard deviation of the mean for NPL’s phase displacement
measurements can be shown to be less than 3 µrad.
Figure 2: Ratio 50 / 5, I/In = 100%, Transfer standard behaviour
2
Phase error /µrad
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
00
01
02
9
2
9
1
99
00
01
-9
-0
-0
-0
-9
-9
-0
-0
-0
-0
-9
-0
-0
b-
b-
b-
n-
n-
n-
pr
pr
pr
pr
ug
ug
ug
ec
ec
ec
ct
ct
ct
Fe
Fe
Fe
Ju
Ju
Ju
O
O
A
A
D
D
A
Date of measurement
Sample uncertainty budget
Table 3 shows a typical uncertainty budget used by NPL in the calculation of its
uncertainty values. The uncertainty budget given shows the contributions associated
with the measurements made on ratio 5 / 5 at I/In = 100%, at a burden of 5 VA, unity
power factor, at a frequency of 50 Hz and at an ambient temperature of 20 ˚C. The
uncertainty budgets supplied by each of the participants contained all or most of the
principle contributions listed below and are given in Appendix 5.
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NPL Report TQE4
Table 3: Sample uncertainty budget
Current error uncertainty, ratio 5 / 5, I/In = 120-2%

Source of uncertainty Value Type Prob.Dist. Divisor Ci ui(y) υi or
(±) ppm (±) ppm υeff
Calibration of bridge and comparator 2 B normal 2 1 1.000 ∞

Error in the bridge 1 B rectangular 1.7321 1 0.577 ∞
Error due to frequency setting 1 B rectangular 1.7321 1 0.577 ∞
Resolution of test set 0.5 B rectangular 1.7321 1 0.289 ∞
Error due to burden setting 2.1 B rectangular 1.7321 1 1.212 ∞
Circuit configuration 2 B normal 2 1 1.000 ∞
Error due to current setting 1 B rectangular 1.7321 1 0.577 ∞
Repeatability 0.67 A normal 1 1 0.650 5
Combined uncertainty 2.237 621

Expanded uncertainty k=2 4.473
The contributions for the ‘Calibration of the bridge and comparator’ and ‘Error in the
bridge’ take into account any error of the test set and standard comparator used in
calibration of the transfer standard.
The contribution for the error due to the burden setting takes into account the fact that
the actual burden was either too high or too low. The change in εX and δX for a change
in VA was calculated and then a contribution included in the budget.
The contribution for the error due to the setting of the test frequency takes into account
any deviation from the stated measurement frequency.
The contribution for the error due to the current setting covers any inaccuracy in the
setting of the applied current, I/In.
The value for repeatability is the standard deviation of the mean for each individual set
of measurements.
The transfer standard was measured at 50 Hz and 60 Hz by NPL and PTB. The average
change between the two frequencies measured by both laboratories is less than 5 ppm
for current error and 5 µrad for phase displacement.
The influence of temperature on the measured values is not included in the uncertainty
budget. The transfer device was measured by NPL at both 20 ºC and 23 ºC. The average
difference between 20 ºC and 23 ºC for all ratios at all current levels is less than 2 ppm
for current error and 5 µrad for phase displacement.
The degrees of freedom (υi) for all type B contributions are assumed to be infinite [2].
The effective degrees of freedom (υeff) for all type A contributions are estimated using
the Welch-Satterwaite formula [2] based on the degrees of freedom of the individual
uncertainty contributions ui(y) to obtain a coverage factor k. The Welch-Satterwaite
formula is:
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NPL Report TQE4
u 4 ( y)
veff = N 4
ui ( y )
∑
i −1 vi
For all measurements made by NPL, the reported expanded uncertainties are based on a
standard uncertainty multiplied by a coverage factor of k = 2, which for a normal
distribution provides a level of confidence of approximately 95%.
All participants included a similar statement, quoting a coverage factor of k = 2, except

for IEN’s phase displacement results which were quoted at k = 2.2 and METAS whose
quoted coverage factor was k ≥ 2.
Comparison reference value
The comparison reference values have been calculated using the weighted mean of each
set of measurement results. The draft A report for project 473 used the median,
described in NPL report CISE 42/99 [3], as the estimator of the reference value. This
approach was used because it is less influenced by the presence of extreme values.
After a participant from project 473 resubmitted results (with the consent of all
participants) and with the inclusion of the results from project 612 there was no
significant difference in the reference values obtained using either a weighted mean or
the median. The difference in the comparison reference values calculated with and
without the inclusion of results supplied from laboratories with traceability to other
NMIs was generally within the reference value uncertainty. There were several
exceptions however, with the most severe being the phase displacement reference value
for ratio 1 / 5 at I/In = 120%, where the difference was 14 µrads. Therefore the
comparison reference values have been calculated using only those laboratories whose
results are not correlated to other National Measurement Institutes.
From [3], the comparison reference value εref, calculated as the weighted mean of each
set of measurements is given by:
N ε
ε ref
2 = ∑
j
2
uref j =1 u j
where εj is each participants individual result

uj is each participants combined uncertainty for εj.
The standard deviation (standard uncertainty) uref of εref is given by:
N
12= 12
uref
∑
j =1 u j
A 95% confidence level is given by:

εref ± kuref
where k is the coverage factor determined from the t95-distribution table in [2].
For calculation of the phase displacement reference values substitute δ for ε.
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NPL Report TQE4
Table 4 gives the comparison reference values, in ppm for current error and µrad for
phase displacement, and associated uncertainties (at 95% confidence level) calculated
from the above formulas. The results supplied from LBE, GUM, OMH, BEV and
VMT/VMC were not used in the calculation of the comparison reference values as their
results are correlated to another national institute. The results supplied by BNM-LCIE
were not used in the calculation of the comparison reference values as they were
received after the release of Draft A, see Appendix 3.
Table 4: Comparison reference values
I/In Ratio 1 / 5 Ratio 5 / 5 Ratio 10 / 5

% εref Uεref δref Uδref εref Uεref δref Uδref εref Uεref δref Uδref
120 17 3 -85 4 13 2 -84 3 18 2 -81 4

100 15 3 -83 4 11 2 -86 3 17 2 -84 4
50 10 3 -90 4 6 2 -95 3 13 2 -93 4
20 6 3 -101 4 1 2 -104 3 9 2 -104 4
10 5 3 -107 4 -1 2 -110 3 7 2 -109 4
5 4 3 -111 4 -3 2 -114 3 6 2 -114 4
2 4 4 -116 6 -2 2 -117 4 5 3 -117 4
1 4 4 -117 6 -3 3 -120 4 5 3 -119 4

120 7 2 -87 3 6 2 -86 3 3 2 -86 3

100 5 2 -90 3 4 2 -88 3 2 2 -89 3
50 0 2 -98 4 -2 2 -98 3 -3 2 -98 3
20 -5 2 -108 4 -9 2 -109 3 -9 2 -109 3
10 -8 2 -113 4 -13 2 -115 3 -12 2 -114 3
5 -9 2 -117 4 -15 2 -118 3 -13 2 -117 4
2 -10 3 -119 4 -15 3 -120 4 -13 3 -120 4
1 -11 3 -121 4 -16 3 -122 4 -14 3 -121 4

120 19 2 -71 3 13 2 -76 4 22 3 -59 4

100 17 2 -74 3 11 2 -79 4 24 3 -62 4
50 9 2 -87 3 4 2 -91 4 25 2 -79 4
20 -1 2 -100 3 -3 2 -104 4 17 3 -96 4
10 -5 3 -108 3 -6 2 -111 4 11 3 -105 4
5 -10 3 -114 3 -10 2 -116 4 7 3 -112 5
2 -12 3 -117 4 -10 3 -119 4 2 5 -117 6
1 -13 3 -120 4 -11 3 -122 4 0 5 -122 6
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NPL Report TQE4
Results
The results obtained from the comparison, are displayed in two ways. The first is a set
of graphs showing the current error comparison results for all ratios at I/In = 100%.
Selected graphs for lower current excitations and phase displacement are also shown.
The graphs, Figures 3 to 17, show each participant’s results as a deviation from the
reference value and the uncertainty associated with each deviation. The uncertainty
associated with each deviation from the reference value is calculated as the combination
of each participant’s individual expanded uncertainty and the expanded uncertainty of
the reference value for that point. Also shown on each graph are the 95% confidence
intervals for that set of results.
Following the graphs is a set of tables, Tables 5 to 22, displaying the results supplied by
all participants, as deviations from the comparison reference values for both current
error and phase displacement. The uncertainty associated with each deviation from the
reference value is also given.
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NPL Report TQE4
Figure 3: Ratio 1 / 5, I/In = 100%, current error comparison results
NPL
SP(1)
SP(2)
Laboratory /comparison order LBE
PTB
GUM
OMH
IEN
METAS
BEV
HUT
MIKES
CMI
VMT/VMC
UME
-160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

Current error deviation from reference value /ppm
Figure 3 shows the current error comparison results for ratio 1 / 5, at I/In = 100%, given as the deviation from the reference value. The error bars
for each point show the uncertainty associated with each deviation. The εref (central vertical line) and the 95% confidence intervals (outer vertical
lines) are also shown.
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NPL Report TQE4
NPL
SP(1)
SP(2)
PTB
GUM
OMH
IEN
METAS
BEV
HUT
MIKES
CMI
VMT/VCM
UME
-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

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NPL Report TQE4
NPL
SP(1)
SP(2)
PTB
GUM
OMH
IEN
METAS
BEV
HUT
MIKES
CMI
VMT/VMC
UME
-160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

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NPL Report TQE4
Figure 6: Ratio 5 / 5, I/In = 100%, phase displacement comparison results
NPL
SP(1)
SP(2)
PTB
GUM
OMH
IEN
METAS
BEV
HUT
MIKES
CMI
VMT/VMC
UME
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Phase displacement deviation from reference value /µrad
Figure 6 shows the phase displacement comparison results for ratio 5 / 5, at I/In = 100%, given as the deviation from the reference value. The
error bars for each point show the uncertainty associated with each deviation. The δref (central vertical line) and the 95% confidence intervals
(outer vertical lines) are also shown.
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NPL Report TQE4
NPL
SP(1)
SP(2)
PTB
GUM
OMH
IEN
METAS
BEV
HUT
MIKES
CMI
VMT/VMC
UME
-180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 7 shows the phase displacement comparison results for ratio 5 / 5, at I/In = 2%, given as the deviation from the reference value. The error
bars for each point show the uncertainty associated with each deviation. The δref (central vertical line) and the 95% confidence intervals (outer
vertical lines) are also shown.
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NPL Report TQE4
NPL
SP(1)
SP(2)
PTB
GUM
OMH
IEN
METAS
BEV
HUT
MIKES
CMI
VMT/VMC
UME
-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

Figure 8 shows the current error comparison results for ratio 10 / 5, at I/In = 100%, given as the deviation from the reference value. The error
bars for each point show the uncertainty associated with each deviation. The εref (central vertical line) and the 95% confidence intervals (outer
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NPL Report TQE4
NPL
SP(1)
SP(2)
PTB
GUM
OMH
IEN
METAS
BEV
HUT
MIKES
CMI
VMT/VMC
UME
-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

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NPL Report TQE4
NPL
SP(1)
SP(2)
PTB
GUM
OMH
IEN
METAS
BEV
HUT
MIKES
CMI
VMT/VMC
UME
-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

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NPL Report TQE4
NPL
SP(1)
SP(2)
PTB
GUM
OMH
IEN
METAS
BEV
HUT
MIKES
CMI
VMT/VMC
UME
-180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
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NPL Report TQE4
NPL
SP(1)
SP(2)
PTB
GUM
OMH
IEN
METAS
BEV
HUT
MIKES
CMI
VMT/VMC
UME
-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

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NPL Report TQE4
NPL
SP(1)
SP(2)
PTB
GUM
OMH
IEN
METAS
BEV
HUT
MIKES
CMI
VMT/VMC
UME
-140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

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NPL Report TQE4
Figure 14: Ratio 500 / 5, I/In =2 %, current error comparison results
NPL
SP(1)
SP(2)
PTB
GUM
OMH
IEN
METAS
BEV
HUT
MIKES
CMI
VMT/VMC
UME
-160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
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NPL Report TQE4
NPL
SP(1)
SP(2)
PTB
GUM
OMH
IEN
METAS
BEV
HUT
MIKES
CMI
VMT/VMC
UME
-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

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NPL Report TQE4
NPL
SP(1)
SP(2)
PTB
GUM
OMH
IEN
METAS
BEV
HUT
MIKES
CMI
VMT/VMC
UME
-160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
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NPL Report TQE4
NPL
SP(1)
SP(2)
PTB
GUM
OMH
IEN
METAS
BEV
HUT
MIKES
CMI
VMT/VMC
UME
-160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

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NPL Report TQE4
Table 5: Current error deviations from reference values for ratio 1 / 5
GB SE BE DE PL HU IT
I/In NPL SP (1) SP (2) LBE PTB GUM OMH IEN
% χε Uχε χε Uχε χε Uχε χε Uχε χε Uχε χε Uχε χε Uχε χε Uχε
120 4 7 -11 40 -7 80 13 50 -1 4 -67 101 -4 4 - -

100 4 7 -9 40 -6 80 5 50 0 4 -64 101 -4 4 - -
50 3 7 -9 40 -5 80 0 50 0 4 -62 101 -3 4 - -
20 3 7 -13 40 -2 80 -6 50 0 4 -59 101 -2 6 - -
10 2 7 -20 40 1 80 -15 50 -1 4 -49 101 -1 6 - -
5 1 7 -22 100 6 80 -24 50 0 4 -47 101 0 6 - -
2 0 7 -23 100 20 120 -14 50 0 6 -47 116 5 6 - -
1 -3 11 -36 100 32 120 -14 50 1 7 -46 116 - - - -
CH AT FI CZ LT TR
I/In METAS BEV HUT MIKES CMI VMT/VMC UME
% χε Uχε χε Uχε χε Uχε χε Uχε χε Uχε χε Uχε χε Uχε
120 0 11 -4 38 - - -6 17 -1 12 - - - -
100 0 11 -4 38 - - -8 18 -1 12 - - - -
50 0 11 -6 38 - - -4 18 -1 12 - - - -
20 1 11 0 38 - - 0 18 -1 13 - - - -
10 0 15 -5 38 - - 3 18 -1 13 - - - -
5 0 15 1 40 - - - - -1 16 - - - -
2 1 15 -7 50 - - - - 1 37 - - - -
1 1 15 -14 68 - - - - 3 59 - - - -
χε, is the current error deviation from the reference value for each point supplied by each participant in ppm.
Uχε, is the expanded uncertainty for each deviation in ppm.
-, indicates that the point was not reported.
SP (1) refers to results given on pages 3 to 5 of their report and SP (2) refers to results given on pages 5 to 8 of their report.
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NPL Report TQE4
Table 6: Phase displacement deviations from reference values for ratio 1 / 5
% χδ Uχδ χδ Uχδ χδ Uχδ χδ Uχδ χδ Uχδ χδ Uχδ χδ Uχδ χδ Uχδ
120 -14 16 -2 58 27 116 33 58 0 5 -28 105 24 5 - -

100 -18 16 -4 58 25 116 28 58 1 5 -10 105 21 5 - -
50 -21 16 3 58 3 116 20 58 1 5 0 105 21 5 - -
20 -21 17 -15 58 -15 116 20 58 1 5 31 105 23 10 - -
10 -22 17 -9 58 -68 116 11 58 1 6 26 105 23 10 - -
5 -23 17 -34 145 -151 233 15 58 1 6 50 105 25 10 - -
2 -23 20 -59 145 -437 233 14 58 2 8 52 198 33 11 - -
1 -20 30 -87 145 -930 233 15 58 2 8 76 198 - - - -
CH AT FI CZ LT TR
% χδ Uχδ χδ Uχδ χδ Uχδ χδ Uχδ χδ Uχδ χδ Uχδ χδ Uχδ
120 15 26 -14 50 - - 5 45 3 16 - - - -
100 10 26 -23 50 - - 5 45 -1 16 - - - -
50 11 26 10 50 - - 11 45 -2 19 - - - -
20 8 26 14 50 - - 20 45 -1 22 - - - -
10 8 35 0 50 - - 24 45 -2 23 - - - -
5 6 35 24 63 - - - - -3 25 - - - -
2 8 35 37 79 - - - - -1 36 - - - -
1 6 35 78 126 - - - - -4 61 - - - -
χδ, is the phase displacement deviation from the reference value for each point supplied by each participant in µrad.
Uχδ, is the expanded uncertainty for each deviation in µrad.
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120 1 5 -2 40 -3 80 -3 50 0 3 -30 35 -5 3 -3 7
100 1 5 -1 40 -2 80 -1 50 0 3 -30 35 -4 3 -3 7
50 1 5 -1 40 -2 80 4 50 0 3 -30 35 -4 3 -2 7
20 2 5 -2 40 1 80 -1 50 0 3 -33 35 -2 5 -1 7
10 2 5 -2 40 3 80 1 50 0 3 -42 35 -1 5 -1 7
5 2 5 -1 100 6 80 3 50 0 3 -61 35 -1 5 1 7
2 1 6 -5 100 15 120 2 50 -1 4 -126 68 0 6 0 8
1 0 6 -6 100 30 120 3 50 0 4 -234 68 - - - -
CH AT FI CZ LT TR
120 -1 10 -1 38 - - -10 18 -1 12 -71 50 -21 100

100 0 10 0 38 - - -8 18 0 12 -76 50 -20 100
50 0 10 0 38 - - -2 17 0 12 -87 50 -17 100
20 1 10 1 38 - - -1 18 0 13 -112 50 -14 100
10 1 15 1 38 - - 1 18 0 13 -128 50 -11 100
5 2 15 1 40 - - 4 18 0 16 -141 50 -9 100
2 1 15 -2 50 - - 3 18 -1 37 -149 50 -9 100
1 2 15 -4 68 - - - - -1 59 -147 50 - -
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120 -1 9 -3 58 26 116 3 58 0 4 64 58 3 4 13 16
100 -2 9 -1 58 28 116 2 58 0 4 66 58 3 4 14 16
50 -2 10 8 58 8 116 2 58 0 4 78 58 4 4 14 16
20 -2 12 -12 58 17 116 -1 58 -1 4 113 58 4 9 15 16
10 -2 12 -6 58 -6 116 2 58 -1 4 110 58 4 9 16 16
5 -2 12 -2 145 -2 233 1 58 -1 4 99 58 6 9 16 16
2 -3 14 -28 145 -28 233 1 58 -1 5 65 186 5 10 16 19
1 -1 16 -25 145 -84 233 -5 58 0 6 9 186 - - - -
CH AT FI CZ LT TR
120 -3 26 -3 50 - - -2 45 3 16 -39 58 6 100

100 -1 26 -3 50 - - 2 45 2 16 -13 58 6 100
50 -7 26 -3 50 - - 9 45 2 19 -28 58 10 100
20 -4 26 -1 50 - - 16 45 1 22 -46 58 23 100
10 -9 35 4 50 - - 20 45 1 23 -62 58 24 100
5 -2 35 13 63 - - 24 45 0 25 -79 58 26 100
2 -5 35 35 79 - - 26 45 0 36 -115 58 24 100
1 -2 35 83 126 - - - - 0 61 -144 76 - -
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120 3 5 -1 40 -3 80 2 50 0 4 -27 35 -4 4 -1 7
100 3 5 -1 40 -3 80 3 50 0 4 -28 35 -4 4 -1 7
50 2 5 -1 40 -3 80 -3 50 0 4 -28 35 -4 4 -1 7
20 2 5 -2 40 -4 80 1 50 -1 4 -28 35 -4 5 -1 7
10 2 6 -3 40 -4 80 3 50 -1 4 -32 35 -4 6 0 8
5 1 6 -4 100 -4 80 4 50 -1 4 -43 35 -5 6 -1 8
2 1 6 -6 100 -4 120 15 50 -1 5 -78 68 -3 6 1 8
1 0 6 -7 100 -12 120 25 50 -1 5 -138 68 - - 1 8
CH AT FI CZ LT TR
120 0 10 -1 38 - - -2 24 0 12 -67 50 -19 100

100 -1 10 -2 38 - - -1 22 0 12 -69 50 -19 100
50 -2 10 2 38 - - 4 18 0 12 -80 50 -16 100
20 -1 10 2 38 - - 6 17 -1 13 -106 50 -14 100
10 -1 15 1 38 - - 6 18 -1 13 -124 50 -11 100
5 -2 15 0 40 - - 8 18 -1 16 -137 50 -11 100
2 -1 15 0 50 - - 10 18 -2 37 -144 50 -10 100
1 0 15 4 68 - - - - -2 59 -135 50 - -
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120 -6 12 -6 58 23 116 11 58 0 5 55 58 2 5 12 16
100 -5 12 -3 58 26 116 11 58 0 5 61 58 3 5 14 16
50 -5 12 6 58 6 116 12 58 0 5 70 58 4 5 14 16
20 -5 12 -12 58 17 116 11 58 0 5 104 58 5 10 16 16
10 -6 13 -7 58 22 116 10 58 -1 5 103 58 4 10 16 16
5 -4 13 -2 145 27 233 9 58 -1 5 94 58 5 10 17 16
2 -4 13 -28 145 30 233 1 58 -1 7 59 186 3 10 17 17
1 -3 13 -26 145 32 233 -12 58 -1 7 14 186 - - 17 18
CH AT FI CZ LT TR
120 0 26 -26 50 - - 2 45 0 16 -37 58 18 100

100 0 26 -28 50 - - 7 45 0 16 -9 58 19 100
50 0 26 -19 50 - - 14 45 0 20 -24 58 28 100
20 2 26 -14 50 - - 24 45 0 22 -42 58 37 100
10 1 35 -18 50 - - 35 45 -1 23 -59 58 36 100
5 1 35 -17 63 - - 38 45 0 26 -76 58 38 100
2 1 35 -9 79 - - 42 45 -1 36 -115 58 43 100
1 3 35 17 126 - - - - -1 61 -166 58 - -
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120 1 5 -3 40 -3 80 13 50 0 4 -29 35 -4 4 -2 7
100 1 5 -2 40 -2 80 15 50 0 4 -29 35 -3 4 -2 7
50 1 5 -2 40 -4 80 10 50 0 4 -27 35 -2 4 -2 7
20 1 5 -4 40 -5 80 15 50 -1 4 -27 35 -1 5 -1 8
10 0 5 -3 40 -6 80 8 50 -1 4 -29 35 -2 5 -1 8
5 0 5 -5 100 -11 80 9 50 -1 4 -38 35 -2 5 -1 8
2 0 5 -6 100 -24 120 20 50 -1 5 -68 68 -5 6 0 8
1 -1 5 -7 100 -45 120 31 50 0 5 -122 68 - - 1 9
CH AT FI CZ LT TR
120 -1 10 -1 38 -22 85 -2 34 2 12 -68 50 -5 100

100 -1 10 -2 38 -37 85 -1 30 2 12 -73 50 -4 100
50 -1 10 2 38 -35 85 4 22 2 13 -83 50 -5 100
20 -1 10 2 38 -40 85 10 17 3 14 -109 50 -5 100
10 0 15 1 38 -39 100 12 17 2 14 -124 50 -4 100
5 -1 15 0 40 -11 100 12 18 1 17 -137 50 -4 100
2 0 15 -3 50 - - 12 18 1 37 -140 50 -2 100
1 0 15 -1 68 - - - - 2 59 -130 50 - -
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120 -6 11 0 58 29 116 11 58 0 5 64 58 3 5 11 16
100 -5 11 3 58 3 116 11 58 0 5 70 58 4 5 12 16
50 -6 11 11 58 11 116 11 58 0 5 75 58 4 5 12 16
20 -5 11 -8 58 21 116 12 58 0 5 111 58 6 10 14 16
10 -5 11 -3 58 26 116 11 58 0 5 107 58 7 10 14 16
5 -5 11 1 145 30 233 12 58 0 5 100 58 6 10 15 17
2 -5 11 -26 145 32 233 3 58 -1 7 64 186 7 10 14 18
1 -3 11 -24 145 63 233 -10 58 0 7 19 186 - - 15 18
CH AT FI CZ LT TR
120 0 26 -24 50 57 240 0 46 -2 16 -27 58 11 100

100 3 26 -26 50 60 240 2 45 -2 16 -2 58 11 100
50 2 26 -17 50 58 240 9 45 -3 19 -18 58 12 100
20 3 26 -13 50 68 240 17 45 -3 22 -38 58 14 100
10 2 35 -17 50 33 240 22 45 -3 23 -55 58 14 100
5 4 35 -17 63 37 240 25 45 -3 26 -72 58 13 100
2 3 35 -10 79 - - 27 45 -4 36 -108 58 10 100
1 5 35 12 126 - - - - -5 61 -126 70 - -
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120 0 5 -1 40 -1 80 4 50 0 4 -33 35 -5 4 -2 7
100 0 5 -1 40 0 80 6 50 0 4 -33 35 -4 4 -2 7
50 0 5 -1 40 3 80 12 50 0 4 -30 35 -4 4 -2 8
20 0 5 -1 40 45 80 9 50 0 4 -27 35 -3 5 -1 8
10 1 5 -2 40 33 80 3 50 0 4 -27 35 -2 5 0 8
5 1 5 -1 100 65 600 5 50 0 4 -30 35 -1 5 0 8
2 0 5 -3 100 161 600 15 50 -1 5 -46 68 -4 6 -1 8
1 -1 5 -7 100 328 600 26 50 -1 5 -89 68 - - 0 8
CH AT FI CZ LT TR
120 -3 10 -2 38 - - -6 34 2 12 -65 50 -7 100

100 -3 10 -2 38 - - -3 34 2 12 -71 50 -6 100
50 -3 10 1 38 - - 3 34 1 13 -82 50 -7 100
20 -2 10 3 38 - - 6 22 1 14 -107 50 -6 100
10 -2 15 0 38 - - 9 18 2 14 -122 50 -5 100
5 -1 15 -1 40 - - 11 19 2 17 -135 50 -4 100
2 -2 15 -9 50 - - 9 19 0 37 -137 50 -15 100
1 0 15 -12 68 - - - - 1 59 -131 50 - -
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120 -4 9 -1 58 -1 145 7 58 1 5 60 58 5 5 14 16
100 -4 9 1 58 1 145 9 58 0 5 68 58 5 5 15 16
50 -4 9 11 58 -18 145 11 58 0 5 75 58 6 5 16 16
20 -3 9 22 58 -66 145 13 58 0 5 112 58 8 10 18 16
10 -3 9 -1 58 -147 582 16 58 0 5 109 58 9 10 20 16
5 -3 9 2 145 -318 582 13 58 0 5 101 58 8 10 19 16
2 -3 9 4 145 -811 2036 4 58 -1 6 59 186 -2 10 18 17
1 -2 9 -23 145 -1711 2036 -6 58 -1 6 6 186 - - 19 17
CH AT FI CZ LT TR
120 -1 26 -22 50 - - 3 46 -3 16 -20 58 11 100

100 -2 26 -25 50 - - 6 46 -4 16 4 58 7 100
50 -1 26 -16 50 - - 16 46 -6 20 -13 58 14 100
20 1 26 -11 50 - - 15 45 -6 23 -31 58 16 100
10 2 35 -15 50 - - 20 45 -6 24 -48 58 16 100
5 2 35 -17 63 - - 22 45 -8 26 -67 58 13 100
2 1 35 -12 79 - - 24 45 -9 37 -102 58 -65 100
1 3 35 8 126 - - - - -9 61 -162 58 - -
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120 0 6 9 40 4 80 7 50 1 4 -29 35 -4 10 -3 7
100 0 6 9 40 5 80 8 50 0 4 -30 35 -4 10 -3 7
50 0 6 10 40 10 80 13 50 0 4 -27 35 -4 10 -3 7
20 1 6 12 40 24 80 9 50 -1 4 -23 35 -3 11 -2 8
10 1 6 13 40 45 80 12 50 0 4 -21 35 -3 11 -1 8
5 1 6 13 100 88 600 3 50 -1 4 -22 35 -5 11 -1 8
2 0 6 13 100 205 600 13 50 -1 5 -29 68 -8 11 -1 8
1 0 6 14 100 433 600 14 50 0 5 -48 68 - - -1 9
CH AT FI CZ LT TR
120 -3 10 -2 38 -48 120 -5 34 1 12 -70 50 12 100

100 -3 10 -3 38 -67 120 -3 34 0 12 -76 50 18 100
50 -3 10 1 38 -97 120 3 34 0 13 -87 50 43 100
20 -1 10 1 38 -96 120 6 31 1 14 -111 50 93 100
10 0 15 -1 38 -88 120 11 24 0 13 -127 50 160 100
5 -1 15 -4 40 -77 120 15 22 0 16 -2 50 284 100
2 -1 15 -12 50 -82 120 15 21 -1 37 -138 50 298 100
1 2 15 -21 68 - - - - 0 59 -119 50 - -
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120 -5 10 28 58 -1 145 7 58 0 5 63 58 2 11 9 16
100 -3 10 31 58 2 145 8 58 0 5 66 58 3 11 11 16
50 -4 10 40 58 -18 145 8 58 0 5 75 58 4 11 11 16
20 -2 10 22 58 -95 145 10 58 0 5 112 58 6 13 14 16
10 -3 10 27 58 -177 582 9 58 0 5 111 58 7 13 14 16
5 -4 10 30 145 -378 582 9 58 0 5 105 58 6 13 14 17
2 -3 10 33 145 -927 2036 4 58 0 6 82 186 -6 14 15 17
1 -3 11 34 145 -1915 2036 -4 58 0 7 51 186 - - 15 18
CH AT FI CZ LT TR
120 -1 26 -25 50 26 240 -3 46 1 16 -31 58 -6 100

100 -1 26 -27 50 19 240 3 46 2 16 -7 58 -11 100
50 -1 26 -18 50 8 240 10 46 2 19 -22 58 -50 100
20 1 26 -13 50 9 240 20 46 3 22 -39 58 -128 100
10 1 35 -18 50 4 240 16 45 3 23 -55 58 -216 100
5 1 35 -21 63 -3 240 19 45 2 26 -73 58 -363 100
2 1 35 -16 79 -10 240 21 45 1 36 -105 58 -420 100
1 -1 35 4 126 - - - - -1 61 -154 58 - -
40
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120 3 7 10 40 -5 80 11 50 -1 4 -36 35 -4 10 1 7
100 3 7 11 40 -6 80 13 50 -1 4 -36 35 -4 10 1 7
50 3 7 15 40 -7 80 21 50 -1 4 -34 35 -3 10 1 7
20 2 7 25 40 -4 80 21 50 -1 4 -31 35 -2 11 1 7
10 3 7 37 40 0 80 15 50 -1 4 -33 35 0 11 -1 8
5 4 7 65 100 9 80 20 50 -1 4 -38 35 -1 11 0 8
2 2 8 128 100 31 100 32 50 -1 5 -67 68 -3 11 0 8
1 1 8 196 100 71 100 43 50 0 5 -123 68 - - -1 9
CH AT FI CZ LT TR
120 1 10 -3 38 -19 125 -4 37 2 12 -50 50 -4 100

100 1 10 -5 38 -42 125 -3 37 2 12 -56 50 -4 100
50 0 10 -2 38 -59 125 1 34 2 12 -70 50 1 100
20 1 10 -3 38 -99 125 6 35 2 13 -100 50 15 100
10 1 15 -6 38 -95 125 12 33 0 13 -118 50 34 100
5 3 15 -8 40 -90 125 11 26 2 16 -127 50 45 100
2 1 15 -17 50 - - 17 26 0 37 -125 50 90 100
1 3 15 -27 68 - - - - 0 59 -99 50 - -
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120 0 10 13 58 13 116 10 58 -1 5 48 58 3 11 9 15
100 1 10 16 58 16 116 10 58 -1 5 51 58 4 11 9 15
50 -2 10 0 58 0 116 8 58 -1 5 64 58 6 11 11 16
20 -1 10 13 58 13 116 10 58 -1 5 103 58 6 13 13 16
10 0 10 -8 58 -8 116 9 58 -1 5 108 58 8 13 13 16
5 1 10 -61 145 -31 291 6 58 -1 5 108 58 0 13 15 16
2 0 11 -174 145 -87 291 1 58 -2 7 82 186 -7 14 15 18
1 4 14 -404 145 -200 291 -11 58 -1 7 59 186 - - 17 18
CH AT FI CZ LT TR
120 1 26 -25 50 21 240 -16 46 4 15 -25 58 -2 100

100 -2 26 -28 50 24 240 -12 46 4 15 -1 58 -5 100
50 0 26 -18 50 27 240 0 46 3 19 -16 58 1 100
20 -2 26 -15 50 -20 240 11 46 3 22 -35 58 11 100
10 0 35 -19 50 8 240 11 47 4 23 -51 58 13 100
5 1 35 -21 63 4 240 8 53 4 25 -66 58 24 100
2 -2 35 -19 79 - - 19 45 2 36 -98 58 6 100
1 -2 35 -2 126 - - - - 6 61 -139 58 - -
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120 2 6 2 40 0 80 -3 50 -1 4 -34 35 -3 10 2 7
100 1 6 4 40 0 80 -1 50 -1 4 -35 35 -3 10 1 7
50 1 6 10 40 0 80 16 50 -1 4 -33 35 -4 10 2 7
20 0 6 24 40 3 80 23 50 0 4 -29 35 -2 11 2 7
10 0 6 43 40 9 80 26 50 -1 4 -28 35 -2 11 1 7
5 1 6 81 100 23 80 30 50 0 4 -28 35 1 11 3 8
2 -1 6 186 100 62 100 30 50 0 5 -42 68 -6 11 2 8
1 -2 6 358 100 117 100 31 50 1 5 -66 68 - - 3 8
CH AT FI CZ LT TR
120 -1 10 2 38 -43 120 -21 47 4 12 -64 50 -43 100

100 -1 10 2 38 -51 120 -20 47 4 12 -70 50 -25 100
50 -3 10 6 38 -54 120 -15 38 4 13 -82 50 -28 100
20 -3 10 5 38 -107 120 -11 35 3 13 -106 50 -10 100
10 -4 15 0 38 -114 120 -4 35 3 13 -122 50 -16 100
5 -3 15 -2 40 -130 150 -8 38 4 16 -126 50 -16 100
2 -4 15 -15 50 -140 150 19 50 1 37 -117 50 -43 100
1 -5 15 -27 68 - - - - 1 59 -75 50 - -
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120 -1 13 -11 58 18 116 -32 58 -1 5 56 58 2 11 16 15

100 -1 13 -8 58 21 116 -26 58 -1 5 62 58 4 11 16 15
50 1 13 4 58 4 116 15 58 -1 5 82 58 6 11 19 16
20 2 13 -12 58 17 116 17 58 -1 5 121 58 7 13 20 16
10 2 13 -34 58 -5 116 15 58 -1 5 128 58 8 13 22 16
5 1 14 -59 145 0 291 14 58 -1 5 128 58 4 14 22 16
2 1 14 -143 145 -56 291 8 58 -2 7 125 186 -27 14 22 17
1 -3 14 -285 145 -140 291 6 58 -1 7 116 186 - - 25 17
CH AT FI CZ LT TR
120 -8 26 -23 50 6 240 -9 46 -1 15 -34 58 -78 100

100 -11 26 -27 50 -1 240 -6 46 -1 15 -11 58 -16 100
50 -8 26 -19 50 11 240 3 46 -1 19 -25 58 22 100
20 -9 26 -15 50 24 240 15 46 -1 22 -42 58 15 100
10 -11 35 -20 50 21 240 24 46 -1 23 -55 58 10 100
5 -12 35 -22 63 16 240 23 49 -1 25 -67 58 -6 100
2 -15 35 -18 79 19 240 21 73 -4 36 -92 58 -20 100
1 -9 35 0 126 - - - - -5 61 -123 58 - -
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120 3 7 3 40 0 80 -12 50 0 4 -37 35 0 10 -8 15

100 2 7 3 40 0 80 -14 50 0 4 -40 35 1 10 -6 12
50 1 11 3 40 -1 80 -15 50 0 4 -33 35 -1 10 0 6
20 -1 11 19 40 5 80 -17 50 0 4 -29 35 -3 11 1 8
10 -2 13 44 40 13 80 -21 50 0 4 -33 35 -5 11 0 8
5 -4 13 89 100 28 80 -27 50 0 5 -49 35 -5 11 0 9
2 0 14 211 100 77 150 -12 50 0 8 -98 68 -5 12 0 9
1 1 14 402 100 152 150 -10 50 -1 8 -167 68 - - -1 9
CH AT FI CZ LT TR
120 0 11 -6 38 -62 125 -33 84 3 12 -32 50 -74 100

100 0 11 -6 38 -74 125 -35 73 3 12 -36 50 -50 100
50 1 10 -7 38 -65 125 -30 48 5 13 -49 50 -33 100
20 0 11 -11 38 -122 125 -23 40 4 14 -81 50 -55 100
10 0 15 -15 38 -116 125 -16 37 4 14 -97 50 -21 100
5 -1 15 -20 40 -117 155 -12 38 3 17 -107 50 -29 100
2 0 15 -30 50 -137 155 -13 40 5 37 -98 50 -42 100
1 0 16 -40 68 - - - - 7 59 -64 50 - -
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120 0 10 30 58 1 116 4 58 0 6 47 58 -3 11 0 25
100 -4 10 33 58 4 116 1 58 0 6 50 58 -3 11 4 16
50 -3 10 21 58 21 116 -2 58 0 6 53 58 1 11 9 16
20 -4 10 9 58 9 116 -6 58 0 6 81 58 4 14 12 16
10 -4 10 18 58 -11 116 -8 58 0 6 82 58 6 14 14 16
5 -5 10 -4 145 -4 204 -13 58 0 8 77 58 6 14 15 16
2 -5 11 -58 145 -58 204 -20 58 -1 12 47 186 6 14 16 16
1 -5 12 -169 145 -140 204 -32 58 1 12 14 186 - - 18 17
CH AT FI CZ LT TR
120 -2 26 -34 50 39 240 -20 46 2 16 62 58 -34 100

100 -5 26 -36 50 32 240 -17 46 2 16 -4 58 -11 100
50 -5 26 -24 50 39 240 -5 46 1 19 -18 58 27 100
20 -6 26 -20 50 36 240 9 46 0 22 -39 58 83 100
10 -6 35 -24 50 55 240 18 46 0 23 -52 58 22 100
5 -7 35 -25 63 -8 240 28 47 1 25 -65 58 20 100
2 -8 35 -21 79 -3 240 27 54 0 36 -87 58 -3 100
1 -3 35 -2 126 - - - - 4 61 -110 58 - -
46
NPL Report TQE4
Conclusion
There are several points to bear in mind whilst analysing the results of the comparison.
The ambient temperature at which the measurements were made varies from 18 to
24 ºC.
There is some variation in the burden at which the measurements were made, although
most participants have included contributions in their uncertainty budgets for any
deviation from the nominal value.
The quoted uncertainties given by each participant were quite varied over all the
measured ratios. An extreme example is ratio 100 / 5 at I/In = 5% where the quoted
uncertainties range from ± 4 ppm to ± 600 ppm for current error, and from ± 5 µrad to
± 2036 µrad for phase displacement.
In several cases participants have been making current transformer measurements with
new measurement systems and techniques and, in one case for the first time, therefore a
large amount of experience in the measurement and interpretation of results has been
obtained from this comparison.
The results supplied by each participant generally show good agreement but with a few
exceptions over the whole range of measured values. Deviations from the comparison
reference value were mostly within the quoted uncertainties, but again with a few
exceptions. It is helpful to analyse these outlying results in more detail and a summary
of these is shown in Tables 23 and 24. Although the measurements were performed in
this comparison early in the transition period of the Mutual Recognition Agreement
(MRA), it is still useful to consider the results with reference to laboratories’ declared
Calibration and Measurement Capabilities (CMCs) and to propose actions where
systematic effects are present.
The results in the comparison and in the CMC database are all quoted with an
uncertainty confidence of 95%, so a 1 in 20 occurrence of an outlying result may be
expected. There are 18 possible results (current error and phase displacement for 9
ratios), so participants having 1 or 2 lying outside the combined uncertainty of the result
and the reference value may be expected on a statistical basis. It is likely that NPL,
UME and OMH have results that may be considered on this basis, although one of
OMH’s outlying results is significantly larger than the relevant declared CMC.
There are clearly some laboratories, which have significant systematic effects in their
results. These are GUM and BNM-LCIE, and their CMC declarations are clearly not
supported. The situation for VMT/VMC was similar initially but was improved as they
reassessed their analysis of uncertainty, although after they had seen the reference
values. This is commented on elsewhere in this report.
Two remaining laboratories, SP and IEN, have some ratios with outlying results but
possibly too many for a statistical reason. Where there appears to be some systematic
effect the laboratory is encouraged to investigate. For IEN, the occurrence of
discrepancies looks non-systematic but possibly the CMC declarations are too low. For
47
NPL Report TQE4
SP, there may be a systematic effect for the higher current ratios at low percentages of
I/In. And again, it is possible that their CMC declarations are too low.
The outlying differences given in Tables 23 and 24 are the difference between the
deviations from the reference values, χε and χδ, and the expanded uncertainty, Uχε and
Uχδ, for each deviation.
Table 23: Current error outlying results
Largest
Expanded Declared
Lab. Extent of outlying results outlying
uncertainty CMC
difference
UME 100 / 5, PR 198 ppm 100 ppm none
5 / 5, PR 2 ppm 3 ppm 5 ppm
OMH
50 / 5, PR 1 ppm 4 ppm 10 ppm
SP 200, 500 and 1000 / 5, PR 302 ppm 100 ppm 30 ppm
GUM 5, 10, 20, 50, 200 and 1000 / 5, PR 166 ppm 68 ppm 30 ppm
1, 5, 50 and 200 / 5, FR 304 ppm 300 ppm 100 ppm
BNM-LCIE
10, 20, 100, 500 and 1000 / 5, PR 189 ppm 300 ppm 100 ppm
VMT/VMC All results, prior to increase of uncertainties none
Table 24: Phase displacement outlying results
Largest
Expanded Declared
Lab. Extent of outlying results outlying
uncertainty CMC
difference
NPL 1 / 5, PR 6 µrad 17 µrad 30 µrad
UME 100 / 5, PR 320 µrad 100 µrad none

1 / 5, FR 22 µrad 11 µrad 5 µrad
OMH
500 / 5, PR 13 µrad 14 µrad 15 µrad
500 / 5, FR 8 µrad 17 µrad 20 µrad
IEN
10, 50 and 1000 / 5, PR 4 µrad 16 µrad 20 µrad
1 / 5, PR 697 µrad 233 µrad 60 µrad
SP
200, 500 and 1000 / 5, PR 259 µrad 145 µrad 30 µrad
GUM 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 / 5, PR 70 µrad 58 µrad 61 µrad
1 / 5, FR 263 µrad 120 µrad 100 µrad
BNM-LCIE
5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 / 5, PR 260 µrad 120 µrad 100 µrad
VMT/VMC All results, prior to increase of uncertainties none
Legend
Lab. Laboratory
PR Partial ratio
FR Full ratio
48
NPL Report TQE4
References
[1] IEC 60044-1:2002, Edition 1.2, Instrument Transformers - Part 1: Current

Transformers
[2] BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, OIML, Guide to the Expression of
Uncertainty in Measurement, International Organisation for Standardization,
Geneva, First Edition 1993.
[3] Cox MG, A discussion of approaches for determining a reference value in the
analysis of key-comparison data, NPL Report CISE 42/99, 1999, 17p.
[4] Moore WJM and Miljanic PN, The Current Comparator, IEE Electrical
Measurement series 4, Peter Peregrins Ltd, London, 1988, 120p.
49
NPL Report TQE4
APPENDIX 1: Types of standard used in comparison
Table 25 details the type of standard and/or instrument used by each participant in the
measurement of the transfer standard.
Table 25: Types of standard used by participants
Standard Bridge
Lab. Passive Electronic Standard
Rog/Shunt Passive Electronic Homemade
CCC CCC transformer
NPL
SP
LBE
PTB
GUM
OMH
IEN
METAS
BEV
HUT
MIKES
CMI
VMT/VMC
BNM-LCIE
UME
Legend
Lab. Laboratory
CCC Compensated current comparator
Rog/Shunt Refers to measurements made using Rogowski coils and/or current
shunts
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NPL Report TQE4
APPENDIX 2: Measurement methods
Passive compensated current comparator method
Figure 18 shows the basic calibration circuit for the passive compensated current
comparator designed by Kusters and Moore [4], with a test current transformer
connected in series. The compensation winding, which has the same number of turns as
the secondary winding, will have a current that is the difference between the comparator
secondary winding current and the test transformer secondary current. If i is the
nominal secondary current and α and β are respectively the errors of the comparator and
the test transformer secondary currents, the compensation winding current is (i + α) - (i
+ β) which is equal to (α - β). In linking the detector core, the compensation winding
ampere-turns due to α will subtract from those of (i + α) due to the secondary winding,
giving a resultant due to i, which exactly cancels the primary ampere-turns. The
detector core is therefore magnetized only by a current β, the error of the test current
transformer. An equal and opposite current from the balance control circuit is injected
into the compensation winding to give null deflection of the detector. The error β is then
given by ir(G + jωC).
Figure 18: Basic calibration circuit
Supply
Primary circuit
Comparator Test C.T.
Compensating
winding G C
Balance
control
D circuit
i r Burden
Rogowski and current shunt method
Figure 19 shows the Rogowski Coil/current shunt method, (diagram taken from MIKES
report) where output voltages from calibrated current shunts/Rogowski coils and the
DUT (device under test) are measured using calibrated digital multimeters and the
DUTs, or in this case, the transfer standard’s errors calculated from the ratio of those
voltages.
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NPL Report TQE4
Figure 19: Rogowski/current shunt method
Electronically compensated comparator and test set
Figure 20 shows the calibration circuit for the electronically compensated comparator
and test set. The transformer test set measures the transfer standard (marked DUT in
circuit) errors by dividing the differential current into two components. These values
are evaluated automatically as current error and phase displacement by the test set
electronics.
Figure 20: Electronic measurement system
52
NPL Report TQE4
APPENDIX 3: BNM-LCIE Results
The following results were received from BNM-LCIE on 30 May 2002 after Draft A
had been agreed by other participants. The results supplied by BNM-LCIE have not
been used in the calculation of the comparison reference values given in Table 4.
The results in Table 26 are the deviations from the comparison reference values, in ppm
for current error and µrad for phase displacement. The expanded uncertainty (k = 2) for
each deviation is also shown in ppm and µrad.
Table 26: BNM-LCIE results as deviations from the comparison reference values

% χε U χδ U χε U χδ U χε U χδ U
120 -127 25 105 25 -53 40 74 25 -38 40 71 25

100 -125 25 103 25 -61 40 66 25 -37 40 64 25
50 -130 25 90 25 -56 40 65 25 -33 40 63 25
20 -156 25 71 25 -51 40 64 25 -29 40 44 25
10 -185 25 77 25 -69 40 50 25 -57 40 29 25
5 -254 25 21 25 -107 40 34 25 -116 40 -16 25
2 -454 150 -134 50 -248 150 -33 50 -205 150 -83 50
1 -604 300 -383 120 -597 300 -180 120 -405 300 -181 120

120 -37 40 77 25 -66 40 86 25 -23 40 86 25

100 -55 40 70 25 -64 40 88 25 -22 40 89 25
50 -50 40 68 25 -58 40 68 25 -7 40 68 25
20 -55 40 48 25 -51 40 49 25 -21 40 49 25
10 -72 40 23 25 -67 40 25 25 -38 40 24 25
5 -91 40 -13 25 -95 40 -32 25 -67 40 -43 25
2 -190 150 -131 50 -185 150 -180 50 -137 150 -230 50
1 -489 300 -179 120 -384 300 -278 120 -386 300 -379 120

120 -59 40 21 25 -13 40 66 25 -62 40 -1 25

100 -77 40 24 25 -31 40 79 25 -34 40 22 25
50 -69 40 27 25 -34 40 81 25 35 40 69 25
20 -59 40 10 25 -37 40 44 25 33 40 36 25
10 -55 40 -22 25 -54 40 21 25 9 40 15 25
5 -70 40 -66 25 -70 40 -44 25 -37 40 -48 25
2 -138 150 -233 50 -140 150 -231 50 -102 150 -233 50
1 -387 300 -380 120 -389 300 -378 120 -400 300 -378 120
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NPL Report TQE4
APPENDIX 4: Amended uncertainty values from VMT/VMC
Following VMT/VMC investigating the measurement uncertainties regarding their

standard transformer, they have supplied re-calculated uncertainty values. As these
values were supplied after issuing of the comparison reference values they are included
in this appendix for completeness.
For VMT/VMC values given in Figures 3 to 17 and Tables 5 to 22, for all current error
measurements the expanded uncertainty should be ± 153 ppm (± 0.0153%), not ± 50
ppm as stated in the figures/tables. For all phase displacement measurements the
expanded uncertainty should be ± 439 µrad (1.51 minutes), not ± 58 µrad as stated in
the figures/tables.
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NPL Report TQE4
APPENDIX 5: Sample uncertainty budgets
SP sample uncertainty budget
Estimate Analysis Sensitivity Standard Stated

Quantity coefficient Uncertainty uncertainty
Testpoints 120-100-50-20-10 % [PPM] [PPM] Within +/-
Guildline 9900 200-10 % Exp. Uncert. 30 2 1 15,00
Standard deviation in % *2,3 /ret(3) 1 1 1 1,09
Dependence of burden +/- 5 % 4 1,73 1 2,31
Exact point of measuring +/- 1 % 0,1 1,73 1 0,06
Resolution in PPM 0,1 3,46 1 0,03
Combined standard uncertainty 15,22
Expanded uncertainty 30,43 40
BEV sample uncertainty budget
Current error uncertainty budget

quantity estimate standard probability sensitivity uncertainty
uncertainty distribution coefficient contribution
Xi xi u ( xi ) ci ui ( y )
Fi,m 35 ⋅ 10-6 3,9 ⋅ 10-6 normal 1,0 3,9 ⋅ 10-6
Fi,N - 20 ⋅ 10-6 17,3 ⋅ 10-6 rectangular 1,0 17,3 ⋅ 10-6
Fi,B 0 1,7 ⋅ 10-6 rectangular 1,0 1,7 ⋅ 10-6
Fi,O 0 5,8 ⋅ 10-6 rectangular 1,0 5,8 ⋅ 10-6
Fi 15 ⋅ 10-6 18,75 ⋅ 10-6
Phase displacement uncertainty budget

quantity estimate standard probability sensitivity uncertainty
uncertainty distribution coefficient contribution
Xi xi u ( xi ) ci ui ( y )
δi,m -128 ⋅ 10-6 rad 1,9 ⋅ 10-6 rad normal 1,0 1,9 ⋅ 10-6 rad
δi,N 29 ⋅ 10-6 rad 16,8 ⋅ 10-6 rad rectangular 1,0 16,8 ⋅ 10-6 rad
δi,B 0 3,5 ⋅ 10-6 rad rectangular 1,0 3,5 ⋅ 10-6 rad
δi,O 0 17,3 ⋅ 10-6 rad rectangular 1,0 17,3 ⋅ 10-6 rad
δi - 99 ⋅ 10-6 24,45 ⋅ 10-6 rad
where:
Fi and δi are the current ratio error and phase displacement respectively,
Fi,m and δi,m are the mean value of 3 measurements,
Fi,N and δi,N are the error of the standard transformers,
Fi,B and δi,B are the standard uncertainty for the calibration of the measuring bridge,
Fi,O and δi,O take into account other influences (e.g. influences of the current source).
55
NPL Report TQE4
PTB sample uncertainty budget
uncertainty budget PTB Braunschweig, section 2.31, instrument transformers and high-voltage technique
50 Hz; example: 500 A / 5 A; I / I n = 120 %; EUROMET project 473; comparison of CT : (1 A to 1000 A) / 5 A; April 1999 - March 2000
current error ε X CTN: IW 51; 22.09.1999; lfd. Nr. 249 & 257; last update: 25.02.2000
quantity estimated value limits distribution standard sensitivity uncertainty type
uncertainty coefficient component
X i x i u(x i) c i u i(y )
ε DA (SEKAM; n = 10) 15.7 x 10-6 0.07 x 10-6 normal 0.02 x 10-6 1 0.02 x 10-6 A
ε DB (SEKAM) 0 1.00 x 10-6 normal 0.50 x 10-6 1 0.50 x 10-6 B
ε R (reproducibility) 0 1.80 x 10-6 rectangular 1.04 x 10-6 1 1.04 x 10-6 B
ε N1 (standard CT) 0.3 x 10-6 1.00 x 10-6 normal 0.50 x 10-6 1 0.50 x 10-6 B
ε N2 (influence of ε DA and δ DA) -1.9 x 10-6 1.00 x 10-6 rectangular 0.58 x 10-6 1 0.58 x 10-6 B
B (actual burden) 4.9 VA 0.10 % normal 0.05 % -17 x 10-6/VA -0.04 x 10-6 B
ε B (influence of burden) -1.7 x 10-6 0.30 x 10-6 rectangular 0.17 x 10-6 1 0.17 x 10-6 B
ε MP (influence of I / I n) 0 0.11 x 10-6 rectangular 0.06 x 10-6 1 0.06 x 10-6 B
ε F (influence of frequency) 0 0.03 x 10-6 rectangular 0.02 x 10-6 1 0.02 x 10-6 B
ε X = ε DA + ε N1 + ε N2 + ε B 12.4 x 10-6 1.40 x 10-6
measured value (k =2) 12 x 10-6 ± 3 x 10-6
phase displacement δ X
quantity estimated value limits distribution standard sensitivity uncertainty type
uncertainty coefficient component
X i x i u(x i) c i u i(y ) in crad
δ DA (SEKAM; n = 10) -78.0 urad 0.08 urad normal 0.03 urad 1 0.03 urad A
δ DB (SEKAM) 0 1.00 urad normal 0.50 urad 1 0.50 urad B
δ R (reproducibility) 0 2.80 urad rectangular 1.62 urad 1 1.62 urad B
δ N1 (standard CT) -0.5 urad 1.50 urad normal 0.75 urad 1 0.75 urad B
δ N2 (influence of ε DA and δ DA) -1.4 urad 1.00 urad rectangular 0.58 urad 1 0.58 urad B
B (actual burden) 4.9 VA 0.10 % normal 0.05 % 26 urad/VA 0.06 urad B
δ B (influence of burden) 2.6 urad 1.10 urad rectangular 0.64 urad 1 0.64 urad B
δ MP (influence of I / I n) 0 0.22 urad rectangular 0.13 urad 1 0.13 urad B
δ F (influence of frequency) 0 0.13 urad rectangular 0.08 urad 1 0.08 urad B
δ X = δ DA + δ N1 + δ N2 + δ B -77.3 urad 2.05 urad
measured value (k =2) : -77 urad 4 urad ; measured value (k =2) : -0.265´ ± 0.014´
METAS sample uncertainty budget
Components Type Distribution Standard uncertainties

I/In = 1 %…10 % I/In = 20 %…120 %
(AorB) r:rectang. I error Phase I error Phase
n:normal (ppm) (min) (ppm) (min)
Reference Current Transformer B r 6.0 0.040 4.0 0.030
Measurements
Random noise (one measurement) A n 1.0 0.020 1.0 0.010
Non-linearity of the bridge B r 2.0 0.020 1.0 0.010
Frequency effects (±1 Hz) B r 0.3 0.004 0.3 0.004
Burden (±1 % of Pn) B r 0.7 0.005 0.7 0.005
Temperature (23 °C ±1 °C) B r 0.5 0.005 0.5 0.005
Reproducibility of the set-up B r 2.0 0.020 2.0 0.020
Combined standard uncertainty 6.8 0.054 4.8 0.040

(effective degrees of freedom: 13,
12, 15 and 12 resp.)
Expanded uncertainty U, 95%
14.8 0.119 10.2 0.089
Confidence level
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NPL Report TQE4
GUM sample uncertainty budget
Ratio 5…1000/5 A/A. Uncertainty budget for ratio error x 10-6

Uncertainty sources Standard uncertainty Standard uncertainty Probaility Sensitivity
for 120%…5% x In for 2% and 1% x In distribution coefficient
Calibration of reference current 15 15 normal 1.0
transformer
Error of current transformer 10 / √3 50 / √3 rectangular 1.0
bridge
Calibration of current 5 5 normal 1.0
transformer bridge
Error of burden box 3 / √3 3 / √3 rectangular 1.0
Error of indication of results 1 / √12 1 / √12 rectangular 1.0
Uncertainty type A 4.5 8.5 normal 1.0
Contribution to the standard 17.5 34
uncertainty
Ratio 5…1000/5 A/A. Uncertainty budget of phase displacement [min]

Uncertainty sources Standard uncertainty Standard uncertainty Probaility Sensitivity
for 120%…5% x In for 2% and 1% x In distribution coefficient
Calibration of reference current 0.05 0.05 normal 1.0
transformer
Error of current transformer 0.10 / √3 0.50 / √3 rectangular 1.0
bridge
Calibration of current 0.05 0.05 normal 1.0
transformer bridge
Error of burden box 0.03 / √3 0.03 / √3 rectangular 1.0
Error of indication of results 0.01 / √12 0.01 / √12 rectangular 1.0
Uncertainty type A 0.03 0.11 normal 1.0
Contribution to the standard 0.1 0.32
uncertainty
LBE sample uncertainty budget
1. Ratio uncertainties (%)
σ1 : value (1σ) on the results of our Tettex CT comparator calibration at PTB * 0,001 5
σ2 : calibration operation own 0,002 / 3
σ3 : precision of the burden * 0,002 / 3
2 2 2
σ = σ 1 + σ 2 + σ 3 = 0,002 2 %
2σ = 0,004 4 % round up to 0,005 %
2. Phase uncertainties (minutes)
σ1 : value (1σ) on the results of the PTB * calibration 0,05

σ2 : calibration operation own 0,04 / 3
σ3 : precision of the burden * 0,05 / 3
2 2 2
σ = σ 1 + σ 2 + σ 3 = 0,062 ’
2σ = 0,124 ’ round up to 0,2 ’
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NPL Report TQE4
OMH sample uncertainty budget
Uncertainty estimation for the ratio error (uh):

Current level: 120%...50% Current level: 20%...2%
Source of uncertainty type A type B |%| type A type B |%|
|%| In=50A In>50A |%| In=50A In>50A
Standard transformer - 2·10-4 10·10-4 - 2·10-4 10·10-4
-4 -4
Measuring bridge - 2·10 - 2·10
-4 -4
Comparison 0,6·10 - 4,4·10 -
Expanded uncertainty
2,9·10-4 10,2·10-4 5,2·10-4 11,4·10-4
(coverage factor k=2)
IEN sample uncertainty budget
Rated ratio 5 A / 5 A uncertainty budget

Primary ηCT ηo ηR δm,r uc ν kp U(ηCT)
current u(ηo) distrib. u(ηR) distrib. u(δm) distrib.
[%In] [ppm] [ppm] type [ppm] type [ppm] type [ppm] [ppm]
2 -2 2.9 rect. 1.9 rect. 1.4 rect. 3.8 >100 2.0 7.6
5 -2 2.9 “ 1.9 “ 1.4 “ 3.7 >100 2.0 7.4
10 -1.5 2.9 “ 1.8 “ 1.4 “ 3.7 >100 2.0 7.4
20 0.2 2.9 “ 1.7 “ 1.4 “ 3.6 >100 2.0 7.2
50 4.1 2.9 “ 1.6 “ 1.4 “ 3.6 >100 2.0 7.2
100 8.1 2.9 “ 1.5 “ 1.4 “ 3.5 >100 2.0 7.0
120 9.6 2.9 “ 1.5 “ 1.4 “ 3.5 >100 2.0 7.0
where:
ηCT is the measurement value of the CT ratio error,
ηo is the error of the compensated current comparator,
ηR is the bridge reading of the difference,
δm,r is a term related to the measurement repeatability.
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NPL Report TQE4
HUT sample uncertainty budget
Model equation:
CTratio=Ratiorog10m*Krog/K10m*(1+δRatiorog10m);
K10m=(1+δstab10m)*(1+δwarm10m)/R10m;
K1m=K10m*Ratio10c1c*(1+δRatio10c1c)*(1+δstab1m)*(1+δwarm1m);
Krog=K1m*Ratio1crog*(1+δRatio1crog)*frog/fCTratio*(1+δstabrog)*(1+δwarmrog);
Uncertainty budget:
Quantity Value Standard Degrees of Sensitivity Uncertainty Index
uncertainty freedom coefficient contribution
Ratiorog10m 39.7819960 82.4·10-6 9 5.03 414·10-6 0.1 %
δRatiorog10m 0.0 20.0·10-6 50 200 4.00·10-3 12.0 %
-6 -6
fCTratio 55.00026209 5.55·10 9 -3.64 -20.2·10 0.0 %
-6 -6
frog 55.0002669 16.8·10 48 3.64 61.3·10 0.0 %
K10m 96.82698 2.17·10-3
R10m 0.0103277
δstab10m 0.0 10.0·10-6 50 0.0 0.0 0.0 %
δwarm10m 0.0 20.0·10-6 50 0.0 0.0 0.0 %
K1m 707.3214 0.0309
Ratio10c1c 7.3050036 14.9·10-6 78 27.4 407·10-6 0.1 %
-6 -3
δRatio10c1c 0.0 30.0·10 50 200 6.00·10 27.1 %
δstab1m 0.0 10.0·10-6 50 200 2.00·10-3 3.0 %
δwarm1m 0.0 20.0·10-6 50 200 4.00·10-3 12.0 %
Krog 486.8076 0.0284
Ratio1crog 0.68824095 7.26·10-6 48 291 2.11·10-3 3.3 %
-6 -3
δRatio1crog 0.0 30.0·10 50 200 6.00·10 27.1 %
δstabrog 0.0 20.0·10-6 50 200 4.00·10-3 12.0 %
δwarmrog 0.0 10.0·10-6 50 200 2.00·10-3 3.0 %
CTratio 200.0081 0.0124 247
Result:
Quantity: CTratio
Value: 200.008
Expanded uncertainty: ±0.025
Coverage factor: 2.0
Coverage probability: 95.45%
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NPL Report TQE4
HUT sample uncertainty budget cont.
List of quantities:
Quantity Unit Definition
CTratio calibration result, ratio of CT
Ratiorog10m voltage ratio, measured with Rogowski coil (high current) and
shunt 0.01 ohm (low current)
δRatiorog10m Uncertainty of voltage ratio measurement when measuring ratio of
CT
fCTratio frequency when calibrating CT
frog frequency of auxiliary calibration when calibrating Rogowski coil
K10m Scale factor for reference shunt
R10m Nominal value for 0.01 ohm shunt
δstab10m stability of 0.01 ohm reference shunt
δwarm10m warming of 0.01 ohm reference shunt
K1m Scale factor for 0.001 ohm shunt
Ratio10c1c Auxiliary calibration, voltage ratio 0.001 ohm and 0.01 ohm
shunts, measuring current 5.5 A
δRatio10c1c Uncertainty of measurement when making auxiliary calibration,
because of low voltage levels
δstab1m stability of 0.001 ohm shunt
δwarm1m warming of 0.001 ohm shunt
Krog Measured scale factor for Rogowski coil
Ratio1crog Auxiliary calibration, ratio of 0.001 ohm shunt and Rogowski
coil, measuring current 20 A
δRatio1crog Uncertainty of measurement when making auxiliary calibration,
because of low voltage levels
δstabrog stability of Rogowski coil
δwarmrog warming of Rogowski coil
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NPL Report TQE4
MIKES sample uncertainty budget

Amplitude Uncertainty contributions of 10 A: % A Shunt/Shunt measurement
Freq Current rm Alpha_200 T_200 T_0_200 Alpha_75 T_amb T_0_amb Rho rcal I-SET Unc.
[Hz] [%] [10^6] [10^6] [10^6] [10^6] [10^6] [10^6] [10^6] [10^6] [10^6] [10^6] [10^6]
49.4 120 0.1 -0.5 -0.3 0.3 -0.3 3.9 -3.9 -1.0 -13.8 0.1 15
49.4 100 0.1 -0.1 -0.3 0.3 -0.3 3.9 -3.9 -0.8 -11.0 0.1 12
49.4 50 0.1 -0.1 -0.3 0.3 -0.3 3.9 -3.9 -0.6 -6.8 0.0 9
49.4 20 0.1 0.0 -0.3 0.3 -0.3 3.9 -3.9 -0.8 -5.9 0.0 8
49.4 10 0.2 -0.1 -0.3 0.3 -0.3 3.9 -3.9 -0.8 -5.8 0.0 8
49.4 5 0.3 0.0 -0.3 0.3 -0.3 3.9 -3.9 -0.6 -5.8 0.0 8
49.4 2 0.9 0.1 -0.3 0.3 -0.3 3.9 -3.9 -0.8 -5.8 0.0 8
53.8 120 0.1 0.8 -0.3 0.3 -0.3 3.9 -3.9 -1.0 -13.8 0.1 15
53.8 100 0.1 0.2 -0.3 0.3 -0.3 3.9 -3.9 -0.8 -11.0 0.1 12
53.8 50 0.0 0.1 -0.3 0.3 -0.3 3.9 -3.9 -0.6 -6.8 0.0 9
53.8 20 0.0 -0.2 -0.3 0.3 -0.3 3.9 -3.9 -0.8 -5.9 0.0 8
53.8 10 0.0 -0.1 -0.3 0.3 -0.3 3.9 -3.9 -0.8 -5.8 0.0 8
53.8 5 0.1 -0.1 -0.3 0.3 -0.3 3.9 -3.9 -0.6 -5.8 0.0 8
53.8 2 0.2 0.1 -0.3 0.3 -0.3 3.9 -3.9 -0.8 -5.8 0.0 8
where:
rm is the measured ratio of the voltages across the shunts,
Alpha_200 is the temperature coefficient of the 200 mΩ shunt in secondary circuit,
T_200 is the temperature of the 200 mΩ shunt during the actual transformer
measurement,
T_0_200 is the temperature of the 200 mΩ shunt during the calibration,
Alpha _75 is the temperature coefficient of the 75 mΩ shunt in primary circuit,
T_amb is the ambient temperature during the actual transformer measurement,
T_0_amb is the ambient temperature during the calibration,
Rho represents the error introduced into the system by the resolution of the DMMs,
rcal is the calibrated ratio of the system,
CMI sample uncertainty budget
ratio: 1 A/5 A
current resultant value type A uncertainty type B uncertainty combined uncertainty
IN εI δI δI U Aεε U Aδδ U Aδ U Bεε U Bδδ U Bδδ Uε Uδ Uδ
[%] [ppm] [min] [µrad]
[µ [ppm] [min] [µrad]
[µ
120 15.7 -0.281 -82 0.3 0.006 1.6 5.9 0.026 7.6 5.9 0.027 7.8
100 13.8 -0.288 -84 0.3 0.005 1.6 5.9 0.026 7.6 5.9 0.027 7.8
50 9.1 -0.317 -92 0.3 0.006 1.7 6.2 0.033 9.5 6.2 0.033 9.7
20 5.3 -0.352 -102 0.4 0.006 1.8 6.7 0.037 10.8 6.7 0.037 10.9
10 3.5 -0.375 -109 0.3 0.006 1.8 6.7 0.039 11.3 6.7 0.039 11.4
5 3.0 -0.392 -114 0.3 0.006 1.9 8.2 0.043 12.6 8.2 0.044 12.7
2 5.3 -0.403 -117 2.5 0.009 2.6 18.3 0.061 17.9 18.5 0.062 18.1
1 7.3 -0.417 -121 2.0 0.005 1.4 29.4 0.104 30.3 29.5 0.104 30.3
where:
εI is the resultant ratio error (mean value)
δI is the resultant phase displacement (mean value)
UAε and UAδ is the standard type A uncertainty determined from n = 5 measurements,
UBε and UBδ is a combination of maximum errors associated with the standard
comparator, the measuring bridge and adjustment of the current and burden.
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NPL Report TQE4
UME sample uncertainty budget
The estimated errors of the following table are combined as if they were true,
independent random errors. A uniform distribution is assumed for each of them. For a
uniform distribution
d
s=
3
where s is the standard deviation, and d is the maximum value of the estimated error. The
combined standard deviation is the square root of the sum of the squares of the individual
standard deviations.
Ratio Phase
ESTIMATED POSSIBLE INSTABILITIES
Correction Angle
Core Magnetization 20 ppm 45 µrad
Uncertainty in Burden 15 ppm 35 µrad
Transformer Temperature 10 ppm 25 µrad
Current Value 15 ppm 35 µrad
Electromagnetic Interference 15 ppm 15 µrad
Combined Uncertainty 19,8 ppm 42,1 µrad
The reference current transformer was used with the test set having the systematic
uncertainties of 10 ppm and 10 µrad as given in the following table.
SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTY OF UME Ratio Phase

EQUIPMENT Correction Angle
Reference Current Transformer 10 ppm 10 µrad
Test Set 10 ppm 10 µrad
Total Systematic Uncertainty 14,2 ppm 14,2 µrad
In estimating the overall uncertainty, the random and systematic uncertainty

components are combined using the guidelines of the “Guide to the Expression of
Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM, ISO 1993)”. The two components are combined on
a root-sum-squared basis at the two-sigma level.
Ur = 42,8 ppm
Up = 85,8 µrad
The rounded off figure of 100 ppm (or µrad) is preferred

The Overall Uncertainty
to use for both error components.
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NPL Report TQE4
VMT/VMC sample uncertainty budget
Current error f,%

Quantity Estimate Standard Probability Sensitivity Uncertainty
Xi xi uncertainty distribution coefficient contribution
U,(Xi) ci Ui(y)
Ket sert -0,004 5,00E-03 Normal 1 2,50E-03

TEBB77 0 5,57E-05 Normal 1 2,78E-05
Kmat vid -0,01113 3,67E-05 Normal 1 1,83E-05
apval 1 1,00E-04 Triangular 1 4,08E-05
Kf -0,01513 U(k) 2,50E-03

Kf = Ket sert + Kmat vid U,k=2 5,00E-03
δ
Quantity Estimate Standard Probability Sensitivity Uncertainty
Xi xi uncertainty distribution coefficient contribution
U,(Xi) ci Ui(y)
Ket sert 0,3 2,00E-01 Normal 1 1,00E-01

TEBB77 0 5,50E-03 Normal 1 2,75E-03
Kmat vid -1,099 2,34E-03 Normal 1 1,17E-03
Tinklo 49,9997 4,30E-03 Square 1 2,48E-03
dažnis
apval 1 1,00E-02 Triangular 1 4,08E-03
Kδ -0,798993 U(δ) 1,00E-01

Kδ = Kmat vid × Ftinklo dažnis : 50 + Ket sert U,k=2 2,00E-01
where:
Ket sert is the current error and phase displacement of the reference from its calibration
certificate,
TEBB77 is the reading of the comparator,
Kmat vid is the observed difference in current error and phase displacement,
apval is resolution of the comparator,
Tinklo dažnis is the frequency of the mains supply,
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NPL Report TQE4
BNM-LCIE sample uncertainty budget
RATIO
All ratios, except 1/5 A, I > 0,02.In
Quantity Estimate Standard Probability Sensitivity Standard
uncertainty distribution coefficient uncertainty
Xi xi u(xi) /method of ci contribution
evaluation ci.u(xi)
(A,B)
Kd 1 1.10-6.Kd BR1 1 1.10-6
S 0,1 1.10-5.S BR2 10 1.10-5
-5 -4
r2 1000 1.10 .r2 BR3 5.10 5.10-6
R 0,2 1.10-5.R BR4 5 1.10-5
-5 -4
r1 1000 1.10 .r1 BR5 5.10 5.10-6
Ke Ke 1.10-5.Ke BR6 1/Ke 1.10-5
Kd 1 6.10-6.Kd BL3 1 6.10-5
Combined standard uncertainty (k=1) 2.10-5
Expanded uncertainty (k=2) 40.10-6
PHASE
All ratios, I > 0,02.In
Quantity Estimate Standard Probability Sensitivity Standard
uncertainty distribution Coefficient uncertainty
Xi xi u(xi) /method of Ci contribution
evaluation ci.u(xi)
(A,B)
-9 -4
C1 5.10 1.10 .C BR1 1,6.105 8.10-8
C2 5.10-9 1.10-4.C BR1 1,6.105 2.10-8
-5 -6
r 1000 1.10 .r BR2 1.10 1.10-8
ω 100.π 1.10-3.ω BR3 3.10-6 1.10-6
C1 5.10-9 0,06 nF BL1 1,6.105 1.10-5
combined standard uncertainty (k=1) 1.10-5
Expanded uncertainty (k=2) 25.10-6
where:
Kd (BR1) is the inductive divider in the bridge,
Kd (BL3) represents the sensitivity of the set-up; the zero of the detector is adjusted by
means of the inductive divider,
S is the calibrated burden shunt,
R is the calibrated shunt connected to the secondary of the reference current
transformer,
r1 and r2 represent calibration of resistors r1 and r2 in the bridge,
Ke is calibration of the reference transformer,
C1 (BR1) and C2 represent calibration of capacitors C1 and C2 in the bridge,
C1 (BL1) represents the sensitivity of the set-up; the zero of the detector is adjusted by
means of capacitor C1,
r represents calibration of the resistor in the bridge,
ω is the measurement of the frequency.
64

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NPL REPORT

EUROMET Projects 473 and

EUROMET Projects 473 and 612:

Stuart Harmon and Lesley Henderson

 Crown copyright 2009

National Physical Laboratory

Approved on behalf of the Managing Director, NPL

The Euromet comparison titled “Comparison of the measurement of current

Current transformer measurements made by the participating NMIs support a large

Project 473 participants and affiliation in order of transfer standard circulation:

A Deffrennes, W Vancoetsem, G Vandermeersch, LBE, Laborelec, Linkebeek,

H Latzel, G Roeissle, PTB, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig,

B Pączek, GUM, Central Office of Measures, Warsaw, Poland

A Boros, J Gellén, I Szunyogh, OMH, National Office of Measures, Budapest, Hungary

G Crotti, IEN, Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale “Galileo Farraris”, Turin, Italy

R Kämpfer, B Jeckelmann, METAS, Swiss Federal Office of Metrology and

W Waldmann, BEV, Bundesamt für Eich-und Vermessungswesen, Vienna, Austria

E Suomalainen, HUT, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland

A Rautiainen, P Helistö, MIKES, Centre for Metrology and Accreditation, Helsinki,

Project 612 Participants and affiliation in order of transfer standard circulation:

R Styblíková, CMI, Czech Metrological Institute, Prague, Czech Republic

V Gegevicius, Z Balachoviciené, VMT/VMC, Vilnius Metrology Centre, Vilnius,

I Blanc, BNM-LCIE, Laboratoire Central des Industries Électriques, Fontenay-aux-

H Çayci, UME, Ulusal Metroloji Enstitüsü, Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey

Manufacturer: Smith Hobson Ltd, United Kingdom

Transformation ratios: All

Symbols and definitions

Kn Rated transformation ratio.

Measurement conditions and methods

Table 1: Measurement conditions

Date Temperature Burden Frequency

Method 1: Comparison against compensated current comparators and/or standard

Laboratory Traceable to own Traceable to other

Transfer standard behaviour

Figure 1: Ratio 50 / 5, I/In = 100%, Transfer standard behaviour

Current error /ppm 2

Figure 2: Ratio 50 / 5, I/In = 100%, Transfer standard behaviour

Sample uncertainty budget

Table 3: Sample uncertainty budget

Current error uncertainty, ratio 5 / 5, I/In = 120-2%

Calibration of bridge and comparator 2 B normal 2 1 1.000 ∞

Combined uncertainty 2.237 621

All participants included a similar statement, quoting a coverage factor of k = 2, except

Comparison reference value

where εj is each participants individual result

The standard deviation (standard uncertainty) uref of εref is given by:

A 95% confidence level is given by:

For calculation of the phase displacement reference values substitute δ for ε.

Table 4: Comparison reference values

I/In Ratio 1 / 5 Ratio 5 / 5 Ratio 10 / 5

120 17 3 -85 4 13 2 -84 3 18 2 -81 4

I/In Ratio 20 / 5 Ratio 50 / 5 Ratio 100 / 5

120 7 2 -87 3 6 2 -86 3 3 2 -86 3

I/In Ratio 200 / 5 Ratio 500 / 5 Ratio 1000 / 5

120 19 2 -71 3 13 2 -76 4 22 3 -59 4

Figure 3: Ratio 1 / 5, I/In = 100%, current error comparison results

-160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

Figure 4: Ratio 5 / 5, I/In = 100%, current error comparison results

-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80