3 The Superstructure

Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A.
Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Instructor’s Profile
Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio
Licensed Civil Engineer
Faculty Member
Technological Institute of the Philippines- Quezon City Campus
Cubao, Quezon City
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, 2015

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
Intramuros, Manila
Master of Science in Civil Engineering

major in Structural Engineering (ongoing)
University of the Philippines- Diliman Campus
Diliman, Quezon City
e-mail: [email protected]
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
DISCLAIMER:
This presentation may contain errors that will be corrected in class. It is the responsibility of the student to
take note of these corrections. This may be considered as a supplementary material only and should not be
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machine-readable form, in whole or in part, without prior consent of the Instructor.
References:
Tonias, D. E., Zhao, J. J. (2017). Bridge Engineering (4th
Ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill Education.
References:
Barker, R. M., Puckett, J. A. (2013). Design of Highway
Bridges (3rd Ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
References:
Sons, Inc.
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications (AASHTO 2012). Washington, DC:
AASHTO.
References:
Sons, Inc.
AASHTO.
Department of Public Works and Highways Bureau of
Design. Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards (DGCS
Vol. 5 Bridge Design 2015). Philippines: DPWH.
References:
Sons, Inc.
AASHTO.
Department of Public Works and Highways Bureau of
Design. Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards (DGCS
Vol. 5 Bridge Design 2015). Philippines: DPWH.
www.google.com (for some images and video clips)

Summary of previous Discussion
Five Principal Categories of Fund Source
User Fees Special Benefit Fees Debt Financing
Nonuser Fees Private Financing
Types of Design Standards
General Specifications Material-Related Design Codes
Why do we conduct Site Inspection?
For the construction of a new bridge structure
To observe and determine the present condition of an existing bridge and site and to fulfill standard
requirements such as from National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS)
For the rehabilitation or replacement of a structure from an existing bridge and site
Why do we conduct Site Survey?
→to create a model of topographic features →to create a model of structural features
→to create a model of planimetric features
Why do we conduct Physical Testing?
to supply needed information concerning the adequacy of materials used in the construction of the bridge.
Methods of Physical Testing
Coring Testing for Cover Detecting Fatigue Cracks
Delamination Testing Measuring Steel Thickness
Intended Learning Outcome for this Discussion:
At the end of the discussion, the students will be able to:
1. Explain the different types of superstructures and how they are being classified
2. State the different types of secondary members
3. State the different types of decks

College of Engineering and Architecture Source: https://erkrishneelram.wordpress.com/2015/03/12/box-girder-bridges/

Superstructure Types
Criteria in Selecting Type of Superstructure
→bridge span length
→material function and availability
→construction cost
→speed of construction and constructability
→design complexity
→maintenance costs and life expectancy
→environmental concerns
→aesthetics
Source: https://giphy.com/gifs/golden-gate-bridge-dtVChqtd2zHsd10A2C
Superstructures generally vary by support type (simply supported or continuous), design type (slab-on-girder,
arch, truss, etc.), and material type (steel, concrete, timber, etc.). Obviously, there are a variety of combinations
of the above. For example, a designer could choose to use a slab-on-girder superstructure with either steel or
concrete girders. This superstructure could be simply supported or continuous, and so on.
Steel Superstructures
Advantages
→lighter weight compared to concrete
→more rapid construction compared to concrete
→prefabrication reduces the amount of field labor for operations (e.g., bolting, welding)
→recent advancements in fabrication methods and materials
→automated element assembly and welding
Types of Steel Primary Members
Rolled Beam→ Steel girder that has been formed
by hot-rolling. The most common type of rolled
beam used as a primary member in highway
bridges is the wide-flange variety. The wide-
flange W section beam differs from its I-beam Source: https://www.metalsdepot.com/steel-products/steel-beams#
cousin American Standard S-section in that its

flanges are parallel rather than tapered. As the
name would indicate, the flange width on a wide-
flange stringer is greater than that of an S-beam.
The S-beam, however, has a thicker web.
Advantages
Rolled Beam with Cover Plate→ To maintain an
economy of material, rolled beams are sometimes Source: https://www.metalsdepot.com/steel-products/steel-beams#
equipped with a rectangular plate, or cover plate,

at the bottom flange. The cover plate increases
the ability of the stringer to resist flexure without
having to use a larger rolled beam or plate girder.
However, the cover plate also increases the
potential for fatigue cracks by introducing welds
and stress concentrations at the ends of the plate;
therefore, its application is no longer allowed by
most bridge owners.
Advantages
Plate Girder→ A plate girder, like a rolled beam, has an I-shaped
cross section. Rather than being hot-rolled in one piece,
however, the girder is constructed from steel plate elements that
are connected with welds, bolts, or rivets. Since the designer is
specifying the section properties of the girder (i.e., flange width Source: https://www.steelconstruction.info/Multi-girder_composite_bridges
and thickness, web depth, etc.) a greater economy of materials

results. To further reduce the amount of steel used, plate girder
flange thicknesses may be varied in segments to accommodate
bending moments at various regions. Sometimes plate girders
can also be varied in depth, or haunched, to accommodate
regions of low and high moment and/or shear. Plate girders gain
an advantage over rolled beams as span lengths become large.
Advantages
Source: https://kingtonchu.com/portfolio

Box Girder→ In reality, the box girder is a form of plate
girder that combines two girders into a single unit.
Unlike open-box girders, closed-box girders possess
excellent torsional stiffness, so they usually do not
require secondary members to provide bracing.
Although the box girder provides an aesthetically
pleasing structure, the amount of steel required,
especially for closed-box girders, can sometimes exceed
that for a standard I cross-sectional plate girder. Box
girders usually have higher fabrication costs than plate
girders, so most of them are designed for curved bridges
to take advantage of their strong torsional rigidity. Source: https://www.facebook.com/pinoyjoyride/photos/pcb.2343971715618257/2343971495618279/
Advantages
→recent advancements in fabrication methods and materials Source: https://structurae.net/en/structures/bridges/rigid-frame-bridges

Types of Steel Primary Members Source: https://www.ihi.co.jp/iis/en/products/bridge/rahmen/index.html
Steel Rigid Strut Frame→ A steel bridge with integral

steel supporting legs is another form of structure
that utilizes steel as its principal component. In such
a configuration, not only is the superstructure made
of steel, but the substructure as well.
Large Structures→ Steel is also an excellent material

for large structures requiring spans of significant
length. The arch, truss, cable-stayed, and suspension
structures all provide solutions for this class of bridge.
Concrete Superstructures 𝑤
Types of Concrete Primary Members
Prestressed Concrete Girder → A general axiom
for concrete performance is that it handles
compression very well but performs poorly
under tension. For steel bars, the converse
holds true. The combination of steel with
concrete, with one material taking up the
deficiencies of the other, is the basic principle
behind reinforced concrete. Prestressed
concrete takes this characteristic feature one
step further by application of a tensile force to
reinforcing tendons. This has the effect of
increasing internal compression in the concrete
beam where tension is anticipated under
loading, and thus reducing or eliminating
concrete tensile stresses once the beam is
loaded. The prestressing force may be applied
after the concrete is cast in situ (i.e., poured in
the field) or before the beam is precast.
Concrete Superstructures 𝑤
under tension. For steel bars, the converse 𝑃 𝑒 𝑃
step further by application of a tensile force to
the field) or before the beam is precast.
Prestressing Systems
Pretensioning
https://www.dot.state.mn.u
→tensioning the tendon prior to casting the section s/historicbridges/prestresse
→normally performed at precasting plants, where d-concrete-fabrication.html
a precasting stressing bed of a long reinforced

concrete slab is cast on the ground with vertical
anchor bulkheads or walls at its ends.
→can be accomplished by prestressing individual
strands, or all the strands at one jacking operation.
→for harped tendon profiles, the prestressing bed is https://pdf4pro.com/vi
ew/chapter-8-precast-
provided with hold-down devices as shown. pretensioned-concrete-

girders-566ef4.html
𝑤
𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑒 𝑃𝑗
Prestressing Systems
Post-tensioning
→tensioning the tendon after the
concrete has been cast and has achieved
the major portion of its strength.
→the tendons of strands should not be

bonded or grouted prior to full prestressing.
𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑃𝑗
Concrete Superstructures
under tension. For steel bars, the converse
step further by application of a tensile force to Source: (Tonias, 2017)

the field) or before the beam is precast. Source: https://downtownjacksonville.org/poi/fuller-warren-bridge/
Concrete Box Girder → Box girders are a form of prestressed concrete girder. Like their steel cousins, box
girders are good at resisting the effects of torsion and typically do not require the introduction of bracing
elements. Box girders can be built in segments, can be precast or cast in place, and can have variable sections.
Because of these characteristics, concrete box girders are well suited for large span lengths.
Typical Construction Methods for Concrete Box Girder Bridges Source: https://erkrishneelram.wordpress.com/2015/03/12/box-girder-bridges/
Bay by Bay→ For medium-span

bridges, they can be built bay by bay,
one span at a time, or in a group of
bays. Before post-tensioning force is
applied, the superstructure concrete is
supported by a temporary supporting
system such as scaffoldings, movable
erecting beams, movable launching
beams, or movable centering system.
Once concrete reaches its strength and
is post-tensioned, the temporary
supporting system can be removed
and may be reused at another bay
Typical Construction Methods for Concrete Box Girder Bridges
Balanced Cantilever Method→ For long-span bridges
where temporary supporting systems are not practical, Source: https://www.lusas.com/products/bridge_tour_staged_construction.html
concrete box girder bridges are usually built using the

balanced cantilever method. The cantilever segments
start from piers and work toward midspan where
cantilevers from both piers meet. The concrete segments
can be precast or cast-in-place. The post-tensioning steel
has to be designed to resist cantilever action under
construction loading during construction, and bridge
load combinations when the bridge is completed. To
improve design efficiency, sometimes temporary external
post-tension tendons are used for construction loads that
can be removed after the superstructure is completed.
Typical Construction Methods for Concrete Box Girder Bridges
Incremental Launching→ In this method,
bridge piers are built first. The superstructure
is cast and launched incrementally from one
pier to another, with the help of a launching
nose and sometimes temporary support
between the piers. Like the cantilever method,
post-tension reinforcement is designed to
resist cantilever construction loads during
each step of launching and for the final design
loads once launching is completed.
Concrete Slab → A slab bridge is one in which the structural
deck slab itself represents the primary load bearing member
Source: http://www.bgcons.com/project/post-tensioned-rcsh-bridge-on-i-70-overpass-at-east-street
(i.e., there are no supporting girders underneath).
Conventionally reinforced concrete slab bridges are
common for short spans up to 40 ft (12 m) in length.
Adjacent Prestressed Slab → Adjacent prestressed
concrete slab units can be used for short spans up to 60 Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/This-
diagram-shows-the-components-of-a-precast-
ft (18 m). A 3 to 4 in (75 to 100 mm) concrete overlay prestressed-concrete-box-beam-

girder_fig2_273222959
with reinforcement is usually cast over the slab units.

Slab units are transversely post-tensioned prior to
placement of overlay to form a single bridge deck.
Longitudinal shear keys are provided between units so
that adjacent slabs can act as a whole unit under live
load. The advantages of this type of bridge are rapid
construction, low initial cost, and low maintenance Source: https://www.michigan.gov/documents/MDOT_RR-102_143535_7.pdf
costs, which make it very popular for short-span bridges.

Source:https://www.wellsreserve.org/writable/files/archive/St
ream_Barrier_Resources/technicalguidance_2_10_12__copy1.pdf

Concrete Rigid Frame → A concrete rigid frame, like the steel Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid-frame_bridge#/media/File:Otamusjoen_silta_2.JPG
rigid frame, incorporates the superstructure and

substructure into a single integrated unit. A conventional
rigid frame has a deck slab integrated with abutment walls.
This type of structure is usually for very short spans. A box
culvert can be considered as a concrete rigid frame structure.
Concrete Strut Frame → A strut-frame type has integrated

legs or struts extending from the superstructure at angles.
These structures are useful when underpass width is an
important concern and placement of a substructure element
in the middle of the underpass is impossible.
Concrete Arch → Since arches convert most loading into

compressive forces, concrete, with its excellent compressive
strength, is an ideal material for these types of structures.
Concrete arches can range from short- to long-span bridges.
Source: http://www.highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php%3Ftitle%3DYanjinhe_Arch_Bridge
Source:https://a3511.wordpress.com/2018/10/10/g
College of Engineering and Architecture lulam-a-new-twist-to-traditional-wood-construction/

Timber Superstructures
Types of Timber Primary Members
Glulam Timber → A glulam (Glued Laminated) timber
Source:https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Glulam-Bridge-
Source-Camero-2017-The-Fifth-Estate-2017_fig2_327816092
member is created by gluing together two or more pieces of

lumber, no more than 2 in (50 mm) in thickness. In older
timber structures, elements like bridge decks utilized a
similar approach with nail-laminated lumber. As heavier
loads were introduced on these bridges, however, nail-
laminated assemblies would begin to loosen. Also, prior to the
introduction of glulam timber, member sizes were somewhat
limited due to the scarcity of large, individual timbers. Source: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/FOR-
THE-DEGREE-OF-DOCTOR-OF-PHILOSOPHY-Performance-
Stress-Laminated Timber Deck → Stressed-laminated timber

Ekholm/bca555cbbffc6934447fc7cf0a6572a48659b729
deck bridges are composed of 2 in (50 mm) thick and 8 to 12

in (200 to 305 mm) height strips that are transversely
stressed with prestressing steel bars. This type of bridge is Source: http://www.geofffreedman.co.uk/gallery-vehicle-bridges/
similar to the concrete slab bridge where the deck is the

primary load-carrying member. The timber deck is normally
covered by a waterproofing membrane and paved with
asphalt pavement as a wearing surface.
Source: https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-
union-pacific-railroad-train-crossing-wooden-

trestle-bridge-near-sherman-57303815.html

Timber Superstructures
Trestle → A trestle is a set of timber stringers integrated with
a pile or frame bent. Stringers usually have a rectangular
cross section, although glulam I-beam stringers are also used.
Source: https://mapio.net/pic/p-110105547/
Previously, nail-laminated timber decks were used. Recently,
prefabricated glulam deck panels that are placed transverse
to the primary members have been utilized.
Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/92886811048075316/
Truss → A bridge can be constructed with a timber truss and

timber decking. It is also possible to utilize steel truss
components in conjunction with a timber deck. One form of
truss bridge, common to timber structures, is the pony truss.
A pony truss bridge is a through truss (i.e., the deck passes
through, not on top of, the truss) with no bracing on top. A
problem with through trusses like this is that they are prone
to impact damage from traffic.

Secondary Members
→act as bracing for primary members. In general, secondary members are not load-bearing elements but are
designed to prevent cross-sectional deformation of the superstructure frame. In addition, secondary members
provide for vertical load distribution among stringers by permitting the superstructure to work together to
share loads.
Types of Secondary Members
Diaphragms → A secondary member
attached between girders, in the
vertical plane, that acts to stiffen the
primary member and help distribute
vertical loads. When the primary
Source: https://www.steelconstruction.info/Bracing_systems
member in a steel superstructure is
exceedingly deep (approximately 48 Source: (Tonias, 2017)
in [1.2 m] or larger) or when curved

girders are used, a cross frame style
of diaphragm is desirable. Cross
frames are typically composed of
steel angles in a cross (X) or K
Source: https://delongsinc.com/bridges/
configuration.
Secondary Members
share loads.
Lateral Bracing → Bracing located at
either the top flange or the bottom
flange of a stringer to prevent lateral
deformation. The bracing is similar
in form to a cross frame (i.e., laid out
in an X- or K-shaped configuration
but in the horizontal plane). Lateral
bracing is not required at girder
flanges attached to a rigid element, Source: https://www.johnweeks.com/river_missouri/pages/omaha03.html
such as a concrete deck or between

box girders. Lateral bracing can also
add stability to the superstructure
during construction.
Secondary Members
share loads. Source: https://mocivilengineering.com/truss-system-common-types/

Portal and Sway Bracing → Transverse bracing
elements used in truss bridges. Both portal
bracing and sway bracing are located at the top
series of truss members called the top chord.
Portal bracing differs from sway bracing in that
it is located at the portal (i.e., entrance) of a
through-truss. Portal bracing is designed to
accommodate the total end reaction of the
lateral system located at the top chord of the
truss, and to transfer it to the substructure
components. Sway bracing is located at
intermediate panel points of the top chord in
either a cross or knee brace configuration to
provide lateral support for the truss top chords. Source: https://www.walthers.com/143-single-track-railroad-arched-pratt-truss-bridge-kit

Source: https://kingtonchu.com/portfolio
Deck Types
Types of Deck
Noncomposite and Composite Decks → When a
deck is physically connected to and working with a
superstructure load-bearing member in resisting
loads, it is said to be composite. If the deck is just
resting on top of the superstructure and has no Source: http://www.steel-bridges.com/decking-type.html
means of transferring longitudinal shear from

primary members to the deck, then it cannot assist
in the resistance of bending moments induced by
vehicle loading and is said to be noncomposite.
Advantages of Composite Construction
→A more efficient use of materials since
steel member size can be significantly
reduced due to the incorporation of the deck
into the resisting cross-sectional properties
→Greater vertical clearance by a reduction
in stringer depth
→An ability to sustain greater vehicle Source: https://www.structuremag.org/?p=11167
loading and to reduce live load deflection

Deck Types
Types of Deck
Cast-in-Place Concrete Slab → By far, the predominant
form of deck in use is the cast-in-place, reinforced concrete
deck slab. The conventional slab can work with either steel
or concrete superstructures. When working in composite
action, the slab essentially becomes a load-resisting
element in the superstructure component. To protect the
concrete slab, a deck overlay, or a portion of the deck
reserved, can be used to resist the wear and tear of traffic.
Full-Depth Precast Concrete Panels → The panels are

placed next to one another transverse to the stringers. A
grout-filled shear key is provided between adjacent panels.
The deck panels are typically protected by waterproofing
membranes and asphalt pavement on top, but concrete
deck overlay may also be used. Precast panels are useful
alternatives in rehabilitation projects because they allow
for quick placement. Source: https://www.shortspansteelbridges.org/full-depth-precast-deck-slabs/
Source: https://www.shortspansteelbridges.org/partial-depth-precast-concrete-deck-panels/
Deck Types
Types of Deck
Partial-Depth Precast Concrete Panels → Span
between girders, acting as stay-in-place forms for the
cast-in-place portion of the concrete deck. The
precast panels are typically prestressed to resist Source:https://intrans.iastate.edu/app/uploads/2020/07
positive bending moments at construction stage and /US_52_overflow_bridge_over_Mississippi_eval_w_cvr.pdf
at the final stage. The negative bending moment over Source: https://www.jb-
honshi.co.jp/english/corp_inde
x/technology/lbec/technology_
girders, at the final stage, is resisted by reinforcement development/crack_repair.html
in the cast-in-place portion of the composite deck.

Shear connectors are provided on girder top flanges
so that the final deck is composite with the girders.
Steel Orthotropic Plate → A thin steel plate with closely
spaced stiffeners attached underneath it. The plate is
stiffened in two directions: longitudinally (rib systems)
and transversely (floor beams). Since the stiffness of the
ribs varies from that of the floor beam, the system is
said to be anisotropic. The term orthotropic is derived
from the orthogonal (ortho) placement of the stiffeners
and the anisotropic (tropic) behavior. Source: https://www.canambridges.com/products/orthotropic-steel-deck/
Deck Types Source: http://www.ninetimes.com/portfolio-item/steel-grid-deck-bridge-illustration/
Types of Deck
Steel Grid → Utilizes a steel grid that can be left
open or filled with concrete. A steel grid flooring
system comes in panels that are welded to the
Source:
supporting superstructure. While an open steel grid https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isthmus_Slough_
Bridge_-_steel_grid_surface_on_bascule_lift_span_(2017).jpg
has less dead load than one filled with concrete, it

does not offer as good riding surface and can be
prone to poor skid resistance. An open steel grid
deck system is also susceptible to corrosion.
Timber → This decking can be used with or without a Source: https://www.shortspansteelbridges.org/open-grid-decks/
Source: http://www.geofffreedman.co.uk/gallery-vehicle-bridges/
wearing surface. Like open steel grids, when not equipped

Source: https://www.enwood.com/vehicular-bridges.html
with a wearing surface, timber decks offer poor skid
resistance. Glulam timber planks are placed transversely
to the superstructure stringers, as in precast prestressed
concrete panels. Stress-laminated panels are placed
longitudinally, and no stringers are used. To protect the
timber deck, a waterproofing membrane, which may be
installed between deck and asphalt, or between two
layers of asphalt pavement, is usually used.
Deck Types Source: https://truetechbridge.com/about-us/history/
Types of Deck
Corrugated Metal → For bridges on local roads, a
corrugated metal form filled with concrete or
asphalt can also be used. Such a system, while
reducing dead loads, requires close spacing of Source: https://www.metaldeck.com/verco-w3-
primary members and can suffer from corrosion. formlok-composite-floor-deck-metal-decking.html
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) → The major

advantages of using FRP decks are light weight, rapid
installation, and resistance to corrosion (maintenance-
free). Due to the high costs, FRP decks are currently
Source:http://www.ecopultrusions.com/product/pinfo
mainly used on rehabilitation projects where light /0YsvdMS3sDw97GE14LnNv5VWj6zYr249KO1dGBP6v
4932af1jIzHFm6z7X7oskCz7188dSCQt~hpimjcivlEoA--
weight and rapid construction are key considerations.
Source: https://www.archiexpo.com/prod/short-span-steel/product-132999-1550652.html

Summary of this Discussion
Superstructures generally vary by support type (simply supported or continuous), design type (slab-on-girder,
arch, truss, etc.), and material type (steel, concrete, timber, etc.). Obviously, there are a variety of combinations
of the above. For example, a designer could choose to use a slab-on-girder superstructure with either steel or
concrete girders. This superstructure could be simply supported or continuous, and so on.
Rolled Beam Plate Girder Steel Rigid Strut Frame
Rolled Beam with Cover Plate Box Girder Large Structures
Prestressed Concrete Girder Concrete Slab Concrete Rigid Frame Concrete Arch
Concrete Box Girder Adjacent Prestressed Slab Concrete Strut Frame
Glulam Timber Trestle
Stress-Laminated Timber Deck Truss
Diaphragms Lateral Bracing Portal and Sway Bracing
Types of Deck
Noncomposite and Composite Decks Partial-Depth Precast Concrete Panels Timber
Cast-in-Place Concrete Slab Steel Orthotropic Plate Corrugated Metal
Full-Depth Precast Concrete Panels Steel Grid Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
Thank You for Listening!

For questions, clarifications, and any other concern, please do not hesitate to contact me via:
𝐴𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑅𝑜𝑦𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑜

෤ 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜
𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜. 𝑐𝑒@𝑡𝑖𝑝. 𝑒𝑑𝑢. 𝑝ℎ

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Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A.

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, 2015

Master of Science in Civil Engineering

www.google.com (for some images and video clips)

2. State the different types of secondary members

3. State the different types of decks

Department of Civil Engineering

cousin American Standard S-section in that its

equipped with a rectangular plate, or cover plate,

and thickness, web depth, etc.) a greater economy of materials

→automated element assembly and welding

→automated element assembly and welding

Steel Rigid Strut Frame→ A steel bridge with integral

Large Structures→ Steel is also an excellent material

→normally performed at precasting plants, where d-concrete-fabrication.html

a precasting stressing bed of a long reinforced

provided with hold-down devices as shown. pretensioned-concrete-

→the tendons of strands should not be

reinforcing tendons. This has the effect of

Bay by Bay→ For medium-span

concrete box girder bridges are usually built using the

ft (18 m). A 3 to 4 in (75 to 100 mm) concrete overlay prestressed-concrete-box-beam-

with reinforcement is usually cast over the slab units.

costs, which make it very popular for short-span bridges.

938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer

rigid frame, incorporates the superstructure and

Concrete Strut Frame → A strut-frame type has integrated

Concrete Arch → Since arches convert most loading into

Department of Civil Engineering

member is created by gluing together two or more pieces of

Stress-Laminated Timber Deck → Stressed-laminated timber

deck bridges are composed of 2 in (50 mm) thick and 8 to 12

similar to the concrete slab bridge where the deck is the

938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer

College of Engineering and Architecture

Truss → A bridge can be constructed with a timber truss and

2. State the different types of secondary members

3. State the different types of decks

in [1.2 m] or larger) or when curved

such as a concrete deck or between

Types of Secondary Members

2. State the different types of secondary members

3. State the different types of decks

means of transferring longitudinal shear from

loading and to reduce live load deflection

Full-Depth Precast Concrete Panels → The panels are

positive bending moments at construction stage and /US_52_overflow_bridge_over_Mississippi_eval_w_cvr.pdf

in the cast-in-place portion of the composite deck.

has less dead load than one filled with concrete, it

wearing surface. Like open steel grids, when not equipped

primary members and can suffer from corrosion. formlok-composite-floor-deck-metal-decking.html

Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) → The major

weight and rapid construction are key considerations.

2. State the different types of secondary members

3. State the different types of decks

Thank You for Listening!

𝐴𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑅𝑜𝑦𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑜

𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜. 𝑐𝑒@𝑡𝑖𝑝. 𝑒𝑑𝑢. 𝑝ℎ

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