Hour Exam 3 Solutions

Math 2090 Sections 4 and 7
Spring 2005 P. Achar
Hour Exam 3 Solutions

April 12, 2005 Total points: 100 Time limit: 50 minutes No calculators permitted. You must show all your work to receive full credit. IMPORTANT: You must answer Problems 15 and Problem 11. For Problems 610, choose three out of the ve to answer. Note: in order to do Problem 11, you must answer at least one of Problems 9 or 10. 1. (4 points) What is the denition of dimension? Solution: the number of vectors in a basis for the vector space 2. (6 points) Let v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 be vectors in a vector space V . In each of the following situations, what can you conclude about the dimension of V ? Your answers may be inequalities like dim V 2, precise answers like dim V = 5,, or the words no information. (a) v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 are linearly dependent. Solution: no information (b) v1 , v2 , v3 span V . Solution: dim V 3 (c) v1 , v3 , and v4 span V and are linearly independent. Solution: dim V = 3
1
3. (12 points) Consider the linear transformation T : P2 R, T (p(x)) =

0
p(x) dx.
(a) What is dim Rng(T )? Justify your answer. (Hint: What are the possible subspaces of R? What are their dimensions?) Solution: dim Rng(T ) = 1. The range of T is a subspace of R, whose only subspaces are the trivial subspace (dimension 0) and R itself (dimension 1). Rng(T ) cant be the trivial subspacethat 1 would mean 0 p(x) dx = 0 for all polynomials p(x) P2 so it has to be all of R. Therefore, its dimension is 1. (b) What is dim Ker(T )? Justify your answer. It is not necessary to nd the kernel to answer this question. Solution: dim Ker(T ) = 1. This comes from the fact that dim Ker(T ) + dim Rng(T ) = dim P2 , and dim P2 = 2. 4. (12 points) Find the eigenvalues of the matrix Solution: Characteristic polynomial: p() = det 5 2 3 = (5 )() (2)3 5 2 3 . (You need not nd the eigenvectors.) 0
Eigenvalues:
= 5 + 2 + 6 = 2 5 + 6 = ( 2)( 3) = 2, 3.
5. Consider the following two mappings: S : P4 P7 , S(p(x)) = p(x2 ) and T : P4 P7 , T (p(x)) = p(x)2
(a) (6 points) Find S(3x3 5x) and T (3x3 5x). Solution: S(3x3 5x) = 3(x2 )3 5(x2 ) = 3x6 5x2 T (3x3 5x) = (3x3 5x)2 = 9x6 30x4 + 25x2 (b) (8 points) Is S a linear transformation? Justify your answer. Solution: Yes. First linearity condition: S(p(x) + q(x)) = S(p(x)) + S(q(x)) p(x2 ) + q(x2 ) = p(x2 ) + q(x2 ) This equation is true. Second linearity condition: S(cp(x)) = c S(p(x)) cp(x2 ) = c p(x2 ) This one is also true. (c) (8 points) Is T a linear transformation? Justify your answer. Solution: No. For example: T (3x3 5x) = T (3x3 ) + T (5x) (3x3 5x)2 = (3x3 )2 + (5x)2 9x6 30x4 + 25x2 = 9x6 + 25x4 so the rst linearity condition fails. Problems 6 and 7 deal with the following functions: f (x) = 3x2 + 2, 6. Show that these functions span P3 . Solution: We need to set a linear combination of these functions equal to an arbitrary element of P3 , and then show that we can solve for the coecients: c1 (3x2 + 2) + c2 (x 3) + c3 (x2 + 5) = ax2 + bx + c 3c1 x2 + 2c1 + c2 x 3c2 + c3 x2 + 5c3 = ax2 + bx + c (3c1 + c3 )x2 + c2 x + (2c1 3c2 + 5c3 ) = ax2 + bx + c Equating coecients, we have 3c1 + c3 = a c2 =b 2c1 3c2 + 5c3 = c g(x) = x 3, h(x) = x2 + 5
? ? ? ? ? ?
(plug in x2 for x)
Augmented matrix: 3 0 0 1 2 3 1 a 1 3 A1,3 0 b (1) 0 1 5 c 2 3 1 3 A3,2 (9) 0 1 0 0 4 a c 1 3 4 ac A3,1 0 b (2) 0 1 0 b 5 c 0 9 13 2a + 3c 1 3 4 ac 4 ac 1 M3 ( 13 ) 0 1 0 b 0 b 2a+9b+3c 13 2a + 9b + 3c 0 0 1 13
Since the ranks of the augmented matrix and the coecient matrix are both 3, which is equal to the number of variables, the system has a unique solution. Since there is a solution for c1 , c2 , c3 (it doesnt matter for the span whether its unique or not), the given functions do span P3 . 7. Let f (x), g(x), and h(x) be the functions dened on the previous page. (a) (8 points) Use the Wronskian to determine whether they are linearly independent or not. Solution: 2 3x + 2 x 3 x2 + 5 1 2x W [f, g, h](x) = det 6x 6 0 2 = (x 3)(1) det (expand by minors on 2nd column)
6x 2x 3x2 + 2 x2 + 5 + 1(+1) det + 0(1) det[ ] 6 2 6 2
= (x 3)[6x 2 6 2x] + 1[(3x2 + 2)2 6(x2 + 5)] = (x 3)0 + (6x2 + 4 6x2 30) = 4 30 = 26. Since W [f, g, h](x) = 26 = 0, the functions are linearly independent. (b) (4 points) Do these functions form a basis for P3 ? Solution: Yes. They span P3 by Problem 6 and are linearly independent by part (a) of this problem. 8. (12 points) Find the kernel of the following linear transformation: T : C 2 (R) C 0 (R), T (f (x)) = f (x) 3f (x) + 2f (x)
Solution: To nd the kernel, we have to nd all functions f (x) such that T (f (x)) = 0: in other words, we have to nd solutions to the dierential equation y 3y + 2y = 0. The auxilliary polynomial is r2 3r + 2 = (r 1)(r 2), so the general solution to the dierential equation is y = c1 ex + c2 e2x . That is, the solutions are linear combinations of ex and e2x . In other words, Ker(T ) is the span of y = ex and y = e2x . The remaining problems deal with the following linear transformation: T : R3 R2 , T (x) = 4 2 6 x 2 1 3
9. (12 points) Find its kernel. Solution: The kernel consists of solutions to the equation T (x) = 0, or 4 2 6 0 x= . 2 1 3 0 Augmented matrix: 4 2 6 2 1 3 0 0
A1,2 (2)
0 0 2 1
0 0 3 0
P1,2
2 1 0 0
3 0 0 0
Rewriting this as an equation, we get 2x y + 3z = 0. The kernel is the plane in R3 described by this equation. OR: to describe the kernel by giving a basis for it, we rst observe that in the equation 2xy+3z = 0, we can set y and z equal to anything and then solve for x. If we take y = s and z = t, then 2x s + 3t = 0, so x = (3t s)/2. Therefore, points in the kernel have the form 3 1 3/2 1/2 2t 2s s = t 0 + s 1 . 1 0 t In other words, the kernel is spanned by the vectors (3/2, 0, 1) and (1/2, 1, 0). These vectors are also linearly independent, so in fact they are a basis for the kernel. 10. (12 points) Find its range. Solution: For a matrix transformation, the range is just the span of the columns. Here, all the columns 2 are multiples of one another, so any one of them (for instance, [ 1 ] spans the range. That one vector 2 by itself is also linearly independent, so in fact [ 1 ] is a basis for the range. For another description of the range, we observe that all the columns of the matrix lie along the line x = 2y, so in fact that is the equation of the line that they span. 11. (8 points) Find the dimensions of the kernel and range. (Remember that you must answer this question.) Solution: Since the kernel is a plane (which has a basis consisting of two vectors), we have dim Ker(T ) = 2. Since the range is a line (and has a basis consisting of a single vector), dim Rng(T ) = 1. If you only worked out one of the two spaces, then you can use the fact that dim Ker(T ) + dim Rng(T ) = dim R3 = 3 to nd the other one.

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Math 2090 Sections 4 and 7

Spring 2005 P. Achar

Hour Exam 3 Solutions

3. (12 points) Consider the linear transformation T : P2 R, T (p(x)) =

Augmented matrix: 3 0 0 1 2 3 1 a 1 3 A1,3 0 b (1) 0 1 5 c 2 3 1 3 A3,2 (9) 0 1 0 0 4 a c 1 3 4 ac A3,1 0 b (2) 0 1 0 b 5 c 0 9 13 2a + 3c 1 3 4 ac 4 ac 1 M3 ( 13 ) 0 1 0 b 0 b 2a+9b+3c 13 2a + 9b + 3c 0 0 1 13

6x 2x 3x2 + 2 x2 + 5 + 1(+1) det + 0(1) det[ ] 6 2 6 2

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