Chapter-3 Ifrs Revenue Recognition
Chapter-3 Ifrs Revenue Recognition
Chapter-3 Ifrs Revenue Recognition
3-1
PREVIEW OF CHAPTER 3
3-2
Three
Revenue Recognition
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Understand revenue recognition 6. Allocate the transaction price to the
issues. separate performance obligations.
2. Identify the five steps in the revenue 7. Recognize revenue when the company
recognition process. satisfies its performance obligation.
3-3
OVERVIEW OF REVENUE RECOGNITION
Background
Revenue recognition is a top fraud risk and regardless
of the accounting rules followed (IFRS or U.S. GAAP),
the risk or errors and inaccuracies in revenue reporting is
significant.
3-4 LO 1
OVERVIEW OF REVENUE RECOGNITION
3-6
Performance Obligation is Satisfied LO 1
THE FIVE-STEP PROCESS
3-7 LO 2
THE FIVE-STEP PROCESS
3-8 LO 2
THE FIVE-STEP PROCESS
Step 5: Recognize
Airbus recognizes revenue of Br.100 million for the
revenue when
sale of the airpLines to Ethiopia when it satisfies
each performance
its performance obligation—the delivery of the
obligation
airpLines to Ethiopia.
is satisfied.
3-9 LO 2
Identify Contract with Customers—Step 1
Contract:
Agreement between two or more parties that creates
enforceable rights or obligations.
Can be
► written,
► oral, or
► implied from customary business practice.
3-10 LO 3
Contract with Customers—Step 1
Disregard Revenue
Apply Revenue Guidance to Contracts If:
Guidance to Contracts If:
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Contract with Customers—Step 1
Basic Accounting
Revenue cannot be recognized until a contract exists.
Company obtains rights to receive consideration and
assumes obligations to transfer goods or services.
Rights and performance obligations gives rise to an (net)
asset or (net) liability.
Company does not recognize contract assets or liabilities until
one or both parties to the contract perform.
The journal entry to record the sale and related cost of goods sold is as follows.
July 31, 2015
Accounts Receivable 5,000
Sales Revenue 5,000
Cost of Goods Sold 3,000
Inventory 3,000
3-13 LO 3
Basic Accounting ILLUSTRATION 3-4
Basic Revenue Transaction
Abebe makes the following entry to record the receipt of cash on August 31, 2015.
August 31, 2015
Cash 5,000
Accounts Receivable 5,000
3-14 LO 3
Contract with Customers—Step 1
Contract Modifications
Change in contract terms while it is ongoing.
Companies determine
► whether a new contract (and performance
obligations) results or
3-15 LO 3
Contract Modifications
3-16 LO 3
Separate Performance Obligation
Prospective Modification
Company should
► account for effect of change in period of change as
well as future periods if change affects both.
3-18 LO 3
Prospective Modification
3-19 LO 3
Prospective Modification
3-20 LO 3
Separate Performance Obligations—Step 2
Sale of asset
Type of Sale of product Performing a Permitting use of
other than
Transaction from inventory service an asset
inventory
3-21 LO 4
Separate Performance Obligations—Step 2
The license and the consulting services are distinct but interdependent, and
therefore should be accounted for as one performance obligation.
performance obligation?
3-23 LO 4
Performance Obligations—Step 2
ILLUSTRATION 3-8 Identifying Performance Obligations
Ali Computer Inc. manufactures and sells computers that include a warranty
to make good on any defect in its computers for 120 days (often referred to
as an assurance warranty). In addition, it sells separately an extended
warranty, which provides protection from defects for three years beyond the
120 days (often referred to as a service warranty). In this case, two
performance obligations exist, one related to the sale of the computer and
the assurance warranty, and the other to the extended warranty (service
warranty).
The sale of the computer and related assurance warranty are one
performance obligation as they are interdependent and interrelated with each
other. However, the extended warranty is separately sold and is not
interdependent.
3-24 LO 4
Determining Transaction Price—Step 3
Transaction price
Amount of consideration that company expects to
receive from a customer.
Variable Consideration
Price dependent on future events.
► May include discounts, rebates, credits, performance
bonuses, or royalties.
3-26 LO 5
Determining Transaction Price—Step 3
Most Likely Amount: The single most likely amount in a range of possible
consideration outcomes.
May be appropriate if the contract has only two possible outcomes.
3-27 LO 5
Variable Consideration ILLUSTRATION 3-10
Transaction Price
3-28 LO 5
Variable Consideration ILLUSTRATION 3-10
Transaction Price
Most likely outcome, if management believes they will meet the deadline
and receive the Br.50,000 bonus, the total transaction price would be?
3-29 LO 5
Variable Consideration
3-30 LO 5
Determining Transaction Price—Step 3
3-31 LO 5
ILLUSTRATION 3-12
Time Value of Money Transaction Price -
Extended Payment Terms
Questions: (a) How much revenue should SEK Company record on July 1,
2015? (b) How much revenue should it report related to this transaction on
December 31, 2015?
Questions: (a) How much revenue should SEK Company record on July 1,
2015? (b) How much revenue should it report related to this transaction on
December 31, 2015?
Entry to record interest revenue at the end of the year, December 31, 2015.
Discount on Notes Receivable 54,000
Interest Revenue (12% x ½ x Br.900,000) 54,000
Companies are not required to reflect the time value of money if the time period
for payment is less than a year.
3-33 LO 5
Determining Transaction Price—Step 3
Non-Cash Consideration
Goods, services, or other non-cash consideration.
Companies sometimes receive contributions (e.g.,
donations and gifts).
what is received.
3-34 LO 5
Determining Transaction Price—Step 3
3-35 LO 5
ILLUSTRATION 3-13
Consideration Paid or Payable Transaction Price –
Volume Discount
VOLUME DISCOUNT
Facts: Sansung Company offers its customers a 3% volume discount if they
purchase at least ¥2 million of its product during the calendar year. On March 31,
2015, Sansung has made sales of ¥700,000 to Artic Co. In the previous 2 years,
Sansung sold over ¥3,000,000 to Artic in the period April 1 to December 31.
Questions: How much revenue should Sansung recognize for the first 3
months of 2015?
3-36 LO 5
ILLUSTRATION 3-13
Consideration Paid or Payable Transaction Price –
Volume Discount
Questions: How much revenue should Sansung recognize for the first 3
months of 2015?
Cash 679,000
Accounts Receivable 679,000
If Sansung’s customer fails to meet the discount threshold, Sansung makes the
following entry upon payment.
Cash 700,000
Accounts Receivable 679,000
Sales Discounts Forfeited 21,000
3-37 LO 5
Allocating Transaction Price to Separate
Performance Obligations—Step 4
Based on their relative fair values.
3-38 LO 6
Allocating Transaction Price to Separate
Performance Obligations—Step 4 ILLUSTRATION 3-14
Transaction Price
Allocation
3-39 LO 6
Recognizing Revenue When (or as) Each
Performance Obligation Is Satisfied-Step 5
Company satisfies its performance obligation when the
customer obtains control of the good or service.
3-40 LO 7
Recognizing Revenue When (or as) Each
Performance Obligation Is Satisfied-Step 5
Recognizing revenue from a performance obligation over
time
Measure progress toward completion
► Method for measuring progress should depict transfer
of control from company to customer.
3-41 LO 7
Recognizing Revenue When (or as) Each
Performance Obligation Is Satisfied-Step 5
Step in Process Description Implementation
ILLUSTRATION 3-20
Summary of the
Five-Step Revenue
Recognition Process
3-42 LO 7
Recognizing Revenue When (or as) Each
Performance Obligation Is Satisfied-Step 5
Step in Process Description Implementation
3-43 LO 7
Recognizing Revenue When (or as) Each
Performance Obligation Is Satisfied-Step 5
Step in Process Description Implementation
ILLUSTRATION 3-20
Summary of the
Five-Step Revenue
Recognition Process
3-44 LO 7
Recognizing Revenue When (or as) Each
Performance Obligation Is Satisfied-Step 5
Step in Process Description Implementation
4. Allocate the If more than one The best measure of fair value
transaction performance obligation is what the good service could
price to the exists, allocate the be sold for on a standalone
separate transaction price based basis (standalone selling price).
performance on relative fair values. Estimates of standalone selling
obligation. price can be based on
1. adjusted market
assessment,
2. expected cost-plus a margin
approach, or
ILLUSTRATION 3-20 3. a residual approach.
Summary of the
Five-Step Revenue
Recognition Process
3-45 LO 7
Recognizing Revenue When (or as) Each
Performance Obligation Is Satisfied-Step 5
Step in Process Description Implementation
3-46 LO 7
OTHER REVENUE RECOGNITION ISSUES
Right of return
Consignments
Repurchase agreements
Warranties
Principal-agent relationships
3-47 LO 8
Right of Return
3-48 LO 8
Right of Return ILLUSTRATION 3-21
Recognition—Right of Return
RIGHT OF RETURN
Facts: Aster Company sells 100 products for Br.100 each to Nejat Inc. for
cash. Aster allows Nejat to return any unused product within 30 days and
receive a full refund. The cost of each product is Br.60. To determine the
transaction price, Aster decides that the approach that is most predictive of
the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled is the most likely
amount. Using the most likely amount, Aster estimates that:
1. Three products will be returned.
2. The costs of recovering the products will be immaterial.
3. The returned products are expected to be resold at a profit.
3-49 LO 8
Right of Return ILLUSTRATION 3-21
Recognition—Right of Return
Aster records the sale as follows with the expectation that three products
will be returned:
Cash 10,000
Sales Revenue [Br.9,700 x (Br.100 x 97)] 9,700
Refund Liability (Br.100 x 3) 300
Aster records the cost of goods sold with the following entry.
3-50 LO 8
Right of Return ILLUSTRATION 3-21
Recognition—Right of Return
3-51 LO 8
Repurchase Agreements
3-52 LO 8
ILLUSTRATION 3-22
Repurchase Agreements Recognition—Repurchase
Agreement
REPURCHASE AGREEMENT
Facts: Urgecha Inc., an equipment dealer, sells equipment on January 1,
2015, to Line Company for Br.100,000. It agrees to repurchase this
equipment on December 31, 2016, for a price of Br.121,000.
3-53 LO 8
ILLUSTRATION 3-22
Repurchase Agreements Recognition—Repurchase
Agreement
Urgecha Inc. records interest and retirement of its liability to Line Company
on December 31, 2016, as follows.
3-54 LO 8
Bill-and-Hold Arrangements
3-55 LO 8
Bill-and-Hold Arrangements ILLUSTRATION 3-23
Recognition—Bill and Hold
3-56 LO 8
Bill-and-Hold Arrangements ILLUSTRATION 3-23
Recognition—Bill and Hold
In this case, it appears that the above criteria were met, and therefore
revenue recognition should be permitted at the time the contract is signed.
3-57 LO 8
Bill-and-Hold Arrangements ILLUSTRATION 3-23
Recognition—Bill and Hold
Kiya makes an entry to record the related cost of goods sold as follows.
Cost of Goods Sold 280,000
Inventory 280,000
3-58 LO 8
Principal-Agent Relationships
Agent’s performance obligation is to arrange for principal to
provide goods or services to a customer.
Examples:
► Preferred Travel Company (agent) facilitates the booking
of cruise excursions by finding customers for Regency
Cruise Company (principal).
3-60 LO 8
ILLUSTRATION 3-25
Consignments Recognition—Sales on
Consignment
3-61 LO 8
ILLUSTRATION 3-25
Consignments Recognition—Sales on
Consignment
3-62 LO 8
Warranties
3-63 LO 8
ILLUSTRATION 3-26
Warranties Performance Obligations
and Warranties
WARRANTIES
Facts: Tesfaye Company sold 1,000 Rollomatics during 2015 at a total price
of Br.6,000,000, with a warranty guarantee that the product was free of any
defects. The cost of Rollomatics sold is Br.4,000,000. The term of the
assurance warranty is two years, with an estimated cost of Br.30,000. In
addition, Tesfaye sold extended warranties related to 400 Rollomatics for 3
years beyond the 2-year period for Br.12,000.
3-64 LO 8
ILLUSTRATION 3-26
Warranties Performance Obligations
and Warranties
3-65 LO 8
Non-Refundable Upfront Fees
3-66 LO 8
PRESENTATION AND DISCLOSURE
Presentation
Contract Assets and Liabilities
Contract assets are of two types:
1. Unconditional rights to receive consideration
because company has satisfied its performance
obligation.
CONTRACT ASSET
Facts: On January 1, 2015, Hanan Company enters into a contract to
transfer Product A and Product B to Samcate Co. for Br.100,000. The
contract specifies that payment of Product A will not occur until Product B is
also delivered. In other words, payment will not occur until both Product A
and Product B are transferred to Samcate. Hanan determines that
standalone prices are Br.30,000 for Product A and Br.70,000 for Product B.
Hanan delivers Product A to Samcate on February 1, 2015. On March 1,
2015, Hanan delivers Product B to Samcate.
3-68 LO 9
ILLUSTRATION 3-29
Presentation Contract Asset Recognition
and Presentation
3-69 LO 9
ILLUSTRATION 3-30
Presentation Contract Liability Recognition
and Presentation
CONTRACT LIABILITY
Facts: On March 1, 2015, Helen Company enters into a contract to transfer
a product to Eden Inc. on July 31, 2015. It is agreed that Eden will pay the
full price of Br.10,000 in advance on April 1, 2015. The contract is non-
cancelable. Eden, however, does not pay until April 15, 2015, and Helen
delivers the product on July 31, 2015. The cost of the product is
Br.7,500.
3-70 LO 9
ILLUSTRATION 3-30
Presentation Contract Liability Recognition
and Presentation
On receiving the cash on April 15, 2015, Helen records the following entry.
Cash 10,000
Unearned Sales Revenue 10,000
3-72 LO 9
Presentation
Collectibility
Credit risk that a customer will be unable to pay in
accordance with the contract.
► Whether a company will get paid is not a
consideration in determining revenue recognition.
3-73 LO 9
Disclosure
Significant judgments.
3-74 LO 9
Disclosure
3-75 LO 9
APPENDIX 3A LONG-TERM CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS
3-77 LO 10
APPENDIX 3A LONG-TERM CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS
3-78 LO 10
APPENDIX 3A LONG-TERM CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS
3-80 LO 10
APPENDIX 3A LONG-TERM CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS
Percentage-of-Completion Method
Measuring the Progress Toward Completion
Most popular input measure used to determine the progress
toward completion is the cost-to-cost basis.
3-81 LO 10
APPENDIX 3A LONG-TERM CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS
Percentage-of-Completion Method
Revenue to Recognized Cost-to-Cost Basis
ILLUSTRATION 3A-1
ILLUSTRATION 3A-2
ILLUSTRATION 3A-3
3-82 LO 10
APPENDIX 3A PERCENTAGE-OF-COMPLETION METHOD
3-83 LO 10
APPENDIX 3A PERCENTAGE-OF-COMPLETION METHOD
ILLUSTRATION 3A-4
3-84 LO 10
APPENDIX 3A PERCENTAGE-OF-COMPLETION METHOD
ILLUSTRATION 3A-5
3-85 LO 10
APPENDIX 3A PERCENTAGE-OF-COMPLETION METHOD
3-86 LO 10
ILLUSTRATION 3A-6
APPENDIX 3A
PERCENTAGE-OF-
COMPLETION
METHOD
ILLUSTRATION 3A-7
3-87 LO 10
APPENDIX 3A PERCENTAGE-OF-COMPLETION METHOD
3-88 LO 10
APPENDIX 3A PERCENTAGE-OF-COMPLETION METHOD
ILLUSTRATION 3A-9
3-89 LO 10
APPENDIX 3A PERCENTAGE-OF-COMPLETION METHOD
3-90 LO 10
APPENDIX 3A PERCENTAGE-OF-COMPLETION METHOD
3-91 LO 10
APPENDIX 3A LONG-TERM CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS
3-93 LO 11
APPENDIX 3A COST-RECOVERY (ZERO-PROFIT) METHOD
ILLUSTRATION 3A-14
Cost-Recovery Method
Revenue, Costs, and
Gross Profit by Year
ILLUSTRATION 3A-15
Journal Entries—
Cost-Recovery Method
3-94 LO 11
APPENDIX 3A COST-RECOVERY (ZERO-PROFIT) METHOD
ILLUSTRATION 3A-14
Cost-Recovery Method
Revenue, Costs, and
Gross Profit by Year
ILLUSTRATION 3A-16
Comparison of Gross
Profit Recognized under
Different Methods
3-95 LO 11
APPENDIX 3A COST-RECOVERY (ZERO-PROFIT) METHOD
ILLUSTRATION 3A-17
3-96 Financial Statement Presentation—Cost- Recovery Method LO 11
APPENDIX 3A LONG-TERM CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS
Prepare the journal entries to record revenue and expense for 2014, 2015, and
2016 assuming the estimated cost to complete at the end of 2015 was
Br.215,436.
3-99 LO 12
APPENDIX 3A LONG-TERM CONTRACT LOSSES
3-100 LO 12
APPENDIX 3A LONG-TERM CONTRACT LOSSES
Prepare the journal entries for 2014, 2015, and 2016 assuming the estimated
cost to complete at the end of 2015 was Br.246,038 instead of Br.170,100.
3-101 LO 12
APPENDIX 3A LONG-TERM CONTRACT LOSSES
3-103 LO 12
APPENDIX 3A LONG-TERM CONTRACT LOSSES
3-104 LO 12
APPENDIX 3B REVENUE RECOGNITION FOR FRANCHISES
Franchises
Four types of franchising arrangements have evolved:
1. Manufacturer-retailer
2. Manufacturer-wholesaler
3. Service sponsor-retailer
4. Wholesaler-retailer
Franchises
Two sources of revenue:
1. Sale of initial franchises and related assets or services,
and
3-106 LO 13
APPENDIX 3B REVENUE RECOGNITION FOR FRANCHISES
Franchises
The franchisor normally provides the franchisee with:
1. Assistance in site selection
2. Evaluation of potential income
3. Supervision of construction activity
4. Assistance in the acquisition of signs, fixtures, and equipment
5. Bookkeeping and advisory services
6. Employee and management training
7. Quality control
8. Advertising and promotion
3-107 LO 13
APPENDIX 3B REVENUE RECOGNITION FOR FRANCHISES
FRANCHISE ACCOUNTING
Performance obligations relate to:
3-108 LO 13
APPENDIX 3B REVENUE RECOGNITION FOR FRANCHISES
FRANCHISE ACCOUNTING
Franchisors commonly charge an initial franchise fee and
continuing franchise fees:
3-109 LO 13
APPENDIX 3B REVENUE RECOGNITION FOR FRANCHISES
Identify the performance obligations and the point in time when the
performance obligations are satisfied and revenue is recognized.
Each one is not sold separately and cannot be used with other
goods or services that are readily available to the franchisee.
3-111 LO 13
APPENDIX 3B REVENUE RECOGNITION FOR FRANCHISES
Identify the performance obligations and the point in time when the
performance obligations are satisfied and revenue is recognized.
Tum’s recognizes revenue for the royalties when (or as) the
uncertainty is resolved.
3-112 LO 13
APPENDIX 3B REVENUE RECOGNITION FOR FRANCHISES
3-113 LO 13
APPENDIX 3B REVENUE RECOGNITION FOR FRANCHISES
Cash 20,000
Notes Receivable 30,000
Discount on Notes Receivable 6,043
Unearned Franchise Revenue 20,000
Unearned Service Revenue (training) 9,957
Unearned Sales Revenue (equipment) 14,000
3-114 LO 13
APPENDIX 3B REVENUE RECOGNITION FOR FRANCHISES
3-115 LO 13
APPENDIX 3B REVENUE RECOGNITION FOR FRANCHISES
3-116 LO 13
APPENDIX 3B FRANCHISE REVENUE OVER TIME
Facts: As an almost entirely service operation (all parts and other supplies
are purchased as needed by customers), Tech Solvers provides few
upfront services to franchisees. Instead, the franchisee recruits service
technicians, who are given Tech Solvers’ training materials (online manuals
and tutorials), which are updated for technology changes, on a monthly
basis at a minimum. Tech Solvers enters into a franchise agreement on
December 15, 2015, giving a franchisee the rights to operate a Tech
Solvers franchise in eastern Bavaria for 5 years. Tech Solvers charges an
initial franchise fee of Br.5,000 for the right to operate as a franchisee,
payable upon signing the contract. Tech Solvers also receives ongoing
royalty payments of 7% of the franchisee’s annual sales (payable each
January 15 of the following year).
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APPENDIX 3B FRANCHISE REVENUE OVER TIME
Identify the performance obligations and the point in time when the
performance obligations are satisfied and revenue is recognized.
Each one is not sold separately and cannot be used with other
goods or services that are readily available to the franchisee.
3-119 LO 13
APPENDIX 3B FRANCHISE REVENUE OVER TIME
Identify the performance obligations and the point in time when the
performance obligations are satisfied and revenue is recognized.
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APPENDIX 3B FRANCHISE REVENUE OVER TIME
Cash 5,000
Unearned Franchise Revenue 5,000
3-121 LO 13