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    Lesson 3

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    Christian Cuevas
    There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the genetic instructions and remains in the cell nucleus, while RNA assists in protein production by carrying copies of DNA instructions out of the nucleus. The central dogma of molecular biology describes how genetic information flows from DNA to mRNA to protein. DNA is replicated before cell division to produce two identical copies, while RNA is transcribed from DNA and translated to assemble amino acids into proteins.

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    Lesson 3

    Uploaded by

    Christian Cuevas
    37 views107 pages
    There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the genetic instructions and remains in the cell nucleus, while RNA assists in protein production by carrying copies of DNA instructions out of the nucleus. The central dogma of molecular biology describes how genetic information flows from DNA to mRNA to protein. DNA is replicated before cell division to produce two identical copies, while RNA is transcribed from DNA and translated to assemble amino acids into proteins.

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    LESSON+3

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    There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the genetic instructions and remains in the cell nucleus, while RNA assists in protein production by carrying copies of DNA instructions out of the nucleus. The central dogma of molecular biology describes how genetic information flows from DNA to mRNA to protein. DNA is replicated before cell division to produce two identical copies, while RNA is transcribed from DNA and translated to assemble amino acids into proteins.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views107 pages

    Lesson 3

    Uploaded by

    Christian Cuevas
    There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the genetic instructions and remains in the cell nucleus, while RNA assists in protein production by carrying copies of DNA instructions out of the nucleus. The central dogma of molecular biology describes how genetic information flows from DNA to mRNA to protein. DNA is replicated before cell division to produce two identical copies, while RNA is transcribed from DNA and translated to assemble amino acids into proteins.

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    of 107

    DNA

    VS.
    RNA

    PREPARED BY:
    Ms. Camille O. Añonuevo, LPT,
    MAEd –Sci (Units)
    OBJECTIVES

     Explain how protein is made


    using information from DNA

     Explain how mutations may


    cause changes in the structure
    and function of a protein
    NUCLEIC ACIDS
     Principle information molecule in the cell.

     Allthe genetic codes are carried out on the


    nucleic acids.

     Nucleic acid is a naturally occurring chemical


    compound that serve as the primary
    information carrying molecule in cell and make
    up genetic material. That's why it is used to
    identify whether one person is related to
    another person.
    TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
    Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
     Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
    TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
    There are 2 types of nucleic acids:
    1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
     Pentose Sugar is deoxyribose (no OH at 2’ position)
     Bases are Purines (A, G) and Pyrimidine (C, T).
    TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
    2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
     Pentose Sugar is Ribose.
     Bases are Purines (A, G) and Pyrimidines (C, U).
    NUCLEOTIDES Building block of DNA and RNA

     Nucleotides are the unit structure of nucleic


    acids.
     Nucleotides composed of 3 components:
     Phosphate
     Pentose sugar
     Nitrogenous base (A, C, G, T or U)
    SUGARS

    Deoxygenated
    NITROGENOUS BASES
    NITROGENOUS BASES
    NITROGENOUS BASES
    DNA BASE PAIRING
    RNA BASE
    NITROGENOUS BASES

     There are 2 types:


     Purines:
     Two ring structure
     Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

     Pyrimidines:
     Single ring structure
     Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) or Uracil (U).
    NITROGENOUS BASES

     There are 2 types:


     Purines:

     Pyrimidines:
    DNA STRUCTURE (simplified)
    DNA STRUCTURE ( complex)
    DNA STRUCTURE
    SCIENTIST
    CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
    DNA (deoxyribonucleic
    acid)
     Instructional manual on how to build
    life
     Shape: double helix – twisted ladder-
    shaped
     Made up of nucleotides, a molecule
    DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
    Portions of DNA are
    called genes.

    DNA is tightly wound


    into chromosomes
    and located in the
    nucleus of cells.

    DNA cannot leave


    the nucleus.

    DNA is DOUBLE
    STRANDED(2 sides)
    COMPONENTS OF NUCLEOTIDES
    1. Sugar base – deoxyribose
    2. Phosphate base – PO4
    3. Nitrogenous base –

    Adenine : Thymine ( A : T)
    Cytosine : Guanine ( C : G)
    RNA (ribonucleic acid)
     Instructional messenger
     Act as a carrying messenger instruction
    from DNA
     Controls protein production
    RIBONUCLEIC ACID
    RNA is SINGLE STRANDED and
    does not have to stay in the
    nucleus!

    RNA is not found in chromosomes


    because it does not carry the
    genetic code, however it can read
    the DNA code and take the
    information out of the nucleus.

    RNA’s main job is to build


    proteins!
    DNA STRUCTURE
     The building blocks of DNA are
    called Nucleotides.

     One nucleotide is made of 3


    important things:
    1. 5-Carbon Sugar
    Deoxyribose
    2. Phosphate
    3. Nitrogen base
    there are 4 nitrogen bases in
    DNA: Adenine, Guanine,
    Cytosine, and Thymine that
    pair together)

    A→T C →G
    RNA STRUCTURE
     Thebuilding blocks of RNA are
    Nucleotides, just like DNA.

    A Nucleotide in RNA is still made of


    3 important things:
    1. 5-Carbon Sugar - Ribose
    (instead of Deoxyribose)
    2. Phosphate
    3. Nitrogen base
    there are 4 nitrogen bases in RNA,
    A,G,C, and U that pair together)

    A→U C →G
    DNA RNA
    THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF
    MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR
    BIOLOGY

    ➢ It describes the flow of genetic information in


    cells from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) to
    protein.
    PROTEINS

     Proteins are made up of a chain of amino acids.


     Proteins are enzymes, which catalyze and regulate
    chemical reactions.
    PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
     It
    is the process of making proteins.
     Proteins are the ‘executor’ of cell life
    activities.
    TYPES OF RNA
    THREE MAIN TYPES OF RNA
    1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) - Carries copies of
    instructions for the assembly of amino acids into
    proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell (serve as
    “messenger”)
    THREE MAIN TYPES OF RNA

    2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – Makes up the major part


    of ribosomes, which is where proteins are made.

    Ribosomal
    RNA
    THREE MAIN TYPES OF RNA
    3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) - Transfers amino acids to
    ribosomes during protein synthesis
    DNA REPLICATION
     Enzymes- molecules that speed up the rate of
    chemical reaction.
    DNA REPLICATION
     Enzymes- molecules that speed up the rate of
    chemical reaction.
    DNA REPLICATION
     Enzymes- molecules that speed up the rate of
    chemical reaction.
    DNA REPLICATION
     Enzymes- molecules that speed up the rate of
    chemical reaction.
    DNA REPLICATION
     Enzymes- molecules that speed up the rate of
    chemical reaction.
    DNA REPLICATION
     Enzymes- molecules that speed up the rate of
    chemical reaction.
    DNA REPLICATION
     Enzymes- molecules that speed up the rate of
    chemical reaction.
    G C

    A T

    C G

    T A

    T A

    A T
    RNA TRANSCRIPTION
    RNA TRANSCRIPTION
    RNA TRANSCRIPTION
    RNA TRANSCRIPTION
    RNA TRANSCRIPTION
    RNA TRANSCRIPTION
    C

    U DNA

    U
    mRNA strand
    leaves the
    nucleus
    TRANSLATION
    TRANSLATION
    TRANSLATION
    TRANSLATION
    TRANSLATION
    TRANSLATION
    TRANSLATION
    TRANSLATION
    TRANSLATION
    TRANSLATION
    TRANSLATION
    TRANSLATION
    TRANSLATION
    TRANSLATION

    A
    CODON TABLE
    CODON TABLE

    AAU
    CODON TABLE

    AAU
    CODON TABLE

    AAU
    CODON TABLE

    GCC
    CODON TABLE

    CUU
    TRANSLATION

    LEUCINE

    ASPARAGINE
    CODON TABLE
    2 STEPS TO MAKE A PROTEIN
    1. Transcription
     DNA → RNA
    2. Translation
     RNA → Protein (Chain of
    amino acids)

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