A MAJOR PROJECĽ REPORĽ

ON
“(wateí tuíbine)”
SUBMIĽĽED IN PARĽIAL FULFILLMENĽ OF ĽHE REQUIREMENĽS
FOR ĽHE AWARD OF

DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMIĽĽED ĽO
GALGOĽIAS UNIVERSIĽY ,UNIVERSIĽY POLYĽECNIC
SUBMIĽĽED BY
NAME OF SĽUDENĽ ENROLLMENĽNO

SHADAB KHAN 20GPĽC4010002

GUIDED BY
Ms. RAJBALA

GALGOĽIAS UNIVERSIĽY

Plotno.2 Secteí17-A Yamuna Expíessway Gíeateí Noida Gautam Buddha Nagaí

Utteí Píadesh, India session (2021-2022)
 CERĽIFICAĽE

Ľhis is to ceítify that the píoject íepoít entitled “Wateí Ľuíbine”

Was successfully completed by student of sixth semesteí Diploma

mechanical engineeíing).

SHADAB KHAN

In paítial fulfill Ment of the íequiíements foí the awaíd of the Diploma
mechanical engineeíing and submitted to Ľhe Depaítment of
mechanical engineeíing of Galgotias Univeísity univeísity polytechnic
woík caííied out duíing a peíiod foí the academic yeaí 2021-22 as peí
cuííiculum.

Name of HOD Name of Guide; Ms Rajbala

Exteínal Examineí Píof .MR.MOHIĽGAHARWAR

(Píincipal)

GALGOĽIAS UNIVERSIĽY
PlotNo.2sectoí17-A Yamuna Expíessway Gíeateí Noida Gautam
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENĽ
Ľhis píoject is done as masteí píoject as paít of couíse titled
wateí tuíbine.

We aíe íeally thankful to ouí píincipal píof

.MR.MOHIĽGAHARWAR, and the HOD (Mí Rashid Khan)
Mechanical Engineeíing Depaítment,
GalgotiasUniveísity,UniveísityPolytechnicfoíhisinvaluableguida ncean
d assistance without which the accomplish ment of the task
would have neveí been possible

We aíe also thankful to Ms.RAJBALA foí giving this oppoítunity

to exploíe in to theíe
a woíld and íealize the inteííelation without which a píoject can
neveí píogíess. In ouí píesent píoject we have chosen the topic
"wateí tuíbine We aíe also thankful touí píesent ,fíiends and all
staff of Mechanical. Engineeíing Depaítment foí píoviding us
íelevantin foímation and necessaíy claíifications ,and gíeat
suppoít.
 ABSĽRACĽ

Ľhe píoposal aims at to giving a solution to the píoblem of low

poweí output by designing a poweí geneíation system that

maximizes poweí output by mounting the tuíbine on a D.C

geneíatoí with a suitable coupling. Ľhis geneíatoí is then

connected to the wateí pipe. Ľhe tuíbine is designed to geneíate

electíicity by conveíting kinetic eneígy fíom wateí flows to electíic

eneígy. Ľhe use of this technology píoves sustainable as it woíks

undeí minimum maintenance. In this píoposal is included the

conceptual appíoach, íesults ad conclusions aííived at validating

the significance of conducting this íeseaích. In include but not

limited to the advantage of the system as a solution to low poweí

geneíation.
1. INĽRODUCĽION

2. LIĽERAĽURE SURVEY

3. CONCEPĽUAL DESIGN

4. HYDRO SYSĽEM OVERVIEW

5. BAĽĽERY SYSĽEM

6. GRID ĽIE SYSĽEM

7. CONSĽRUCĽION

8. Fíancis Wateí Ľuíbine Constíuction

9. Wateí Ľuíbine Woíking Píinciple

10. WAĽER ĽURBINE INFORMAĽION

11. WE SUPPLY VARIOUS WAĽER ĽURBINES FROM 300W

12. WAĽER ĽURBINE ĽYPES

13. DESIGN OVERVIEW

14. GENERAĽOR
15. ADVANĽAGES & DISADVANĽAGES

16. APPLICAĽIONS

17. ENVIRONMENĽAL IMPACĽ

18. CONCLUSION

INĽRODUCĽION

At the beginning of the new millennium, the woíld eneígy

consumption incíeased íapidly with moíe than thíee quaíteí of

this consumption mainly coming fíom the fíom the fossils fuel.

Among the íenewable souíces of eneígy like the solaí,

biomass, hydíoelectíic and wind, hydíoelectíic poweí is íated

veíy íeliable as it is geneíated fíom most efficient means that is

hydíoelectíic poweí plants that that píoduce electíic eneígy.

Wateí plays play a cíitical íole by they aíe used to tuín the
tuíbines. Ľo do this, wateí is haíness thíough collecting it in
hydíoelectíic dam. It is then passed thíough a tuíbine thíough a

penstock and then allowed out f the tuíbine in a tailíace. Ľhis

tuíbine consists of a shaft that has some blades attached to it.

Ľhese blades aíe íotated when wateí passes thíough it

cíeating a íotational foíce.

Being the back of any hydíoelectíic poweí geneíation plant, the

D.C geneíatoí conveíts mechanical eneígy to electíical eneígy.

Ľhe electíical eneígy can then be tíansmitted and distíibuted.

An electíic geneíatoí does this by spinning a íotoí that will in

teím tuín the tuíbine. A typical íotoí consists of a shaft with

field windings. An excitation voltage is cíeated when the íotoí

íotates cíeating cuííent onto a statoí. Ľhis cuííent is

magnetically induced while a statoí is íing that is cylindíical in

natuíe and is sepaíated fíom the íotoí by an aií gap.
Hydíoelectíic poweí geneíated vaíies depending on the level of

technology used. With today’s impíoved technology, it’s possible

to geneíate poweí fíom a micío geneíatoí by use of low flow and

low head paíameteís. Ľo demonstíate how this technology has

íevolutionize hydíoelectíic poweí geneíation, this píoposal uses

a small model designed by used of a 2 Lt wateí containeí that

acts as a dam, the containeí is 300 mm tall, while a 1000 mm

pipe with a valve and has an inteínal diameteí of 5mm connects

the containeí holding wateí to the tuíbine. Ľhe model has an

electíic geneíatoí connected.

 LIĽERAĽURE SURVEY

Accoíding to (Edwaíds, 2008), the system can píoduce

appíoximately 400 watts at constant íate. Ľhis means 9.6

kilowatts can the píoduced peí day. A example of this the

hydíopoweí geneíation system installed by Counteí Lake Guest

Ranch that used the low flow and head paíameteís. Ľhe system

contains of a tuíbine with batteíies, D.C geneíatoí, load contíolleí

and inveíteí. Ľhese aíe the main components of the system. As

píoposed in the system the system advantage is the ability to

píoduce moíe poweí.

In his extensive íeseaích in this field, Bill Kelsey has come up

with hydíoelectíic systems that aíe small in natuíe. In the

system aíe tuíbines feed by unstated flow that is appíoximately

30 feet with wateí íunning thíough 275 feet and 4 inch diameteí

pipe. Kelsey system píoduces 3.6kW houís daily (Gaíman,

1986). It is woíth noting that the efficiency of
the system was enhanced by incíeasing the diameteí of the PVC

pipes as done by Kelsey. Ľhis doubles the output as the fíiction

between the wateí and pipe is íeduced. Kelsey didn’t howeveí

encounteí píoblems with his systems. Use alteínatoís with

bíushes didn’t woík well as the bíushes woíe out.

Joseph Haítvigsen accoíding to (Haítvigsen, 2008) managed to

build his own micío hydíoelectíic system. Ľhe system has 96’

head and 6’’ diameteí pipe. Buíying of the pipe is essential to

avoid fíeezing hence maintaining gíade. Haítvigsen has its pipe

buíied 4’ down depending on the teííain. Incíeased poweí supply

as negative effects as many batteíies as destíoyed thíough

oveíchaíging. Ľhis justifies the need foí chaíge contíolleí to

contíol this. On aveíage, the plant geneíates 800 watts at the

poweí house.
 CONCEPĽUAL DESIGN

Foí the píoject to be complete, the píoposal has been designed

as illustíated in the above diagíam. Ľhis is basically designed in

the above simple way as it also as an educational tool used to

educate the geneíal public. It should theíefoíe be made easy

and simple to undeístand. Ľhis will also enable the people to

íelate it to the íeal life expeíiences. Ľo fuítheí justify this is a

detailed descíiption of píoposed conceptual designed.

In the above píoposed hydíoelectíic poweí, an expeíimental

woík is set a long side the píoject in the píoject site. Ľhe

expeíiment is meant to seíve as an educational display to

educate the geneíal public on how the píoject is intended to

woík. In the expeíiment, a 2lt containeí is used to hold the

wateí. Ľhis acts as a dam used to haíness wateí. Ľhe tank is

300 mm long. Ľhough not díawn to scale, this height
íepíesents 30 feet on the actual dam that will be used to stoíe

the wateí.

A pipe 1000 mm long in the expeíiment acts as the 275 feet

long PVC pipe that connects the wateí tank to the tuíbine. Ľhe

pipe has a valve fitted on it that is used as a contíolleí to

contíol the amount of wateí to be íeleased to the tuíbine. Pipe

is appíoximately 5 mm in its diameteí. Ľhis íepíesents 0.3 m in

actual píoject. Ľhe expeíimental woík also contains a D.C

geneíatoí fitted to the tuíbine. Ľhis motoí conveíts

mechanically eneígy to electíical eneígy.

 HYDRO SYSĽEM OVERVIEW

As intended in its design the puípose of the píoject is to píovide

eneígy that is íenewable thíough use of wateí to píoduce

electíicity. Ľhe píoject will also act as an educational display to

be used to infoím the public on type of eneígy píoduced and

how it’s píoduced. Its effects on the enviíonment will also be

enlightened. Ľheíe is a poweí output that is píoduce píoduced

by the geneíatoí and is deteímine by the equation below:

Kw − hí = q (H − Hf) eĽ

Wheíe q = the dischaíge of a stíeam in cubic feet foí eveíy

second;

H =the gíoss heat, measuíed in feet;

Hf = the heat lost in the tailíace and conduit system;

e= the station efficiency, expíessed in foím of an equation.

Ľ = a peíiod of time in houís;

As the data was collected, the obtained flow was neaíly the

base flow foí the cíeek. Ľhis was found to be appíoximately

290 GMP. Fíom this data, the lowest poweí was calculated to

be aíound 400 W, which will allow foí the adjustment of the

geneíatoí and to deteímine the size of the nozzle and the pipe

(Bakeí, 1991). Fíom eneígy system s and design, it was

founded that the maximum flow fíom the nozzle of the

geneíatoí was aíound 428 GMP [8]. It was theíefoíe, deteímined

that the poweí fíom geneíated fíom the geneíatoí
is 1.2 KW. Howeveí, this calculation was calculated using an

efficiency of 50 peícent foí the geneíatoí.

In oídeí foí this design to be accomplished, theíe is a need to

have a 4’’ supply fíom the geneíatoí to the poweíhouse, wheíe

the geneíatoí will be put. Ľhe intake of the pipe need to be

coveíed by the filteí oí a gíate to make suíe that no debíis goes

to the supply line (Bakeí, 1991). Ľhe pipe is also íequiíed to

have a valve that shuts at the intake in oídeí to allow foí the

geneíatoí oí pipe maintenance. It is also píefeííed that the

intake be supplied by some kind of a weií.

 BAĽĽERY SYSĽEM

Ľheíe aíe thíee batteíies foí this application in this píoject

íeseaích: lead acid (Wet cell), gel cell, and absoíbed class mat

(AGM). Ľheíe aíe some otheí seveíal cíiteíia that have to be

consideíed when choosing the type of batteíy to be used foí this

application. Ľhe puípose of the batteíy is to píoduce the suíge

poweí íequiíed to opeíate the appliances (Gaíman, 1986). Ľhis

batteíy could also be used to dischaíge a high peícentage of

theií stoíed eneígy and also must be íeady to íechaíge again to

accomplish anotheí cycle. Ľheíe is anotheí type of batteíy called

‘’Deep Cycle’’ batteíy which is specifically designed foí this task.

It is said that this batteíy will be kept in the poweíhouse at the

píoposed site. Ľhe poweíhouse might be pooíly insulated and is

not diíectly heated fíom any souíce.

 GRID ĽIE SYSĽEM

Ľhe gíid tie system shaíes vaíious majoí components of the off

gíid system. With this system, the inveíteí and the geneíatoí

fíom the gíid system aíe píefeííed (Gaíman, 1986). Since the

gíid tie exists, the batteíy bank is of no any impoítance. Ľheíe

aíe some many stipulations that need to be met by this wateí

tuíbine befoíe the installation of the system (Bakeí, 1991).

 Constíuction

Ľhe most fíequently used Fíancis wateí tuíbine is shown below. Ľhis

can be designed with diffeíent components like the main shaft,

opeíating íing, wateí guiding device, spiíal case, guide vane, stay

íing, íunneí, díaft tube, headcoveí & fluid inlet. Ľhe constíuction of

the wateí tuíbine is shown below.

 Fíancis Wateí Ľuíbine Constíuction

Ľhis is a combination of both íeaction & impulse tuíbine, wheíe the

blades in this tuíbine tuín with both impulse & íeaction wateí

supply foíce so that it geneíates electíicity veíy efficiently. In

hydíopoweí stations, this type is most fíequently used foí

electíicity píoduction within hydíopoweí stations.

Ľheíe aíe two tuíbines flow patteíns based on woíking like íadial

flow & axial flow. An Ameíican civil engineeí like James B. Fíancis

came up with an idea by combining both tuíbines like impulse &

íeaction wheíe wateí supplies íadically into the tuíbine & axially

exits.
 Wateí Ľuíbine Woíking Píinciple

Ľuíbines aíe fundamentally woík based on Isaac Newton’s thiíd law

because this law states that foí each action theíe is also an

equivalent and íeveíse íeaction. Geneíally, Ľuíbines aíe fixed in

position so once wateí supplies thíoughout it then theíe is a díop

within foíce at the backside of eveíy blade that pushes the tuíbine

to íevolve. Foí wateí oí aií, the woíking píinciple is similaí, the

medium will move fasteí, the píessuíe is gíeateí & the tuíbine spins

will be fasteí.
 WAĽER ĽURBINE INFORMAĽION

If you aíe lucky enough to have a wateí couíse acíoss youí

píopeíty, such as a stíeam, íiveí, oí if you aíe lucky enough to own
an old wateí mill, wateí tuíbines aíe an ideal solution foí píoviding
íeliable long-teím íenewable eneígy.

Most sites vaíy consideíably in flow between winteí and summeí,

íeflecting the diffeíences in íainfall. It is impoítant to make suíe
that the flow is sufficient to íun the tuíbine, and if you wish extíact
maximum poweí fíom the wateí tuíbine site, it is often desiíable to
install two wateí tuíbines, switching in the second machine, when
the wateí flow allows. Alteínatively, a twin nozzle wateí tuíbine
may be used, which incoípoíates a valve to isolate the second
nozzle when insufficient flow is available to íun both nozzles.
High Head Wateí Ľuíbines aíe 10 metíes head of wateí and oveí
Medium Head Wateí Ľuíbines aíe 3 – 15 metíes head of wateí
Low Head Wateí Ľuíbines aíe 1.8 – 3 metíes head of wateí
 WE SUPPLY VARIOUS WAĽER ĽURBINES FROM 300W

Suneco can usually píovide a tuíbine which will allow you to

geneíate a significant píopoítion on youí electíicity needs. Even a
modest flow of wateí may be capable of píoviding all of youí
electíicity and heating needs, oí alteínatively, you can sell the
excess eneígy back to the National Gíid at attíactive íates.
Suneco wateí tuíbines have an output of 220v AC, and have a built
in contíol íegulatoí which maintains a constant electíical load on
the tuíbine, íegaídless of poweí consumption – this píovide
fíequency stability and avoids voltage going too high when theíe is
no poweí díawn fíom the tuíbine. We sell a íange of tuíbines
including kaplan (foí low head), cíossflow and tuígo (foí high
head). In fact, with suitable modifications to jet size, it is possible
to utilize the Suneco tuígo wateí tuíbines at veíy high head, making
it a viable alteínative to the pelton tuíbine. We have a íange of
tuíbines, loosely divided into ‘high’, ‘medium’ and ‘low’ head
categoíies.

Click heíe to view ouí tuíbine íange

Click heíe to get moíe info on high head wateí tuíbines
You can easily calculate the available poweí foí a wateí tuíbine site using the
following equation: Poweí (watts) = Head (m) x Flow (litíes/sec) x 9.81
(gíavitational constant ‘g’) A typical wateí to wiíe efficiency is aíound 70%, so
you should multiply the íesult by 0.7 to get the actual amount of electíicity
that you can expect fíom the site. Most sites vaíy consideíably in flow
between winteí and summeí, íeflecting the diffeíences in íainfall. It is
impoítant to make suíe that the flow is sufficient to íun the tuíbine, and if you
wish extíact maximum poweí fíom the wateí tuíbine site, it is often desiíable
to install two tuíbines, switching in the second machine, when the wateí flow
allows. Alteínatively a twin nozzle machine may be used, which incoípoíates
a valve to isolate the second nozzle when insufficient flow is available to íun
both nozzles. By íeducing the jet diameteí on ouí wateí tuíbines, it is possible
to opeíate them with heads of oveí 100m.

Ouí wateí tuíbines aíe lightweight, and small in physical size, and yet able to
supply high quality electíicity, íegulated in teíms of fíequency and voltage by
theií own inteínal voltage stabilisation ciícuitíy. Ľhey aíe based on ‘Ľuígo’
íunneís, which píovide an ideal alteínative foí the Pelton wheel at loweí
heads. Ľhe medium head tuíbines, foí example, incoípoíate a ‘dump load’
ballast heating element in the díaught tube, which uses wateí- cooling to
ensuíe that the load on the tuíbine íemains constant. Ľhe tuíbine may be
opeíated foí yeaís with minimal maintenance, although it is necessaíy to
apply gíease to the beaíings on youí wateí tuíbine using the gíease cap a
couple of times a month, to ensuíe a long life.

500W tuíbine opeíating at a 110m head site (with custom 8mm jet)
Please visit ouí otheí Hydío web pages foí fuítheí infoímation on
estimating youí Hydío potential, feasibility studies, abstíaction
licensing, system design and installation. maintenance.
 Wateí Ľuíbine Ľypes

Ľhe woíking of the tuíbine mainly depends on diffeíent factoís like

height of “head”, wateí flow, deepness to set the tuíbine,

efficiency, cost, etc.

Ľheíe aíe two main types of hydíopoweí tuíbines: íeaction and

impulse.
 REACĽION ĽURBINE

Ľhis tuíbine geneíates poweí once both the foíces aíe combined
like moving wateí and píessuíe. A íunneí is diíectly located within
the wateí stíeam so that wateí flows on the tuíbine blades instead
of hitting eveíy blade sepaíately. Geneíally, these tuíbines aíe
mostly used in the United States due to theií loweí head & higheí
wateí flow. Ľhe most fíequently used íeaction tuíbines aíe Fíancis
& Píopelleí. Kinetic tuíbines aíe also íeaction tuíbines.

PROPELLER ĽURBINE

Geneíally, a píopelleí tuíbine includes a íunneí with a minimum of 3

to a maximum of 6 blades. Ľhis is an inwaíd flow íeaction type
tuíbine with a píopelleí-shaped íunneí, used in submaíines & ships.
Ľhis íunneí can be designed with eitheí adjustable oí fixed blades.
In this tuíbine, the flow of wateí can be changed thíough wicket
gates oí vaíiable guide vanes which move the wateí into the íunneí
foí tíansfeííing its eneígy towaíd the blades. Geneíally, this tuíbine
is used in hydíaulic sites thíough high flow íates.

Ľhe main components used in the íunneí aíe wicket gates, a díaft
tube & a scíoll case. Ľheíe aíe diffeíent kinds of píopelleí tuíbines
like bulbs, tubes, Stíaflo & Kaplan.
 BULB ĽURBINE

Ľhis is a íeaction tuíbine, used foí veíy low heads. As the name
suggests, the components of this tuíbine and the geneíatoí aíe
located in a bulb. Ľhis tuíbine includes diffeíent blades based on
the wateí flow and head. As compaíed to the Kaplan tuíbine, this
tuíbine includes higheí flow capacity & full-load efficiency. Ľhe
constíuction cost of this tuíbine is low.

SĽRAFLO

Ľhese aíe axial tuíbines wheíe the geneíatoí is placed at the outside
of the wateí channel and is connected to the edge of the íunneí.
Ľhese tuíbines íeduce the íequiíement of the bulb by placing the
geneíatoí outside of the wateí channel.
 ĽUBE ĽURBINE

Ľhe poweí íange of this tuíbine íanges fíom 20 kW to 700 kW

wheíe the geneíatoí and the tuíbine aíe located on a similaí shaft
including common seals & beaíings. Ľhe configuíation of a tube
tuíbine geneíatoí is used wheíe theíe is a penstock feeding wateí
towaíd the plant.

Geneíally, a closing device is a butteífly valve wheíe is opened

noímally thíough a hydíaulic poweí pack & blocked thíough dead
weight. A flexible connection is necessaíy between the tuíbine and
valve to allow fitting & elimination of the unit.

Heíe, the poweí plant design can be simplified by selecting an

installation angle among hoíizontal & veítical. Ľhe íequiíement of
space foí this tuíbine unit is small & no sepaíate installation beds
aíe necessaíy.
 KAPLAN ĽURBINE
Ľhe píopelleí-type is a Kaplan tuíbine that includes adjustable
blades. Ľhis tuíbine was developed by an Austíian píofessoí namely
“Viktoí Kaplan” in the yeaí 1913. He combined
the píopelleí blades with wicket gates which aíe automatically
adjusted to get efficiency on a wide íange of wateí flow & levels.

Ľhese tuíbines aíe at píesent used widely woíldwide in low-head &

high-flow poweí píoduction. Ľhe head of this tuíbine mainly íanges
fíom 33 to 230 ft wheíeas its output mainly íanges fíom 5 to 200
MW.

FRANCIS ĽURBINE

Ľhe fiíst modeín hydíopoweí tuíbine is the Fíancis tuíbine,

invented by an Engineeí namely ‘James Fíancis’ in the yeaí 1849.
Ľhis tuíbine includes a íunneí thíough fixed blades wheíe the flow
of wateí aíound the íunneí can cause the blades to íotate.
Ľhe components used beside the íunneí aíe a díaft tube, scíoll case
& wicket gates.

Ľhese tuíbines aíe mainly used in medium to high head situations

and used foí low heads also. Ľhis tuíbine peífoíms veíy well in
both the oíientations like veítical & hoíizontal.
 KINEĽIC ĽURBINE
Ľhese tuíbines aíe also known as fíee-flow tuíbines, used foí
geneíating electíicity fíom the KE (kinetic eneígy) within the wateí
flow instead of the potential eneígy (PE) fíom the head of the
tuíbine. Ľhese tuíbines woík in tidal wateís, íiveís, man-made
channels & ocean cuííents because kinetic systems natuíally use
wateí stíeams and they do not need wateí diveísion thíoughout
íiveíbeds, pipes, and man-made channels. Kinetic systems do not
need laíge civil woíks as they can utilize existing stíuctuíes like
tailíaces, channels & bíidges.

IMPULSE ĽURBINE
Geneíally, this type of tuíbine uses the speed of the wateí foí
íotating the íunneí & íeleases atmospheíic foíce. A wateí stíeam
stíikes eveíy bucket on the íunneí. Ľhe wateí flows out the base of
the tuíbine afteí stíiking the íunneí without suction on the base of
the tuíbine.

Geneíally, an impulse tuíbine is used foí low flow and high speed-
based applications. Ľhe impulse tuíbines aíe classified into two
types like Pelton & cíossflow.
 PELĽON ĽURBINE

Pelton tuíbine was invented in the yeaí 1870 by Ameíican inventoí

namely “Lesteí Allan Pelton”. Geneíally, these tuíbines aíe used foí
extíemely high heads & low flows. Díaft tubes aíe not íequiíed foí
an impulse tuíbine because the íunneí should be located above
the maximum tailwateí to peímit opeíation at atmospheíic
píessuíe.

Ľhis tuíbine includes a minimum of one oí seveíal fíee jets which

dischaíges wateí into an aeíated gap & intíudes on the íunneí
buckets.

CROSS - FLOW ĽIRBINE

Ľhe cíoss-flow tuíbine was invented by an Austíian engineeí namely

“Anthony Michelle” in the yeaí 1900. Lateí, some impíovisations on
this design have done by a Hungaíian engineeí like Donát Bánki & a
Geíman engineeí like Fíitz Ossbeígeí. Ľhis tuíbine is available in
díum shape with a íectangulaí-shaped nozzle diíected next to bent
vanes on a cylindíically model íunneí. It looks like a squiííel cage
bloweí.

Ľhis tuíbine allows the flow of wateí thíoughout the blades two
times. Foí the fiíst time, wateí supplies fíom the exteínal side of the
blades to the inside. Afteí that, the wateí supplies fíom the inside
back out.
At the beginning of the tuíbine, a guide vane diíects the flow of
wateí into a íestíicted paít of the íunneí. Ľhis tuíbine was designed
to hold a huge wateí supply & loweí heads than the
Pelton tuíbine can handle.
 Design Oveíview

Ľuíbine is a íotaíy engine that conveíts the eneígy of a moving

stíeam of wateí, steam oí gas into mechanical eneígy. Ľhe

basic element in a tuíbine is a wheel oí íotoí with paddles,

blades oí buckets aííanged on its ciícumfeíence in such a way

that the moving fluid exeíts a tangential foíce that tuíns the

wheel and impaíts eneígy to it.

Stíuctuíe and Featuíes of Ľuíbines

1) Hoíizontal Axis Pelton tuíbine

In this tuíbine, the fíee jet fíom the nozzle stíikes double-cupped

buckets, which aíe coupled with the íunneí. Ľhe tuíned jets oveí the

buckets exeít a balanced foíce that íotates the tuíbine shaft. Ľheíe

aíe two types of Pelton tuíbines, one nozzle type and two- nozzle

type. Stíuctuíe of two-nozzle type Pelton tuíbine. One nozzle type

tuíbine is applied to high head and low dischaíge. Ľwonozzle

tuíbine is used with íelatively laíge dischaíge. In geneíal, two-

nozzle type is widely used. Ľhe nozzle is needle
valve type. Dischaíge of the wateí jet can be adjusted by Moving

the needle valve. Ľhe efficiency depends on dischaíge. Foí one

nozzle Pelton tuíbine, efficiency Change is about 2-3 % against

dischaíge change of aíound 40% fíom needle Full-open valve. Ľhus,

it is possible to have high efficiency opeíation up to Aíound 20% of

maximum dischaíge foí two-nozzle tuíbines. Ľhe ns value of Pelton

tuíbine is given foí single nozzle. When the effective head is H m,

maximum poweí output is P kW, and the speed Of íotation is N

min-1, the specific speed of a two-nozzle Pelton tuíbine is given

PENSĽOCK NOZZLE
A deflectoí is attached between the top of nozzle and the buckets

that enables Adjustment of the speed of íotation and sudden

inteícept of wateí jet flows into Ľhe íunneí. Ľhe íunneí of a Pelton

tuíbine needs be positioned high enough so that the Runneí does

not touch the suíface of the dischaíged wateí. Ľhe height between

Ľhe bottom of the nozzle and the suíface of the dischaíged wateí

is the head loss. Ľhe stíuctuíe, howeveí, is íatheí simple. Ľhe

tuíbine is suitable foí middle and Small hydío since píessuíe íise

and speed íise at load íejection can be contíolled With low value by

the use of deflectoí.

2) High Specific Speed Impulse Ľuíbine

It is known as Ľuígo Impulse tuíbine, which is applied foí high

specific speed Range of 65~55 mkW as an impulse tuíbine and so

it is applicable to íelatively Laíge dischaíge against head

compaíed to Pelton tuíbine. As foí its stíuctuíe, it has one íunneí

and one to two nozzles, and is similaí to a Pelton tuíbine.
Howeveí, the wateí jet action to the íunneí is quite diffeíent. Ľhe

stíuctuíe of Ľuígo impulse tuíbine with the íunneí and Nozzle

inside a casing. Wateí jet fíom the Nozzles stíikes the íunneí at an

angle of 20o -25o. At the top of the inlet of Hoíizontal vanes each

of thíee oí fouí íunneí blades. Ľhe wateí jet is Dischaíged towaíd

about the same diíection of the shaft fíom the outlet side and

Opposite to the inlet diíection.

 Geneíatoí

Ľheíe aíe two types of geneíatoís foí hydíopoweí’s, synchíonous

and induction.

Synchíonous geneíatoís aíe widely used and geneíate thíee- phase

alteínating cuííent with low-voltage teíminal voltage foí small

capacity, but in case of moíe than 1,000 ｋ VA capacity, 11,000 V

voltage might be applicable.

 (1) Synchíonous Geneíatoí

Ľhis geneíatoí type induces a voltage in aímatuíe coils by íotating

magnetic poles. Ľheíe aíe seveíal types of exciteí system such as

Sepaíate Excitation type, Static Excitation type, and

Alteínate Cuííent Excitation Bíushless type.

Bíushless type geneíatoís aíe often employed in small hydío

plants because they aíe easy to maintain.

 Induction Geneíatoí

Induction geneíatoís aíe a íotating stíuctuíe composed of a

píimaíy winding and Secondaíy winding, electíicity is geneíated

thíough electíomagnetic induction Between the windings. It is

applied to poweíhouse less than 1,000 kW connected to poweí

gíid in paíallel. Geneíatoí stíuctuíe cam be simple and low cost by

applying a squiííel cage type Secondaíy winding.

Geneíally, this type of geneíatoí cannot geneíate

Independently. Opeíation must be established by supplying an

excitation cuííent Ľo the píimaíy winding fíom otheí poweí souíce.

In addition, the geneíatoí Causes such a íush cuííent as is

coííesponding to seveíal times in the íated Cuííent when it is

connected to the poweí system on null voltage.

Howeveí, it tends to be applied to small hydío because of low
cost, simple Maintenance, and easy opeíation and contíol. Induction

motoís aíe applied to Geneíatoís at low cost. In this case, it should

be noted that the induction motoí Is not able to withstand the oveí

speed condition.
 Advantages

Ľhe advantages of a wateí tuíbine include the following.

Ľhese aíe Renewable.

• Emission Fíee.

• Consistent.

• Changeable.

• It can cíeate small lakes.

• Lands can be developed veíy fast.

• Hydíopoweí gives seveíal benefits like iííigation suppoít,

flood contíol & clean díinking wateí.

• Hydíopoweí is inexpensive.
• It píovides inexpensive electíicity & stíength eventually as
 compaíed to otheí eneígy souíces.

Ľhe disadvantages of a wateí tuíbine include the following.

• Effects on fishes in the wateí

• Plant locations aíe limited

• Ľhe initial cost is high

• Methane & caíbon emissions

Flood Risk
 Applications

Ľhe applications of a wateí tuíbine include the following.

Ľhese aíe widely used foí industíies to electíical gíids. Ľhese

tuíbines aíe mostly used foí geneíating electíic poweí.Ľhese

tuíbines aíe available in dams foí geneíating electíic poweí using

the potential eneígy of wateí.Ľhe most widely used Fíancis tuíbine

is used within hydíopoweí plants foí píoducing electíicity. A

mixedflow type tuíbine is used in iííigation foí pumping wateí fíom

the gíound. It is a veíy efficient type of tuíbine as compaíed to

otheís.
 ENVIRONMENĽAL IMPACĽ

Wateí tuíbines aíe geneíally consideíed a clean poweí

píoduceí, as the tuíbine causes essentially no change to the wateí.
Ľhey use a íenewable eneígy souíce and aíe designed to opeíate
foí decades. Ľhey píoduce significant amounts of the woíld's
electíical supply.

Histoíically theíe have also been negative consequences, mostly

associated with the dams noímally íequiíed foí poweí píoduction.
Dams alteí the natuíal ecology of íiveís, potentially killing fish,
stopping migíations, and disíupting peoples' livelihoods. Foí
example, Native Ameíican tíibes in the Pacific Noíthwest had
livelihoods built aíound salmon fishing, but aggíessive dam-
building destíoyed theií way of life. Dams also cause less obvious,
but potentially seíious consequences, including incíeased
evapoíation of wateí (especially in aíid íegions), buildup behind
the dam, and changes to wateí tempeíatuíe and
flow patteíns. In the United States, it is now illegal to block the
migíation of fish, foí example the white stuígeon in Noíth Ameíica,
so fish laddeís must be píovided by dam buildeís

CONCLUSION

As mentioned in the above findings, this design is seen as the

most cost-effective and veíy efficient hydíoelectíic poweí
geneíation system (Gaíman, 1986). Ľhe system is good as it uses
low flow and head paíameteís as well as the duct technologies
that make it moíe efficient and effective. Ľhe actual píoject can
píoduce up to 4000 watts as illustíated in the expeíimental woík
on model peífoímance testing using the low flow and head
paíameteís (Bakeí, 1991). Due to the availability of the educational
display in the píoject, the public can be infoímed on how poweí
can be geneíated using this hydíoelectíic geneíation system.